Structural Element Design Manual

T R U C T U R A L
E L E M E N T S
I G N
M A N U A L
F R E V O R D R A Y C O T T

5 1

C O N T E N T S V ii
3 . 1 1

al thou g h

specification

specification

method
code

code

wind

code

stru ctu ral

code

code

1 0 0 0 9 8 1 0

2 4 0 0 2 4

2 4 0 0 / 1 0 0 2 4 k N / m3

* F ix ed

J oist

t
j
4 m

I . 5 m

imposed

2 3 . 4 2 4 . 0

k N / m2

span

t

3 . 6 k N / m2

( 8 . 6
= 2 0 6 . 4 2 l O k N

2 . 4 k N / m2

2 . 5 m 2 . 5 m
p
'1
B eam

S l ab
p

7 1 . 5
I
3 5 . 7 5

1 '
3 5 . 7 5

sl ab

7 3 5 . 7 5

3 5 . 7 5
4 k N
( 3 5 . 7 5 1 9 . 8 8

C )

4 . 8

3 5 . 7 5
U D L = 4 k N

S m

1 )
,

i I
k

t
2 0 0 . 8

-L T
5

sl ab
= ( 9 . 8 1 9 6 2 0 5 . 6
2 0 5 . 6 / 2 1 0 2 . 8

sl ab

4 0 2 0 0 . 8

( 1 2 2 1 2 . 8 / 2 1 0 6 . 4 k N

( 1 0 0 / 1 0 0 )

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
B eam

1 0 2 . 8
'1 '
1 0 2 . 8

L
2 0 5 . 6 4 0 1 . 6
j .

I
1 0 6 . 4

l O m

m

U
B eam
C ol u mns

2 5 0
I S ection

( 2 4 0 0 / 1 0 0 ) 4 . 2
3 . 0

U D L
( 7 . 2

( total 2 8 8 / 2 1 4 4 k N
beam
1 4 4 +
1 4 4 + 5 . 2 5 =

( zero

+ iI
J W / 2

D efl ected

D efl ected

L oad,

W / 2 W / 2

W L / 8

ex ternal

diag ram
( b)

force
= force

x
= j -4 -

U D L = 4 k N
t
4 . 5 w

5 0 mm
ex ternal

k N m

4
8

x
8 x 7 x 5 0
x 4 . 5 x 1 0 6 x 6 \

7 5 mm

6 ) + ( 5
1 8
2 8
2 8 / 8 3 . 5
8 3 . 5 4 . 5

ex ternal

x

x 1 0 6 x 6 \
d=

U se

ex ternal

1 6

8 x 1 6 5
Z 2 4 6 2 1 2 mm3 2 4 6 . 2 1

1 0 0 mm 2 0 0
ex ternal

8
1 0 0
2 0 0 2
4 S
8
6

3 . 7 5

5

E l

bd3
1 2
6 6 . 6 6

3 8 4
6 6 0 0
1 4 . 8 mm

0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 1 5 mm

F ig u re

+

l oad
V ertical l oad
S u bj ected to a
S u bj ected to
combinatioo of
simpl e
cru shing and
l ateral bu ck l ing
F ig u re 1 . 2 0

area

L ateral
'S hort' col u mn

R ol l ed

l east

R ol l ed

W al l

W al l

second
area

I I ' I

L I
F ix ed

A ctu al
E ffectiv e

'S pecification

permissibl e

bending

mean

minimu m
G

=

L a/ b

a, par
appl ied
par
g rade

permissibl e

* M achine

5 4 0

* W hen

N ote
C l asses

1 . 1 )

T I M B E R E L E M E N T S 3 1

T I M B E R E L E M E N T S

2 8 . 9 2 1 . 7
3 6 . 1

* B asic

1 . 0 0

1

F or

bd2 / 6

par
modified

X X
C m,g . parK 2 K 3 K 7 K 8

T he

0 . 0 0 3

produ ced

A G

1

( T abl e

T he

a

hrL
h
he
hE H _ _ _ _ _ _
F ig u re

M e.

bearing

T his

M

U m. g ,parK 3

0 . 0 0 3

+

= rg K 3 K 8

ti C S 2 2 9 4

1 . 7 6 4 . 4 9

4 . 5

F ig u re

B ending

= 8
2 . 3 9

N / mm2
1 . 2 5
1 . 1

req u ired

=
= 3 2 7 3 2 7 . 9 6

1 . 0 4 6 .

req u ired
K
3 2 7 . 9 6 :
3 1 3 . 5 4

=
7 . 1 8

C m,g ,parK sK 7 K S 5 . 3 7 . 6 2

2 0 0 / 5 0 4

0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 1 2 . 7 5 mm

m
+

5
3 8 4

1 2 . 7 5

5

5
3 8 4

1 0 . 7 6

reaction = = 2 . 2 5 2 . 2 5
0 . 6 7
rg K 3 K g 0 . 6 7 0 . 9 2
= x 0 . 3

=
= 0 . 6 7

= rg K 3 K 8 K 5 0 . 9 2 0 . 6 2

5 0 x

2 2 5
B earing
reaction 2 . 2 5

bearing 1 0 0
0 . 4 5

2 . 2

C c,g ,perpK 3 K s
2 . 2
3 . 0 3 0 . 4 5

centres x 0 . 1
0 . 1

4 . 1
1 . 8 S k N m= 1 . 8 5 x l O 6 N mm

for 5 . 3
1 . 0 ; 1 . 1 ;

M 1 . 8 5 1 0
3 1 7 3 2 4 mm3 = 3 1 7
1 . 1

= 3 3 3
1 . 0 4 6 :

3 1 7 x
3 0 3

0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 1 0 . 8 mm

3 8 4

= 2 . 0 5 2 . 0 5
0 . 6 7

=
x 0 . 3 0 8

. =
= 0 . 4 1

2 . 2
U cg perpK 3 K s 2 . 2 2 . 4 2 N / mm2

9

9

5 . 3
1 . 2 5

=
= 4 4 9 8 1 1 mm3 = = 4 5 0 x 1 0 3 mm3

5 3 2
6 3 3
1 . 0 3 2 :

