Bioavailability of Nitrogen

Plants need nitrogen as either ammonia or nitrate in order to use it for biosynthesis While air is 80% nitrogen, it is in the form of the relatively inert gas N2

Type & efficiency of nitrogen sources

Main types of fertilizer are ammonia gas (NH3) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 100 lb of NH3 delivers 82 lb of N 100 lb of NH4NO3 only delivers 35 lb of N The mass of N delivered is related to the formula of the compound and the relative masses of each element in the formula

Questions to consider
How do we measure known numbers of atoms? How does the formula relate to the masses of the elements in the compound? How does the chemical equation lead us to the mass relationships between reactants and products? How do chemical equations tell us about the energy involved in a chemical reaction

Relative masses of the elements

When the masses of samples of any two elements are in the same ratio as that of their atomic masses, the samples have the same number of atoms We can therefore use the atomic masses and the masses of samples of chemical substances to count the number of atoms or molecules

Relative masses of the elements

Recall that an atom has an unbelievably small mass 12C is used as the standard and is assigned a mass of exactly 12 amu. Other isotopes are present in natural samples (i.e. C has an atomic mass of 12.01) so the periodic table lists masses that are the weighed average mass of the natural sample

Relative masses of the elements

The amu has no practical value in a laboratory situation: 12.01 amu = 1.994 10-23 g The best balance made can detect no less than 10-5 g, so we have to scale up the masses to something we can measure

The mole!!! - a truly central concept

A mole
the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C Avogadros number of atoms (6.022 1023) the number of atoms in one atomic mass of an element in grams

Examples of counting

The mole
One mole of an element implies: The atomic mass expressed in grams, different for each element Avogadros number of atoms, which is the same for all elements A conversion factor between mass and numbers of things (allows us to count atoms by weighing)

A Mole Is a Unit
A mole is an animal that burrows in the ground, Or a spot on your chin that you gotta shave around. But there's another kind of mole of interest to me, That's the kind of mole they use in chemistry. Chorus: A mole is a unit, or have you heard, Containing six times ten to the twenty-third, That's a six with twenty-three zero's at the end, Much too big a number to comprehend. Say you had a mole of pennies to distribute 'round the world, Give to each of the five billion grownups, boys, and girls, There wouldn't be a single person down and out of luck, Cause everybody in the world would get a trillion bucks. Or say you had a mole of paper and stacked it toward the sky, Paper's awful thin, but that pile would get so high. It'd reach up into outer space, in fact I think you'd find, It'd go up to the moon and back, eighty billion times.

Suppose a mole of marshmallows fell upon the planet, Over each square inch of land and sea, think that you could stand it? That layer would be twelve miles high and of course block our sun, We're talking close to five million trillion tons. Well, maybe we could save ourselves if we all started eaten', One marshmallow each second, not two 'cause that'd be cheatin', With five billion people munching, how long do you think it'd take? Forty million years, and that's without a bathroom break. Chorus: A mole is a unit, or have you heard, Containing six times ten to the twenty-third, That's a six with twenty-three zero's at the end, Much too big a number to comprehend. But say you had a mole of atoms, would the pile be immense, Should I say the answer now or leave you in suspense? Well, atoms are so very small, very small, you understand, You could hold a mole of atoms in the palm of your hand. So shake a little sugar in the middle of your palm, Now you don't want to spill it, so try and stay calm. You hardly can imagine and barely realize, There're more atoms in that sugar than stars up in the sky.

Mass and number of things

For our purposes, assume that oranges are identical in mass; 1 doz has a mass of 5.960 lb. We can do the same with atomic mass
1doz oranges 17.9lb 3.00doz oranges 5.960lb 22.99g Na 3.00 mol Na 69.0g Na 1 mol Na

Converting Between Moles and Particles

Conversion factors must be used. Moles to particles

Number of molecules in 3.50 mol of sucrose

Converting Between Moles and Particles (cont.)

Particles to moles Use the inverse of Avogadros number as the conversion factor.

The Mass of a Mole

Molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of any pure substance.

The molar mass of any element is numerically equivalent to its atomic mass and has the units g/mol.

Using Molar Mass

Moles to mass

3.00 moles of copper has a mass of 191 g.

Section 10.3 Assessment

How many moles of OH ions are in 2.50 moles of Ca(OH)2? A. 2.00 B. 2.50

C. 4.00
D. 5.00

A. B. C. D.

A B C D

Section 10.3 Assessment

How many particles of Mg are in 10 moles of MgBr2? A. 6.02 1023 B. 6.02 1024

C. 1.20 1024
D. 1.20 1025

A. B. C. D.

A B C D

Chemical Formulas
Molecular compounds
chemical formula represents a discrete molecular unit (e. g. CO2)

Ionic compounds
chemical formula represents a formula unit (the whole number ratio of cations to anions; e. g. K2SO4)

Molar mass of compounds

The sum of the molar masses of all the atoms in a molecule This molar mass is often referred to the molecular weight Consider CO2 1 C (12.01 g/mole) + 2 O (2 16.00 g/mole) = 44.01 g/mole One molar mass of a compound contains Avogadros number of molecules

Calculation of molar mass

Second example using a salt, Fe2SO4
Atom Number of atoms in molecule Fe 2 S 3 O 12 Molar mass 55.85 g/mole 32.07 g/mole 16.00 g/mole Molar mass of Fe2SO4 Total mass of a mole of atoms in a molecule = 111.70 g/mole = 96.21 g/mole = 192.00 g/mole 399.91 g/mole

What is the red balloon composition of this sample of balloons?

What about the mass relationship here?

The composition of compounds

Mole composition is the number of moles of each of the elements that make up the compound
CO2 - one mole of C and two moles of O

Mass composition is the mass of each element in the compound

CO2 - 12.0 g of C and 32.0 g of O

Percent composition
I call it percent composition by mass mass of each element per 100 mass units of compound
in 100 g of NH3, there is 82.0 g of N therefore, the mass percentage of N is 82.0% N

CO2
Calculation of % composition of carbon dioxide requires determining the number of grams of each element (C and O) in one mole
total mass of component element 100% percent composition total mass 12.0 g C 100% 27.3%C 44.0 g CO 2 32.0 g O 100% 72.7%O 44.0 g CO 2

Empirical formula
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in the compound Procedure
Convert percent composition to an actual mass Convert mass to moles of each element Find the whole number ratio of the moles of different elements

Laughing gas
Contains 63.6% N and 36.4% O Assume 100 g of substance, so you have 63.6 g of N and 36.4 g of O
1 mol N 63.6 g N 4.54 mol N 14.0 g N 36.4 g O N: 1 mol N 2.28 mol O 16.0 g N

4.54 2.28 1.99 2.00 O : 1.00 2.28 2.28

Calculation gives an empirical formula of N2O

Molecular formula
The actual number of each atom in a formula unit Consider acetylene and benzene
both have the empirical formula CH acetylene is actually C2H2 benzene is actually C6H6

Molecular formula
The actual molecular mass must be determined from an independent measurement First determine the mass of the empirical formula

Divide the empirical formula mass into the molecular mass

The resulting number (which should be a small whole number or close to it) is the number of times the empirical formula unit appears in the molecular formula