CHAPTER TWO (CONTD).

SIMILITUDE AND MODEL ANALYSIS

Presented By: Pramod Thapa (069 MSREE 512) Ravi Kishor Dutta (069 MSREE 514)
11-01-2013, Friday

Model Analysis

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Model Analysis:1
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Model is the small / large / same size (depending upon the need and purpose) scale replica of the actual structure or m/c. Prototype is the actual structure or machine. Before construction of prototype, models are tested to get required information.

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Advantages of Model Testing:1

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It is economical and convenient. (because the design, construction and operation can be changed to get the best). Performance of prototype of hydraulic structure, m/c could be predicted in advance.

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Advantages of Model Testing:2

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When the analytical method could not predict the safety and reliability, this method could be used. To detect and rectify the defect of existing structure or m/c or parts of them.

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Application of the MT:1

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Civil Engineering Structure- dam, spillway, wires, canals. Flood control, investigation of silting, score of rivers, irrigation channels.

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Application of the MT:2

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Turbines, pumps and compressors. Design of harbors, ships and submarines. Airplanes, rockets and missiles. Tall buildings (load calculations, building stability, air flow patterns etc.)
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Similitude:1
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The Model (M) prepared must be similar to the Prototype (P). Following similarities are considered according to the conditions.
1. 2. 3.

Geometric Similarity Kinematic Similarity Dynamic Similarity

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Geometric Similarity:1
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For this the ratio of corresponding lengths and included angles between M and P must be same. Models which are not geometrically similar are known as geometrically distorted model. [L,B,H,D,A,V(volume)] Lm / Lp= Bm /Bp = Hm / Hp = Dm / Dp = Lr (called Scale Ratio/ Scale Factor)...condition of GS Am /Ap = Ar (Area Ratio) condition of GS Vm /Vp = Vr (Volume Ratio) condition of GS
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Kinematic Similarity:1
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Kinematic Similarity is the similarity of motion. If at the corresponding points in the Model & in the Prototype, The velocity or acceleration ratios are same; Velocity & acceleration vectors point in the same direction, the two flows are said to be kinematically similar. The GS is pre-request condition for KS. Conditions for KS are: (v1)m / (v1)p = (v2)m / (v2)p = vr , Velocity Ratio (a1)m / (a1)p = (a2)m / (a2)p = ar, Acceleration Ratio
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Dynamic Similarity:1
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Dynamic Similarity is the similarity of forces. The flows in the model and in prototype are dynamically similar if at all the corresponding points, identical type of forces and parallel and bear the same ratio. In dynamic similarity, the force polygons of the two flows can be superimposed by change in force scale.
DS conditions are:

(Fi)m / (Fi)p = (Fv)m / (Fv)p =(Fg)m / (Fg)p = Fr, Force Ratio

Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Eg. Suppose we are testing a model spillway with a size scale of 1/10. We can measure an average velocity in model of 5 ft/s at the cross sectional flow area of 0.0324 ft2. What velocity and flow rate can we expect in the real spillway? (Assume Fr Similitude)
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Fr =

v gl
v m = 5 ft / s

vm v = g m lm gl

g =1 gm
A l2 = 2 Am lm

l = 10 lm

v = vm

gl g m lm

A = 0.0324 x10 2 = 32 .4 ft 2

v = 5 10 = 15 .8 ft / s

Q = Av = 512 ft 3 / s
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Gullivers Travels: Dimensional Analysis

Gulliver was 12x the Lilliputians How much should they feed him? 12x their food ratio? A persons food needs are related to their mass (volume) This depends on the cube of the linear dimension.

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Let LG and VG denote Gullivers linear and volume dimensions. Let LL and VL denote the Lilliputians linear and volume dimensions. Gulliver is 12x taller than the Lilliputians, LG =12 LL Now VG (LG)3 and VL (LL)3, so = (LG)3 / (LL)3 = (12 LL)3 / (LL)3 = 123 = 1728 Gulliver needs to be fed 1728 times the amount of food each day as the Lilliputians.
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VG / VL

This problem has direct relevance to drug dosages in humans

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Forces influencing Hydraulic Phenomena And Dimensionless Numbers

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Forces Influencing Hydraulic Phenomena

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The forces which may affect/influence the flow characteristics of a problem are:

Inertia Force (Fi) Force (Fv) Force (Fg) Force (Fp) Tension Force (Fs)

Viscous Gravity

Pressure Surface Elastic

Force (Fe)
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Inertia Force (Fi)

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It always exits in the fluid flow problems. It is equal to the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a) of the flowing fluid; And acts in the direction opposite to the direction of acceleration.