4 5 0 x l 0 3
4 3 6

0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 7 . 9 5 mm

7 . 5 8 . 1 6 mm

3 8 4

6 . 2 9 6 . 9 8 mm

3 8 4

5 . 2 8 5 . 8 6 mm

4 . 5 4 . 5
0 . 6 7
= rg K 3 0 . 6 7 0 . 8 4

=
x = 0 . 4 8
3

= 2

0 . 4
B oth

=
0 . 7 1

A

l aminations
I nternal

section
T he

5 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0

0 . 3 8 5
6 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 1 0 9 0 . 0 8 9 0 . 0 7 4 0 . 0 6 3 0 . 0 5 8
1 . 0 0 0
8 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 ,9 7 5 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 3 0 . 8 5 1 0 . 7 9 2 0 ,7 2 4 0 . 6 4 9 0 . 5 7 2
9 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 9 7 6 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 4 0 . 8 5 3 0 . 7 9 7 0 . 7 3 4 0 . 6 6 5 0 . 5 9 3 0 . 5 2 2 0 . 4 5 6 0 . 3 9 7 0 . 3 0 4 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 1 8 8 0 . 1 5 3 0 . 1 2 7 0 . 1 0 6 0 . 0 9 1 0 . 0 8 4
1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 ,9 7 6 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 4 0 . 8 0 1 0 . 7 4 2 0 . 6 7 7 0 . 6 0 9 0 . 5 4 2 0 . 4 7 8 0 . 4 2 0 0 . 3 2 5 0 . 2 5 5 0 . 2 0 4 0 . 1 6 7 0 . 1 3 8 0 ,1 1 6 0 . 0 9 9 0 . 0 9 2
1 1 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 9 7 6 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 5 0 . 8 5 6

1 3 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 9 7 6 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 5 0 . 8 5 8 0 . 8 0 9 0 . 7 5 7 0 . 7 0 ! 0 . 6 4 3 0 . 5 8 4 0 . 5 2 7 0 . 4 7 2 0 . 3 7 8 0 . 3 0 3 0 . 2 4 7 0 . 2 0 3 0 . 1 7 0
1 4 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 9 7 6 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 6 0 . 8 5 9 0 . 8 1 1 0 . 7 6 0 0 . 7 0 7 0 . 6 5 1 0 . 5 9 5 0 . 5 3 9 0 ,4 8 6 0 . 3 9 2 0 . 3 1 7 0 . 2 5 9 0 . 2 1 4 0 . 1 8 0 0 . 1 5 3 0 . 1 3 1 0 . 1 2 2

1 6 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 9 7 6 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 6 0 . 8 6 ! 0 . 8 1 4 0 . 7 6 6 0 . 7 1 6 0 . 6 6 4 0 . 6 ! ! 0 . 5 5 9

1 8 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 9 7 6 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 6 0 . 8 6 2 0 . 8 1 6 0 . 7 7 0 0 . 7 2 2 0 . 6 7 3 0 . 6 2 4 0 . 5 7 4 0 . 5 2 6 0 . 4 3 8 0 . 3 6 3 0 . 3 0 2 0 . 2 5 4 0 . 2 1 5 0 . 1 8 4 0 . 1 5 9 0 . 1 4 8
1 9 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 9 7 6 0 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 0 7 0 . 8 6 2 0 . 8 1 7 0 . 7 7 2 0 ,7 2 5 0 . 6 7 7 0 . 6 2 9 0 . 5 8 1 0 . 5 3 4 0 . 4 4 7 0 . 3 7 3 0 . 3 1 2 0 . 2 6 2 0 . 2 2 3 0 . 1 9 1 0 . 1 6 5 0 . 1 5 4

effectiv e
l east
F or

effectiv e
L e
l east b

= 1 8 0 5 2 .

T abl e

C e,

.
E nd

l . S C C ,a,parK l 2 / C e)

a

effectiv e
L e

.

g rade

. <

C c,adm,pa,

l oad
( h)

5 m,g ,

C al cu l ate

[ 1 . 5
C c. a. parK i2 ( L e/ 1 ) 2 / T h2 E mj fl ] }

effectiv e = 0 . 8 5
8 2 . 2 5

2 1 0 0

5 8 0 0
8 5 2
6 . 8
T he

6 . 8
C c, 6 . 8 3 . 3 7
permissibl e

2 . 7 5 2 7 5 0 1

g ,
6 . 8

=
= 4 3 . 6 5

5 8 0 0
2 3
6 . 8
5
0 . 1 6 8 .

C c. g ,parK 3 K i2 6 . 8 1 . 4 3 N / mm2

appl ied 1 2 . 5
l . 3 2 N / mm2 < 1 . 4 3 N / mm2

permissibl e
1 . 4 3 1 3 . 5 1 1 3 . 5 1

2 5 0
1 2 5
X

F e
from

7 3 . 5 3

7 . 9
6 6 0 0
8 3 5 . 4 4
g ,

0 . 5 5 3 .

C c,g ,parK sK l 2
7 . 9 4 . 3 6

A 2 5
1 . 6

7 . 5

U mg parK 3 K 7 7 . 5 7 . 6 5

1 0 4 0
2 . 8 9

[ l . 5 C c,a,parK l 2 ( L e/ i) 2 / T h2 E minl }

7 . 6 5

0 . 4 2 5 0 . 7 9 2

S heathing / cl adding material
6 1 0 mm max imu m
for 6 1 0 mm max imu m
3 /

ax is

7 . 5
7 . 5 4 . 5

1 0 0
7 5

1 1 0 . 6 < 1 8 0
1 2 . 5 nm pl asterboard
6 0 0 mm centres of stu ds
L

= 3 . 5

4 5 0 0

1
T hu s 0 . 4 2 0 .

C c. g ,parK 3 K sK i2
3 . 5 1 . 6 2

1 . 5 8

0 .
0
0 .
0
0
C
V
0
0
0 .
0
0
0
cc

0
0
p
C
I n
t0
Pl ait

su pporting

= 4 . 2 4
= 0 . 6 0 3

= 7 0 4 0

1 . 4
1 . 1

5

3 . 0
0 . 1
0 . 1 2

4 . 7 2 5 . 3 1

par = 4 . 2 4
1 . 0 6

= = 2 3 9 8 3 7 mm3 = 2 4 0 x 1 0 3 mm3

0 . 0 0 7 . 5 mm

5 1 5 1 . 2

5 1 . 2
4 7 . 4
5 3 2
5 9 . 8

im
3 8 4

= 2 . 6 6 k N 2 . 6 6
0 . 6 0 3

may

= 0 . 9 2 9 1 . 3 9

= 2 K I A 2 1 . 0 4 x 1 4 2 x 1 0 3
0 . 2 7

su bj ect

sinG

[ 1

ax is.

characteristic

spacing

S afety

L oads

T he

to

x

y fG k
= l . 4 G k + l . 6 Q k

A

J
4 0 0 mmbeam
L i
1
A

' E nl arg ed

2 4 4 . 2
3
1 . 4 1 0 . 6 8

U L iI N U K L I t tL E M E N T S

1 0 . 6 8 4 0 0 . 5

4 0 0 . 5 4 2 5 . 7

7 0 0
5 . 4
3 0 0

y fG k
= 1 . 4

for

M Pa)

( N / mm2 )

for

=

= O . 8 7 L

in

defines

F or

* T hese

I I I 4 B
C ov er
N ominal
C ov er

N ote:
F or to il l u strate

oO b,
6 0 b,

a

2 5 0
4 6 0

7
5 7 2 5 5 2 8 3

1 2 5 6 1 5 7 0 1 8 8 4 2 1 9 8 2 5 1 2 2 8 2 6 3 1 4 0

5 0 2 7 6 2 8 3 7 5 4 0 8 7 9 6 1 0 0 5 3 1 1 3 1 0 1 2 5 6 6

hag g

3 0 0 mm
1 6 0 mm.

