"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.

" Martin Luther King Name A Obtained from pine rosin. Used as a texturiser and foaming in soaps, making vinyls, lacquers and plastics. Can cause allergic reactions; skin and mucous membrane irritation; harmful to marine life. The most frequently used are calcium carbonate (chalk) and, in toothpaste, di-calcium phosphate dihydrate. Pure essential oils Information

Abietic Acid

Abrasives

Absolutes

acquired from plants (mostly flowers) and used in products as natural fragrance additives. Used in lipsticks and cream blusher to retain moisture. Causes adverse reactions, and is toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic. Fruit flavouring solvent; synthetic perfumes, hypnotic in medicine. Central nervous system depressant, respiratory, cardiovascular collapse; no known skin toxicity, possible high blood pressure. On NIH list.

Acetamide MEA

Acetal

Acetaldehyde

Fragrance in cosmetics, perfume, silvering of mirrors, synthetic rubber. Mucous membrane irritation, liver damage, kidney, respiratory, neurotoxicity; CNS depression; skin irritation; tetragenic; carcinogenic; harmful to aquatic organisms. Antistatic agent, humectant in hair shampoos and conditioners, skin cream, hair tonic. Mild skin irritation, caused liver cancer in rats, may contain DEA. Antistatic agent in shampoos, bath

Acetamide MEA - n-acetyl ethanolamine

Acetaminopropyl trimonium chloride

soaps, conditioners Antimicrobial used in mouthwash, toothpaste, feminine hygiene products. Causes sensitisation, allergic reactions; lethal dose in mice is only 0.004g/kg of body weight. An acetic acid salt ; the word that follows or precedes acetate on an ingredient list determines the function. Acid found in vinegar, some fruits, and human sweat. Used in hair dyes and hand lotions, and in lotions for

Acetarsol - acetarsone

Acetate

Acetic Acid

bleaching freckles. Skin irritant and toxic to lungs. Colourless, flammable liquid. Used in cologne, dishwashing liquid and detergent, nail polish, nail polish removers. It is excessively toxic. Inhalation can cause dryness of the mouth and throat; dizziness, nausea, incoordination, slurred speech, drowsiness, and, in severe exposures, coma. Acts primarily as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Precursor of cyanide. Solvent

Acetone

Acetonitrile - methylacynide

used in artificial nail remover, extraction processes. Nervous system poison, skin irritant, gastrointestinal and liver toxicity, teratogenic, fatal if swallowed. On Canadian Hot list. Found in baby products, lipsticks, cosmetic creams, eye makeup, hair conditioner as an emulsifier/emollient . Undergoing safety for safety. May be contaminated with pesticide reside. Helps soften skin and has antiallergenic tendencies; is highly prone to

Acetylated Lanolin

Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol

comedogenicity (causes blackheads and/or white heads) - this is an example of an alcohol that may be drying to the skin. Antistatic agent. Considered safe in cosmetics such as hair conditioner and skin conditioners. Biological additive used in cosmetics, suntan creams and liquids, dietary supplement. Nonessential amino acid, generally recognised as safe. Tints and dyes for hair colouring. Many can cause skin, eye and mucous membrane

Acetylmethionyl methylsilanol elastinate

Acetyl tyrosine

Acid colours - black, blue, brown, green, orange, red violet, yellow

irritation. See Azo Dyes. See Coal Tar. Extremely useful for eliminating soap films from the hair after shampooing. A mixture of vinegar or lemon juice and water is a common one. Active ingredient in an oil-absorbing gel. A binder, film former used in nail polish, blusher, hairspray, mascara. Creates a waterrepelling basis for cosmetics claiming water-proof properties. A strong irritant. A film former,

Acid Rinse

Acrylates Copolymer

Acrylates/Octylpropenamid e Copolymer

Acylamide copolymer

thickener used in nail enamels, cosmetics. Causes liver, reproductive and neurotoxicity. Toxic by skin absorption. Hazardous to the environment, especially harmful to fish. A perfumed liquid usually containing alcohol used to soothe the skin after shaving. May contain menthol to cool irritated skin. After shave with a thicker consistency containing lotion for increased moisturizing capabilities. Botanical additive

After Shave

After Shave Balm

Ahnfeltia concinna

used in skin conditioners and beauty aids. Type of protein found in blood, egg whites, milk, fruits, and vegetables. The study and practice of chemistry in the Middle Ages which focused primarily on the transmutation of metals into gold and the finding of a universal remedy for disease. A group of compounds that includes ethanol, methanol, and others. Acts as carrying and antifoaming agent

Albumin

Alchemy

Alcohol

as well as a water and oil solvent. It dries quickly, and if synthetically produced is carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic and can cause adverse reactions. An emollient, restoring moisture content to skin; claims to have antioxidant properties. A detergent used in shampoos, bubble baths. Believed to be non-toxic orally, drying of the skin, may cause skin irritation. Groups of synthetic fatty acids designated as DEA,

Algae/Seaweed Extract

Alkyl Benzine Sulphonate

Alkyloamides

MEA, MIPA, and PEG. Used for thickening, gelling, emulsifying, emolliency, skin and hair conditioning, foam boosting, foam stabilizing, wetting, opacifying, lubricating, powder binding, skin protecting, fungicidal properties, and super-fatting. Found in shampoos, bubble baths, and liquid hand and body cleansers. Harmful when contaminated by nitrosamines and harmful to the environment. Alkyl-phenol-ethoxylades Has been found to

reduce male sperm count, and to mimic estrogens in the body. It is widely used in shampoo, causes adverse reactions and has been shown to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Anti-microbial, oral care agent reported to have healing, soothing, and antiirritating properties. Extracted from urea, which is derived from the urine of most animals, and from herbs like comfrey or uva ursi. Is a compound expressed from the leaf of the aloe plant, which is a

Allantoin

Aloe Vera/ Gel

South African lilylike plant. A moisture storehouse for enzymes, vitamins, proteins, and minerals that support skin functions, Aloe Vera helps maintain the skin's moisture balance and stimulates blood circulation. Tightens and rejuvenates skin leaving it silky feeling. Do not use on children or infants. Group of acids that appear naturally in fruit. AHAs include: citric acid (citrus fruits), glycolic acid (sugar cane), lactic acid

Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA)

(milk), and the less common AHA's used in cosmetics malic acid (apples) and tartaric acid (wine). Used in toners, creams. Skin is exfoliated chemically instead of mechanically via abrasion, dries and increases skin aging. Supposed to be anti-wrinkle, found in many skin and hair care products. Higher risk of skin cancer. Used as a solvent originally in cleaning compounds and for tanning leather. A smooth finish is developed by stripping the outer layer of the

epidermis, which causes the irritated skin to puff up and thus fill in the lines and wrinkles. The US FDA warns that strengths over 3% may thin the skin. Can be a skin irritant causing redness and rashes. An antioxidant; is both water and fat soluble so it can go to many areas of a cell. Perfumery ?In lilac and lily of the valley type fragrances. Also in apple blossom, fougere and specialty perfumes. In addition to concentrates and luxury fragrances,

Alpha Lipoic Acid

Alpha-Terpineol

alpha-Terpineol is used extensively in fragrances for bath preparations, soaps, detergents, polishes and other household products Pharmaceutical ?Material complying with the BP 1980 can usually be supplied. Flavour ?Used in moderate amounts in berry flavours, and in lemon, lime, nutmeg, orange, peach and various spice and floral types. AlphaTerpineol is a nature-identical flavouring substance as defined by the International Organization of the

Flavour Industry (IOFI). Causes central nervous system disorders. Highly irritating to mucous membranes. Aspiration into the lungs can produce pneumonitis or even fatal oedema. Can also cause "excitement, ataxia (loss of muscular coordination), hypothermia, CNS and respiratory depression, and headache. Prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Alum Usually in crystal or powder form; has strong astringent

properties; used in stypic sticks, popular with men who often nick themselves shaving. Used as a colour additive in cosmetics, especially eye shadows. Another form of Aluminium is used in deodorants and antiperspirants. Listed as carcinogenic, toxic and mutagenic. Ingestion or inhalation can aggravate kidney and lung disorders, cardiovascular, reproductive, neurotoxicity. Evidence of link to Alzheimer's disease.

Aluminium

EU Parliament said aluminium should be banned. Anti-microbial used in antiperspirants, deodorants, barrier creams, waterproofing, fabric finishes, dye for furs. Causes skin rashes, severe sloughing of the skin, ingestion of large doses can cause diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and bleeding. See aluminium. Used as a deodorant agent and can be found in lipsticks, antiperspirants. Causes skin irritation, allergic reactions, reproductive and

Aluminium acetate

Aluminium Chloride

neurotoxicity, teratogenic, harmful to aquatic organisms. See aluminium. Used as a deodorant agent and can be found in deodorants, antiperspirants. Causes contact allergic reactions, hair follicle infections, irritation of abraded skin. See aluminium. Is less toxic than mercury, arsenic, lead or cadmium, but it appears to be more persistent than most of them. The danger is one that only manifests itself over long periods of time.

Aluminium Chlorohydrate

Aluminium Hydroxide

"Aluminium hydroxide is used in vaccines to increase the body's production of antibodies, though no one knows how it works," says Purdue researcher Stanley Hem, professor of industrial and physical pharmacy. Aluminium is a protoplasmic poison and a deadly, persistent neurotoxin. No living systems use aluminium as part of a biochemical process. Ironically, the American Academy of Paediatrics admits that Aluminium is

now being implicated as interfering with a variety of cellular and metabolic processes in the nervous system and in other tissues. As of today, it is still in vaccines. Aluminium is a known toxin that can cause encephalitis, bone disease and anemia in susceptible people. The kidneys eliminate Aluminium from the body and so people with renal problems are at risk of Aluminium toxicity. All infants have reduced renal function and may not be able to

effectively excrete excessive Aluminium. Kidney function is low at birth and reaches adult level by 1-2 years of age. The presence of Aluminium in a vaccine can cause small nodules to develop under the skin of some babies. Used as a deodorant agent in non-aerosol antiperspirants, deodorants. Harmful, contact allergic reactions, skin irritation, lung damage, granulomas. See aluminium. A fixative and flavouring found in perfumes, food,

Aluminium zirconium octachlorohydrate

Ambergris

beverages, cigarettes. It is 80% cholesterol, no know side effects. Every living cell in the body contains protein and cannot function properly without it. Approximately 80 amino acids are found in nature; only 20 are necessary for human metabolism. Some must be supplied by food and are called "essential". Amino acids are rapidly absorbed in the blood stream, and in combination with vitamins, provide essential nutrients to a wound area to

Amino Acids

promote healing. An emulsifier used in hairspray, shaving cream, cosmetic creams, deodorant. Considered safe up to 1% concentration. May cause skin irritation. Used as a hair colourant in orangered and medium brown hair dyes. On a list of substances facing a ban in the EU. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Primary Irritant A colourant used in hair dyes. Compound descriptor:

Aminomethyl propanol

2-Amino-4-Nitrophenol 4-Amino-2-Nitrophenol

Aminophenol

Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Primary Irritant Used as a neutraliser, buffer in permanent wave solutions and creams, fire extinguishers. Causes skin rash on scalp, forehead and hands, contact dermatitis. Used as a acidifier, buffer in bubble baths, hair bleach, shampoos, batteries, dies, medicines. Possible skin and eye irritation in some people. Toxic to aquatic animals. Compound descriptor : Drug, Mutagen, Primary Irritant.

Ammonium carbonate

Ammonium chloride

Ammonium cocoyl isethionate

Used as a cleanser in soaps, shampoos. Considered safe in cosmetic use, may cause skin rashes. A surfactant used in shampoos and dentifrices. May be contaminated with carcinogenic nitrosamines. Possible mutagen. A buffering agent, denaturant used in hair dyes, hair straightener, barrier cream, mascaras, cigarettes, stain removers, detergents. Irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes; may cause hair breakage; toxic by ingestion; harmful to the

Ammonium cocoyl sarcosinate

Ammonium hydroxide

environment. Compound description : Mutagen, Primary Irritant A surfactant used in shampoos, bubble baths, hand wash, dishwashing liquid, detergent. May be contaminated with carcinogenic nitrosamines. A surfactant, foaming agent used in shampoos, bubble baths, liquid hand and body wash, toothpaste, bath gel, dishwashing liquid, car wash detergent. Possibly derived from natural coconut alcohols. Acts as a mild

Ammonium laureth sulphate (ALES)

Ammonium lauryl sulphate (ALS)

cleanser replacement of SLS in a number of skin care products. Effects are considered milder than SLS and doesn't have the chronic toxicity problems of SLS however this may be due to the lack of research carried out on this ingredient. One study showed that at only 2% it was deemed as extremely irritating and just as irritating as SLS. See Anionic Surfactants See Sodium Laureth Sulphate See Nitrosating Agents

Ammonium lauroyl sarcosinate

A surfactant used in shampoos and dentifrices. May be contaminated with carcinogenic nitrosamines. A preservative, oxidiser used in cosmetics, dyes, skin lightener, soap, detergents. Can cause asthma, mucous membrane and skin irritation, brittle hair. A surfactant, cleanser used in permanent wave lotions, tanning, filler in vaccines. Liver, neuro and respiratory toxicity, dry and denatured hair. Compound descriptor: Agricultural

Ammonium persulphate

Ammonium sulphate

Chemical, Mutagen An antioxidant used in hair straighteners, depilatories, permanent wave solutions. Can cause severe burns and blistering of the skin, hair breakage, cumulative irritant, severe allergic reaction. A solvent, flavouring used in perfumes, nail polish, nail polish remover, banana flavouring in foods, perfuming shoe polish. May cause headache, fatigue, chest pain, CNS depression, neuro and respiratory toxicity, mucous

Ammonium thioglycolate

Amyl acetate

membrane irritation. Compound descriptor: Primary Irritant. A UV absorber used in sunscreen preparations. May cause sensitisation, increase breast cancer cell division, estrogenic, endocrine disruption, carcinogenic. Compound descriptor: Primary Irritant. A flavouring, denaturant used in perfume, toothpaste, mouthwash. Can cause hives, skin blistering and scaling, gum and

Amyl dimethyl PABA

Anethole

throat irritation. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic A type of animal tissue made up of oily solids or semisolids that are water-insoluble esters of glycerol with fatty acids. Animal fats and lye are the chief ingredients in bar soap, a cleansing and emulsifying product that may act as a breeding ground for bacteria. Anionic refers to the negative charge these surfactants have. They may be contaminated with nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic.

Animal Fat tallow

Anionic Surfactants

Surfactants can pose serious health threats. They are used in car washes, as garage floor cleaners and engine degreasers - and in 90% of personalcare products that foam. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) Sodium Laureth Sulphate (SLES) Ammonium Lauryl Sulphate (ALS) Ammonium Laureth Sulphate (ALES) Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate Sodium Cocoyl Sarcosinate Potassium Coco

Hydrolysed Collagen TEA (Triethanolamine) Lauryl Sulphate TEA (Triethanolamine) Laureth Sulphate Lauryl or Cocoyl Sarcosine Disodium Oleamide Sulfosuccinate Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate Disodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate etc Known for its warm, spicy liquorice-like scent. An antiseptic and stimulant. Substances that slow the breakdown of nutrients and counteract the destructive effect of

Anise Oil

Antioxidants

free radicals (chemically reactive compounds) in the body. There are several types which include vitamins A, E, C complex, and B complex, the minerals selenium and zinc, and the synthetic compounds BHT and BHA. Vitamins A, C, and E as well as BHA and BHT are used as preserving agents in cosmetics. A person who prepares and sells medications, a pharmacist. A system of weights used in the pharmacy. A natural exfoliant

Apothecary

Apricot Kernel

especially when finely ground. A solvent used in many cosmetics, personal care products, canned and bottled food beverages. No adverse health affects, provided that it is pure and not contaminated with chlorine, sodium fluoride, etc. Herbal extract made from the dried flowers of a mountain-loving plant. Has reviving and firming qualities. The pleasing odour, many times recognizable, given

Aqua

Arnica Extract

Aroma

off by a substance. The use of essences that are extracted from different parts of a plant - Root, Seed, Flower, Leaf, Bark, Fruit. These essences are called essential oils. Essential oils have numerous properties and various scents that affect us on a mental, emotional, spiritual and physical level. The art of using the essential (odour producing) oils from roots, barks, and herbs for treating the skin and body. Acid occurring naturally in many

Aromatherapy

Ascorbic Acid

fruits. Also known as vitamin C; used as an antioxidant in its L-ascorbic acid form, can have skin lightening effect in certain preparations, is important to keeping as well as rebuilding healthy collagen fibres. Used as a preservative and antioxidant in food and cosmetics. Non-toxic and not a skin irritant. Preservative with antioxidant properties: its presence helps make possible the blending of vitamins A, C, and D into a suspension for cosmetic creams

Ascorbyl Palmitate

and lotions. A clear liquid containing alcohol used mostly to cleanse oily skin, closes pores with its property of contracting the skin. Traditional Japanese beans which, when ground, are excellent natural exfoliant's. Protein and mineral rich. A colourant used in non-permanent hair rinses and tints, foods, beverages. Skin contact can cause hives, urticaria, asthma, hay fever, allergic reactions, bladder cancer. May be

Astringent

Azuki Beans

Azo dyes

absorbed through the skin.

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "Doctors put drugs of which they know little, into bodies of which they know less, for diseases of which they know nothing at all." Voltaire Name B Balm Mint Extract Information

A fragrant herb with

soothing properties As an antiseptic used in face masks, perfumes and cream hair rinses. A common sensitiser, may cause contact dermatitis and may cross-react with many substances including benzoin, benzyl alcohol, essential oils and wood tars. Compound descriptor: Natural Product, Primary Irritant A depilatory agent used in depilatories, cosmetics. Often causes skin irritation,

Balsam Peru, benzyl cinnamate

Barium sulphate

poisonous if ingested. Compound descriptor : Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen An opacifier, depilating agent used in depilatories, hair relaxers, cosmetics. May cause skin rashes, chemical burns, never apply to inflamed skin, poisonous if ingested. Toxic effects: Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - flaccid paralysis without anaesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage),

Barium sulphide

Behavioural - muscle weakness, Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration dyspnea The infusion of fragrance with your personal body chemistry. A perfumed foaming product used in the bath for its soothing, cleansing and emollient qualities. A perfumed liquid, usually containing mineral or vegetable oil, designed to moisturize the skin in the bath. Can be

Base Notes

Bath Gels

Bath Oils

foaming or nonfoaming. Scented loose powder applied to the body with a powder puff after bathing. Rock salts used in the bath to colour, scent and, or chemically treat the water. A natural substance that is prominent in pantothenic acid. European research suggests it may be beneficial in fighting the effects of radiation exposure.

Bath Powder

Bath Salts

Bee Pollen

It is not, however, particularly valuable as a topical. Waxy component in many skin care products, confectionary, soft drinks, chewing gum. Provides moisture as well as a barrier mechanism. Allows for oil and water blending (emulsion). Can cause mild allergic reactions and contact dermatitis. A preservative. See Quaternary Ammonium compounds.

Beeswax

Behentrimonium chloride

Benzyl cinnamate, Balsam Peru

used in face masks, perfumes and cream hair rinses. A common sensitiser, may cause contact dermatitis and may cross-react with many substances including benzoin, benzyl alcohol, essential oils and wood tars. Clay that is an effective skin clarifier used in facial masks, makeup, colourant in wine. It takes its name from Fort Benton where bentonite deposits are found. Inert and generally non-toxic,

Bentonite

may clog skin pores inhibiting proper skin function, venous injection causes blood clots and possibly tumours. A solvent, flavouring found in perfume, cologne, hairspray, laundry bleach, deodorants, detergent, vaseline lotion, shaving cream, shampoo, bar soap, dishwasher detergent, sweets, cordials, ice cream, cigarettes. Narcotic. Sensitiser. Local anaesthetic, central nervous system

Benzaldehyde

depressant. Irritation to the mouth, throat, eyes, skin, lungs, and GI tract, causing nausea and abdominal pain. May cause kidney damage. Do not use with contact lenses. A preservative, detergent used in shampoos, hair conditioner, mouth washes, eye lotions, antiseptic and detergent in medical use. Highly toxic, primary skin irritant. See Cationic surfactants From Material Safety Data Sheet

Benzalkonium Chloride

(MSDS): Material is highly toxic via oral route.

