PRESENTED BY ARITRA BANERJEE

Introduction
Earthquake creates great devastation in terms of life, money

and failures of structures.

Earthquake Mitigation is an important field of study from a long time now. Seismic Retrofitting is a collection mitigation techniques for Earthquake Engineering.

It is of utmost importance for historic monuments, areas prone

to severe earthquakes and tall or expensive structures.
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Seismic Retrofitting
Definition It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and severe winds from thunderstorms.

When is Seismic Retrofitting Needed ?

The two circumstances are:Earthquake damaged buildings, and Earthquake-vulnerable buildings(with no exposure to

severe earthquakes)

Retrofit Performance Objectives

Public safety only: The goal is to protect human life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passersby, and that the structure can be safely exited. Under severe seismic conditions the structure may be a total economic write-off, requiring tear-down and replacement. Structure survivability: The goal is that the structure, while

remaining safe for exit, may require extensive repair (but not
replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe for occupation. This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to

bridges.
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Retrofit Performance Objectives (Contd.)

Structure functionality: Primary structure undamaged and the

structure is undiminished in utility for its primary application.

Structure unaffected: This level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of high cultural significance.

Need of Retrofitting in Existing Earthquake Vulnerable Buildings

Buildings have been designed according to a seismic code, but the code has been upgraded in later years; Buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes, but deficiencies exist in the design and/or construction; Essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical monuments and architectural buildings; Important buildings whose services are assumed to be essential just after an earthquake like hospitals; Buildings, the use of which has changed through the years; Buildings that are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.
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Problems faced by Structural Engineers are :Lack of standards for retrofitting methods
Effectiveness of each methods varies a lot depending upon

parameters like type of structures, material condition,

amount of damage , etc.

Basic Concept of Retrofitting

The aim is at (CEB1997):Upgradation of lateral strength of the structure; Increase in the ductility of the structure Increase in strength and ductility

Earthquake Design Philosophy

Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the

building that carry vertical and horizontal forces should not be

damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage;

Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may

sustain repairable damage, while the other parts of the building may be damaged such that they may even have to be replaced after the earthquake; and Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even irreparable) damage, but the building should not collapse.
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Classification of Retrofitting Techniques

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Some Conventional Approaches

Adding New Shear Walls
Frequently

used

for

retrofitting

of

non

ductile reinforced concrete frame buildings.

The added elements can be either castinplace

or precast concrete elements.

New elements preferably be placed at the

exterior of the building.

Not preferred in the interior of the structure to
Fig: Additional Shear Wall

avoid interior mouldings.

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Some Conventional Approaches (Contd.) (Contd.

Adding Steel Bracings
An effective solution when large openings are required. Potential advantages for the following reasons: higher strength and stiffness,

opening for natural light,

amount of work is less since foundation cost may be minimized

adds much less weight to the existing structure

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Adding Shear Walls and Bracings

Fig: Effect of Adding Shear Walls and Bracings

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Adding Steel Bracings

Fig: RC Building retrofitted by steel bracing

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Some Conventional Approaches (Contd.)

Jacketing (Local Retrofitting Technique)
Most popular method for strengthening of building columns

Types-1. Steel jacket, 2. Reinforced Concrete jacket, 3.

Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite(FRPC) jacket

Purpose for jacketing: To increase concrete confinement To increase shear strength

To increase flexural strength

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Jacketing

Fig: Beam Jacketing

Fig: Column Jacketing

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Retrofit of Structures using Innovative Materials

Current research on advanced materials has mainly concentrated on FRP composites.

Studies have shown that externally bonded FRP composites

can be applied to various structural members including columns, beams, slabs, and walls to improve their structural performance such as stiffness, load carrying capacity, and ductility.

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Effectiveness of FRPC as a Retrofitting Material

Fig: A 3-D Model of a Building

(a) Wall Stresses before Retrofitting

(b) After installation of Steel Window frames

(c) Additional FRP Retrofitting

Fig: A Retrofit Application combining Conventional and Composites Retrofitting

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Base Isolation (or Seismic Isolation) Isolation)

Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as base isolation. It is the most powerful tool for passive structural vibration control technique

Fig: Base Isolated Structures

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Concept of Base Isolation

Significantly Increase the Period of the Structure and the Damping so that the Response is Significantly Reduced.

Fig: Spectral Response for a Typical Base Isolation System

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Types of Base Isolations

Base isolation systems which uses Elastomeric Bearings Base isolation systems with Sliding System

Fig: Elastomeric Isolators

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Elastomeric Base Isolation Systems

This is the mostly widely used Base Isolator. The elastomer is made of either Natural Rubber or Neoprene. The structure is decoupled from the horizontal components of the earthquake ground motion A layer with low horizontal stiffness is introduced between the structure and the foundation.

Fig: Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators

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Sliding Base Isolation Systems

It is the second basic type of isolators. This works by limiting the base shear across the isolator interface.