N
E

S impl ified

0 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 5 2 . 0
4 0
3 5

2 5

S ing l y reinforced
2 . 0
1 0 0 A 5 / bd
beams
* E x ampl e

0 . 1 5 6 ,
d[ 0 . 5 K / 0 . 9 ) ]

F ig u re

R ib

basic

basic

5

s,prov
where

ratio

1 9 8 5

6 . 0 0

s,req
is

A
a

h = 3 5 0

3 0
4 6 0
5 5 0 5 5 0

d{ 0 . 5 K / 0 . 9 ) ] d[ 0 . 5 0 . 1 4 6 / 0 . 9 ) ]
0 . 7 9 6 d

0 . 8 7
2 8 7 8 mm

2 9 4 8

F ig u re

6 6 0 x
1 . 2 8

3 5 0

1 . 3 7

1 0 0
2 8 7 7

= 2 5 0
of

3 0
2 5 0
1 4 0 1 4 0

0 ,1 5 6 .

v
K ' 0 . 1 5 6 ,
d[ 0 . 5 K / 0 . 9 ) ] d[ 0 . 5 0 . 1 5 6 / 0 . 9 ) ] 0 ,7 7 7 d

3 4 5 . 9 2

2 3 6 7

1 4 7 4 2 4 1 6

shou l d

4 1 0

4 1 0
2 . 3 5

3 5
4 6 0

= = 3 2 0 . 2 5

0 . 8 7
1 3 8 5
1 4 7 4

'1 1 '
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
N ominal
h= 3 6 7 . 5

3 7 0 2 5 0
1 . 5 9 > 0 . 1 3 < 4
2 5 0

5 0 0

stress

9 6 3
1 1 1 1 7 7
2 4 2 1

( Y r
= 1 . 6 1 0 0 . 8
1 . 4 1 0 7 . 8 k N
( y r- 1 . 4 2 1 2 9 . 4 k N
2 3 8

W L 2 3 8 x

2 3 8

7 m
F ig u re

5 0 0 1 0 4 5 2 . 5 mm

2 5 0
0 . 1 3 6 < 0 . 1 5 6

d[ 0 . 5 K / 0 . 9 ) ] d[ 0 . 5 0 . 1 3 6 / 0 . 9 ) ] 0 . 8 1 4 d

0 . 8 7
1 4 1 3
1 4 7 4

x 1 . 1 8 > 0 . 1 3 < 4

2 5 0

4 . 0 7

=
prov
T he

0 . 5 5

0 . 5 5

0 . 8 8 7

1 7 . 7 4 .

= 1 5 . 4 7

( a)

b,s,( v

S econd,

V ertical

L F /
M ax imu m
reaction

S hou l d

[
M ain
. .
I
I
M ax imu m reaction

= A S b( O . 8 7 fY V ) ( cos -1 -
d d

2
= 9 . 3

=
= 0 . 3 1

0 . 3 1 4

0 . 6 8
0 . 5 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 1
0 . 3 4 N / mm2 .

2
= 1 2 0
= = 0 . 9 6

0 . 9 6 4 . 3 8

1 0 0
1
2 5 0 x 5 0 0

0 . 6 3

1 . 0 6 2

0 . 6 3 0 . 6 6 9
0 . 5 0 . 6 6 9 0 . 3 3 5

( 0 . 6 6 9 1 . 0 6 9

2 5 0

= 1 7 2 . 4 1

bars
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
for

2
( a) S ing l e l ink s ( b) D ou bl e l ink s
4
6
( c) D ou bl e l ink s
F ig u re D etail s of

= 9 3 . 7 mm

1 0 1

0 . 4
2 2 0 mm

2 0 1
( d) T ripl e l ink s

= 4 4 0

= 3 0 0
3 . 2 6

3 . 2 6 4 . 7 3

3 0 0

0 . 7 6

1 . 1 1 9

0 . 7 6 0 . 8 5
( 0 . 8 5 1 . 2 5

T hu s of 2 5 0 N / mm2 ,
0 . 8 5 )

0 . 8 7
1 1 2 1 . 8 9 mm

4 6 0
6 0 9 . 7 2 mm

3 0 0 ( 3 . 2 6 0 . 8 5 )
9 4 mm

3 0 0 ( 3 . 2 6
1 7 3 . 8 1

1 0 4 S T R U C T U R A L

. . . .
.
T ension
C ross-section

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ihick nessj ,_
. J I I I L I E iI .
H ol l ow
reinforcement
F ig u re

sl ab

0 0 0 0 0 0
thick ness

V oids

reinforcement

F l at

I
u i, I ,
C ol u mn C ol u mn
F ig u re S ection

F l ared col u mn head
U
C ol u mn
F ig u re

E

(
.

7
= 1 n
F ig u re 3 . 2 5
R einforcement areas
T he

1 2 5 1 5 0

2 2 5 2 5 0 2 7 5

8 6 7 0 5 0 3 4 0 2 3 3 5 2 8 7 2 5 1 2 2 3 2 0 1 1 8 3 1 6 8

7 5 4 6 4 6 5 6 5 4 5 2

2 5 1 3
2 5
3 5 7 4

main

M ain

2 5 0 mm


2 5 0

6 0 0

=

diameter main bars
J
\ \
mm
2 0 mm cov er
I m width
A '
F ig u re

ov eral l ( bar cov er 2 0 0 8 2 0
1 7 2

2 4 0
4 5

d[ 0 . 5 K / 0 . 9 ) ] d[ 0 . 5 0 . 0 3 8 / 0 . 9 ) ] 0 . 9 5 6 d

0 . 8 7
1 2 6 6 mm2

1 3 4 0

x 4 8 0

5 2 4

2 0 0 mm
2 5 0 mm

5 1 6 mm.

3 5
4 6 0

d[ 0 . 5 0 . 0 4 3 / 0 . 9 ) ] 0 . 9 5 d

0 ,8 7 4 6 0
6 8 8

7 3 1

x 2 6 0

2 6 2

2 0 0 mm

A

4 0 concrete H Y reinforcement
d1
h= 2 5 0 mm
. . S
M inimu m

4

6 . 5 3 2 . 5
1 . 6
1 . 4

7 7 . 5
3 8 . 7 5 k N
1 . -
. S isi
F ig u re

1 0 0 0 x 2 2 4 2
0 . 0 2 4 < 0 . 1 5 6
d[ 0 . 5 K / 0 . 9 ) ]
d[ 0 . 5 0 . 0 2 4 / 0 ,9 ) ] 0 . 9 7 d>

0 . 8 7
5 6 9

6 4 6 mm2 ) .

x 3 2 5

3 4 9 mm2 ) .