Effects of overexposure: Mists can cause irritation to the skin, eye, nose, throat and mucous membranes. Avoid direct contact. Symptoms: Muscular paralysis, low blood pressure, central nervous system depression, and weakness.
It is a known bonemarrow poison, yet is widely used and combined with other chemicals in many personal care products. A solvent

Benzene

used in nail polish removers, detergents, nylon, artificial leather, varnish, lacquers, oven cleaner, paint. Causes adverse reactions, is carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic. A preservative, antistatic agent used in cosmetics, feminine hygiene products. Possibly has endocrine toxicity, skin irritation, toxic to aquatic organisms. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. Compound

Benzethonium chloride

descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen, Primary Irritant A solvent, coating used on fruit and vegetables. Chronic exposure can cause dizziness, headaches, loss of appetite. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Primary Irritant A flavouring, fixative, UV absorber used in hair sprays, soaps, sunscreen, perfume,

Benzin

Benzophenones - 15 or more exist

flavourings. May cause hives, photoallergic reactions, contact sensitivity, toxic when injected, on NI hazards list. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen. A bleaching and drying agent, antibacterial agent kills p. acnes, the germ responsible for acne flares. Can be drying and/or irritating. Corrosive. Some reports of benzoyl peroxide skin allergies. Available in both

Benzoyl Peroxide

prescription and over the counter forms ranging from 2 ?-10%. Also found in artificial nail kits. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Primary Irritant A flavouring, solvent used in perfume formulations, soaps, ice cream, baked gods, chewing gum, cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate. Carcinogenic (linked to pancreatic cancer). From vapours: irritating to eyes and respiratory passages, exciting

Benzyl Acetate

cough. In mice: hyperaemia of the lungs. Can be absorbed through the skin causing systemic effects. Do not flush to sewer. On NIH hazards list.

MSDS: Inhalation: Burning sensation. Confusion. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Laboured breathing. Sore throat. Ingestion: Burning sensation. Convulsion. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness. Vomiting. Effects of Short-

term Exposure: The vapour is irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure far above the OEL may result in unconsciousness. Effects of Longterm or repeated exposure: The liquid de-fats the skin. The substance may have effects on the kidneys.
A solvent, preservative, denaturant used in perfumes, hair dyes, shampoos, nail varnish, fruit flavourings, fabric

Benzyl alcohol

softener, cigarettes. The use of benzyl alcohol in neonates has been associated with a high level of morbidity and mortality. Benzyl alcohol is most commonly used as a preservative in injectable products. On NIH hazards list. Summary toxicity to humans, including carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and acute toxicity.

MSDS: Ingestion: Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea.

Drowsiness. Nausea. Vomiting. Inhalation: Cough. Sore throat.

A preservative found in most rose perfume, cosmetics, synthetic fruit flavouring. Causes eye irritation, toxic if ingested, sensitiser, birth defects in rats, CNS injury in mice. Compound descriptor: Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant A UV absorber, additive in cosmetics, perfumes, cigarettes,

Benzyl carbinol

Benzyl Cinnamate

pesticides. Can cause a stinging sensation in some people. On NIH hazards list. Compound descriptor: Natural Product, Primary Irritant A preservative used in cosmetics. Prolonged skin contact may be harmful. A UV absorber used in sunscreens, perfumes, cigarettes. Can cause skin rash and swelling on exposure to sunlight.

Benzylhemiformal

Benzyl salicylate

Betaglucans

A thickener used in facial powders, skin conditioners. No known adverse affects. May have beneficial effects. A solvent used in hair tonics, hair dyes, skin peels, perfumes. Can cause kidney damage, eye injury, convulsions, anaemia and death from ingestion, skin damage, contact dermatitis. Compound descriptor: Drug, Mutagen, Primary Irritant An exfoliant used in exfoliant creams,

Beta-naphthol

Beta Hydroxy Acid - BHA

skin peels, skin masks, moisturisers, acne therapy. Can cause photosensitivity, skin reactions if skin is dry or sensitive, changes skin pH, not to be used on children. New term for salicylic acid. Synthetic antioxidants used as preservatives. Known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Animal studies showed BHA & BHT to cause metabolic stress, depression of growth rate, loss of weight, damage to

BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole) BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene)

the liver, baldness & foetal abnormalities. Dr Benjamin Feingold claims BHA & BHT are causes of hyperactivity and behavioural disturbances in children. Whilst difficult to substantiate, observations have shown that avoidance of BHA & BHT has significantly improved children's conditions. BHA & BHT both act as a synthetic oestrogen or xeno-oestrogen. Causes allergic contact dermatitis. Is a skin & eye irritant and slowly corrodes

metals. Up to 13% of the BHT is absorbed through the skin The learning of the chemical compounds workings that occur in living plants and animals. A texturiser, moisturiser found in cosmetic creams, hair conditioner. It is one of the B vitamins that assists in dermatitis and hair loss. Used in bleaching and freckle creams, nail polish, hair dyes. Toxic effects include

Biochemistry

Biotin

Bismuth compounds

memory loss, convulsions, confusion, intellectual impairment, kidney and cardiovascular toxicity. A hardener used in nail polish, cosmetics, some plastic storage containers for food and cosmetics. Neurological diseases, learning difficulties, birth defects in mice, endocrine disruption, persists in the environment. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic,

Bisphenol A

Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant The plug of a clogged oil gland (pore) exposed to the surface of the skin with a black tip. Easily visible. A thorough mixture of two or more substances so that neither is distinguishable from the other. In makeup application, shading. Coal tar dye. Overt Carcinogen

Blackhead

Blend

Blue 1

Body Lotion

A non-oily product applied to the skin to moisturize, soothe and scent. Can be stored in a tube or bottle. This common term refers to salts describable to boric oxide or orthoboric acid. An emulsifier, texturiser in cold cream, shaving cream, water softener, insecticide. Chronic exposure can cause red peeling skin, seizures, kidney failure, harmful to aquatic animals.

Borates

Borax

Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector. Lowest published lethal dose of human infant at 1 gm/kg, man at 709 mg/kg Also known as acidum boricum. Found in baby powder, bath powder, eye cream, mouthwash, soap. Used widely as an eyewash. Odourless, white crystalline powder. It can be used around windows and doors as a bug repellent or

Boric Acid

fungus control on citrus fruit. Should not be used in baby cosmetics or baby powder. It is poisonous at doses 1-3g for babies, 5g for children, and 1520g for adults. Causes gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, reproductive, blood and neurotoxicity, severe poisoning has occurred after ingestion and application to abraded skin. Any substance acquired from plants which has medicinal

Botanical

or similar uses. Rich in vitamins and proteins, this proven moisturizer helps keep skin soft and supple. A maturing agent in permanent wave neutraliser, bread making. Can cause respiratory depression, skin eruptions, kidney dysfunction and failure, effects the central nervous system. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic.

Brewers Yeast

Bromates

Bromochlorophene

A preservative in

cosmetics. Acutely toxic when ingested. Toxic alcohol, preservative. It is used in fabric softeners, detergents, shampoo, mascara, eye makeup, liquid hand wash, nail polish, face creams, hair dressings and bath oils. It is a white crystalline powder that can cause eye and skin irritation at concentrations of .25%. Nitrosamine Precursor. Formaldehyde Releaser.

Bronopol, BNDP 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3 diol

Bronidox L 5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane

A preservative found in shampoo, mascara, eye makeup, liquid hand wash. Skin and eye irritation, can release formaldehyde, can form nitrosamines. A propellant used in aerosol cosmetics, refrigerant. Natural inert gas. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods (943a). A toxic solvent, flavouring used in perfume, nail polish

Butane

Butyl Acetate

remover, eye shadow, soap, synthetic flavouring, cigarettes. Toxic, can cause skin and eye irritations, conjunctivitis, irritation of the respiratory tract. Compound descriptor: Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant. A solvent, clarifier in shampoos, nail products, synthetic flavouring, waxes, shellac, resin, cigarettes. Compound descriptor: Mutagen, Reproductive

Butyl alcohol

Effector, Primary Irritant A preservative found in cosmetics, foods (320). A preservative, antioxidant found in lipsticks, eyeliner, baby oils and lotions, foods (321). Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant A humectant, solvent in hairsprays, setting lotions. Not

Butylated hydroxanisole

Butylated hydroxytoluene

Butylene glycol

on the GRAS list of the US FDA, ingestion may cause renal damage, vomiting, drowsiness, depression, kidney damage, coma, death. An emollient in lipstick, face cream, nail polish, nail polish remover. Eye and skin irritant, can promote acne. A preservative found in cosmetics and shampoo. Allergic reactions, skin irritations. See Paraben's.

Butyl myristate

Butylparaben

Butyrolactone

A solvent in nail polish and polish remover, cosmetics, making Polyvinylpyrrolidone. Toxic, possible human carcinogen, on NIH hazard list. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector An artificial chemical found in face creams and other facial care products. Compound descriptor: Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant

Butyl Stearate

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "I don't always go into details about the possible side effects of drugs. I tell them all drugs are poisons with possible beneficial side effects." - Dr Jay Gordon Name C C13-14 isoparaffin A solvent used in moisturisers, Information

soaps, shaving products, sunscreen. Impurities can cause eczema and irritation. Pure paraffin is thought to be harmless to the skin. A flavouring in lipsticks, helps other ingredients penetrate the skin, liqueurs, soft drinks, chocolate, cigarettes. Used to alleviate puffiness under eyes. Causes liver, neuro, gastrointestinal, kidney and musculoskeletal

Caffeine

toxicity, teratogenic. Not recommended for children. On NIH hazards list. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Natural Product. A pink powder that is made of zinc oxide with a small amount of ferric oxide. It is used in lotions, ointments, and liniments. It is a customary mixture that is soothing and healing to the skin.

Calamine

It is great for itchy rashes such as poison ivy. It is natural but some formulas contain phenol which can cause poisoning when applied to the skin. A blend of natural calamine and aloe vera is a good, pure skin treatment for burns, rashes, and insect bites. An emulsifier in fragrances in cosmetics, dying, tanning and curing skins. Compound description:

Calcium acetate

Mutagen Non-toxic. It is used in many foods for binding. Also used as a filmformer in peel-off masks. It is a stabilizer for oil-inwater emulsions. Natural occurring salt that is found in limestone, chalk, and marble. It is used as a pigment and for pigment prolonging. It has no known toxicity. Customarily used in road salt and antifreeze. It is

Calcium Alginate

Calcium Carbonate

Calcium Chloride

used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and texturiser. If taken internally, it can cause constipation and stomach problems. It can also cause lung difficulties if inhaled during manufacturing or processing. It's toxicity in cosmetics is unknown. A surfactant in cosmetics. Considered safe, can promote acne. An anti-caking agent in face powders, baking

Calcium myristate

Calcium silicate

powder, limeglass. Practically nontoxic orally, irritation of the lungs and respiratory tract, allergic skin reactions. An opacifier, colourant, in shampoos, hair conditioners, paints, printing ink, pesticides. Considered safe for cosmetics, but being reviewed. A depilating agent in depilatories and luminous paints. Possibly toxic, skin and eye irritation,

Calcium stearate

Calcium sulphide

can cause allergic reactions, corrosive. A depilating agent in permanent wave lotions, cream depilatories, tanning leather. Harmful, skin problems on hands or scalp, haemorrhaging under the skin, severe allergic reactions, thyroid problems in experimental animals. A bleaching agent in skin bleaches, freckle cream,

Calcium thioglycolate

Calomel

"beauty creams". Teratogenic, mercury poisoning, persists in the environment, very toxic to aquatic animals. See mercury compounds. Marigolds are the source for this wonderful emollient oil which has a soothing effect on skin. Distilled from the wood, roots and branches of an evergreen tree native to China and Japan. Used to

Calendula Extract

Camphor Oil

treat acne, inflammation, oily conditions, spots. Found in: perfume, shaving cream, nail enamel, fabric softener, dishwasher detergent, nail colour, stickup air freshener - local irritant and central nervous system stimulant, readily absorbed through body tissues, irritation of eyes, nose and throat, dizziness, confusion, nausea, twitching muscles and convulsions. Avoid inhalation of vapours.

Candelilla Wax

A herbal wax. It is used in lipsticks, in creams, and as a replacement for rubber. A pink colourant in artificial tanning aids, chicken feed to colour yolk. Aplastic anaemia, oral intake can cause loss of night vision. An oil liquid made by the oxidation of octanol for use in perfumery. Occurs naturally in palm and coconut oil. An emollient

Canthaxanthin

Caprylic acid

Caprylic/ capric/ lauric

triglyceride

solvent used in lipstick, bath oil, perfume, soap, hair spray. Low toxicity, mild eye and skin irritation. An oil from the pepper family that is used in hair tonics to arouse the scalp. It is said to upgrade hair growth. It may however cause allergic reactions in some people. A preservative used in soap, shampoo, cosmetics, agricultural fungicide. Causes

Capsicum Oleoresin

Captan

immuno and neurotoxicity, reproductive o\disorders, teratogenic, may be hazardous to aquatic and soil organisms. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector A concentrated solution of heated sugar or glucose. It is used in cosmetics as a colour and in skin lotions as a

Caramel

soothing agent. In 1981, the US FDA ruled caramel generally recognized as safe. A humectant, solvent used in sunscreen, nail enamel and lacquers. Hazardous at concentrations over 5%, more toxic than polyethylene glycol. Compound descriptor: Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant. Used as a

Carbitol

Carbomer 934, 940, 941, 960, 961,

980, 981

thickener and stabilizer in creams, toothpaste, eye makeup, bathing products. It is a known allergen that has a high acidic PH in 1% water solution. Synthetic emulsifier that can cause eye irritations and should be avoided. A stabiliser, emulsifier used in shampoos, hand creams, shaving creams, hair grooming aids, icecream, beverages, laxatives. Toxicity

Carboxymethyl cellulose

in cosmetics unknown. Has caused cancer and tumours in some animal tests. Natural red colour comes from the dried female cochineal beetle. It is sometimes used to colour lip gloss, lipsticks, and other cosmetics, and it can be irritating. Develops in plants and in the bodies of plant-eating animals. They are precursors to vitamin A.

Carmine

Carotenoids

Carrot Oil

Rich in vitamins and minerals, this oil has many antiseptic properties. Smoothes and tones skin. Used for skin conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis and rashes. As a plasticiser in lipsticks, bath oils, shaving cream, nail polish, face masks, embalming fluid, laxatives, lamp oil. Can cause allergic reactions, ingestion can cause pelvic congestion and induce abortion.

Castor oil

Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Primary Irritant. A modifier in hair colouring, skin care preparations. Liver, cardiovascular, neuro and immunotoxicity, contact dermatitis, teratogenic, carcinogenic, toxic to aquatic organisms. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Mutagen Reproductive

Catechol

Effector. These chemicals have a positive electrical charge. They contain a quaternary ammonium group and are often called "quats". These are used in hair conditioners, but originated from the paper and fabric industries as softeners and antistatic agents. In the long run they cause the hair to become dry and brittle. They are synthetic, irritating,

Cationic surfactants

allergenic and toxic, and oral intake of them can be lethal.

Stearalkonium chloride Benzalkonium chloride Cetrimonium chloride Cetalkonium chloride Lauryl dimonium hydrolysed collagen See Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.
Used as an antimicrobial in shampoos and bath lotions at concentrations of

CA 24

up to .3%. Humans have had allergic reactions to a .1% water solution of it within 24, 48, or 72 hours of use. CA 24 contains 70% chloroacetamide and 30% sodium benzoate. Fish eggs high in mineral and vitamin content (B1,2,6, as well as A, E & D). Promoted as useful for improving the health and appearance of maturing skin.

Caviar (Roe Extract)

Cell Renewal

The orderly replacement of the skin cells from the basal layer to the stratum corneum, a process which ordinarily takes from 28 - 35 days although this time increases with age. The fibre in the cell walls of all plants. Gum that is made from it is used as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and binder in cosmetics. There is no known toxicity. Inhaling the powder during manufacturing or

Cellulose

processing can be harmful to the lungs. Epidermal hydrating agent; expensive due to its scarcity. A thickener, antistatic agent used in barrier creams, hair conditioner, cream rouge, lipstick, waxed paper and cloth, dentistry. Considered safe in cosmetics, may cause sensitisation in some people.

Ceramides

Ceresin wax

Certified Colours

A colour "certified"

by the TGA as safe. However, various colours (coal tar dyes) have been found to cause cancer. But, hair dyes are exempt from even this regulation. A preservative, antibacterial used in hair conditioners, deodorant cosmetics, antiperspirants. Contact allergies, dry/ brittle hair, ingestion can be fatal. See Cationic surfactants.

Cetalkonium chloride

Ceteareth-3, -6, -12, -20, -25, -30, - Used as an

33

emulsifier and emollient in cosmetics, suntan products, shampoo, moisturisers, hair conditioners. Dries out the skin and causes numerous allergic reactions, can be contaminated with carcinogens 1,4dioxane and ethylene oxide. May be natural or artificial. An emulsifier and emollient for hair tints, lipsticks, shampoos, suntan preparations. May cause contact

Cetearyl Alcohol

dermatitis and contact sensitisation in some people. An emulsifier used in hand and body creams. See Cetearyl alcohol. May be GM. An emollient used in hand lotion. May cause contact dermatitis. An emulsifier, surfactant used in hair products, skin care preparations, moisturisers, detergents. May be contaminated

Cetearyl Glucoside

Cetearyl Palmitate

Ceteth-1, -2, -4, -6, -10, -20, -30

with carcinogens 1,4dioxane and ethylene oxide. A preservative used in shampoo, deodorant, skin cleaning products. Ingestion can be fatal, can cause skin and eye irritation, reproductive effects, teratogenic, toxic to mice embryos. A preservative in shampoo, hair conditioner. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Drug,

Cetrimonium bromide

Cetrimonium chloride

Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant. See Cationic surfactants. Used as an opacifier, emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients. Found in baby lotions, mascaras, foundations, deodorant, antiperspirants, shampoo, laxatives. Can be derived naturally, as in coconut fatty alcohol, or synthetically. Is

Cetyl Alcohol

not related to isopropyl alcohol. Not supposed to be acne-forming. Considered to have a low risk orally and on the skin, may cause hives and contact dermatitis, skin disorders. Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser in cosmetics, pharmaceutical preparations. No known toxicity or reactions.

Cetyl Lactate

Cetyl Myristate

Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser in cosmetics. No known toxicity, may promote acne in some people. Used in cosmetic creams, lipsticks, pesticides. See cetyl alcohol. Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser in eye shadow, skincare preparations, manufacture of lubricants. Some

Cetyl octanoate

Cetyl Palmitate

palmitates can cause contact dermatitis. Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser in tanning preparations. Considered safe, may cause eye irritation. Natural or synthetic compounds used as emollients and texturiser as skin conditioner in cosmetics.

Cetyl ricinoleate

Cetyl Stearate

Chamomile Oil

Known for its

calming effect. Soothing and antiinflammatory for the skin and the spirit. A preservative used in Cold creams, mud packs, shampoo, cleansing lotions. See acetamide, Quaternary Ammonium compounds. A preservative, antiseptic in mouth washes, nail bleaches. Can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions.

Chloroacetamide

Chloramine-T

Chlorhexidine

A preservative, topical antiseptic in liquid cosmetics, feminie hygiene sprays, deodorant. Can cause contact dermatitis, respiratory and immunotoxicity, has cause anaphylactic shock. Compound descriptor: Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant A preservative in Cosmetics. Allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, immunotoxicity.

Chloroacetamide

Chlorobutanol

A preservative, antioxidant in eye lotions, baby oil. Acute oral toxicity, central nervous system depression, allergic reactions, harmful if inhaled, can be absorbed into the skin. Compound descriptor: Drug, Mutagen, Primary Irritant Neurotoxic. Anaesthetic. Carcinogenic. On US EPA's Hazardous Waste list. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, clothing. Do not breathe vapours.