Fi = m a = volume (velocity/Time) = (volume/Time) velocity Fi= AV V = A V2

(Since Vol per Sec = area velocity = AV)

Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Viscous Force (Fv)

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It is present in fluid flow problems where viscosity is to play important role. Fv = A (shear stress due to viscosity Surface area of the flow) = ( du/dy) A = (V/L) A
(Since du/dy = V/L)

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Gravity Force (Fg)

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It is present in case of open surface flow. It is equal to the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity.

i.e. Fg

=m g
= volume g = L3 g

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Pressure Force (Fp)

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This type of force is present in case of pipe flow. Fp = Pressure intensity Cross-sectional area of flowing fluid =p A

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Surface Tension Fore (Fs)

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Fs = Surface Tension Length of the surface of the flowing fluid = L

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Elastic Force (Fe)

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It is equal to the product of Elastic stress and area of the fluid flow. i.e. Fe = Elastic stress area of the fluid flow =K A = K L2

(Where K is Elastic Stress)

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Dimensionless Numbers and Their Significance

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The dimensionless numbers (also called nondimensional parameters) are obtained by dividing the inertia force (which always exists when any mass in motion) by viscous force or gravity force or pressure force or surface tension force or elastic force. i.e. DLN= Fi / (Fv or Fg or Fp or Fs or Fe)

Similitude And Model Analysis

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The Important Dimensionless Numbers

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Reynolds Number (Re) Froudes Number (Fr) Eulers Number (Eu) Weber Number (We) Mach Number (M)

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Reynolds Number (Re)

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It is defined as the ratio of the inertia force to the viscous force. i.e. Fi /Fv = A v2 / ( *v/L* A) = ( v L / ) Reynolds No. signifies the relative predominance of the inertia to the viscous force occurring in the flow system. This no. is taken as criterion of dynamic similarity in the flow situations where the viscous force predominate; example being: Examples: Motion of submarine completely under water, low velocity motion around automobiles and airplanes, incompressible flow through pipes of smaller D, flow through low speed turbo machines.
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Froudes Number (Fr)

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It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force and the gravity force. Fr = ( Fi / Fg )1/2 = ( A v2 / L3 g)1/2 = ( A v2 / A L g)1/2 ... (Since L is Area) = v /(L g)1/2 Froude No. governs the dynamic similarity of the flow situations; where Fg is most significant and all other forces are comparatively negligible . Examples:
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Flow over the notches and weirs; Flow over spillway and dam; Flow through open channels considering waves and jumps; motion of ship in rough and turbulent sea.
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Eulers Number (Eu)

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It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force (Fi) to the pressure force (Fp). i.e. Eu = (Fi/Fp)1/2 = ( A v2 / p A)1/2 = v / (p/)1/2 The Euler No. is important in the flow problems where the pressure gradient exits.
Examples:

Discharge through orifice, mouthpieces and sluices; pressure rise due to sudden closure of valves; Flow through pipes; Water hammer in penstock.
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Weber Number (We)

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It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force (Fi) to the surface tension force (Fs). i.e. We = (Fi / Fs)1/2 = ( A v2 / L)1/2 = v / ( / L)1/2 (Since A=L 2) The Weber No. assumes important in the following situations:

Capillary movement of water in soil; flow of blood in vanes and arteries.

Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Mach Number (M)

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Similitude And Model Analysis

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Scale Effect in Models

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By model testing it is not possible to predict exact behavior of prototype. The behavior of prototype as predicted by two models with different scale ratio is generally not the same. Such a discrepancy or difference in the prediction of behavior of the prototype is termed as scale ratio. During investigation of models only two or three predominant forces are considered and the effect of other forces are neglected. These forces which arent so important cause small but varying effect on the model depending on scale of model, due to this scale effect creep in.
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Scale Effect in Models

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In ship models both viscous and gravity forces have to be considered, however, it is not possible to satisfy Reynolds and Froudes numbers simultaneously. Usually the models are tested satisfying only Froudes law, then the results so obtained are corrected by applying the scale effect due to viscosity. In the models of weirs and orifices with very small scale ratio, the scale effect is due to surface tension forces. The surface tension forces which are insignificant in prototype become quite important in small scale models with heads less than 15 mm.
Similitude And Model Analysis 11-Jan-13

Limitations of Hydraulic Similitude

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Model investigation, although very important and valuable, may not provide ready solution to all problems. It has the following limitations: As compared to the cost of analytical work, models are usually expensive. The selection of size of a model is a matter of experience.

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Reference
Lecture Slide of Fluid Mechanics, By Dr. Rajendra Shrestha, MSREE Robert L. Daugherty & Joseph B. Franzini, Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications Seventh Edition Dr. Guy Riefler, A presentation on Similitude, Ohio University

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Thank You

Similitude And Model Analysis

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Dimensional Analysis
Nature of the function is difficult to obtain by using this approach Moreover, experiments (c) and (d) are difficult to carry out

Pressure drop as a function of several different factors

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Dimensional Analysis
VD Dpl = V
Number of variables reduced from five to two Number and complexity of experiments also reduced. Results of experiments are represented by a single curve Two groups in the above equation are dimensionless

Thus, results presented in the form of the graph are independent of the system of units used. This type of analysis is called dimensional analysis Dimensional analysis is a method for reducing the number and complexity of experimental variables which effect a given physical phenomenon. Dimensional analysis is based on the Buckingham pi theorem 36 January 19, 2013