2 5 0

1 0 0 0
0 . 2 8 8 < 0 . 3

3 6 7 2 mm

u l timate

1 0 0 0

0 . 2 8 8
is

0 . 5 6
0 . 1 7 3 0 . 5 6

1 0 0 0

=
x
pros

3 1 . 2 ,
2 2 . 3 2

t
F l oor
B eams

I f

and

from

1 3 1 0
T abl e

: 1 .
F ig u re

A

0 . 0
E
. 5
0 .
I
( a)

A g
A ,,

hh

A g

6 %

N
ties

I f
I I

0 . 0 5 or

A x ial l y

0 . 4 L U A C


characteristic

characteristic

A g A 5 0 ,

0 . 4 fcu ( A g
A 5 0 )

A 5 0 )

u l timate

B S

C ol u mn
C ol u mn
B eam B eam B eam
> <
B eam
Pl an Pl an
B eam
F ig u re
C ol u mn
B eam

1 2 3
r
E l ev ation
shorter l ong er
Percentag e
E d/ L i
1 5 %

O . 3 5 fcu ( A g

C ol u mn
B eam

= shorter l ong er L , L 1
L d/ L l

H
L
P
L

= M ,,

h'
B eam spans
by
B eam

B eam

X
C ol u mn

n
M y

0 . 6
/ 3

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
7 8 9 1 0 1 1
M / bh2
E x ampl e 3 . 1 5 co-ordinates for u sing this chart


or

E x ampl e

O . 4 fcu ( A g
0 . 4
7 5 0 0 0 0

1 7 5 . 5
1 4 2 4 . 5

1 9 6 6

6 . 2 5
3 0 0

2 5

0 . 4 0 . O 2 A g )

mm

8 5

2
5 0
1 7 1 1
1 8 8 4

0 . 3 5 L

0 . O l A g
1 2 . 2 5 A g O . l 2 2 S A g l S . 2 l A g

3 1 4 . 0 4

1 = 9 9 2 . 2 5
1 2 5 6

= 2 5 0
r
4
U l timate 6 0 0

M inimu m
3 0

F ig u re

S

3 0 0 4 0 =

= 0 . 2 3 1
= 0 . 1 7

2 5 0
0 . 2
= 0 . 7 7 .

2 6 0 / 3 0 0 0 . 8 7

2 5 0
8
2 5 0

4 . 1 5
1 . 6 .

1 2 5 6

eccentricity

effectiv e

ov eral l

thick ness

4 1 = col u mn

4 . 4

2 1 5 x x
1 9 0 x x 9 0 2 0 0 x x
1 9 0 x x 2 0 0 x 1 0 0 x

3 9 0 1 9 0 x x x x x x x x x
1 4 0

2 1 5
2 9 0
5 9 0 1 4 0

5 9 0 2 1 5


(
#
2
0 z r
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
(
i
v
)
1
1
:
2
:
8
.
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
.
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

C haracteristic T he

l . 4 G k

l . 6 Q k

Y e l . 4 G k

of
to

( N / mm2 )

is

1 0 0

is


( L ( area

F ig u re

fk from

M odification

0 . 7

( B S

2 . 5


. =
partial

or

roofj oists

strap

I
V ertical

S pan

u nits

t

M ain wal l

T I
'4 '
V
0
'N I
0
'N I
t
t A

if if
0
A S
-o

0
A t
" : i

h

2 h

0 . 7 5
C ase

C ase

'4

'4

2

- t2

L

times

A '
A t
A t A '
. I I 1 '
t L ) J A ' / / 7 / / 7 / 7 I

parameters

t

the

( c) the

/ /
thick ness
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
width
/ / / / /
/ / / / / / 1 "
F ig u re

the

L oadhearing
/ 7 1 /
thick ness
W al l
Pier
Pier spacing Pier spacing
F ig u re

city which

from

( B S

W I
I

t/ 2 h/ 3

= t/ 2 t/ 6 = t/ 3


W h/ c W a/ c

mm

( 4 . 1 )

where

( 4 . 2 )
where

from

1 0 2 . 5

0 . 7 5 h 0 . 7 5 2 2 5 0

=
= 2 1 . 9 5 < 2 7

is
1 . 0 2 5

Y m

may

$ tfk
1 . 1 5

from
0 . 6 2
= 1 1 . 9 7

1 2 . 2
l ong
0 . 1 0 2 5

( 0 . 7 0 . 8 5 4

req u ired
fit 0 . 6 2
1 4 . 0 2

1 5
1 5 . 1

0 . 7 5 h 0 . 7 5 1 8 7 5

=
= 1 8 . 7 5

is
0 . 5

fk req u ired
= 0 . 7 4 > <
5 . 2 4

3 . 9 .
5 . 6


2 . 8 ; 1 . 4 ;
1 . 6 .

characteristic dead l oad = 4 . 8 k N / m2
characteristic imposed l oad = 5 k N / rn2
2 5 0 k N u l timal e ax ial l oad
from u pper
7 . 5 rn span . S l ab 7 . 5 m span
. 4 '
4 0 0 0 l ong brick wal l
3 5 0 0
= 2 1 5 sel f weig ht 2 2 0 0 k g / rn3
F ig u re

1 6 . 5 6

5 3 7 . 5

Y fG k t. 4 7 3 . 5 8 t3 3 . 5 8 k N

2 5 0 3 8 3 . 5 8 3 8 3 . 5 8
0 . 7 5 h 0 . 7 5 2 6 2 5

= = 1 2 . 2 < 2 7

is

0 . 8 6

5 . 3 7
req u ired
= 0 . 9 3

= 5 . 8

0 . 7 5 h 0 . 7 5 3 0 0 0
= 2 ( 1 0 2 . 5 t3 6 . 7 1 0 2 . 5
1 0 2 . 5
= = 2 1 . 9 5 < 2 7

=
= 0 . 1 6 7 t

is

X 1 . 1 5

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7 5
req u ired = 4 . 7
0 . 4 7 3

S N / mm2 ) .
1 H

1 5 0

the

T he

as

l eav es

T abl e is

1 5 0 7

0 . 6 2
I t

instance

= 4 . 4

5

M ainwal l 1 1 2 . 5
/
/
F ig u re
= h 2 4 0 0

8
4 4 0
Pier
1
t 2 1 5
T herefore, 1 . 1 5 1 .
tK 2 1 5 2 4 7 . 4 7

2 4 7 . 4 7
9 . 7 < 2 7

1 5
2 . 8 .