Chloroform

Inhalation of vapours may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, irritation of respiratory tract and loss of consciousness. Inhalation can be fatal. Chronic effects of overexposure may include kidney and/or liver damage. Medical conditions generally aggravated by exposure: kidney disorders, liver disorders, heart disorders, skin

disorders. A preservative in skincare, and suntan cosmetic products. Can cause kidney damage and adrenal tumours in male rats, unsafe in cosmetics. An intermediate used in hair dyes. See Phenylenediamine. Causes contact dermatitis An oral care agent, deodorant in mouthwash, hair

p-Chloro-m-cresol

2-Chloro-p-phenylenediamine

Chloromethylisothiazolinone

Chlorothymol

tonic, baby oils, topical antibacterial medication. Combined with chlorine can cause mucous membrane irritation and skin rashes, may be absorbed by the skin. A preservative, antibacterial used in brush-less shaving creams, shampoo, deodorant, germicides, antifungal preparations. Toxic by ingestion, liver and

Chloroxylenol

immunotoxicity, skin irritation, may be absorbed by the skin. MSDS: Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitiser), of inhalation. An emulsifier used in hand creams. No known adverse reactions A colourant in green eye shadow,

Choleth -10-24

Chromium compounds

greenish mascara. Dust inhalation can cause irritation and ulceration, lung cancer years after exposure, allergic reactions. A colourant used in dyes. Many can be harmful and cause skin, eye and mucous membrane irritation. See Azo dyes. See coal tar. A flavouring, fragrance in synthetic perfumes, deodorants, food flavouring, cigarettes. May

Ci (number) - colour index

Cinnamyl alcohol

cause allergic reactions A flavouring, UV absorber in sunscreens, perfumes. Allergic skin rashes, photoallergic reactions. Used as a flavouring agent in foods and pharmaceuticals, and as a preservative sequestering agent. Foamstabilizer and pHadjuster in cosmetics. It is non-toxic.

Cinoxate

Citric Acid

Citronella oil

A flavouring, fragrance in soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, insect repellent, food flavouring. Extracted from fresh grass. Asthma, skin rash, hay fever stuffy nose. Cosmetics and Toiletries. Moderate reaction in the eye and skin tests. Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value for animals. Dangerous for the environment.

b-Citronellol

Clover Blossom Extract

Soothes and conditions the skin. A topical antieczematic. Coal is a mineral of organic origin, formed from the remains of vegetation which over millions of years has changed to coal. From early times, people relied on the strength of the sun and the use of coal tar as their only form of treatment for psoriasis.

Coal Tar

Found in shampoos, hair

dyes, facial cosmetics, vitamin enriched creams, powder blush containing sesame oil, lipsticks, hand & body lotions, toothpastes, adhesives, insecticides, creosotes, phenols. Many kinds of shampoo designed to treat dandruff & flaky scalp contain it. Disguised with names FD, FDC or FD&C colour. Coal tar causes potentially severe allergic reactions, asthma attacks, fatigue, nervousness, headaches,

nausea, lack of concentration, and Overt Carcinogen. Associated with birth defects. Blue 1, Green 3, etc
A thickener and foam booster in cleansers, body washes, shampoos. Nitrosamines can form in all cosmetic ingredients containing amines and amino derivatives with nitrogen compounds. When DEA is applied to skin known

Cocamide DEA, MEA, and MIPA

carcinogens can form. See Alkyloamides. Artificial substance frequently referred to as a natural substance made "from coconuts" on the labels of shampoos, body washes, liquid hand soaps and other personal cleansers. It's a secondary surfactant, used in combination with other, stronger surfactants. Known to cause occupational allergic dermatitis

Cocamidopropyl Betaine

in hairdressers. A potential allergen. Not as toxic as SLS or SLES. MSDS: Can cause eye and skin irritation An antistatic agent in hair conditioners. Contact allergies, contact dermatitis in some people.

Cocamidopropyl dimethylamine

A surfactant, thickener used in shampoo, hair and Cocoamidopropyl hydroxysultaine skin creams. May cause allergic skin rash, may contain nitrosamines. Cocoa butter

An emollient,

emulsifier in soap, eyelash cream, rouge, nail whitener, lipstick, sweet sauces, confectionary, suppositories. Soften and lubricates the skin, may cause allergic skin reactions and cosmetic acne. A surfactant in shampoo, face and hand gel. May cause skin rash in sensitive people. A surfactant in cosmetics. May cause skin irritation in

Coco-betaine

Coco-polyglucose

sensitive people. A surfactant, emollient solvent in shampoo, baby soaps, massage cream, margarine, chocolate, cigarettes. May alleviate dry skin, may cause allergic skin rashes, eye and skin irritation. See Nitrosating agents A rich source of vitamins A and D. When vitamin A deficiency occurs the most outstanding

Coconut acids, oils and alcohols

Cocoyl Sarcosine

Cod Liver Oil

symptom is dry, scaly skin, particularly on the hands and soles of the feet. 70% of the body's connective tissue in the dermis is made of collagen. Gerontologists have discovered that is where the aging process of the skin takes place. Young connective tissue is made up of soluble collagen whose molecules are disordered in relation to each other. As the skin ages, and is

Collagen

exposed to sunlight, chemicals (like makeup, coal tar dyes, etc., and various foods), the soluble collagen becomes "crosslinked," so the molecules are no longer displaced in relation to each other. Crosslinking makes the collagen insoluble and inflexible. As this happens, the connective tissues becomes strained, dry, wrinkled, and worn. Fragrance applied to the skin, usually with a floral or

Cologne

citrus base. Originally named after a town in Germany, it usually contains an alcohol content higher than that of perfume. Fragrance concentration of 25%. The most concentrated form of fragrance for men. A blend of ingredients which can include alcohol, essential oils and natural or man-made scents combined for a unique fragrance

Cologne (Men)

experience. A plant that produces Allentoin, an ingredient that promotes skin healing. This extract is antiinflammatory, astringent and emollient. An absorbent used in baby powder, face and bath powders. Used as a safer alternative to talc, when moist it can promote fungal and bacterial growth.

Comfrey

Corn flour

Cornflower

Cornflower can be used for cuts, scrapes, skin eruptions, acne, and bruising of the skin. Herbalists use Cornflower as a remedy for conjunctivitis, eye swelling, puffiness, and pain related to the eye area. The petals are taken as a bitter tonic and an appetite stimulant, and for supporting liver function. It is thought by some that the petals of the Cornflower help improve resistance to infection. The

seeds are used as a mild laxative for children. The leaves can be used in decoctions for rheumatic complaints and as a hair rinse to treat scalp eczema. A douche is used to treat vaginal candida infections. An emollient in cosmetic creams, toothpaste. May cause allergic skin reaction in some people. A dusting powder and used in demulcent

Corn oil

Corn starch

medication. May be GM. May cause allergic reactions, skin rashes, asthma. See corn flour. A fragrance, additive in acne preparations, soap, deodorant, hair dye, shampoo, sunscreen, perfume. Allergic contact dermatitis, toxic by ingestion, photosensitivity, carcinogenic, teratogenic. On NIH hazards list. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical,

Coumarins

Reproductive Effector. A preserving, flavouring in mouthwashes, cosmetics, synthetic nut an vanilla flavouring. Can cause skin burns, dermatitis, respiratory failure, blood, endocrine, kidney, liver and neurotoxicity, less toxic than phenol, toxic to aquatic organisms. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Drug, Mutagen, Natural Product, Primary

p-Cresol

Irritant An abrasive used in blusher, lip pencils, facial powder, "kitty" litter, cleansers, paints. Eye skin and lung irritation when used in dry form, carcinogenic. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen A biological derivative used in hair and skin care products. No know side effects in cosmetic use.

Crystalline silica

Crystallins

Cucumber

Has soothing effects on the skin and improves moisture retention. A new term for Hyaluronic Acid: a strong hydrating complex holds 1000 times the water in skin. An additive, buffer used in Hairsprays. Cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, immuno and neurotoxicity, skin burns. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical,

Cyclic Acid

Cyclohexylamine

Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant Used in hair conditioner, lipsticks, deodorants, skin fresheners, waterproofing lubricants. Emollient skin conditioning agent derived from silica. Water repellent, skin-adherent and stable over a wide range of temperatures. See Silicone derived emollients. No known toxicity, but

Cyclomethicone

coats the skin which may inhibit proper functioning.

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z In the field of vaccination, medical training is simple indoctrination? Name D A chronic noninflammatory scaling of the scalp. The absence of Information

Dandruff

inflammation sets dandruff apart from other scaling conditions of the scalp, namely, psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis. Dandruff can be confused with dry scalp. Dry scalp is caused by drying conditions. Wind, indoor heat, sap moisture from the scalp, causing flaking. Dandruff is the result of accelerated cell turnover and people with oily scalps tend to suffer most from dandruff. The dandruff test: brush or shake hair over

dark paper. If you see powdery flakes, it's dry scalp. If you see clumps, you may have dandruff. This abbreviation preceding the name of a colour means that the US FDA has certified it as safe for use in drugs and cosmetics, but not in food. D&C means that the colour can only be used externally and not around the eyes or inside the mouth. D&C colours are usually man-made. Most can cause health effects including skin rash,

D&C (number)

allergic reactions, asthma. Se Azo dyes. A preservative used in shampoos and deodorants. Contains formaldehyde and N-acetal. Highly toxic. Also listed as DMDM hydantoin. A solvent, emulsifier. See Diethanolamine. A surfactant. May contain DEA. See Diethanolamine.

Dantoin 685

DEA

DEA cetyl phosphate

DEA cocamide

A surfactant. See

Cocamide DEA A surfactant used in cosmetics, liquid soaps, shampoos, hair conditioners. See Diethanolamine. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. A surfactant used in cosmetics, liquid soaps, shampoos, hair conditioners. See Diethanolamine. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. An anti-foamer, fixative used in cosmetics,

DEA laureth sulphate

DEA lauryl sulphate

Decyl alcohol

perfumes, fruit flavouring in foods. Made from liquid paraffin. Low toxicity on the skin in animal testing. Compound descriptor: Agricultural Chemical, Tumorigenic, Reproductive Effector, Natural Product, Primary Irritant Decyl myristate An emollient An emollient, emulsifier in hand creams, suntan products. May promote acne in some people, safety

Decyl oleate

under review. A surfactant in cosmetics. May cause skin irritation in sensitive people. Found in insect repellents. May cause neurological problems, particularly in children, in excessive or prolonged use. A skin and eye irritant A product that reduces perspiration odour. There are natural deodorants containing herbs like marigold and

Decyl polyglucose

DEET

Deodorant

vitamin E. Deodorants do not stop perspiration. Loss of water/moisture from the body or skin. Destroy hair by breaking the chemical bonds that hold it together. After using any hair removal method, a moisturizer should be applied to soothe the skin. Inflammation of the skin covering a wide variety of skin disorders and

Dehydration

Depilatories

Dermatitis

evidenced by itching, redness and various skin lesions. Can be due to one of several causes systemic disease, skin irritants such as poison ivy, corrosives, acids and alkalies or hypersensitivity. The second or middle layer of skin. contains the blood vessels, elastin and collagen, etc. These artificial soaps may be made with a variety of chemicals and are frequently not

Dermis

Detergent

biodegradable. A anti-inflammatory. See Panthenol. Compound descriptor: Drug, Primary Irritant. A hair dye. Allergic contact dermatitis, mutagenic, carcinogenic.

Dexpanthenol

2,4-Diaminoanisole

MSDS: Can affect you when breathed in. Should be handled as a CARCINOGEN-WITH EXTREME CAUTION. Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. High exposure may cause tremors, weakness,

increased saliva, difficulty breathing, and diarrhoea. Repeated exposure may damage the liver and affect the thyroid.
2,4-Diaminophenol A hair dye. See Phenylenediamine Established as a primary cause of contact dermatitis (American Academy of Dermatology). Contains formaldehyde, a carcinogenic chemical, is toxic by inhalation, a strong skin irritant and sensitiser & a suspected human

Diazolidinyl urea

carcinogen (known rodent carcinogen). See Formaldehyde From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Causes severe eye irritation. May cause skin irritation.

Signs and symptoms of Exposure: Symptoms of Inhalation: If misted, will cause irritation of mucous membranes, nose, eyes, throat. Coughing,

difficulty in breathing. Symptoms of Skin Contact: Contact causes smarting and burning sensations, inflammation, burns, painful blisters. Profound damage to skin tissue.
Dibehenyldimonium chloride See Quaternary ammonium compounds. An additive to antidandruff shampoos, acne products, psychopharmaceutical products. Central nervous system

Dibenzothiophene

disorders, blood pressure problems, blood disorders. Banned in Italy in cosmetics. A UV absorber in sunscreens. Photoallergy, contact allergy. A colourant in indelible lipsticks. Sensitivity to light, skin rash, skin and eye inflammation, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. An antiseptic, fungicide in toilet soaps, creams,

Dibenzoylmethanes

Dibromofluresein

Dibromosalan

lotions, powders, detergents. Light sensitivity resulting in skin rash and swelling. A local anaesthetic in wax depilatories. Highly toxic to rats when injected into the abdomen A chelating agent in products restricted to professional use. Oxalates are toxic. Dibutyl oxalate

Dibucaine

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May

cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled.
A film former in perfume, nail polish, deodorant, antiperspirant, insect repellent. Banned in nail polish in the EU. Dibutyl phthalate

MSDS: Very toxic to aquatic organisms. May cause harm to the unborn child. Possible risk of impaired fertility. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation.

Causes redness and pain. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Causes redness and pain. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause nausea, dizziness, and headache.
Dicetyldimonium chloride See Quaternary

ammonium compounds. A solvent. See Methylene Chloride.

Dichloromethane - methylene chloride

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns. Skin: Exposure may cause irritation and possible burns. May be absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause central

nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to respiratory failure. Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory tract

irritation. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.

An anti-microbial in shampoo, antiperspirant, deodorant. A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium

Dichlorophene

Dicocodimonium chloride

Dicyclohexyl sodium sulphosuccinate

Didecyldimonium chloride

compounds. A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. See DEA A solvent, buffer. More commonly known by its abbreviation, DEA. One of many artificial detergents. It may be contaminated with nitrosamines and should be avoided. Often used in cosmetics to adjust the pH, and used with many fatty acids to convert acid to salt (stearate),

Diethanolamidooleamide DEA

Diethanolamine - DEA

which then becomes the base for a cleanser. These chemicals are already restricted in Europe due to known carcinogenic effects.

MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to skin. Risk of serious damage to eyes. Harmful : danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air). Potential Health Effects

Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. May cause inflammation of the cornea and iris. Skin: May cause skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause lung damage. Chronic: May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause reproductive and

foetal effects.
A humectant, solvent in cosmetic creams, hairsprays, paracetamol elixirs.

MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air).

Diethylene glycol

Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause mild eye irritation. Skin: May cause mild skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause central nervous system

depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to respiratory failure. Human fatalities have been reported from acute poisoning. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Inhalation of heated or misted form may cause pulmonary oedema.

Chronic: Adverse reproductive effects have been reported in animals. A long term rat feeding study showed that 1% diethylene glycol in the diet over a 2-year period resulted in slight growth depression, a few calcium oxalate phenybladder stones, minimal kidney damage, and occasional liver damage. At 4% dietary level, there was increased mortality, a marked depression of growth rate, bladder stones, severe kidney

damage, and moderate liver damage. In addition, bladder tumours appeared rather frequently.
A solvent, fixative, denaturant in perfumes, nail polish, insect repellent. Central nervous system depression, mucous membrane, irritation, skin liver, endocrine, respiratory and neurotoxicity, teratogenic, may me hazardous to the environment. An emollient, solvent used in

Diethyl phthalate

Dihexyl adipate

moisturisers, skin care products, makeup. Adipic acid has no known human toxicity, large oral doses to rats are lethal to rats. A colouring, humectant in artificial tanning preparations. Allergic contact dermatitis, lethal in rats when injected. An acid-alkali adjuster used in hair dyes, permanent waves, tonics, hair grooming aids, corrosion inhibitor. On NIH hazards list.

Dihydroxyacetone

Diisopropanolamine

Can combine with nitrosating agents to form nitrosamines.

MSDS: Irritating to eyes. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air). Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. Causes redness and pain. Skin: Causes mild skin irritation. Causes redness and pain. Ingestion: Expected to be a low ingestion hazard. May cause nausea and vomiting. Inhalation: May cause respiratory

tract irritation. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, oedema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema.
An antifoaming agent, emollient, giving a smooth feel to a cosmetic cream or lotion. Various allergic reactions and internal problems make them questionable as cosmetic ingredients. Although they're still widely used, they should be

Dimethicone

avoided. Many herbal oils, such as vegetable glycerine, can easily replace this chemical. See Silicone derived emollients. See Silicone derived emollients A film former, solvent in musk, calamine lotion, insect repellent, insecticides. Phthalate linked with testicular cancer and cell mutations, neurotoxicity, teratogenic, can be absorbed through

Dimethicone Copolyol

Dimethyl phthalate

the skin.

MSDS: Irritating to eyes and respiratory system. Potential Health Effects The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.
A flim former, solvent in perfumes, ail enamels, pesticides. Phthalate linked with testicular

Dioctyl phthalate

cancer and cell mutations, central nervous system depression, teratogenic, bioaccumulation may occur in seafood.

MSDS: May impair fertility. May cause harm to the unborn child. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Causes redness and pain. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Causes redness and pain. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.

Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed. May cause central nervous system depression. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause nausea, dizziness, and headache.
A surfactant used in hair styling products. Considered safe as presently used in cosmetics.

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

Dioform

Many tooth pastes and other tooth whiteners contain it. Damages your teeth enamel weakening their protective shell. A potentially carcinogenic byproduct that results from the process used to bleach paper at paper mills. Dioxin-treated containers sometimes transfer dioxins to the product itself. (see Sodium Laureth Sulfate). According to Dr. Epstein, "The Health Protection Branch of Canada

Dioxins

has reported dioxin levels in the parts per trillion range in several samples of milk and cream packaged in bleached milk cartons manufactured in the United States. Dioxin has migrated from the cartons to the milk. Very likely U.S. milk products are similarly contaminated with dioxin. Dioxin's carcinogenicity is up to 500,000 times more potent than that of DDT." http://www.chej.org

Disodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate

See Anionic surfactants

See Anionic surfactants Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate See Ethoxylated surfactants Disodium Oleamide Sulfosuccinate See Anionic Surfactants A carcinogenic contaminant of cosmetic products. Almost 50% of cosmetics containing ethoxylated surfactants were found to contain dioxane. See Ethoxylated surfactants

1,4-Dioxane

From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): 1,4-Dioxane may exert its effects through inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion. 1,4-Dioxane is listed as a carcinogenic.

Effects of Overexposure: 1,4-Dioxane is an eye and mucous membrane irritant, primary skin irritant, central nervous system depressant, nephrotoxin and heptatoxin. Acute exposure can cause irritation, headache,

dizziness and narcosis. Chronic inhalation exposure can produce damage to the liver and kidneys, and blood disorders. Medical condition aggravated by exposure. Preclude from exposure those individuals with disease of the blood, liver, kidneys, nervous system, and those susceptible to dermatitis.
A contaminate which may be present in processed foods, chlorine bleach paper, plastic lined

Dioxin

cartons and cans, newsprint, pesticides, released when plastic is burnt. A fragrance in perfumed soaps. Local skin irritation, reaction to sunlight (prickling, swelling, pigmentation).

Diphenyl methane

MSDS: Potential Health Effects The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes

and to prevent inhalation.

A chelating agent in perfumery, perfumed soaps. Vapour toxic if inhaled. Diphenyl oxide

MSDS: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
A surfactant in shampoo, body wash, bubble bath, household detergent. May be contaminated with carcinogenic

Disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate

nitrosamines. A surfactant in shampoo, body wash, bubble bath, household detergent. May be contaminated with carcinogenic nitrosamines. An antistatic agent. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. An emollient, firming agent in skin toners, face and eye cream, "anti-aging" creams, oral supplements. Supplemental DMAE is considered to

Disodium oleamide sulfosuccinate

Distearyldimonium chloride

DMAE

have beneficial effects on health. Found as a preservative in many cosmetics, shampoo, mascara, cream conditioners.. Can be a skin and eye irritant, allergic reactions, dermatitis, may release formaldehyde.