Fig: Metallic Roller Bearing

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Spherical Sliding Base Isolators

The structure is supported by bearing pads that have curved surface and low friction. During an earthquake, the building is free to slide on the bearings.

Fig: Spherical Sliding Base Isolator

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Friction Pendulum Bearing

These are specially designed base isolators which works on the principle of simple pendulum. It increases the natural time period of oscillation by causing the structure to slide along the concave inner surface through the frictional interface. It also possesses a re-centering capability.

Fig: Cross-section of Friction Pendulum Bearing

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Friction Pendulum Bearing (Contd.) Contd.)

Typically, bearings measure 3 feet in dia., 8 inches in height and weight being 2000 pounds Benicia Martinez Bridge, California is one of the largest bridges to date to undertake a seismic isolation retrofit. Largest seismic isolation bearings, measuring 13 feet in diameter, and weighing 40,000 pounds. They have a lateral displacement capacity of 53 inches, a 5 million pound design dead plus live load, and a 5 second period.

Fig: Bearing used in Benicia Martinez Bridge (left) and Benicia Martinez Bridge (right)
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Effectiveness of Base Isolation

Fig: A 3-D Model of a building in SAP2000

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Effectiveness of Base Isolation

Fig: Comparison Stresses in Z direction for Fixed Base (left) and Isolated Base (right)

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Effectiveness of Base Isolation

Fig: Comparison of Shear Stresses in Y-Z direction for Fixed Base(left) and Isolated base (right)
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Advantages of Base Isolation

Isolates Building from ground motion
Lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the structure.

Minimal repair of superstructure.

Building can remain serviceable throughout construction. Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure.

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Disadvantages of Base Isolation

Expensive Cannot be applied partially to structures unlike other retrofitting Challenging to implement in an efficient manner Allowance for building displacements

Inefficient for high rise buildings

Not suitable for buildings rested on soft soil.

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Codes and Guidelines for Base Isolation

International Code Council, Uniform Building Code, Vol. 2, USA,
1997. International Building Code, IBC 2006.

NZS1170.5:2004, Structural Design Actions, Part 5: Earthquake

Actions New Zealand, Standards New Zealand. FEMA-273, NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings(1997). FEMA-274, NEHRP Commentary on the Guidelines for the Seismic

Rehabilitation of Buildings(1997).
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Seismic Dampers
Seismic Dampers are used in place of structural elements, like diagonal braces, for controlling seismic damage in structures. It partly absorbs the seismic energy and reduces the motion of buildings. Types: Viscous Dampers (energy is absorbed by silicone-based fluid

passing between piston-cylinder arrangement), Friction Dampers (energy is absorbed by surfaces with friction between them rubbing against each other), and Yielding Dampers (energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield).

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Viscous Dampers

Fig: Cross-section of a Viscous Fluid Damper

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Tuned Mass Damper(TMD) Damper(TMD)

It is also known as an active mass damper (AMD) or harmonic absorber. It is a device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude of mechanical vibrations. Their application can prevent discomfort, damage, or outright structural failure. They are frequently used in power transmission, automobiles and tall buildings.

Fig: TMD in Taipei 101

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Tuned Mass Damper(TMD) (Contd.) Damper(TMD) (Contd.)

Taipei 101 has the largest TMD sphere in the world and weighs 660 metric tonnes with a diameter of 5.5 metre and costs US$4 million (total structure costs US$ 1.80 billion).

Fig: TMD in Taipei 101

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Energy Dissipation Devices

Fig: Some Energy Dissipation Devices

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Indian Codes for Earthquake Design

IS: 1893-2002 (part-1) Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Part 1 : General Provision and Buildings) - Code of Practice

IS: 4326-1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings Code of

Practice IS: 13920-1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to

Seismic Forces Code of Practice

IS: 13935-1993 Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings Guidelines IS: 13828-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonary Buildings - Guidelines IS: 13827-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings Guidelines

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Conclusion
Seismic Retrofitting is a suitable technology for protection of a variety of structures. It has matured in the recent years to a highly reliable technology. But, the expertise needed is not available in the basic level. The main challenge is to achieve a desired performance level at a minimum cost, which can be achieved through a detailed nonlinear analysis. Optimization techniques are needed to know the most efficient retrofit for a particular structure. Proper Design Codes are needed to be published as code of practice for professionals related to this field.
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References
Agarwal, P. and Shrikhande, M., 2006, Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. Cardone, D. and Dolce, M., 2003, Seismic Protection of Light Secondary Systems through Different Base Isolation Systems, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 7 (2), 223-250. Constantinou, M.C., Symans, M.D., Tsopelas, P., and Taylor, D.P., 1993, Fluid Viscous Dampers in Applications of Seismic Energy Dissipation and Seismic Isolation, ATC-17-1, Applied Technology Council, San Francisco.

EERI, 1999, Lessons Learnt Over Time Learning from Earthquakes

Series: Volume II Innovative Recovery in India, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland (CA), USA.

Murty, C.V.R., 2004, IITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tip, New Delhi.

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THANK YOU

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