0 . 9 7 5 1 5
= 1 1 2 2 . 9 9 I

d= 9 0 0
t = 2 1 5
1 5 7 5
h 3 4 5 0
to

1 5 7 5
= 1 0 2 . 5
1 5 . 3 7
3 t 3 6 4 5 mm

6 4 5
2 1 5

tK 2 1 5 2 5 5 . 8 5

is

7 . 1
= 3 . 5 .
0 . 9
3 9 2 . 5 3 3 9 2 . 5 3

7 /
/
/
/ /
/
/
d= 2 7 0 0
/
/
/
/
M etal

0 . 7 5 h 0 . 7 5 2 5 8 7 . 5
1 0 2 1 5 0
2 1 5

L = 2 2 5 0 2 1 5 2 0 3 5

1 0 4 7
2 1 5

3 t = 3 6 4 5
6 4 5
W al l t 2 1 5
T herefore,
= tK 2 1 5 2 9 6 . 7

effectiv e t,1 2 9 6 . 7
T his is withou t

= 8 . 5
3 . 5 .
l . O x 2 l S x 8 . 5
= 5 2 2 . 1 4 5 2 2 . l 4 k N

4 . 1 1

5 S teel

S tru ctu ral

T here
Part

C ode

eq u iv al ent

ratio

defl ection

) . sl enderness,


S teel

D esig n

U l timate


S afety

5 . 7 L oads

Y r

manu al ,

x
1 . 4

may the

M aterial

for


1 3 8

D esig nation D epth W idth T hick ness R oot D epth R atios for D imensions for detail ing S u rface area
of of radiu s between l ocal bu ck l ing
S erial M ass section section W eb F l ang e fil l ets F l ang e W eb E nd N otch Per per
size per B r cl earance metre tonne
metre
( mm) ( k g ) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm)
( m2 ) ( m2 )

4 3 . 7

5 3 . 6

( cm2 )

2 6 . 7
3 0 . 1
8 8 . 7
7 5 . 7
1 7 3 0
1 1 9 0
4 9 4
4 3 7

2 0 1

1 1 2 0 0
3 2 6 0 0 0

6 . 2 7
3 5 . 6

7 3 8
7 2 1 0

1 1 6 0
8 3 6 0

6 6 5 0

6 8 1 0

1 4 7

3 0 . 5
3 0 . 0

6 8 6 x 2 5 4 1 7 0
1 5 2

1 7 0 0 0 0 6 6 2 0
1 5 0 0 0 0

2 8 . 0 5 . 5 3

5 . 7 2

1 6 9

1 7 9

1 4 9

1 1 4 0 0

2 6 . 1 7 . 2 2
2 5 . 8 7 . 0 8
2 5 . 6

7 4 3
4 0 9 0

1 1 4 0
4 5 7 0

0 . 8 8 6
2 1 . 1

3 2 . 5

8 . 0 9

2 0 0

1 9 0
6 1 0 x 2 2 9 1 4 0
1 2 5

1 1 2 0 0 0 4 5 1 0
9 8 6 0 0

2 5 . 0 5 . 0 3
2 4 . 9

3 6 3 0 3 9 2
3 2 2 0 3 4 4

4 1 5 0 6 1 2
3 6 8 0

0 . 8 7 5
0 . 8 7 3
0 . 8 7
0 . 8 6 3
3 0 . 5
3 4 . 0
3 7 . 9
4 3 . 0
3 . 9 9
3 . 4 5
2 . 9 9
2 . 5 1
2 1 7
1 5 5
1 1 2
7 7 . 2
1 7 8
1 6 0

2 0 1 0

4 . 3 8

2 4 7 0

2 0 8 0
1 9 2

4 0 0
2 3 7 0 3 5 6

0 . 8 7 2

3 6 . 4

1 . 6 0

7 6 . 2

1 1 8

7 4

1 8 7 0
3 3 4 0 0
1 4 5 0

4 . 2 3
1 8 . 7

1 7 7 0
1 9 6
1 4 6 0
1 5 3
2 2 3 0 3 7 8
2 0 1 0 3 3 8
3 0 4
1 6 6 0
2 3 7
0 . 8 8
0 . 8 7 9

0 . 8 7 6

2 5 . 8
2 8 . 3

3 3 . 9

1 . 1 7
1 . 0 4

0 . 8 1 9

1 2 1
9 0 . 5

5 2 . 0

1 2 5
1 1 4

4 5 7 x 1 5 2 8 2
7 4
6 7

3 6 2 0 0 1 1 4 0
3 2 4 0 0

3 0 0 6 4 5
1 8 . 6 3 . 3 1
1 8 . 5

3 . 1 1
1 5 6 0 1 4 9
1 4 1 0

8 4 . 6
1 8 0 0 2 3 5
1 6 2 0

1 3 3
0 . 8 7 2
0 . 8 7

2 7 . 3
3 0 . 0

0 . 5 6 9
0 . 4 9 9

8 9 . 3
6 6 . 6

T abl e

T
( mm) ( mm)

( mm)

( mm)

5 . 3

prov ided

C ross-sections

S hel f

F ig u re

N

D / 2
A J D ,2
B eam

( 2 7 5 / 2 7 5 ) 1 / 2
1
1 . 0 2

= =

T herefore

py S x

py

S l ab

S m

t
L
6 m

0 . 1 5 3 . 6 k N / m2

5
5 6 5 1 5 0
x
1 . 4 1 5 6 . 8 3 9 6 . 8 k N

= 8

N / mm2

2 7 5
1 0 8 2 1 0 8 2 cm3

rig orou s for

Pb3 x

nu v A

py


mM A ,

5 9 5 0 ,

Point l oad oppl ied by col u mn
C ol u mn

( b) S tabil ized

I
1 . 0

shou l d

* S ee

1 6 2 0 cm3 ) .