DMDM Hydantoin

See Dantoin 685. See Formaldehyde

A surfactant in shampoo, detergent. Skin irritation and sensitisation, vomiting if ingested, toxic to aquatic

Dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid

organisms. A surfactant. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. An antistatic agent. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. A colouring protein in cosmetics, root beer, soups, coffee. Allergic reaction may include hives, eczema, anaphylaxis A solvent, UV absorber in nail polish, cosmetics. Determined not to

Dodecylbenzene trimonium chloride

Dodecylhexadecyltrimonium chloride

Dried egg yolk

Drometrizole

be safe in cosmetics use by US CIR Expert panel. See Benzene.

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "Medical school is medicult school." Name E Womens fragrance with a lighter scent concentration than perfume (8 to 15%). Can be used in a spray Information

Eau de Parfum

application. Eau de Toilette See Toilet Water Acute or chronic weeping, crusting and inflammatory skin conditions. Eczema is more the description of a symptom than of a disease. The word has become synonymous with dermatitis. Eau de Cologne. See Cologne See Eau de Parfum See Toilet Water An artificial chemical that is used as an antioxidant

Eczema

EDC

EDP EDT EDTA

and as a "complexing" agent in shampoos, which means that it binds metallic irons so that the surfactants can work more effectively. Potential for causing contact dermatitis. See Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid A biological additive fibre within the dermis similar to collagen, gives support and snap?to the skin. In topical's, it cannot penetrate the skin, but is great for protecting against moisture loss, but may inhibit skin function. Found in shampoo, hair conditioner, skin creams and lotions.

Elastin

Elder Flowers

Elder flower has been used for generations to keep complexion soft. It both tones and protects the skin. This naturally occurring ingredient helps to inhibit the formation of sun and age spots. Prevent water loss and have a softening and soothing effect on the skin. They can be natural, like almond oil, or manufactured, like mineral oil. A stable combination of oil and water phases accomplished with the use of surfactants.

Ellagic Acid

Emollients

Emulsion

Emu oil

A biological additive in hand cream, cosmetics. Reported to have beneficial effects. Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Benzophenone-3 (Bp-3) Butyl Benzyl Phthalate Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) Butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane (B-MDM) Dibutyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate Homosalate (HMS) Methyl-benzylidene Camphor (4-MBC) Nitro Musks Octyl-dimethyl-PABA (ODPABA) Octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) Paraben's

Endocrine (hormonal) Disruptors

Polycyclic Musks Resorcinol Epidermis EPO - Evening primrose oil The outer layer of skin. See evening primrose oil Sometimes known as vitamin F, these substances can't be manufactured by the body and must be consumed in the diet. There are three types: linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic. The primary fatty acids fulfil many functions in our bodies. They lubricate, aid in the transportation of oxygen to the cells, and help thicken the blood.

Essential Fatty Acids

Essential Oils

Oily liquids obtained from plants. Complex mixtures of alcohols, ketones, phenols, acids, ethers, aldehydes, esters, oxides, and sulphur compounds (among others). They're also called volatile oils, ethereal oils, essences, or absolutes. Colourless, vaporizable liquid. Has a burning taste. Well-known to most of us as the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages. Commonly called simply "alcohol," although there are many other kinds of alcohols. Ethanol is widely used in cosmetics as a solvent and as an antibacterial agent. As a preservative, it's effective

Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol)

at concentrations of 15% to 20%. It's an antitoxin in concentrations of 60% to 70%, with a bactericidal effect within 45 seconds. It's also used in acne treatments and in rinses for oily hair. Ethanol absorbs water and thus can be very drying in fastdrying skin lotions (at concentrations of 15%); the lotions need to include glycerols and vegetable oils to minimize the drying effect. Provokes a late allergic reaction in some people when used topically. Taken orally, ethanol is toxic in doses above 80g. Ethanol is often purposely made poisonous by the addition of methanol and it is then

known as SDA (specially denatured alcohol). A preservative, emulsifier in hair dye, cold permanent-wave lotions, soap.

Ethanolamines (mono, di, tri)

MSDS: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Harmful by inhalation. Potential Health Effects The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.
Used as a solvent. A mild skin irritant. Inhalation or

Ethers

ingestion causes central nervous system depression. A solvent in cosmetics, nail enamel, shampoo. Flammable. Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to respiratory system. Central nervous system depression, developmental, reproductive and neurotoxicity, can penetrate the skin. A solvent in nail polish. Toxic, but less than ethoxyethanol. A UV absorber. See Cinoxate.

Ethoxyethanol

Ethoxyethanol acetate 2-Ethoxyethanol acetate

2-Ethoxyethyl-pcinnamate

4-Ethoxy-m-phenylenediamine sulphate

A hair dye. See Phenylenediamine. May contain carcinogenic contaminates Ethoxylated surfactants are widely used in cosmetics as foaming agents, emulsifiers and humectants. As part of the manufacturing process the toxic chemical 1,4-dioxane, a potent carcinogen, is generated. On the label, they are identified by the prefix "PEG", "polyethylene", "polyethylene glycol", "polyoxyethylene", "-eth-", or "-oxynol-".

Ethoxylated Alcohols

Ethoxylated surfactants

See 1,4-Dioxane A solvent, flavouring compound made from acetic acid and ethyl alcohol, used in after shave, cologne, perfume, shampoo, nail colour, nail enamel remover, fabric softener, dishwashing liquid. May irritate skin. Narcotic. On US EPA Hazardous Waste list; irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract, may cause headache and narcosis (stupor), defatting effect on skin and may cause drying and cracking, may cause anaemia with leukocytosis and damage to liver and kidneys. Wash thoroughly after handling.

Ethyl Acetate

Ethyl alcohol

A solvent. See ethanol. A solvent, pH control in thigh creams, cosmetics, metal polish, pesticides. Toxic if inhaled or absorbed by the skin, severe eye and skin irritation, asthma, contact dermatitis, sensitisation, harmful to aquatic organisms.

Ethylenediamine

MSDS: Flammable. Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. Causes burns. May cause sensitisation by inhalation and skin contact. Corrosive. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.
Ethylenediamide A sequestrant,

tetraacetic acid EDTA

preservative, chelating agent in hair dyes, shower gel, shampoo, bar soap, face and hand gels, oral supplements, carbonated beverages, dishwashing liquid, pesticides. Reported to have health benefits when used in chelated therapy, adverse affects include asthma, skin and mucous membrane irritation, kidney damage, teratogenic. On NIH hazard list. Harmful to aquatic organisms. A solvent in perfume, liquid soap, cosmetics, insect repellent, antifreeze, car wax, shoe products. Central nervous system depressant, immuno, liver, respiratory,

Ethylene glycol

gastrointestinal and kidney toxicity, contact dermatitis. A humectant in cosmetics, shampoo, fumigant used on ground spices and other processed natural seasonings. Liver, gastrointestinal, neuro, respiratory and kidney toxicity, headache, vomiting, spontaneous abortion, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic.

Ethylene oxide

MSDS (extract from Shell Chemicals): Toxic by inhalation. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness. May dull the sense of smell and has a high odour threshold, so

do not rely on odour as an indication of hazard. Exposure to rapidly expanding gases may cause frost burns to eyes and/or skin. Irritating to skin. Liquid solutions of ethylene oxide cause serious chemical burns of the skin and eye lesions. The severity of injury will vary depending on the concentration and duration of skin contact. Concentrations of around 50% are the most dangerous, however a 1% solution of EO in water and gaseous EO dissolved in sweat can also cause damage to the skin. The onset of effects may be delayed for several hours.

Causes burns. Possibility of organ or organ system damage from prolonged exposure. Target organ (s): Peripheral nervous system. Causes serious nerve damage by prolonged exposure resulting in sensory loss. May cause cancer. May cause heritable genetic damage.
A film former in hair setting preparations. Considered safe as currently used in cosmetics. A thickening agent used in nail polish, artificial nails. Skin irritation, allergic

Ethyl ester of PVM/PA copolymer

Ethyl methacrylate

reactions, neurotoxicity, allergic contact dermatitis, teratogenic An emollient, flavouring in cosmetics, foods, cigarettes. Considered safe. Can promote acne. An emollient, flavouring in cosmetics, foods, cigarettes. Considered safe. can cause contact dermatitis. A preservative used in cosmetics, makeup, shampoo, deodorant. Allergic reactions, skin irritation, contact dermatitis, moderate potential for bioaccumulation. See

Ethyl myristate

Ethyl palmitate

Ethylparaben ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate

Paraben's. A flavouring used in perfumes, foods, cigarettes. Allergic reactions especially in people allergic to salicylates.

Ethyl salicylate

MSDS: Potential Health Effects: The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.
A depilatory agent.

Ethyl thioglycolate

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye

irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Toxic if swallowed. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled.
Stimulating and antiseptic oil. Aids in the formation of healthy skin tissue. Very healing. A additive, fixative in perfumes, dentifrices, foods. Allergic reactions, vomiting and gastric irritation, large oral doses (1 tsp) can be fatal.

Eucalyptus Extract/ Oil

Eugenol

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.
This is one of the newer, more modern preservatives used in skin creams. There are increasing reports from physicians regarding patients who are sensitive to it, and physicians are being encouraged to test it with their patients for

Euxyl K-400

allergic contact dermatitis. Data are sufficient for classification as a hazardous substance with respect to Sensitisation by Skin Contact according to the NOHSC Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances (1999). A concentration cut-off of 1% is recommended. A tonic used in cosmetics. Believed to have beneficial health effects. A product used to shed the superficial cells of the outer layer of skin. To remove the outermost layer of dead skin cells

Evening Primrose Oil

Exfoliant

Exfoliate/Exfoliant

with a scrub or cleanser. When followed by a colour, means that the US FDA has certified it as safe for use only in drugs and in cosmetics used externally and not around the eyes or inside the mouth. It is not safe for foods.

Ext. D&C

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Is that a vaccination needle in your pocket, or are you just trying to kill me??- Jock Doubleday Name F An additive, flavouring in perfumery, foods, cigarettes. Considered safe in current use, mildly toxic by ingestion, Information

Farnesol

caused mutations in laboratory animals.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Ingestion: Expected to be a low ingestion hazard. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
Acquired from animal fat, oil seeds, or fruit pulp. They are used as lotion or salve in cosmetics. They can be solid, semisolid, or liquid. Organic oils found in vegetable and animal fats. Excellent skin emollients and an important part of the diet.

Fats

Fatty Acids

Fatty Alcohols

Thick to semi-thick syrup-like liquids. Give high emolliency. Can be natural or man-made. Sometimes used in hair and skin-conditioners, creams, lotions, and conditioning shampoos. The US Food and Drug Administration. The federal agency responsible for managing the safety and strength of all foods and drugs, and cosmetics sold in the US. Synthetic colours made from coal tar. Contain heavy metal salts that deposit toxins onto the skin, causing skin sensitivity and irritation. Animal studies have shown almost all of them to be carcinogenic. Their

FDA

FD&C

absorption can cause depletion of oxygen in the body and even death. (Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients).

When preceded by the name of a colour, the Food and Drug Administration has certified the colouring safe for use in food, drugs, and cosmetics.
An antiseptic, flavouring used in hair dye, cosmetics, foods, treatment of anaemia. Gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, cardiovascular and neurotoxicity, teratogenic, carcinogenic?

Ferrous sulphate

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause mild eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin

irritation. Ingestion: May cause digestive tract disturbances. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
A meat tenderiser used in cosmetics as a protein digestant, to clot milk in cheese. An enzyme from in the latex of tropical trees, may be GM. Skin, eye and mucous membrane irritant. A small bottle with a stopper used to hold perfume, usually a decorative or collectible item. Unit of volume in the U.S. system of weights and measures. Used to measure liquid, one fluid ounce is

Ficin

Flacon

Fluid Ounces

equal to 29.57 millilitres. A colouring used in indelible lipstick, nail polish, dying wool, silk and paper. Lip inflammation, photosensitivity, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. The toxicological properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation. Fluoride is toxic. It is however used in toothpaste as an antienzyme ingredient to slow down tooth decay. It is added to the water supply in some states and sites. Researchers linked it to

Fluorescein

Fluoride

cancer years ago. No one is listening. Fluoridated toothpaste is especially dangerous to young children who tend to swallow it after brushing their teeth. Supposed to stop tooth decay. Scientists are now linking fluoride to, arthritis, allergic reactions, can lead to Crohn's disease, hypothyroidism, osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, impaired brain function, birth defects, hip fractures, stress fractures, liver, kidney, musculoskeletal and neurotoxicity, dental and skeletal fluorosis, teratogenic, carcinogenic. A toxic manufacturing byproduct. Overt Carcinogen.

Dr. Epstein states, "There have been several studies

incriminating fluoride in bone cancer. The important point about this is that the public have been given no information on this and fluoride in toothpaste is particularly dangerous because kids swallow a significant amount of the fluoride, especially when toothpaste contains saccharin as many toothpastes do." http://www.nofluoride.com
Can produce mild upper respiratory tract irritation. A colourless, non-flammable gas or liquid commonly used as a propellant in hairspray. Is a known carcinogen (causes cancer). Due to it's bad name it is sometimes hidden under the name DMDM hydantoin or MDM

Fluorocarbons

Formaldehyde

hydantoin. Its trade-name is Formalin. Released by imidazolidinyl urea. Causes dermatitis, and ingestion can cause severe abdominal pain, internal bleeding, vertigo, coma, and a loss of ability to urinate. It is very toxic when inhaled, a severe skin irritant, and a suspected carcinogen that is linked to cancer. Its use in cosmetics is banned in Japan and Sweden. The vapour is extremely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat (mucous membranes). Colourless, harsh, irritating substance that is found in many preservatives. It is severely toxic when inhaled or swallowed. 44% of all people whose skin is exposed to it get an irritating

reaction. It is used in shampoos at concentrations of .1% to .2%. Methanol is sometimes added to formaldehyde at a 15% concentration to prevent polymerisation.

MSDS: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Possible risks of irreversible effects. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. May result in corneal injury. Skin: Causes skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material.

Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause allergic respiratory reaction. Chronic: May cause cancer according to animal studies.
Used in vaccines to initiate antibody formation. In the body, the Formalin coating around the injected material dissolves, releasing all bacterial and viral particles from animal culture sources. Substances such as these adjuvant chemicals irritate body tissues and increase the action of accompanying bacteria and viruses, as well

Formalin

as the reaction of the immune system to the foreign protein antigens. However, it potentially damages neurological membranes where the myelin sheath has only partially protected the nervous system. This can result in mild to severe neurological damage, leading to learning disabilities and other nervous system disorders, or death, especially upon subsequent injections, since body has already been sensitised, promoting allergic reactions of increasingly severe nature. Formalin is a derivative of formaldehyde. Formalin is a mixture of 37-40 percent

formaldehyde, water, and usually 10 percent methanol. It is often used as a working solution for tissue fixation, or as a preservative holding solution for fixed tissues or organ specimens in pathological laboratories. It is also used to inactivate bacterial products for toxoid vaccines. It will also kill unwanted viruses that might be found in the culture as well as serve as an embalming agent. Formaldehyde is a neurotoxin and carcinogen It effects the nervous system and known to cause cancer. It may cause insomnia, coughing, headaches, nausea, nosebleeds, and skin rashes.

Sweet pleasing odour used to enhance products of all kinds, especially in the beauty industry. May be used in differing concentrations for various products.

Fragrance

Fragrance on a label can indicate the presence of up to five thousand separate ingredients, many toxic or carcinogenic. Symptoms reported to the USA FDA include headaches, dizziness, allergic rashes, skin discoloration, violent coughing and vomiting, and skin irritation. Clinical observation proves fragrances can affect the central nervous system, causing depression, hyperactivity, and irritability to cope and

other behavioural changes. Unfortunately, the ingredients of 'fragrance' do not have to be disclosed, so we cannot assess their effects. Many of the compounds are carcinogenic or otherwise toxic. CLICK LINK ON LEFT In general those products which use natural fragrances tend to disclose the actual fragrance.
Fragrance-Free No added fragrances; just the natural aroma of the ingredients. A concentrated product used in the creation of perfume, cologne or toilet water.

Fragrance Oil

Free Radical

Circulating substances in the body that could cause a breakdown of the immune system and lead to disease processes or infection. Unstable or chemically incomplete molecules which can be formed within skin as a result of sun, pollution and stress. These molecules may "steal" particles from other molecules thus creating more unstable compounds and setting off a chain reaction that can damage cells. Anti-oxidants such as Vitamins C and E fight free radical action that can weaken epidermal support, resulting in wrinkling of skin, dryness, loss of skin elasticity and premature aging.

Free Radicals

Fruit Acids

Found in various fruits and herbs. They are used in masks and moisturizers for their ability to moisturize and exfoliate the skin. Fruit acids are used in concentrations as low as .25% and as high as 8%. The higher concentrations increase the "heat" of the product and the peeling action. It can also cause skin irritation in some people. A rich-scented fragrance.

Full Bodied

2010-01

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions,

Warnings, and Safety Home Page

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Its a strange law that compels children to be vaccinated in order to attend school, and then disables them so they cannot attend ?anything. Name G A fatty acid. Found in evening primrose oil, black currant seeds, borage oil, and mother's milk. Information

Gamma Linolenic Acid

Gelatin/e

Refined protein from animal origin. Used as a thickener and film-forming agent. People with severe allergies to gelatine should consider skin testing prior to receiving a gelatinecontaining vaccine. The problem is that most gelatine's in foods come from boiled cows, while the gelatine used in vaccines is from boiled pigs.

Geraniol and geranyl compounds

A additive, flavouring in perfume, shampoo, cosmetics, chewing gum, cigarettes. Allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, toxic if ingested. A botanical additive. An effective antiinflammatory, antiseptic and astringent derived from the aromatic plant. For use on acne and oily skin, tooth powder, dusting powder, perfume,

Geranium Oil

ointments. Contact dermatitis and skin irritation in some people, ingestion can be fatal. Revered in Asia since the earliest of times, ginger acts as an antiseptic and stimulant. Gingko, thought to be the oldest tree on the planet, has long been used in Chinese medicine. Used for its antiinflammatory and antiallergenic

Ginger Oil

Gingko Biloba Oil

properties. A preservative, germicide. See Glutaraldehyde. A preservative, germicide used in antiperspirant, hair spay, deodorant, setting lotion, waterless hand soaps, food flavouring, disinfectant used in hospitals and dentistry. Contact allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, immuno, developmental, reproductive,

Glutaral

Glutaraldehyde

skin and respiratory toxicity, nausea, headache, aches and pains, palpitations, mood swings, asthma, teratogenic, very toxic to aquatic organisms.

MSDS: Harmful in contact with skin. Toxic if swallowed. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause

severe eye irritation. May result in corneal injury. Skin: May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon reexposure to this material. May be absorbed through the skin. May cause dermatitis. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause haemorrhaging of the digestive tract. May cause corrosion and permanent tissue destruction of the esophageus

and digestive tract. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May cause asthmatic attacks due to allergic sensitisation of the respiratory tract. May cause liver abnormalities. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause adverse reproductive effects. Repeated exposure may cause sensitisation dermatitis. Repeated

exposure may cause allergic respiratory reaction (asthma).

A polyethylene glycol ether of glycerine. It is an artificial form of glycerine. Sweet, syrupy alcohol that can be produced artificially from propylene alcohol or naturally derived from vegetable oils. Used in cosmetics for thousands of years as a solvent, plasticizer, humectant,

Glycereth

Glycerin, Glycerine, Glycerol

emollient, and lubricant. A concern is clogging of pores when present in high concentrations. Largely artificial chemicals with a drop or two of some natural fatty acid. Used as a texturiser in pasta products and as a opacifying agent in shampoos, lotions, and creams. An emulsifier, emollient in skin freshener,

Glyceryl Coconate, Dilaurate, Erucate, Hydroxystearate, Monostearate, Ricinoleate, Sesquioleate, , Trimyristate, etc.

