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Catalysis

Catalysis Classification of catalysis Types of catalysis Catalytic promoters Criteria of catalysis Theories of catalysis Intermediate compound formation theory Adsorption theory Enzyme theory

Catalysis A chemical substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction but itself remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction is called catalyst or catalytic agent and the phenomenon is known catalysis. Classification of catalysis As evident from above definition a catalyst may increase or decrease the rate of reaction so it may be classified as: 1. Positive catalyst: A chemical substance which accelerate the rate of chemical reaction without themselves undergoing any chemical change are called positive catalyst and phenomenon is known as positive catalysis. For e.g. i. Decomposition of potassium chlorate in the presence of MnO2 as a catalyst. ii. Oxidation of SO2 to SO3 in presence of NO. iii. Synthesis of ammonia in the presence of iron as catalyst. 2. Negative catalyst: A chemical substance which retards the rate of reaction is called negative catalyst and the phenomenon is called negative catalysis. For e.g. i. Oxidation of chloroform is retarded in the presence of small quantity of ethyl alcohol. ii. Decomposition of H2O2 is retarded in presence of glycerol. 3. Autocatalysis: When one of the products of a reaction itself acts as a catalyst for the reaction, then such a product is called auto catalyst and the phenomenon is called autocatalysis. For e.g. i. Hydrolysis of an ester is an autocatalytic process. Since, the acid liberate as a result of hydrolysis catalyze this reaction. 4. Induced catalysis: when one of the reactions catalyzes the other reaction; and both the reactions are carried out in the same vessel, such a process is called as induced catalysis and the catalyst is called as induced catalyst. For e.g. i. Sodium sulphite oxidizes in air and change into sodium sulphate but sodium arsenide doesnt. When both are mixed together sodium sulphite and sodium arsenide both are oxidized in air into sodium sulphate and sodium arsenide respectively.

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