T he
= mM A = PbS X
T he

which

= 3 4 9

u nrestrained l eng th
F ig u re

l arg er 3 4 9
T herefore

mM A 0 . 5 7 1 9 8 . 9 3

2 6 5

nu v ) .
1 . 0 , 0 . 8 7 L E / rY .
3 . 2 6
3 . 2 6

3 0 1 2 2 . 7 / 3 0 4 . 0 9 . 0 . 8 5 6

titi 1 . 0 9 1 . 3 8
1 3 8 . 2 4

2 2 3 . 9 5 2 2 3 . 9 5

4 2 9 2 2 3

f

8

1 8 3 0

T abl e

4 5 7 x 1 9 1 x 8 2 0 . 4 5 0 3 5 0 3 5 0 3 5 0 3 5 0 3 4 9 6 4 7 2 4 5 1 4 1 3 3 9 5 3 7 9
0 . 6 5 0 3 5 0 3 5 0 0 4 7 8 4 5 7 4 3 6 4 1 7 3 7 9 3 4 6 3 1 7 2 9 1 2 6 9 2 4 9
Pl astic 0 . 8 5 0 3 4 8 0 4 4 9 2 8 9 2 5 2 2 2 3 1 9 9 1 8 0 1 6 4
4 7 8 4 3 7 3 9 6 3 5 7 3 2 1 2 8 9 2 6 1 2 1 7 1 8 4 1 5 9 1 4 0 1 2 6 1 1 4
4 5 7 x 1 9 1 x 7 4 0 . 4 4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6 4 0 3 3 8 4 3 6 6 3 4 9 3 3 3
4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 1 4 3 0 4 1 0 3 9 1 3 7 2 3 3 7 3 0 5 2 7 7 2 5 3 2 3 2 2 1 4
Pl astic 0 . 8 4 5 6 4 3 3 4 0 4 3 7 5 3 4 8 3 2 1 2 9 6 2 5 3 2 1 9 1 9 2 1 7 1 1 5 4 1 4 0
1 . 0 4 3 1 3 9 3 3 5 5 3 1 9 2 8 5 2 5 5 2 3 0 1 8 9 1 5 9 1 3 7 1 2 0 1 0 7 9 6
4 5 7 x 1 9 1 x 6 7 0 . 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 2 3 9 1 3 7 0 3 5 0 3 3 2 3 1 4 2 9 8 2 8 3
0 . 6 4 0 4 4 0 4 3 9 7 3 7 8 3 5 9 3 4 1 3 2 3 2 9 0 2 6 0 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 9 4 1 7 8
Pl astic 0 . 8 4 0 4 3 8 1 3 5 4 3 2 8 3 0 2 2 7 7 2 5 4 2 1 5 1 8 4 1 6 0 1 4 2 1 2 7 1 t4
1 . 0 3 8 0 3 4 5 3 1 0 2 7 7 2 4 6 2 1 9 1 9 5 1 5 9 1 3 2 1 1 3 9 8 8 7 7 8
4 5 7 x 1 5 2 x 8 2 0 . 4 4 7 7 4 7 7 4 7 7 4 7 7 4 7 5 4 6 2 4 5 0 4 2 7 4 0 7 3 8 8 3 7 0 0 0
4 7 7 0 . 6 4 7 7 4 7 1 4 4 7 4 0 2 3 8 1 3 6 2 3 2 7 2 9 7 2 7 2 2 5 0 0 0
Pl astic 0 . 8 4 5 7 4 2 2 3 8 8 3 5 6 3 2 6 3 0 0 2 7 7 2 3 8 2 0 8 1 8 5 1 6 7 0 0
1 . 0 4 1 6 3 7 0 3 2 7 2 9 0 2 5 7 2 3 1 2 0 8 1 7 4 1 4 9 1 3 1 1 1 6 0 0
4 5 7 x 1 5 2 x 7 4 O A 4 2 9 4 2 9 4 2 9 4 2 9 4 2 3 4 1 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 3 5 7 3 3 9 3 2 2 0 0
0 . 6 4 2 9 4 2 1 3 9 8 3 7 6 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 2 8 4 2 5 6 2 3 2 2 1 2 0 0
Pl astic 0 . 8 4 0 9 3 7 5 3 4 3 3 1 3 2 8 5 2 6 0 2 3 9 2 0 4 1 5 6 1 4 0 0 0
1 . 0 3 7 1 3 2 8 2 8 8 2 5 2 2 2 3 1 9 8 1 7 8 1 4 7 1 2 5 1 0 9 9 7 0 0
4 5 7 x 1 5 2 x 6 7 0 . 4 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 8 4 3 7 2 3 6 0 3 3 8 3 1 8 2 9 9 2 8 3 0 0
0 . 6 3 9 6 3 8 3 3 6 1 3 3 9 3 1 8 2 9 9 2 8 0 2 4 7 2 2 0 1 9 8 1 7 9 0 0
Pl astic 0 . 8 3 7 2 3 4 0 3 0 8 2 7 8 2 5 1 2 2 7 2 0 7 1 7 4 1 4 9 1 3 0 1 1 6 0 0
1 . 0 3 3 6 2 9 4 2 5 5 2 2 1 1 9 3 1 7 0 1 5 2 1 2 4 1 0 5 9 0 7 9 0 0
4 5 7 x 1 5 2 x 6 0 0 . 4 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 5 1 3 3 9 3 2 8 3 1 7 2 9 6 2 7 6 2 5 9 2 4 3 0 0
3 5 2 0 . 6 3 5 2 3 4 0 3 1 9 2 9 9 2 8 0 2 6 1 2 4 4 1 8 8 1 6 7 1 5 1 0 0
Pl astic 0 . 8 3 3 0 3 0 1 2 7 2 2 4 4 1 9 7 1 7 8 1 4 8 1 2 6 1 0 9 9 6 0 0
1 . 0 2 9 8 2 6 0 2 2 4 1 9 3 1 6 8 1 4 7 1 3 0 1 0 5 8 7 7 5 6 6 0 0
4 5 7 x 1 5 2 x 5 2 0 . 4 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 2 9 5 2 8 4 2 7 4 2 6 3 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 0 8 1 9 4 0 0
0 . 6 3 0 0 2 8 6 2 6 7 2 4 9 2 3 1 2 1 4 1 9 8 1 7 0 1 4 8 1 3 0 1 1 6 0 0
Pl astic 0 . 8 2 7 8 2 5 1 2 2 5 2 0 0 1 7 8 1 5 8 1 4 2 1 1 6 9 7 8 3 7 3 0 0
1 . 0 2 4 9 2 1 5 1 8 3 1 5 6 1 3 4 1 1 6 1 0 2 8 1 6 7 5 7 5 0 0 0
4 0 6 x 1 7 8 x 7 4 0 . 4 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 0 4 3 8 6 3 6 9 3 5 4 3 3 9 3 2 6 3 1 3
M 0 1 = 4 1 2 0 . 6 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 0 5 3 8 7 3 7 0 3 5 4 3 3 8 3 0 9 2 8 3 2 6 0 2 4 0 2 2 3 2 0 8
Pl astic 0 . 8 4 1 2 3 8 8 3 6 2 3 3 7 3 1 3 2 9 1 2 7 0 2 3 5 2 0 6 1 8 3 1 6 5 1 5 0 1 3 7
1 . 0 3 8 5 3 5 1 3 1 7 2 8 6 2 5 7 2 3 2 2 1 0 1 7 5 1 5 0 1 3 1 1 1 6 1 0 5 9 5
4 0 6 x 1 7 8 x 6 7 0 . 4 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7 0 3 6 0 3 4 3 3 2 7 3 1 2 2 9 8 2 8 5 2 7 3
3 7 1 0 . 6 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 6 3 3 4 6 3 3 0 3 1 4 2 9 9 2 7 1 2 4 6 2 2 5 2 0 6 1 9 0 1 7 6
Pl astic 0 . 8 3 7 1 3 4 7 3 2 3 3 0 0 2 7 7 2 5 6 2 3 6 2 0 3 1 7 7 1 5 6 1 3 9 1 2 6 1 1 5
1 . 0 3 4 5 3 1 3 2 8 2 2 5 2 2 2 6 2 0 2 1 8 2 1 5 1 1 2 8 1 1 1 9 7 8 7 7 9
M 5 obtained u sing an eq u iv al ent sl enderness = nu rL ,/ r5 .