Glyceryl distearate

mascara, shampoo, cuticle softeners. An emulsifier, stabiliser used in baby cream, face mask, hand lotion. May cause contact dermatitis, may promote acne. An emulsifier, emollient used in cosmetic creams and lotions. May cause contact dermatitis and skin allergies. A UV absorber in sunscreens. May

Glyceryl myristate

Glyceryl Oleate

Glyceryl PABA

cause contact dermatitis and skin allergies. An emulsifier, emollient used in makeup, cuticle softeners. May cause skin allergies, contact dermatitis. A depilatory agent, reducing agent used in permanent wave solutions, depilatories. Contact dermatitis, thioglycolate can cause hair

Glyceryl Stearate

Glyceryl thioglycolate

breakages, skin irritations, severe allergic reactions.

MSDS: POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: EYE: This material causes severe eye irritation which may result in permanent eye injury. SKIN: Possible skin irritant. Can cause sensitisation or dermatitis upon prolonged contact with unprotected and stressed skin. Neutralizers can result in defatting and

drying of the skin. INHALATION: Repeated or prolonged inhalation may be harmful. INGESTION: This material is toxic and is harmful if swallowed
Amino acid vital to collagen composition and production. Building block of sugar, acts as a conditioner. Thickening agent helps give products a

Glycine

Glycogen

Glycol Stearate

luminescent or opalescent appearance. An alpha hydroxy acid helpful for acne-prone skin, resolves dry skin conditions; used in chemical peels as well as to help reduce the appearance of pores and wrinkles; exfoliates excess flaking or crusty skin. It may irritate mucous membranes and cause allergic reactions. Compound descriptor:

Glycolic Acid

Tumorigenic, Reproductive Effector, Primary Irritant

MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Causes burns. Corrosive. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye burns. Skin: Causes skin burns. Ingestion: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation:

Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract.

A natural bactericide, preserver and stabilizer. Both a tonic and astringent. A botanical extract shown to be an effective antioxidant.

Grapefruit Oil

Grape Seed Extract

2010-01

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ..discussing vaccination with a doctor is like discussing vegetarianism with a butcher........... George Bernard Shaw Name H The state of physical and mental wellbeing, free from Information

Health

disease. An absorbent, antistatic agent used in hair bleaches, eye liners, foundations, pesticides. Considered safe in cosmetic use, dust can cause lung irritation. A botanical toning agent used in bath products, face and hand creams. Can cause severe skin rashes, blistering, itching, contact dermatitis. An additive,

Hectorite

Hedera helex

Heliotropin (piperonal, purple

diazo dye)

flavouring used in perfumes, soap, cherry and vanilla flavouring. Allergic skin reactions, skin irritation, central nervous system depression on ingestion of large amounts. A natural source of essential fatty acids vital in preventing cell loss, regulating skin's moisture barrier and maintaining elasticity. This oil absorbs directly into the skin and provides important amino acids, linoleic acid, protein and

Hemp Seed Oil

highly prized Omega oils. Skin visibly responds to this rich nourishment. Used as hair dye, conditioner and rinse. One of the safest hair dyes, may cause allergic skin rash, avoid use near eyes. Particularly used in medicine, cosmetics, or foods. A plant without woody tissue that withers and dies after flowering. The fragrance blend from the

Henna

Herb

Herbal

herbaceous family of plant life. This is a fresh scent that can be used successfully in shampoos and body products. Person who is in the business of cultivating and processing herbs for use in industry, both beauty and health. A preservative used in antiperspirants, deodorants, baby oils, shampoos, toothpaste, cold cream, baby powder, fruit washing, detergents, animal

Herbalist

Hexachlorophene

products.

MSDS (International Programme on Chemical Safety and the European Commission): AVOID ALL CONTACT! AVOID EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT WOMEN! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN! Ingestion: Fever. Tremors. Absence of light reflex. Abdominal cramps. Convulsions. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness.

Nausea. Shock or collapse. Vomiting. Weakness. Effects of shortterm exposure: The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system, resulting in convulsions, respiratory failure. Effects of longterm or repeated exposure: Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis, skin sensitisation, may cause asthma, effects on the nervous system, resulting in tissue lesions, blindness. Animal tests show

that this substance possibly causes malformations in human babies.

A solvent, viscosity controlling agent used in cosmetics, pesticides. Contact dermatitis, eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritation, gastrointestinal, liver, neuro and respiratory toxicity.

Hexylene glycol

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. Vapours may cause eye irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation.

Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Inhalation: May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose and throat, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary oedema.
An antioxidant, antiseptic in mouthwash, sunburn creams, anti-worming medicine, antiseptic.

Hexylresorcinol

Homeopathy

The practice of natural medicine, using herbal substances rather than conventional medications. A UV absorber. Artificial chemical that is used to replace the phenolic compounds that are used in sunscreens. Possible endocrine disruptor, possible poisoning through skin absorption. Used to retain moisture. Using a natural humectant in a cosmetic product helps speed miniaturization to

Homosalate

Humectant

the skin. A humectant, antistatic agent in skin moisturisers, eye creams, hair conditioners, oral supplements. Lately referred to as a Hyaluronan can hold 1000 times its own weight in water; also helps to draw in active ingredients deeper into the skin. It is the body's natural lubricant and part of the natural moisturizing factor. Used in the synthesis of lubricants and

Hyaluronic Acid

Hydantoin DMDM

resins, and is derived from methanol. Causes dermatitis. Acts as a preservative and may release formaldehyde and is a suspected carcinogen. Rats develop cancer when injected with this chemical. As a noun, this means a compound formed by the union of water with another substance. As a verb, it means to supply water to something that absorbs it.

Hydrate

Hydrazine

A reducing agent used in cosmetics. Toxic if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin, kidney, liver, cardiovascular, immuno and neurotoxicity, carcinogenic, teratogenic, very toxic to aquatic organisms.

MSDS: Acute Health Effects: May be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin. Material is extremely destructive to tissue of the mucous membranes and

upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation and oedema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. Symptoms of exposure may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, and shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. May cause allergic reaction. Can cause CNS depression. May

cause convulsions. EXPOSURE CAN CAUSE: Damage to the eyes. Damage to the liver. Damage to the kidneys. Damage to the lungs. Blood effects. INHALATION: Inhalation may irritate the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath, sore throat and runny nose. If sufficient amounts are inhaled and absorbed, symptoms may resemble those in acute ingestion. SKIN CONTACT: Skin

contact may cause irritation with symptoms of redness, swelling, itching and pain. EYE CONTACT: Eye contact may cause irritation with symptoms of redness, swelling, itching, tearing and pain. INGESTION: Ingestion may cause gastroenteritis (inflammation of the lining membrane of the stomach and intestines) with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Systemic effects may follow and may include

ringing of the ears, dizziness, elevated blood pressure, blurred vision and tremors
A hormone from the adrenal gland. Synthesized for medical use, particularly for application to inflamed skin. It can adversely affect the skin by damaging the collagen of the connective tissues. A preservative, oxidising agent in mouthwash, skin bleach, toothpaste, cold cream, hair bleach, cheddar and Swiss cheese,

Hydrocortisone

Hydrogen peroxide

medicinal antiseptic and germicide. Generally recognised as safe in cosmetics, corrosive to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract when undiluted, may cause allergic reactions.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Contact with liquid is corrosive to the eyes and causes severe burns. Skin: Contact with liquid is corrosive and causes severe burns and ulceration. Ingestion: Causes

gastrointestinal tract burns. May cause vascular collapse and damage. Inhalation: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath and delayed lung oedema. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.
A flavouring, flavour enhancer in cosmetics, shampoo and hair treatments, animal feed. Improves hair, repairs spilt ends,

Hydrolysed Protein

and gives lustre to the hair. See Nitrosating agents. Contains MSG (621). A flavour enhancer, antistatic agent in hair care products, canned tuna, soup, sauces, packet meals. Contains 1030% MSG (621), may be GM. Concerns associated with HVP include decreased body weight, organ atrophy, behavioural overactivity and bladder and bowel incontinence.

Hydrolysed vegetable protein

Hydrophilic

Cosmetic ingredient that will attract moisture to the skin. An antioxidant, bleaching agent in freckle creams, suntan lotion, hair colouring, pesticides. Skin pigment lightening agent.

Hydroquinone

MSDS: DANGER! MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CAUSES SEVERE SKIN AND EYE

IRRITATION. HARMFUL IF INHALED. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. CAUSES IRRITATION TO RESPIRATORY TRACT. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. Systemic effects have not been proven by this route. Ingestion: Highly Toxic. May cause hyperactivity,

stupor, fall in blood pressure, hyperpnea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, intense thirst, sweating, tinnitus, nausea, dizziness, a sensation of suffocation, an increased rate of respiration, vomiting, pallor, muscular twitching, headache, cyanosis, delirium, and collapse (from respiratory failure). Estimated lethal dose lies between 5 to 12 grams (usually because of respiratory failure from methemoglobin

formation which leaves the blood unable to carry oxygen). May cause green to brownish-green urine. Skin Contact: Causes severe irritation, redness and pain. Alkaline solutions can cause skin sensitisation. Eye Contact: Causes severe irritation and possible corneal ulceration. Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposure to vapour or dust (typically 10 to 30 mg/m3) for > 5 years has caused brownish staining

of the conjunctiva which may be followed by changes to the cornea leading to loss of visual acuity. Repeated exposure may also cause skin effects. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with preexisting skin or eye disorders or impaired respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
An antioxidant found in hair colouring products (particularly permanent hair

p-Hydroxyanisole

colours), lipsticks, antiseptic. Affects the female reproductive system. Increase the risk of cancer, particularly nonHodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma & Hodgkin's disease & increase the risk of breast cancer. Compound descriptor: Mutagen, Primary Irritant.

MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Hygroscopic

(absorbs moisture from the air). Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. May result in corneal injury. May cause eye injury. Causes redness and pain. Skin: Harmful if absorbed through the skin. May be absorbed through damaged or abraded skin in harmful amounts. May cause reddening of the skin. If absorbed, may cause central nervous system effects. May cause depigmentation of the skin. Produces primary irritant

dermatitis, sensitisation dermatitis, and skin ulcerations. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause liver damage. May form methemoglobin which in sufficient concentration causes cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood). May cause necrotic changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Inhalation: Harmful if

inhaled. May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose and throat, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary oedema. May cause cardiac abnormalities. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated contact may cause possible eczema.
Artificial polymer (binder, film former) is used as an emulsifier and plasticizer in shampoos, tanning products, mascara,

Hydroxyethylcellulose

hand and body lotions. Considered safe. A preservative in cosmetics that may release formaldehyde. See formaldehyde.

Hydroxymethyl glycinate

MSDS: WARNING! CAUSES MODERATE SKIN IRRITATION. CAUSES MILD EYE IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE AN ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. Hazard Overview Target Organs: Skin / Eyes Primary Entry

Routes: Dermal skin. Eyes. Acute Health Hazards: Causes moderate skin irritation. Causes mild eye irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction. Chronic Health Hazards: Unknown Signs and Symptoms of Overexposure Eye Contact: Causes mild eye irritation . Skin Contact: Causes moderate skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction. Ingestion: Not a

hazard under normal use conditions. Inhalation: May cause allergic respiratory reaction
A thickener, additive in cosmetics, hair care products. Considered safe A film former in bubble bath, hair care products, tanning preparations. Considered safe in cosmetics, mild eye and skin irritation, allergic reactions.

Hydroxymethylcellulose

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose

Hypericum Extract

Also known as St. John's Wort. An extract of the leaves of the stem of the Hypericum Perforatum which is known for its ability to purify and soothe the skin.

2010-01

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing"...Edmund Burke Name I After paraben's, this is the second most commonly used preservative Information

Imidazolidinyl Urea

in cosmetics. It is colourless, tasteless and odourless. Used in powders, baby shampoo, bath oils, colognes, eye shadows, blushes, hair tonics, lotions. Commonly used cosmetic preservative. a strong skin irritant and sensitiser & a suspected human carcinogen (known rodent carcinogen).

The trade name for this chemical is Germall 115. Releases formaldehyde, a

carcinogenic chemical, into cosmetics at over 10x Toxic. See Formaldehyde

The addition of an herb or other natural substance to an oil or other liquid to extract the fragrance or flavour into that liquid. Experiments carried out in an artificial environment, outside of living organisms.

Infusion

In Vitro

In Vivo

Within a living organism, as opposed to in vitro. Non-metallic element. Occurs in seawater and in plants and animals that grow in the sea. When applied topically, it has antiseptic benefits. Also known as carrageenan. A seaweed that looks like moss which is used as a soothing emollient.

Iodine

Irish Moss

Iron Oxides

Compounds of iron that are used as colourings in some cosmetics. Also known as jewellers' rouge or rust. A solvent used in shampoos, fragrances, synthetic fruit flavouring, cigarettes. Toxic by inhalation, skin and mucous membrane irritation, dermatitis, neurotoxicity.. An emollient in cosmetics. Myristate's can

Isobutanol Isobutyl alcohol

Isobutyl myristate

promote acne. An emollient used in cosmetics. Palmitates can cause contact dermatitis in some people. Found in hair colour rinses, body rubs, hand lotions, aftershave lotions and many other cosmetics Artificial fatty alcohol. Used as an antiseptic, a solvent, a rubbing alcohol, and as a source for acetone, antifoaming

Isobutyl Palmitate

Isopropanol Isopropyl Alcohol (SD-40)

agent. A very drying and irritating solvent and dehydrator that strips your skin's natural acid mantle, making us more vulnerable to bacteria, moulds and viruses. It is made from propylene, a petroleum derivative. Ingestion or inhalation of large quantities may cause flushing, headache, dizziness, mental depression, nausea, vomiting etc. No known toxicity to the

skin. It may promote brown spots and premature aging of skin.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Produces irritation, characterized by a burning sensation, redness, tearing, inflammation, and possible corneal injury. Skin: Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause defatting of the skin and dermatitis. May cause irritation with pain and stinging,

especially if the skin is abraded. Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause kidney damage. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death

due to respiratory failure. Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Inhalation of vapour may cause respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause defatting and dermatitis.

Isopropyl Isostearate, Lanolate, Laurate, Oleate, Palmitate, Stearate, and

A fatty acid from palm oil combined with synthetic alcohol. All or some could be used in cosmetics, skin creams, lipstick, pesticides. Industry tests on rabbits indicate the chemical can cause skin irritation and dermatitis. Also shown to be comedogenic (acne promoting). This synthetic chemical is used to reduce the greasy feel caused by the high oil

Isopropyl Myristate

content of other ingredients. Found in suntan lotions, bayh oil, shampoo, hand lotions, deodorants, pesticides. An emollient used in eye makeup, foundation. Considered safe, may promote acne. A surfactant, emollient used in hand cream, shaving cream, soap, protective cream. May be a sensitiser for those who suffer

Isostearyl neopentanoate

Isostearyl palmitate

allergies, may cause contact dermatitis. A preservative in cosmetics. May cause contact dermatitis and allergic reactions. MSDS: Eye Contact: Corrosive to the eyes with possible permanent damage. Skin Contact: Corrosive to the skin, possibly resulting in third degree burns. Can be harmful if absorbed. Can cause allergic

Isothiazolinone

contact dermatitis in susceptible individuals. Ingestion: Can be Fatal. Inhalation: Can be corrosive to the mucous membranes and the lungs. Can cause allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. Fatty acid that forms film on skin. An extract of the climbing plant. Used for its antiseptic properties.

Isostearic Acid

Ivy Extract

2010-01

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "Tell a lie loud enough and long enough and people will believe it." - Adolph Hitler Name J Often used as a source of perfume. The oil is considered Information

Jasmine Oil

antidepressant and relaxing, and is used externally to soothe dry or sensitive skin. Extracted from the edible seeds of the desert shrub Simondsia californica. Used as a lubricant and hair conditioner. Often used in shampoos, moisturizers, and sunscreens. May cause allergic reactions.

Jojoba Butter and Oil

Juniper Extract

Extract obtained from the sweet pulp of the juniper berry. Works as a natural skin and hair freshener, and has antiitching qualities. Has a slightly warming effect on the skin and is thought to promote removal of waste products from underlying tissues. Effectively tones skin.

Juniper Oil

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "What good fortune for those in power, that the people do not think?~ Adolf Hitler Name K Used in manufacturing high-grade porcelain, paper, Information

Kaolin (China Clay)

paint, cloth, soaps, and many powdered and covering cosmetics. It's also used for its dehydrating and astringent effect, inhibit skin function by blocking pores, chronic inhalation can affect lungs and cause fibrosis. A preservative used in shampoo, cosmetics, leather preservation. Contact dermatitis,

Kathon CG methylisothiazolinone methylchloroisothiazolinone

potent sensitiser, bacterial mutagen, skin cancer. Compound descriptor: Mutagen As a film former, additive in permanent wave, shampoo, hair rinse, conditioner. Considered safe for most people when used in cosmetics. This insoluble albumoid (fibre protein) can be found in horny tissues like the

Keratin

hair and nails. High in sulphur, it's quite strong, but it is subject to chemical penetration. These are odorous substances, used in nail polish removers, are toxic. skin lightener; touted as a bleaching agent for ethnic skin.

Ketones

Kojic Acid

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "It also gives us a very special, secret pleasure to see how unaware the people around us are of what is really happening to them." ~ Adolf Hitler Name L Helping consumers become aware of what they put into their hair Information

Labelling

and rub onto their faces. It requires that ingredients be listed, in descending order of concentration, on the labels of most cosmetics. Soap, however, excluded, and flavours, fragrances and trade secrets don't have to be listed specifically. Naturally occurs in products made by bacterial fermentation. Produces pH levels like those of the hair and skin. Alpha hydroxy acid used in dermatology to hydrate and smooth dry, flaking skin. May occasionally be used in higher concentrations (well above 12% medical

Lactic Acid

grade) as a chemical peel. These solid forms of dyes are made by mixing liquid dye with an insoluble powder like aluminium oxide. They may be natural, but they're usually manufactured and are made from coal tar. This yellow, semisolid, fatty discharge from sheep's wool is used as an emulsifier, a base, and an ointment. A sensitiser like other wool derivatives, in eczemaprone individuals.

Lake Colours

Lanolin

Any chemicals used on sheep will contaminate the lanolin obtained

from the wool. The majority of lanolin used in cosmetics is highly contaminated with organo-phosphate due to frequent sheep dipping to control parasites & diseases. Diazanon, a neurotoxic organophosphate pesticide, was found in 21 of the 25 samples analysed where a total of 16 pesticides were found. It is advised to not be used by breast feeding mothers due to the high concentrations of chemical residues found.
A film former used in beauty masks. May cause skin rash, allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, ingredients of latex compounds can be

Latex

poisonous. A preservative that should not be in products that contain nitrosating agents. Can cause eye irritation, may form nitrosamines. Lauric Acid derived mostly from coconut oil and laurel oil. This white, waxy, non-ionic, artificial chemical is used in shampoos, bubble baths, and detergents as a thickener, surfactant and foam-builder. Nitrosamines can form in all cosmetic ingredients containing amines and amino derivatives with nitrogen compounds and nitrosamines are known

Lauralkonium chloride

Lauramide DEA

carcinogens. It may be mildly irritating to the skin. Can cause itchy scalp, allergic skin reactions, dry hair. See Diethanolamine An antistatic agent. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. An antistatic agent in air care products. Can form carcinogenic nitrosamines. An antistatic agent in shampoo, hair conditioner, dishwashing detergent. May cause mild skin irritation. See Diethanolamine

Lauramidopropyl betaine

Lauramine oxide

Laurimide MEA

Lauroyl lysine

A viscosity controlling agent in facial powders. Considered safe. This fatty alcohol, often derived from coconut oil, is used to make anionic surfactants. It may be natural or man-made.

Lauryl Alcohol

Lauryl dimonium hydrolysed collagen Lauryl Sarcosine

See Cationic surfactants

See Anionic Surfactants A foam booster in shampoos. Skin sensitisation, moderate toxicity by ingestion, may contain formaldehyde. Known for its sweet, floral-herbaceous scent.

Lauryl sulphate

Lavender Oil

Lavender has significant antiseptic and antibacterial actions which help promote healing. Used in baths to relax, revive and soothe. For use on all skin types. Found in shampoos, skin fresheners, mouth wash, perfumes, dentifrices, antiseptic oils, creams and lotions, cigarettes. The ability of a person to wear different forms of the same fragrance at the same time. For example, bath gel, bath powder and cologne all used at the same time, it surrounds the user with a fragrance experience.

Layering

Lecithin

A water-attracting agent used in products to help hydrate the skin and improve the texture and ease of spread onto the skin. High in the B vitamins choline and inositol. It's found in egg yolk and manufactured from soy oil. A hair dye, colour restorer for men, skin treatment in animals, printing. Lead poisoning, liver, kidney, and neurotoxicity, effects brain development in infants and children, carcinogenic, toxic to aquatic organisms, bioaccumulates in plants and animals, persists in the

Lead acetate

environment.

MSDS: Emergency Overview POISON! DANGER! MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED, INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. SUSPECT CANCER HAZARD. MAY CAUSE CANCER. Risk of cancer depends on level and duration of exposure. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. NEUROTOXIN. AFFECTS THE GUM TISSUE, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, KIDNEYS, BLOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Lead can be absorbed through the respiratory system. Local irritation of bronchia and lungs can occur and, in cases of acute exposure, symptoms such as metallic taste, chest and abdominal pain, and increased lead blood levels may follow. See also Ingestion. Ingestion: POISON! The symptoms of lead poisoning include abdominal pain and spasms, nausea, vomiting, headache. Acute poisoning can lead to muscle weakness, "lead line" on the gums, metallic

taste, definite loss of appetite, insomnia, dizziness, high lead levels in blood and urine with shock, coma and death in extreme cases. Skin Contact: Lead and lead compounds may be absorbed through the skin on prolonged exposure; the symptoms of lead poisoning described for ingestion exposure may occur. Contact over short periods may cause local irritation, redness and pain. Eye Contact: Absorption can occur through eye tissues but the more common hazards are local irritation or abrasion. Chronic Exposure: Lead is a cumulative

poison and exposure even to small amounts can raise the body's content to toxic levels. The symptoms of chronic exposure are like those of ingestion poisoning; restlessness, irritability, visual disturbances, hypertension and grey facial colour may also be noted. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with preexisting kidney, nerve or circulatory disorders or with skin or eye problems may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
Lemon Oil From the fruit of the citrus lemon. Known for its astringent and anti-

irritant qualities. Naturally occurring antioxidant. Shares many qualities with lemon oil. Has many antiseptic and restorative properties. Found in: perfume, cologne, disinfectant spray, bar soap, shaving cream, deodorants, nail colour and remover, fabric softener, dishwashing liquid, air fresheners, after shave, bleach, paint and varnish remover) - Carcinogenic. Prevent its contact with skin or eyes because it is an irritant and sensitiser.

L-Ergothioneine

Lime Oil

Limonene

Always wash thoroughly after using this material and before eating, drinking, applying cosmetics. Do not inhale limonene vapour. Used in flavouring, perfumery, constituent of eucalyptus oil. Harmful by ingestion. May be harmful by inhalation or through skin contact. May act as an irritant. Found in: perfume, cologne, bar soap, shampoo, hand lotion, nail enamel remover, hairspray, laundry detergent, dishwashing liquid, vaseline lotion, air fresheners, bleach powder, fabric softener,

Limonene oxide, eucalyptol, eucalyptole, 1,8-cineole

Linalool

shaving cream, after shave, solid deodorant, foods, cigarettes, fabric softener. Narcotic. Respiratory disturbances. Attracts bees. In animal tests: ataxic gait, reduced spontaneous motor activity and depression, development of respiratory disturbances leading to death. Depressed frogheart activity. Causes central nervous system disorder. From the flowers of the Linden tree. The flowers contain essential oils which are celebrated for their brightening and soothing qualities.

Linden Extract

Linoleamide DEA

An emulsifier which should not be in products that contain nitrosating agents. See Diethanolamine. An antistatic agent used in hair care products. May be irritating to the skin and eyes. See Diethanolamine. Essential fatty acid, found in cold pressed oils, used as an emulsifier, antistatic agent in cosmetics, vitamins, digestive aids, cheese making. Cosmetic vernacular refers to it as Vitamin F. No known side effects in cosmetics, nausea and vomiting if taken large

Linoleamide MEA

Linoleic Acid

amounts. An emollient in shaving cream, medicinal soap, paint, varnish, linoleum. Cosmetic acne, allergic reactions. These materials are soluble in alcohol (and other solvents) but not in water. Includes fatty acids, fats, waxes, fixed oils, phosphatides, cerebrosides, and sometimes steroids and carotenoids. Along with proteins and carbohydrates, lipids constitute the structure of cells. When used on the skin, they have a moisturizing and cream

Linseed oil

Lipids

action. Microscopic sacs obtained from natural or synthetic sources. Because these can easily penetrate the skin, in lotions and creams liposomes are used to deliver substances, contained within the sac, to internal skin layers. Liquidum Paraffinum is an exotic sounding way to say mineral oil. See Mineral Oil Skin lightener; deemed as more potent than kojic acid or vitamin C for this function.

Liposomes

Liquidum Paraffinum

Liquorice Extract

Lysine

Amino acid incorporated to condition skin.

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "Lethal injections are for criminals. We need to keep it that way." Name M Flaky white solid. Used as a filler and thickener in cosmetics. Especially used in antiperspirants, creams, Information

Magnesium aluminium silicate

and shaving creams. A surfactant used in shampoos. May cause mild irritation to skin and eyes, may contain 1,4 dioxane and ethylene oxide. An opacifier in cosmetics. May promote acne in some people. A surfactant in cosmetics. May con carcinogens 1,4 dioxane and ethylene oxide, See both. Used as a filler in cosmetics. Oil obtained from the dried flower heads of the plant

Magnesium laureth sulphate

Magnesium myristate

Magnesium oleth sulphate

Magnesium Stearate

Matricaria Oil

Matricaria Chamomilla. Celebrated as a source of azulene, the blue substance known for its reviving quality. A UV absorber in sunscreens. An endocrine disruptor, estrogenic, increased uterine activity in pre-pubescent rats. See Monoethanolamine. See Alkyloamides. See Nitrosating agents Melon has natural cleansing properties as well as the ability to soften and soothe the skin. A natural or synthetic flavouring used in skin

4-MBC methyl-benzylidene camphor

MEA Monoethanolamine

Melon Extract

Menthol

fresheners , perfumes, mouth wash, chewing gum, cigarettes, pesticides. Has soothing properties if used in concentrations of 1% or less. Allergic reactions, skin irritation, concentrate toxic if ingested. On NIH hazards list. A fragrance in depilatories. Highly toxic, skin irritation, allergic reactions, infections of hair follicles. A preservative in medicated soap, cosmetics, freckle cream, face masks, hair tonic, eye preparations, dyes, paints, fungicide, plastic, vaccines. Extremely toxic, blood liver, kidney, neuro, respiratory and reproductive toxicity,

Mercaptans

Mercury compounds

autism, epilepsy, teratogenic, can be absorbed through the skin,, very toxic to aquatic organisms, bioaccumulates especially in fish. Prohibited in most cosmetic products in the USA.

MSDS: Emergency Overview DANGER! CORROSIVE. CAUSES BURNS TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. AFFECTS THE KIDNEYS AND CENTRAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Mercury vapour is highly toxic via this route. Causes severe respiratory tract damage. Symptoms include sore throat, coughing, pain, tightness in chest, breathing difficulties, shortness of breath, headache, muscle weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbance, ringing in the ear, liver changes, fever, bronchitis and pneumonitis. Can be absorbed through inhalation with symptoms similar to ingestion. Ingestion: May cause

burning of the mouth and pharynx, abdominal pain, vomiting, corrosive ulceration, bloody diarrhoea. May be followed by a rapid and weak pulse, shallow breathing, paleness, exhaustion, tremors and collapse. Delayed death may occur from renal failure. Gastrointestinal uptake of mercury is less than 5% but its ability to penetrate tissues presents some hazard. Initial symptoms may be thirst, possible abdominal discomfort. Skin Contact: Causes irritation and burns to skin. Symptoms include redness and pain. May cause skin allergy and sensitisation. Can be absorbed through the skin with symptoms to

parallel ingestion. Eye Contact: Causes irritation and burns to eyes. Symptoms include redness, pain, blurred vision; may cause serious and permanent eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure through any route can produce central nervous system damage. May cause muscle tremors, personality and behaviour changes, memory loss, metallic taste, loosening of the teeth, digestive disorders, skin rashes, brain damage and kidney damage. Can cause skin allergies and accumulate in the body. Repeated skin contact can cause the skin to turn grey in colour. A suspected reproductive

hazard; may damage the developing foetus and decrease fertility in males and females. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with nervous disorders, or impaired kidney or respiratory function, or a history of allergies or a known sensitisation to mercury may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
A primer in artificial nail kits, nail products. Poisonous if ingested, skin and nail damage, inflammation, burns, infection, neurotoxicity.

Methacrylic acid

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye burns. Causes redness and pain.

Skin: Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Causes skin burns. May cause dermatitis. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. Inhalation: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath and delayed lung oedema. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract.
Methanol A solvent. See Methyl alcohol. A preservative made from formaldehyde and ammonia for deodorant creams and powders, mouthwash, medicines. Can release formaldehyde,

Methenamine

nitrosamine precursor, skin rash. An antistatic, emollient in lipstick, blusher, mascara, aftershave. See Diethicone. A solvent. fragrance.

Methicone

Methoxyethanol

MSDS: Emergency Overview WARNING! FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. MAY FORM EXPLOSIVE PEROXIDES IN AIR. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED, INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS,

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND KIDNEYS. POSSIBLE BIRTH DEFECT HAZARD. MAY CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS BASED ON ANIMAL DATA. MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Inhalation of vapours may cause irritation, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Weakness, incoordination and tremors may occur. Ingestion: Moderately toxic. Can cause headache, fatigue,

nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and weakness. Hemorrhagic gastritis, liver damage, pancreas damage and brain oedema resulting in death has occurred in human exposure of 3 g/kg. Damage to kidneys is possible from ingestion of large quantities. Skin Contact: May cause irritation with redness and pain. May be absorbed through the skin with possible systemic effects. Eye Contact: May cause irritation, redness and pain. Chronic Exposure: Prolonged exposure may cause injury to bone marrow, blood cells, kidney, liver and testes. A suspected human reproductive hazard and a

birth defect hazard. Severe neurological disabilities has been reported from chronic industrial exposure. Symptoms have included headache, dizziness, lethargy, weakness, personality changes, apathy, unequal pupil size, and disorientation. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with pre-existing blood or central nervous system disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance.
4-Methoxy-M-phenylenediamine 4MMPD A hair dye. See Phenylenediamine. It is unsafe as a cosmetic ingredient. A hair dye. See Phenylenediamine. It is

4-Methoxy-Mphenylene-diamine

sulphate 4MMPD sulphate

unsafe as a cosmetic ingredient. A UV absorber in sunscreens, suntan accelerators. Contact allergy, photoallergy, neurotoxic, carcinogenic. Compound descriptor: Tumorigenic, Mutagen, Reproductive Effector. Banned in EU cosmetics.

5-Methoxypsoralen 5-MOP

A UV absorber in sunscreens, suntan accelerators. Contact allergy, photoallergy, neurotoxic, carcinogenic, increased risk of skin cancer. Banned in EU cosmetics.

8-Methoxypsoralen 8-MOP

MSDS: Harmful if

swallowed. Causes burns. May cause cancer. May cause heritable genetic damage. Light sensitive. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye burns. Skin: Causes skin burns. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. Inhalation: Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. May be harmful if inhaled. Chronic: May cause cancer in humans.
Methoxysalen A UV absorber in

sunscreens, suntan accelerator. See 8Methoxypsoralen. A fragrance, flavouring, in perfumes, food. See Toluene. A solvent in perfumes, toilet waters. Neurotoxic, skin dryness, chafing and cracking. A solvent, denaturant in shampoos, antifreeze, ink, paint, varnish, shellac, paint stripper. Eczema, dermatitis, cardiovascular, liver, respiratory, endocrine and neurotoxicity, teratogenic.

4-Methoxytoluene -2, -5, diamine HCL

Methyl acetate

Methyl alcohol

MSDS: Emergency Overview

POISON! DANGER! VAPOUR HARMFUL. MAY BE FATAL OR CAUSE BLINDNESS IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL IF INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CANNOT BE MADE NON-POISONOUS. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND LIVER. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: A slight irritant to the mucous membranes. Toxic effects exerted upon nervous system, particularly the

optic nerve. Once absorbed into the body, it is very slowly eliminated. Symptoms of overexposure may include headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, blindness, coma, and death. A person may get better but then worse again up to 30 hours later. Ingestion: Toxic. Symptoms parallel inhalation. Can intoxicate and cause blindness. Usual fatal dose: 100-125 millilitres. Skin Contact: Methyl alcohol is a defatting agent and may cause skin to become dry and cracked. Skin absorption can occur; symptoms may parallel inhalation exposure.

Eye Contact: Irritant. Continued exposure may cause eye lesions. Chronic Exposure: Marked impairment of vision has been reported. Repeated or prolonged exposure may cause skin irritation. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired liver or kidney function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
A flavouring, fragrance in perfumes, suntan lotion, food, cigarettes. Methyl anthranilate

MSDS: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Light sensitive.

Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled.
a common ingredient in a variety of cosmetics: foundations, powders, concealers, bronzers, selftanners, makeup removers, moisturizers, sunscreens, eye shadows, and mascaras. It is also found in shampoos, hair conditioners, gels, bubble

Methylchloroisothiazolin one

baths, soaps, baby wipes, creams, lotions, and overthe-counter and prescription medicines. Other sources of exposure include detergents, fabric softeners, cleansers, pesticides, polishes, and some toilet papers. Cl+ MeIsothiazolinone is found in the engineering industry, where it may serve as a preservative in cutting fluids. It also may be found in air conditioning, metalworking, watercooling, and latex emulsions such as paints. In industrial situations, it is called Kathon?and used in curing agents, adhesives and glues, jet fuels, printing

inks, radiography, and slime control agents in paper mills. May cause allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, mutagen? A preservative in hair conditioner, bubble bath, indoor tanning preparation, dishwashing liquid. Considered unsafe for use in cosmetic products, allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, skin sensitisation. A fragrance in nail enamel, hair conditioner, shampoo, hairspray, cleansing creams, tablet coatings, anaesthetic in medicine, decaffeinating of some coffees. Nausea, dizziness, eye and skin irritation,

Methyldibromo glutaronitrile

Methylene chloride

dermatitis, neuro, liver, cardiovascular, kidney, endocrine and respiratory toxicity, carcinogenic, teratogenic, environmental hazard. Absorbed, stored in body fat, it metabolises to carbon monoxide, reducing oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Banned by the US FDA in 1988! No enforcement possible due to trade secret laws protecting chemical fragrance industry. On US EPA, RCRA, CERCLA Hazardous Waste lists.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns. Skin: Exposure may

cause irritation and possible burns. May be absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to respiratory failure. Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory tract irritation.

Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.

A solvent, fragrance in shampoo, hair conditioner, nail polish, perfume, paint thinners, adhesive. Irritating to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes, central nervous system depression, headache, liver and neurotoxicity, dermatitis.

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. May result in corneal injury. Skin: Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause irritation and/or dermatitis. Ingestion: Aspiration hazard.

Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: Chronic inhalation may cause effects similar to those of acute inhalation. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause defatting and dermatitis.
A flavouring, fragrance in perfumes, synthetic fruit flavour in foods, solvent for cellulose lacquer. Hazardous by ingestion or inhalation, kidney, gastrointestinal, respiratory, liver and neurotoxic, dermatitis, birth defects,

Methyl isobutyl ketone

carcinogenic.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Vapours may cause eye irritation. May cause painful sensitisation to light. Contact produces irritation, tearing, and burning pain. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause irritation and/or dermatitis. Ingestion: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause effects similar to those for inhalation exposure. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Exposure produces

central nervous system depression. May cause liver abnormalities. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause defatting and dermatitis.
A preservative in baby products, hand wash, shampoo, dishwashing liquid. Can be a skin sensitiser. Animal studies show high toxicity from ingestion and moderate toxicity when applied to the skin. See Isothiazolinone. See Methylchloroisothiazolino ne.

Methylisothiazolinone

MSDS: Potential Health Effects: Inhalation: Aerosol inhalation may cause

sneezing, coughing or irritation of the nasal passages and throat. Eye: Eye exposure may cause irritation, redness, watering and pain. Skin: Skin contact may cause irritation, redness, dryness and itching. Ingestion: If large amounts are ingested, symptoms could include gastric irritation, nausea and diarrhoea. Chronic Effects: Chronic effects from repeated or long-term occupational exposure to this preparation are unknown. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis
Methyl methacrylate A film former in nail polish, artificial nails, medical and dental orthopaedic

cement, adhesives.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects: EYE: Liquid and vapours can cause moderate irritation (tears, blurred vision and redness). SKIN: May cause skin irritation. Can cause skin sensitisation. INGESTION: Causes irritation, a burning sensation of the mouth, throat and gastrointestinal tract and abdominal pain. INHALATION: High concentration is irritant to the respiratory tract and may cause dizziness, headache and anaesthetic effects. CHRONIC (CANCER) INFORMATION: Prolonged and/or

repeated exposure may lead to kidney, lung, liver, and heart damage. Unlikely to present a cancer hazard to man. TERATOLOGY (BIRTH DEFECT) INFORMATION: Developmental toxicity observed in animal tests but only at levels toxic to the mother.
Methyl methacrylate crosspolymer A film former in nail products. See Methacrylic acid. A preservative in many cosmetics and personal care products. See Paraben.

Methylparaben methyl phydroxybenzoate

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause moderate eye irritation.

Skin: May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: Repeated exposure may cause sensitisation dermatitis.
A flavouring, disinfectant in toothpaste, mouthwash, sunburn lotion, foods, detergents, cigarettes. Strong irritant to the skin and mucous membranes, blood, liver, neuro, reproductive and respiratory toxicity, teratogenic, harmful to aquatic organisms.

Methyl salicylate Oil of Wintergreen

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. Ingestion: May cause nausea and vomiting. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. May cause lung damage. Chronic: May cause liver and kidney damage. Repeated exposure may cause metabolic disturbances.

Mexenone 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4'methyl -benzophenone

A UV absorber in sunscreens. Photoallergy, hives, contact allergy, chronic actinic dermatitis, can mimic or exacerbate an illness. See Benzophenones. An opacifier, colouring. Somewhat shiny silicate minerals split into very thin sheets. Used in face powder, eye cosmetics, lipstick, shampoo, mascara to provide sparkle. The second stage of fragrance development on the skin. Individuals react to different chemicals causing variations in scent.

Mica

Middle Note

Milk

An emollient in bath

preparations, facemasks, face wash, hidden in foods(?) items with casein. May cause allergic reactions from mild to severe, in cosmetics it can cause pimples and acne if not rinsed properly from the skin. A bath preparation made with milk products as the base. A natural product, it is soothing to the skin. Obtained from a whole cow's milk. For centuries, milk has been used as a natural, soothing skin cleanser and softener. A liquid mixture of hydrocarbons gathered

Milk Bath

Milk Protein

Mineral Oil

from petroleum. Light mineral oil is an ingredient of choice as an essential moisturizer for psoriasis, primarily functioning as an occlusive barrier to retard moisture loss without restricting essential ingredient absorption. In the case of a psoriatic condition the water loss from the external skin layers can exceed the rate of replacement from below, hence as part of formulation.