mM A PbS X

for

2 7 5

T he

M / M Q .
3 8 0
W L / 8 .
4 0 / 2 2 0 span/ 2 4

S econdl y ,
smal l er 0

l arg er 3 8 0
T herefore, 0 . 7 8 2 .
0 . 8 7 7 .

2 k N m
L 2 m
4 m u nresl rained
M = 3 8 O k N m

N ex t L E / rY , where l . O L
= 4 . 2 3 cm

H ere 3 0 . 9 9 4 . 5 6 / 3 0 . 9 3 . 0 6 ,
0 . 9 1

nu t') . 0 . 7 8 2 5 9

2 1 5 . 6

5 0 3 3 8 9

l oad
T su pport
U nrestrained l eng thj
( a) Portion of beam between ( b) C orresponding bending
l ateral restraints moment diag ram
F ig u re

where

3 8 0

3 0 . 9 . 2 1 0

tD


1 9 8 . 4 1 9 8 . 4

1 9 8 . 4 k N

0 . 6 6 0 0

9 . 9 mm
4 6 1 . 3

k N

8 5 3 4 9

0 . 6 7 2 6

0 . 6 4 3 5 . 6
8 5 k N 4 3 5 . 6 k N

8 9 . 5 0
7 2 6

or

1

=
2 0 5 2 0 5

E x ampl e 5 . 7

k N
2 5

4 m 4 m
S m

=
= 2 2 . 2 2 mm

2 . 1 9 1 7 . 0 6

<

F ig u re

2 2 7 . 3 5
A

h1
=
n1

1 2 7 . 5
2 7 5 8 8 . 5

7 5 mm, D / 2 2 2 7 . 3 5
2 1 4 0 6 4 N 2 1 4 k N >

F ig u re

2 . 5 fr

desig n
E x ampl e 5 . 9

7 5 mm
2 . 5 ( r 2 . 5 ( 1 0 . 2 5 8 . 7 5 mm

T = 1 3 . 3
J
1 P1 2 = 5 8 . 7 5
F ig u re

= ( b1 2 9 4 2 9 4 k N >

( e)

= mM A PbS X

S hear

3 0
1 1

5 O k N ; 3 O k N

1 . 4 l 2 . 6 k N

1 2 . 6

R a
1 1 2 . 9 7

( c)

F or

x =

U l timate x

=

is

smal l er M 2 8 6 . 5 9
0
l arg er M
T herefore

0 . 6 4 1 2
1 0 8 . 7 7

1 1 2 . 9 7 0

T he
2 7 5
nu v A
1 . 0 , 0 . 8 7 6
L E / rY ,

4 . l 9 x l O
7 1 . 6 / 3 3 . 9

9

= 3 8 4 3 8 4 > <
1 5 . 9 4 mm

= =
= 2 5 mm

< and

3 7
( b) S hear force diag ram
( c) B ending


B asic

t
W el ded
L ine of cu t

r
1 . 5
F l ang e


I

W arren g irder

ax es.

A g Pc

where
is


or

A g Pc,

1 4 0 0

L E = L

l 4 0 0 k N
1 . O L 5 0 0 0

2 0 . 5 mm
1 1 0 l iO x
= 9 . 2 7 cm 9 2 . 7 mm
= 5 . 3 2 5 3 . 2

2 0 . 5 mm> 2 6 5

= 5 4 <

5 4 2 6 5 2 2 3
= 9 4 2 6 5 1 3 3

l 4 0 0 k N

T abl e

F / P, from the S teel work D esig n G u ide to

M c.

= 6 5

M c,

=

p5 Z 5 =

x 1 5 2 x 3 7

M ,, 8 5

x

6 7

p5 Z 5 =
x 1 5 2 x
Pc

=
2 8 7 0 2 8 1 0 2 7 5 0 2 6 8 0 2 6 1 0 2 4 5 0 2 2 6 0 2 0 4 0 1 8 1 0 1 5 8 0 1 3 7 0 1 1 9 0
2 5 7 0 2 4 0 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 3 0 1 8 3 0 1 4 6 0 1 1 5 0 9 1 6 7 4 0 6 0 7 0 0
M b
2 5 9 2 5 3 2 4 4 2 3 5 2 2 0 2 0 6 1 9 4 1 8 2 1 7 2 1 6 3 1 5 5
M b,
2 5 9 2 5 9 2 5 9 2 5 4 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 9 0 1 6 8 1 4 8 1 3 0 1 1 5
M ,, 2 5 3 2 4 5 2 3 5 2 2 1 2 0 7 1 9 4 1 8 0 1 6 6 1 5 2 1 3 8 1 2 3 1 0 8
M ry
9 0 8 2
P 2 3 8 0 2 3 3 0 2 2 7 0 2 2 2 0 2 1 6 0 2 0 2 0 1 8 6 0 1 6 8 0 1 4 8 0 1 2 9 0 1 1 2 0 9 7 0
2 1 3 0 1 9 8 0 1 8 3 0 1 6 7 0 1 5 1 0 1 2 0 0 9 4 3 7 5 0 6 0 5 4 9 6 0 0
M 5

2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 0 7 1 9 0 1 7 2 1 5 4 1 3 7 1 2 0 1 0 6 9 3
M rx

2 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 0 0 1 8 5 0 1 7 3 0 1 5 8 0 1 4 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 0 6 0 9 1 4 7 8 9
1 8 2 0 1 7 0 0 1 5 6 0 1 4 1 0 1 2 7 0 9 9 5 7 7 8 6 1 5 4 9 4 4 0 4 0 0
M 5 1 7 9 1 7 6 1 6 8 1 6 0 1 5 2 1 3 8 1 2 6 1 1 6 1 0 7 9 9 9 2 8 6
M 5 , 1 7 9 1 7 9 1 7 9 1 7 9 1 7 3 1 5 8 1 4 3 1 2 7 1 1 2 9 8 8 5 7 5
M m
1 7 8 1 7 5 1 7 0 1 6 2 1 5 3 1 4 4 1 3 4 1 2 4 1 1 4 1 0 5 9 4 8 4 7 4
M ry