It coats the skin like plastic, clogging the pores. Interferes with skin's ability to eliminate toxins, promoting acne and other disorders. Slows down skin function and cell

development, resulting in premature aging. Used in many products (baby oil is 100% mineral oil!) Any mineral oil derivative can be contaminated with cancer causing PAH's (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons). Manufacturers use petrolatum because it is cheap. See: Liquidum Paraffinum (also known as posh mineral oil!) Paraffin oil / wax Petrolatum MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Vapours may cause eye irritation. Skin: Prolonged and/or repeated contact may

cause irritation and/or dermatitis. Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Aspiration of material into the lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: Prolonged inhalation may cause respiratory tract inflammation and lung damage. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. May cause cancer according to animal studies.
Mixed fruit acids An exfoliating agent. See Alpha hydroxy acids.

Moisturizer

When externally used on the hair or skin raises the moisture content. Liquid amino alcohol that is used as an humectant and emulsifier in cosmetics. Often used in cosmetics, soaps, detergents, paint stripper to adjust the pH, and used with many fatty acids to convert acid to salt (stearate), which then becomes the base for a cleanser. These chemicals are already restricted in Europe due to known carcinogenic effects.

Monoethanolamine (MEA)

MSDS: Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, . Hazardous

in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of inhalation (lung irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive), of eye contact (corrosive). Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not

available. The substance may be toxic to kidneys, lungs, liver, central nervous system (CNS). Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated or prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin irritation. Repeated or prolonged exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent attacks of bronchial infection.
Montan wax An emulsifier in lipsticks, foundations. Considered OK in cosmetics. An emulsifier, surfactant in cosmetics, coating on fresh fruit and vegetables. Skin,

Morpholine

eye, and mucous membrane irritation, kidney, liver, respiratory and neurological toxicity. See Diethanolamine.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause severe eye irritation. Vapour or mist may cause irritation and severe burns. Contact with liquid is corrosive to the eyes and causes severe burns. Skin: Contact with liquid is corrosive and causes severe burns and ulceration. Substance is rapidly absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: Aspiration hazard. May cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and possible burns. May cause liver

and kidney damage. Inhalation: Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract with pain, burns, and inflammation. Chronic: Chronic inhalation and ingestion may cause effects similar to those of acute inhalation and ingestion.
Moskene Fragrance. See Musk moskene. A fragrance used in perfumes and flavouring food. Generally safe and non-toxic, can cause allergic reactions in some

Musk

people. A fixative, flavouring in cosmetic creams, aftershave lotions, soaps, dentifrices, food flavouring, detergents. Neurotoxic, photosensitivity, contact dermatitis, serious brain damage in animals. In a monograph published in 1975 musk ambrette was found to have neurotoxic properties. However, use as a flavour was generally below 1 ppm and thought not to pose any health risks at these levels. Later studies found musk ambrette was readily absorbed through the skin and slowly excreted. Levels used in fragrances were much higher than those

Musk Ambrette

used in flavours. Levels safe for GRAS status in foods did not ensure safety at the levels used in fragrances and did not take into account a different route of exposure. A fragrance used in perfumes and rouges. Can cause non-permanent hyperpigmentation, pigment cont dermatitis. Natural Occurrence: Anise seed, basil beer black currant, gin laurel, rosemary, thyme. b-Myrcene

Musk Moskene

MSDS: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

Wear suitable protective clothing. Irritating to the eyes. Irritating to the respiratory system. Irritating to the skin
Myristalkonium chloride A surfactant, preservative. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. A viscosity control. See Diethanolamine. An emulsifier in shampoos, shaving creams and soaps, food flavouring, cigarettes.

Myristamide DEA

Myristic acid

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "Never doubt that a small group of committed people can change the world; indeed it is the only thing that ever has" Margaret Mead, Anthropologist Name N Nail Polish Remover Highly flammable. Can dissolve many plastics. Information

It can be fatal if swallowed. The conditioning ingredients do little to mitigate acetone's strongly drying and degreasing effects. A UV absorber in cosmetics, barrier creams, sunscreen. A hair dye in hair dyes and perfume, treatment for skin disease. 1-Naphthol

Nanoparticles

MSDS: Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. Very toxic to aquatic organisms. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye

irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
Ingredients produced entirely from extracts taken from plants or animals, with no synthetic substances or additives. It does not mean that it cannot harm. A spray in pump form, using no aerosol or chemical additives.

Natural

Natural Spray

Neem seed oil

An antibacterial, antiviral in skin cream, soap, lipstick, shampoo, insect repellent. Improves dry skin, eczema, acne and dandruff. Teratogenic(?) An antibiotic may be used in some underarm deodorants. Can cause allergic reactions, photoallergy, kidney toxicity, may promote staph infections. A sweetener. See Neotame (961) in food guide

Neomycin

Neotame

Nerol

Used as sweetener,

fresh citrus rose fragrance. Irritating to the eyes. Irritating to the respiratory system. Irritating to the skin. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Take off immediately all contaminated clothing After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer). Do not empty into drains Never add water to this product Take precautionary

measures against static discharges. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way. Wear suitable protective clothing Primarily used as a cleansing, detoxifying agent. Helps many skin conditions. An additive in hair conditioners, "antiaging" products, cereal flours. Being a form of vitamin B3 it is considered to be beneficial. An additive in hair dyes, eye pencils,

Nettle Leaf

Niacinamide

Nickel sulphate

cosmetics, astringents, mineral supplement, nickel plating. Skin rash, kidney, endocrine and immunotoxicity, vomiting if ingested, contact dermatitis. A preservative, colour fixative in cured meats, matches, tobacco. May combine with amines found in the stomach, saliva, foods and cosmetics to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. A preservative, colour fixative in cured meats, matches, tobacco.

Nitrates

Nitrites

May combine with amines found in the stomach, saliva, foods and cosmetics to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Sodium nitrite is used as an anticorrosive in some cosmetics. A fragrance, solvent used in cheap scented soaps, making analine a base for dyes and drugs, shoe polish. Cyanosis, drowsiness, headaches, nausea, reproductive, kidney, liver, respiratory, and neurotoxicity; absorbed through the skin; teratogenic.

Nitrobenzene essence of mirabane

MSDS: Toxic by

inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. Toxic danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin. Possible risk of impaired fertility. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. May cause conjunctivitis. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Absorption into the

body may cause cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood). Toxic in contact with skin. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Effects may be delayed 2 to 4 hours. May cause dizziness, nausea, sense of suffocation, increased respiratory rate, vomiting, pallor, muscle twitching, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), delirium, collapse. Toxic if swallowed. Inhalation: Effects

may be delayed. May cause respiratory tract irritation. Toxic if inhaled. Chronic: May cause methemoglobinemia, which is characterized by chocolate-brown colored blood, headache, weakness, dizziness, breath shortness, cyanosis (bluish skin due to deficient oxygenation of blood), rapid heart rate, unconsciousness and possible death. May impair fertility.
2-Nitro-p-phenylene diamine A hair dye. See Coal tar.

Nitrocellulose

Flammable man-made substance. Used as an emulsifier and protective film in cosmetics, especially nail polish. A contaminant in cosmetic products and shampoos with DEA, MEA, and TEA compounds unless removed by the manufacturer. It is also found in the air, tobacco smoke, pesticides, water, cured meats. Carcinogenic compounds formed from secondary amines (nitosating agents) and nitrous acid. Typical

Nitrosamines

nitrosating agents used in cosmetic formulations are DEA, MEA, and TEA. The following chemicals can cause nitrosamine contamination, which have been determined to form cancer in laboratory animals. There are wide and repeated concerns in the USA and Europe about the contamination of cosmetics products with nitrosamines.

Nitrosating Agents

2-bromo-2nitropropane-1,3diol Cocoyl Sarcosine DEA compounds

Imidazolidinyl Urea Formaldehyde Hydrolysed Animal Protein Lauryl Sarcosine MEA compounds Quaternium-7, -15, 31, -60, etc Sodium Lauryl Sulphate Ammonium Lauryl Sulphate Sodium Laureth Sulphate Ammonium Laureth Sulphate Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate TEA compounds
Will not clog oil glands to produce a breakout on people prone to acne.

Non-acnegenic

Non-comedogenic

Does not clog oil

glands to cause blemishes. A thickener used in mascara, eye shadow, highlighter, eyelash lengtheners. Generally considered safe, may cause allergic reaction in some.

Nylon

2010-01

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Vaccines make $$$$ But no sense Name O Ground oat kernels (after husks have been removed). A Information

Oatmeal

natural, mild exfoliant. Soothing to the skin. Found in OatmealLavender Cleanser and Oatmeal-Mint Cleanser. A UV absorber in sunscreen, makeup. May cause sensitisation; increase breast cell cancer division; estrogenic; endocrine disruption; carcinogenic.

Octyl dimethyl PABA

Octyl dodecanol

A solvent, surfactant in hair conditioners, lipsticks. Generally considered safe. Chemical sunscreen with photosensitivity contact dermatitis potential in some individuals; endocrine disruption. Related to Balsam of Peru with cross reactions possible for those with contact

Octyl Methoxycinnamate

dermatitis to either agent. Allows hydration and works as a solvent without giving skin a greasy texture. Generally regarded as safe. Commonly incorporated into sunscreens for its antibacterial abilities and helps prevent product from turning rancid. A product in which oil soluble

Octyl Palmitate

Octyl Salicylate

Oil-based

solutions are the major part. Oil/Sebaceous glands produce a waxy-fatty substance called sebum which lubricates the skin and protects it from moisture loss. A viscosity control in shampoo, bubble bath, lipstick, soap. Urticaria; can cause carcinogenic nitrosamine formation. See

Oil Glands

Oleamide DEA

Diethanolamine Fatty acid that is a common constituent of many animals and vegetables. It is a common cosmetic ingredient as an emollient or defoaming agent; used in cigarettes. An antistatic agent, surfactant in soaps, cosmetics, lubricants, hair conditioners, polishing compounds. Can cause mild skin

Oleic Acid

Oleoyl sarcosine

irritation; sarcosine can enhance absorption of other ingredients through the skin and can cause nitrosamine contamination. An artificial fat substitute used as a low fat spread, french fries, ready to eat savoury snacks. Abdominal cramps; nausea; flatulence; muscular degeneration; inhibits

Olestra More info

absorption of nutrients. In Procter & Gamble's two eight-week clinical studies, the lowest level tested -- 8 gm/day (equivalent to 16 olestracontaining potato chips) ?caused dramatic depletion of fatsoluble vitamins within two weeks. Got sick from Olestra? follow this link. These polyethylene

Oleth-2 to Oleth-50

glycol ethers of oleic alcohol are used as surfactants, emulsifier in a range of cosmetics and personal care. Fatty alcohol. Oily, unsaturated liquid found in fish oils. Is used to make surfaceactive agents. A n emollient, emulsifier in shampoo, lipstick, soap, hair oil, massage oil. Generally safe; may cause

Oleyl Alcohol

Olive oil

allergic reactions and acne. A fragrance, flavouring in perfumes, soap, colognes, cigarettes, pesticides. Allergic reactions if hypersensitive; severe reactions to concentrated oil of orange. Natural chemical compounds found in nature, void of synthetic substances. Also known as allnatural.

Orange oil

Organic

Orris absolute

A fragrance in perfumes. Generally safe; can cause allergic reactions An antimicrobial in cosmetics and disinfectant sprays. Very toxic; mutagenic; skin irritation; carcinogenic.

Orthophenylphenol O-phenylphenol

MSDS: Eyes: Corrosive. Will cause corneal damage. Skin: Strong irritant. Repeated contact may

cause dermatitis. Inhalation: Overexposure can cause liver and kidney injury. Dizziness, headache and nausea may be symptomatic. Swallowing: Stomach pain, dizziness, headache and nausea may be symptomatic. Ingestion of excessive amounts may result in central nervous system depression and death may occur. If vomiting, aspiration into

the lungs may result in aspiration pneumonitis.

Sun screening UVA absorbing agent derived from isopropanol. Photosensitivity; chronic actinic dermatitis; contact allergy. See Phenol.

Oxybenzone

Oxyquinoline sulphate

MSDS: Caution! May be harmful if inhaled. May be harmful if swallowed. May cause eye and skin irritation. May

cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully

investigated. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. May be harmful if inhaled.
Naturally occurring waxlike mineral. An emulsifier and thickening agent used in lipstick and cream rouge.

Ozokerite

2010-01

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "The doctor of the future will give no medicine, but will interest his patients in the care of the human frame, in diet and in the cause and prevention of disease." - Thomas Edison Name P PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) It is a water-soluble vitamin found in B Information

complex. UVB absorber used in sunscreens during the 1970s; became a frequent cause of contact dermatitis, therefore it is now out of favour. See Para-aminobenzoic Acid. A UV absorber in sunscreens. See Amyl dimethyl PABA. A UV absorber in makeup, sunscreens. See Amyl dimethyl PABA. Nitrosamine Precursor. Used in baby oils, bath oils, eye creams, hair conditioners, and

Padimate A

Padimate O

Palmitate

moisturizers. It can cause allergic reactions in some people. Fatty acid from palm oil. White to yellowish fat. Used to make soaps, shampoos, ointments, and margarine. A B vitamin (B5), works as a humectant (holds water in the skin). May promote healing. An additive in skin creams, skin scrubs, skin masks, meat tenderiser. From papaya; may be GM. Considered to have

Palmitic Acid

Palm Oil

Panthenol

Papain

health benefits. Found in Vitamin B complex. Used in sunscreen formulations and as an anaesthetic in sunburn products, shampoo, hair conditioner, arthritis treatment. Can cause allergic reactions. Helps prevent UV damage to skin and hair; photosensitivity; contact dermatitis; eczema; increase risk of skin cancer.

Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)

MSDS: Cancer suspect agent. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin

irritation. Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Overexposure may cause methemoglobinemia. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: May cause reproductive and foetal effects. Cancer suspect agent.
MSDS: Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term

Para-Phenylenediamine

adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Air sensitive. Light sensitive. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. May cause conjunctivitis and keratitis. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material. May produce eczematoid contact dermatitis. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause

irritation of the digestive tract. May cause liver and kidney damage. Ingestion may cause gastritis, vertigo, tremors, convulsions, and possible coma. Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause asthmatic attacks due to allergic sensitisation of the respiratory tract. May cause rhinitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose). Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause adverse reproductive

effects. A preservative. Toxic. Allergenic. Artificial chemicals. Used as inhibitors of microbial growth and to extend shelf life of products. They are not effective with shampoos or with products that contain proteins.

Paraben's (methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl)

From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Emergency Overview: WARNING! Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract. May cause allergic skin reaction. Skin Contact: Causes

irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May cause allergic skin reaction. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness and pain.
Waxy, crystalline mixture. Used as a thickener for cosmetics. See Mineral Oil See Perfume Native to Malaysia and the Philippines, Patchouli has been used extensively in Asian Medicine. Its most common use has been as an aphrodisiac. It is thought to have a

Paraffin Wax/Oil

Parfum

Patchouli

regenerative effect. Apply a small amount of cosmetic to your inner arm, cover it with a bandage and leave it for 24 hours, if you are concerned with allergic reactions. A UV absorber in sunscreens. May cause skin damage; increase the risk of cancer. PBSA 2phenylbenzimidazolesulphoni c acid

Patch Test

MSDS: Appearance: white crystalline powder. Caution! May cause eye and skin irritation. May cause respiratory and digestive tract irritation. Light sensitive. The toxicological

properties of this material have not been fully investigated. Potential Health Effects Eye: Dust may cause mechanical irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.

Pectin

Natural substance. Used in cosmetics, toothpaste, hair setting lotion, barrier cream, foods, anti-diarrheal medicines as an emulsifier and thickener. Contains partially methoxylated polygalacturonic acids. A solvent, emulsifier, bases, carriers, and dispersants. A manufacturing byproduct. Dangerous levels of the toxin dioxane has been found in this product. Many allergic reactions, as well as hives and eczema are known to occur from these synthetic plant glycols.

PEG Compounds (4-200) (polyethylene glycol or polymers of ethylene oxide)

Artificial. Used as solvents. Used in hair spray and car care products. Vapours irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Skin contact may cause irritation and dermatitis. Inhalation of vapours may cause dizziness, headache and nausea. High concentrations paralyse the central nervous system, causing loss of consciousness and respiratory paralysis. Vapours and liquid extremely flammable. An excellent antiseptic, anti-inflammatory,

Pentane - Amyl hydride

Peppermint Oil

flavouring. Soothes and tones blemished, irritated skin. Cooling. Natural or artificial. Composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. When peptide bonds in the hair are broken, the result is damaged hair. The most concentrated form of synthetically prepared fragrance, applied to the skin to enhance the nature of ones image. Dating back to ancient times, perfume was created by the Egyptians of resins and wood mixed with oils and water. Todays perfumes are

Peptides

Perfume

an enhanced blend of essential oils, alcohol and water, and the secret?ingredients of its creator. Heavy bland base, most commonly known for its use in Vaseline; good for sensitive skin however it is occlusive and can cause plugging of the pores and acne in prone individuals. Also used in Wax depilatories, cold creams, eye shadow, lipsticks, glazing agent on some foods, pharmaceuticals.

Petrolatum

MSDS: Potential Health Effects

Eye: Vapours may cause eye irritation. Skin: Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause irritation and/or dermatitis. Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Aspiration of material into the lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: Prolonged inhalation may cause respiratory tract inflammation and lung damage. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may

cause dermatitis. May cause cancer according to animal studies.

Semisolid mixture. Obtained from petroleum. See Petrolatum. Derived from the buds of fruit trees, claims to be gentler yet as effective as AHA's; still debatable. These are preservatives widely used in many cosmetics and shampoo. Another name is paraben. Shaving creams and hand lotions. Obtained

Petroleum Jelly

PHA (Poly Hydroxy Acid)

PHB's

Phenol

from coal tar. Fatal when ingested in minute amounts, and also fatal poisonings can occur through skin absorption. Commonly used at a concentration of 1% or less. At these levels, swelling, pimples, hives and other skin rashes have been reported. A concentration of 2% causes gangrene, burning and numbness. A preservative in shampoo, liquid soap, bubble bath, cosmetics, perfume, insect repellent, antifreeze, filler in vaccines. Mild allergic skin rashes in sensitive people;

Phenoxyethanol

concentrated solutions can cause headache, nausea, renal failure. An artificial sweetener, antistatic agent in hair conditioners, artificial sweeteners in food, cigarettes. Sufferers of phenylketonuria (PKU), melanoma or cirrhosis need to restrict intake; PKU, if not detected early can lead to mental deterioration in children. A UV absorber. See PBSA. A hair dye used in home and beauty parlour hair dyes,

Phenylalanine

Phenylbenzimidazole sulphonic acid Phenylenediamine (m-, o-, p)

eyelash dye. Eczema; asthma; skin rash, contact dermatitis; blindness; cancer; death; very toxic to aquatic organisms.

MSDS: EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Air sensitive. Light sensitive.

Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. May cause conjunctivitis and keratitis. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon reexposure to this material. May produce eczematoid contact dermatitis. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause liver and kidney damage.

Ingestion may cause gastritis, vertigo, tremors, convulsions, and possible coma. Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause asthmatic attacks due to allergic sensitisation of the respiratory tract. May cause rhinitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose). Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause adverse reproductive effects.

A preservative, fungicide in mascara, shampoos, paint. Allergic reactions; skin irritation; very toxic internally; very toxic to aquatic organisms; bioaccumulates in the food chain.

Phenylmercuric acetate

MSDS: Toxic if swallowed. Causes burns. Toxic : danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Light sensitive. Potential Health

Effects Eye: Causes eye burns. Skin: Causes skin burns. May be absorbed through the skin. Toxic in contact with skin. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Ingestion: Poison by ingestion. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Exposure produces central nervous system depression. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, oedema of the larynx

and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. May cause burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Chronic: Chronic inhalation and ingestion may cause effects similar to those of acute inhalation and ingestion. Possible risk of irreversible effects.
Clear, viscous liquid. Use in cosmetics as an antioxidant, sequestrant, and acidifier.

Phosphoric Acid

Phthalates

Toxic gender bending chemical used as a plasticizer in food wraps and many pliable plastics and containers. Also used in hairsprays and some cosmetics including nail varnishes from where it is readily absorbed into the system. All 289 people in a recent test for body load of chemicals tested positive for phthalates. Phthalates are implicated with low sperm counts and also causing sexual abnormalities and deformities. An in depth article on phthalates can be found on the www.health-

report.co.uk website.