1 5 6 1 5 2 1 4 4 1 3 7 1 3 0 1 1 7 1 0 6 9 6 8 7 8 0 7 4 6 9
M b,
1 5 6 1 5 6 1 5 6 1 5 6 1 5 0 1 3 7 1 2 4 1 1 0 9 6 8 4 7 4 6 4
M rx
1 5 2 1 4 8 1 4 1 1 3 3 1 2 5 1 1 6 1 0 8 9 9 9 0 8 1 7 3 6 4
M ry

1 5 8 0 1 5 5 0 1 5 1 0 1 4 7 0 1 4 3 0 1 3 3 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 7 0 9 3 4 8 0 4 6 9 1 5 9 5
5 9 0 4 6 5 3 7 4 3 0 5 0 0
1 3 7 1 3 2 1 2 5 1 1 8 1 1 1 9 9 8 8 7 9 7 2 6 6 6 0 5 6
M 5 , 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 1 1 2 0 1 0 8 9 5 8 3 7 3 6 4 5 5
M r, 1 3 3 1 2 9 1 2 4 1 1 6 1 0 9 1 0 2 9 4 8 6 7 9 7 1 6 3 5 5
M ry

1 2 8 0 1 2 4 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 6 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 6 0 9 2 8 7 8 3 6 4 7 5 3 2 4 4 1 3 6 9 3 1 2
9 1 0 7 8 7 6 7 1 5 6 8 4 1 1 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
M b
8 2 7 7 7 2 6 8 6 4 5 7 5 2 4 7 4 3 3 9 3 6 3 4
M b,
8 5 8 5 8 5 8 2 7 7 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 4 3 7 3 1 2 6 2 2
M m,
8 1 7 7 7 3 6 8 6 4 5 9 5 4 5 0 4 5 4 0 3 5
M ry
3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 2 9 2 6
P,, 1 0 0 0 9 6 9 9 3 3 8 9 3 8 4 7 7 4 0 6 2 2 5 1 2 4 2 0 3 4 7 2 9 0 2 4 6
7 2 7 4 5 0 3 . 2 5 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0
M b
6 7

8 0 2
7 0 6

with 1 . 0 .

and

1 . 0 L 5 0 0 0 mm

=
= 2 5 0 0 mm

6 6 . 4 6 6 . 4
= 8 . 9 cm 8 9 mm
= 5 . 1 6 5 1 . 6
1 2 . 5 mm 2 7 5

8 9

1 4 0 0

ir
L E Y = L / 2

5 6 2 7 5

4 8 2 7 5 2 2 4

ax is, wil l

>

g iv en


( c)

( a) B eam spanning at rig ht
ang l es to the x x ax is
( b) B eam spanning at rig ht
ang l es to the y y ax is

F e

C ol u mn x x ax is y y ax is

C ol u mn
connection to
I fl ang e

( b) B eam
col u mn

has

= 1

= Pb
where

where
is

obtain

PbS X .

_ _ B eam

,,
I
E ffectiv el y

2 0 9 . 6 2 0 5 . 2 mm

9 . 3
7 5 . 8 7 5 . 8
8 . 9 6 cm 8 9 . 6 mm
= 5 . 1 9 cm 5 1 . 9

+ i--- +

beam
2 8 5 5 8 3 6 8 5 8 . 3 6 8

0 .

1 4 . 2 mm
2 7 5

5 7 2 7 5 2 2 5
9 8 2 7 5 1 2 9

N ex t, Pb =
2 1 8

5 0 mm.
7 5
F ig u re

( A g

( A g

characteristic

5 0 mm.
7 5

3 5 5

1 " C y
( b)

T he

R = 2 0 8 . 8
5 0

k g / rn

3 0 8 . 8 9 9 5 2 6 mm
1 1 0 cm2 1 1 0

Pinned

9 . 2 7 cm 9 2 . 7 mm
5 . 3 2 cm 5 3 . 2 mm
0 . 2 6 1 . 8 mm
L 5 0 0 0 mm

1 2

2 5 0 1 3
2 0 . 5 mm> 1 6 mm. T herefore 2 6 5

=
= 8 1

ax is

5 4 2 6 5 2 2 3

( A g A C )

= ( 1 1 0 0 0 -j -3 3 8 0 ) 1 5 5 = 1 4 3 8 0 x 1 5 5 = 2 2 2 8 9 0 0 N = 2 2 2 9 k N

-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
- a

Pl an
F ig u re

.
_ _ _ _ _ _

is

w( a2 O . 3 b2 )

pressu re

( N / mm2 )

( N / mm2 )
C 3 0

3 0
1 2

. = = 1 1 6 6 6 7 mm

,J ( l 3 4 2

2 0 . 5

E E E E s
D
6 3 . 8 5 6 3 . 8 5

w( a2 0 . 3 b2 )

3 5 0 3 5 0

[
x

2 0 . 1 4

S T E E L
T he

S tru ctu ral

perpendicu l ar

g l u ed

I N D E X 2 3 1

W et

S tru ctu ral E l ements D esig n M anu al is the stru ctu ral eng ineer's
'companion v ol u me' to the l atest editions of the fou r B ritish
S tandards on the stru ctu ral u se of timber, concrete, masonry and
steel work .
F or the stu dent at hig her technician or first deg ree l ev el it prov ides a
sing l e sou rce of information on the behav iou r and practical desig n
of the main el ements of the bu il ding stru ctu re.
W ith pl enty of work ed ex ampl es and diag rams, it is a u sefu l
tex tbook not onl y for stu dents of stru ctu ral and civ il eng ineering ,
bu t al so for those on cou rses in rel ated su bj ects su ch as
architectu re, bu il ding and su rv ey ing whose stu dies incl u de the
desig n of stru ctu ral el ements.
T rev or D ray cott is A ssistant Proj ect S erv ices M anag er with
L ancashire C ou nty C ou ncil 's D epartment of Property S erv ices and
for mary y ears has been part-time l ectu rer in stru ctu res at
L ancashire Pol y technic.
'S tu dents wil l find this an essential su pport tex t to the C odes of
Practice n their stu dy of el ement sizing . '
T he S tru ctu ral E ng ineer
'Prov ides simpl e theory combined with practical desig n, back ed u p
with a g ood sel ection of work ed ex ampl es . . . a wel come addition to
the recommended reading l ist. '
fV A T F H E J ou rnal
U T T E R W O R T H

Structural Element Design Manual

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Structural Element Design Manual

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E x ampl e 3 . 1 5 co-ordinates for u sing this chart

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