The CDC's John Brock, the head researcher on the phthalate study, said that his "biggest concern was that the highest levels of exposure were in women of childbearing age." ("Concerns over chemicals in cosmetics", Francesca Lyman, October 4, 2000) Phthalates are regulated as toxic substances under environmental laws that limit their discharge into air, land, and water, but there are NO limitations on the amount of phthalates used in consumer

products, including cosmetics. Health effects of phthalates include damage to the liver and kidneys, birth defects, decreased sperm counts, testicular cancer, early puberty onset in girls, early breast development in girls and boys, and other reproductive disorders.; Phthalates are suspected in being at fault in reduced fertility in males. ("Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican Girls with premature breast development", Colon et al, Environmental Health Perspectives;

Vol. 108, No. 9, Sept, 2000) "Metabolites of diethyl phthalate, used in volatile components of cosmetics like perfumes, nail polishes and hairsprays were found at levels about 70 times higher than metabolites of (one of) the chemicals banned in soft plastic toys...." MSDS: WARNING! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. CAUSES SEVERE EYE IRRITATION. CAUSES SKIN IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. MAY CAUSE RESPIRATORY

TRACT IRRITATION. MAY BE HARMFUL IF INHALED. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Inhalation of vapours or mists is not expected unless this material is heated or misted. If inhaled, material may cause irritation to respiratory tract. Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Accidental ingestion of 10 g (ca. 40 mg/kg) in one person produced nausea and vomiting,

dizziness, light sensitivity, swelling of the eyelids, watering of the eyes, and kidney effects (red and white blood cells and oxalate crystals in the urine). Skin Contact: Irritation and contact burns are possible, but do not occur frequently. Allergic dermatitis has been reported after using antiperspirants and contact with plastics containing dibutyl phthalate (such as a watchband). Eye Contact: Vapour or mist causes eye irritation. Splashes cause severe irritation with stinging pain and tears. Chronic Exposure:

Workers in the artificial leather industry were studied and it was found that exposure to 1.7 to 66 mg/m3 over a period of 19 years showed central nervous system toxicity after 6 to 7 years. Symptoms included pain, numbness, weakness and spasms in the extremities. Because there was concurrent exposure to other phthalates and a few adipates and sebacates, dibutyl phthalate cannot be singled out as the direct cause.
Changes the appearance and function of the skin due to repeated sun

Photo damage/ photo-aging

exposure and not to the passage of time; may result in skin cancer. Sun protection is the principle means of protecting photo-aging changes. Skin cancer incidence can also be reduced. Medications or food which render the skin sensitive to light (sun) thereby causing an adverse reaction. A cosmetic made mainly from vegetable sources. Pineapple's antiinflammation and antiirritation qualities,

Phototoxic

Phytocosmetic

Pineapple Extract

combined with its ability to refine the skin make it excellent for face care products. Found in: bar and liquid soap, cologne, perfume, shaving cream, deodorants, dishwashing liquid, air freshener - Sensitiser (damaging to the immune system). An additive, flavouring used in soaps, lipstick, perfumes, food, cigarettes. Skin rash; skin irritations central nervous system depression; marking of the lips;. On NIH hazards list.

a-PINENE

Piperonal

Placenta

An organ present in all mammals except marsupials and monotremes, unites the foetus to the mother and is expelled at birth. Bovine placenta liquid, obtained from cows, is used in some cosmetics as a moisturizer. A thickener, film former in moisturising creams, nail polish, tanning cream, makeup, adhesives, plastics, pesticides. Central nervous system paralysis; highly toxic and irritating to skin; can be absorbed through the skin.

Polyacrymide

MSDS: Liquid. Causes respiratory tract, skin and eye irritation. Avoid breathing vapour or mist. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Keep container tightly closed. Wash thoroughly after handling. Use only with adequate ventilation. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS INHALATION: Ma y cause irritation. Additional effects may include coughing, chest pain and difficulty breathing. SKIN: May cause irritation.

EYE: May cause irritation. Additional effects may include eye damage. INGESTION: May cause gastrointestinal irritation. Additional effects may include burns, digestive disorders and weakness.
Polybutene Helps make liquids texturally viscous. A binder, antistatic agent, stabiliser in hand lotions, skin fresheners, suntan products, underarm deodorants, chewing gum, sheets for packaging. No known skin toxicity; large dose caused cancer in rats; ingestion

Polyethylene

in large doses cause liver and kidney damage. Potentially carcinogenic petroleum ingredient that can alter and reduce the skin's natural moisture factor. This could increase the appearance of aging and leave you more vulnerable to bacteria. Used in cleansers to dissolve oil and grease. It adjusts the melting point and thickens products. Also used in caustic spray-on oven cleaners and face cleansers. See Ethoxylated surfactants.

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) compounds

Poly Hydroxy Acid (PHA)

Derived from the buds of fruit trees, claims to be gentler yet as effective as AHA's; still debatable. Used in cosmetics to keep sunscreens from washing off, in hairsetting products, and as binders in skin creams. Plastic fingernails are also produced by polymerisation. An emulsifier in hand cream, hand lotion, air freshener. Can cause sensitivity reactions; eye and skin irritation; may be contaminated with 1,4-dioxane.

Polymers, polymeric, polymerisation

Polyoxyethylene compounds

A humectant in liquid makeup, pesticides. See Propylene glycol

Polypropylene Glycol

MSDS: Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air). Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause mild eye irritation. Skin: May cause mild skin irritation. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation.
Followed by any number they are carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic and cause adverse reactions. Induced

Polyquaternium

contact dermatitis, causes fatal drug allergy (anaphylactic shock), may cause increased sensitivity to muscle relaxants. Fatty acid esters. Used in many cosmetics as emulsifiers. Polysorbates are assigned different numerical values according to their formulas and whether they're intended to be used in foods or cosmetics. A faintly yellow, solid, plastic resin resembling albumen. Used to give a softer set in shampoos, hairsprays, and

Polysorbates

Polyvinylpyrrolidone - PVP

lacquers; also a carrier in emollient creams, liquid lip rouge, and face rouge; also a clarifier in vinegar and a plasma expander in medicine. Inhaled particles may cause problems in the lungs of sensitive people. Suspected human teratogenic & carcinogen.

MSDS: Inhalation: Chronic inhalation of dusts can cause pulmonary damage, blood effects and abnormal liver function. Skin: Can cause allergic dermatitis.
Potassium bromate An antiseptic, astringent in

toothpaste, mouthwash, improving additive in bread.

MSDS: Emergency Overview: DANGER! STRONG OXIDIZER. CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIAL MAY CAUSE FIRE OR FORM SHOCK SENSITIVE MATERIALS. MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL IF INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY CAUSE KIDNEY

DAMAGE. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause abdominal pain, reduced urinary output, low blood pressure, methemoglobinemia, convulsions, liver and kidney damage, and coma. Cyanosis may occur as a later symptom. Death may

occur from renal failure, within 1 to 2 weeks. Estimated lethal dose is 4 grams. Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. In the presence of moisture, it is slowly absorbed in toxic amounts. Prolonged exposure may cause burns. Eye Contact: Causes irritation with redness, pain. May cause eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Overexposure may cause kidney damage. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with preexisting skin

disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
A buffer in freckle lotions, shampoos, soaps.

Potassium carbonate

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns. Skin: Contact with skin causes irritation and possible burns, especially if the skin is wet or moist. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May

cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and possible burns. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation.
An oxidising agent in toothpaste, freckle lotions, mouthwash, bleach, fireworks, pesticides, matches.

Potassium chlorate

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause moderate eye irritation. May cause eye burns. Skin: Contact with skin causes irritation and possible burns, especially if the skin is wet or moist.

Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause methemoglobinemia, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), convulsions, and death. Methemoglobinemia is characterized by dizziness, drowsiness, headache, shortness of breath, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), rapid heart rate and chocolate-brown colored blood. Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. May

cause methemoglobinemia, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), convulsions, tachycardia, dyspnea (laboured breathing), and death. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. May cause liver and kidney damage.
Potassium Coco Hydrolysed Collagen See Anionic Surfactants

Potassium hydroxide

An emulsifier, buffer in liquid soap, barrier cream, hand lotion, cuticle removers, household cleaners,

button batteries.

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes severe eye burns. May cause irreversible eye injury. Contact may cause ulceration of the conjunctiva and cornea. Eye damage may be delayed. Skin: Causes skin burns. May cause deep, penetrating ulcers of the skin. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause circulatory system failure. May cause perforation of the digestive tract. Causes severe digestive tract burns with abdominal pain, vomiting, and

possible death. Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, burns, breathing difficulty, and possible coma. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated eye contact may cause conjunctivitis.
An emollient used in dry shampoos, baby powders, dusting powders.

Potato starch

Potpourri

A mixture of dried,

sweet smelling flowers, leaves, and or spices used as a sachet or pomander. Potpourri has become a favourite fragrance mixture for various home craft projects. Used in various cosmetics. See Propylene glycol and ethylene oxide. Researchers have become increasingly aware of the dangers associated with microbial contamination of topical skin products and know more today than ever about the sources of

PPG compounds

Preservatives

contamination. Unfortunately the battle against contamination is far from won as adaptable organisms continue to cause problems resulting in bacterial infections of the skin. A fragranced liquid used by men before shaving to lubricate the face and prepare the skin. Amino acid vital to the composition and production collagen.

Pre-Shave

Proline

Propylene Glycol PG 1,2- Propanedial

It is the most common moisture-carrying vehicle other than

water that is used. Found in most shampoo and conditioners, after shaves, deodorants, mouthwashes and toothpastes, even foodstuffs such as cakes & muffins. Derived from petroleum products. Also used in anti-freeze, de-icer, latex, paint, and laundry detergent, remove barnacles from boats. It can cause irritation of nasal and respiratory passages and if ingested, can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. It is documented to cause liver abnormalities and kidney damage.

Research also shows it is mutagenic, and a contributor to cardiac arrest. Japanese studies show it damages cell DNA (genetic code). Strongly degreases and dries the skin. Permeates skin better than glycerine, but causes more sensitivity reactions.

MSDS: CAUTION! MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN AND EYES. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: No adverse health effects via inhalation. Ingestion: Relatively non-toxic. Ingestion of sizable amount

(over 100ml) may cause some gastrointestinal upset and temporary central nervous system depression. Effects appear more severe in individuals with kidney problems. Skin Contact: Mild irritant and defatting agent, especially on prolonged contact. Eye Contact: May cause transitory stinging and tearing. Chronic Exposure: Lactic acidosis, stupor and seizures have been reported following chronic ingestion. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Kidney disorders.
Propylene glycol alginate A stabiliser, binder used

in cosmetics, foods. See Propylene Glycol Alginate (405) in the Food Guide. A preservative in shampoo, beauty masks, nail cream, foundation creams, baby creams.

Propylparaben

MSDS: WARNING! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY FORM COMBUSTIBLE DUST CONCENTRATION

S IN AIR. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. Ingestion: Large oral doses may cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May cause allergic skin reactions. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain. Chronic Exposure: No information found.

Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Individuals sensitive to other paraben's may show crosssensitivity to this substance.
Protein consists of amino acids and constitutes about 15% of human body weight. Protein is of critical importance in the structure and function of cells. Recently the use of proteins has been broadened to skin care since many skin problems such as chapping and dryness appear to be associated with damage to or actual loss of skin protein.

Protein

Psoralen

A UV absorber in sunscreens, perfumes, treatment of vitiligo. A chronic inflammatory skin disease of unknown cause in which skin cells replicate at a rapid rate. Psoriasis cannot be passed from one person to another, though it is more likely to occur in people whose family members have it. The rash usually consists of scaly red patches that can cause itching. Certain conditions, e.g., infection, some drugs, climate and perhaps hormonal factors and smoking, may trigger

Psoriasis

attacks. The areas on the body where the pulse of the heart is felt close to the skin. The pressure of the pulse will generate heat, therefore forcing the fragrance applied at these points to be enhanced. Pulse points are located behind the earlobes, at the wrists, behind the knees, on the neck, and in between the breasts. An abrasive cleaner in toothpaste, hand cleansing pastes, skin cleansers. A petroleum-derived

Pulse Points

Pumice

PVP/ VA -

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

chemical, faintly yellow, solid, plastic resin resembling albumen. Used to give a softer set in shampoos, hairsprays, and lacquers; also a carrier in emollient creams, liquid lip rouge, and face rouge; also a clarifier in vinegar and a plasma expander in medicine. Inhaled particles may cause problems in the lungs of sensitive people. Suspected human teratogenic & carcinogen.

MSDS: Inhalation: Chronic inhalation of dusts can cause pulmonary damage,

blood effects and abnormal liver function. Skin: Can cause allergic dermatitis.
An antioxidant in "antiaging" products, chewing gum, supplements. Considered safe and beneficial. An antiseptic, oxidiser used in hair dyes, blonde type dyes, skin care preparations. Pyrocatechol

Pycnogenol

MSDS: Extremely hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Very hazardous in

case of skin contact (sensitiser, permeator). The amount of tissue damage depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust will produce irritation to gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, characterized by burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or death. Inflammation of the

eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. Breathing vapour or dust results in digestive disturbances (vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, diarrhoea, loss of appetite). Systemic poisoning may occur with symptoms

similar to those of ingestion. Ingestion: Poison. Symptoms may include burning pain in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, muscular weakness, irregular breathing, coma, and possibly death. May interfere with blood's capability to carry oxygen (methemoglobinemia) , as evidenced by bluish colour to skin and lips. With catechol exposure, convulsions are more marked than with phenol exposure, and blood dyscrasias (imbalance of components of the blood) have been

noted. Skin Contact: Corrosive. May be absorbed through the skin with systemic poisoning effects to follow. Discoloration and severe burns may occur. May cause allergic skin reactions. Eye Contact: Corrosive. Redness, pain, blurred vision may occur. May cause severe damage and blindness. Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposure may cause symptoms described for acute poisoning as well as liver damage. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with preexisting skin

disorders or eye problems or impaired liver or kidney function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
An antiseptic, colouring used in permanent hair dye, skin care preparation, antimicrobial soothing irritated skin.

Pyrogallol

MSDS: harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Potential Health Effects Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns. Skin: May be absorbed through the

skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon reexposure to this material. May cause severe skin irritation with possible burns, especially if skin is wet or moist. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, burns, breathing difficulty, and possible coma. Chronic: Repeated

exposure may cause sensitisation dermatitis.

2010-01

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z The Laws of Ecology: "All things are interconnected. Everything goes somewhere. There's no such thing as a free lunch. Nature bats last." - by Ernest Callenbach

Name Q

Information

Quaternary Ammonium Salts QUATS

Used as water repellents, fungicides, emulsifiers, paper and fabric softeners, antistatic agents, and corrosion inhibitors. Their use in cleaners & laundry fabric softeners, aerosol deodorants, aftershave lotions, antidandruff shampoos, hair colourings,

mouthwashes, hand creams, shampoos & much more, came from the paper and fabric industries. Eye & skin irritants. Concentrations as low as 0.1 percent are irritating to the eye & mucous membranes . Ingestion can be fatal. Toxic chemical, causes skin rashes and allergic reactions. Formaldehyde releasers. More

Quaternium-7, 15, 31, 60, etc

effective against bacteria than against moulds and yeast. Found in dishwashing products and some cosmetics.

See Nitrosating agents See Formaldehyde From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Skin: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause skin irritation. May cause more severe response

if the skin is damp. May be a week skin sensitiser in susceptible individuals at greater than 1% in aqueous solution.
A colourant, antioxidant in dark brown shades of hair dyes, food additives, dyeing hair pieces, supplements. Considered safe; may cause allergic reactions; teratogenic. On NIH hazards list.

Quercetin

Quillia Extract

Many plants (soap plants) contain substances called saponins which form a natural lather in water that is a gentle but effective natural cleaner and some have been used as an alternative to soap in shampoos, skin cleaners, soaps, food and beverage flavour. Generally regarded as safe

Quinine

An anaesthetic, flavouring in hair tonics, sunscreen preparations, tonic water, "bitter lemon" drinks, cold and headache remedies. Large or long-term dosages can cause headaches, skin rashes, intestinal cramps, tinnitus; cardiovascular and liver toxicity; teratogenic. A solvent, colourant used in manufacture

Quinoline

of cosmetic dyes, preservative for anatomical specimens.

MSDS: Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air). Light sensitive. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. Causes redness and pain.

Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and possible burns. Inhalation: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath and

delayed lung oedema. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Chronic: Possible cancer hazard based on tests with laboratory animals. May cause liver and kidney damage.
20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "What a strange religion medicine makes. It's the only religion that is federally backed, and even amid scientific controversy, cannot be questioned openly without persecution or ridicule." Name R Information

Rancid Natural Emollients

Natural oils used in cosmetics should be cold pressed. The refined vegetable oils found on supermarket shelves and many health food stores which lack colour, odour and taste are devoid of nutrients, essential fatty acids, vitamins and unsaponifiables all valuable skin conditioning agents! They also contain

poisonous "trans" fatty acids as a result of the refining process. Another important factor to consider with creams made from plant oil is the use-by date. The most beneficial plant oils (like rosehip, borage and evening primrose oils) are polyunsaturated, which means they oxidise and go rancid fairly quickly (about 6

months). Most off-the-shelf cosmetics have a shelf life of three years. Rancid oils are harmful, they form freeradicals, which damage and age your skin. A substance used to cure or heal an illness, pain or disorder. This can be a prepared medication, a natural substance found in nature, or a combination of the two.

Remedy

Resveratrol

Antioxidant which supports and protects collagen.

Retin A (Also called retinoic acid) A prescription drug for the treatment of acne. Is also believed to help repair sun damage. A derivative of Vitamin A. A series of compounds derived from Vitamin A. These compounds are found in skin

Retinoic Acid

Retinoids/Retinol

and aid in its normal functioning; fat soluble; depending upon concentration, estimated to be approximately 10 times less effective than tretinoin. A preservative, additive in massage creams and oils, skin care preparations, topical acne treatments. Considered to have beneficial health effects; excess levels can

Retinol

cause yellow skin, birth defects and liver toxicity. A form of Vitamin A (also known as Vitamin A Palmitate) that is included in skin formulations and considered a more stable alternative to retinal for normalizing the skins texture and helping smooth out fine lines. Is the ester of retinol combined with palmitic acid;

Retinyl Palmitate

thought to be less irritating than retinol. Water soluble formulation of Vitamin A. An emollient in baby powders, face powders, foods. Allergic reactions; can clog pores inhibiting proper skin function; acne. An antistatic agent in cosmetics. Contains DEA see

Retinyl Palmitate Polypeptide

Rice starch

Ricinoleamide DEA

Diethanolamine. An emollient, emulsifier in soaps, lipsticks, contraceptive jelly. Allergic reactions; dermatitis. On NIH hazards list. The healing virtues of the rose have been known since antiquity. Helps soothe dry, sensitive skin. Found in skin creams, sun care products. Food flavouring.

Ricinoleic acid

Rose Oil

Rose Hips

Scarlet fruit (called "hips") or botanical extract of rose petals found to have high concentrations of vitamin C. A physical and mental stimulant, and an astringent healer used to treat muscle soreness. Found in bubble bath, skin cream, shampoo, food flavouring.3. A viscosity control in soaps, mascaras, wax

Rosemary oil / extract

Rosin

depilatories, chewing gum, varnishes. A biological additive in cosmetics or food.

Royal bee jelly

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z I have no medical training, but I can read. Name S Dental care products, lipsticks. Overt Carcinogen. According to Dr. Epstein, "The Information

Saccharin

evidence on the carcinogenicity of saccharin is literally overwhelming."

MSDS: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. Cancer suspect agent. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated. Possible risks of irreversible effects. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological

properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Chronic: May cause cancer according to animal studies. May cause reproductive and foetal effects. Laboratory experiments have resulted in mutagenic effects.
Sachets A small decorative bag filled with fragrant material used to

enhance ones home, used to scent clothing in drawers, shoes, furniture, luggage. A colouring, flavouring in perfumes, cosmetics, food, marking ink. A fragrance, flavouring in cheap soaps, perfumes and a possible beverage flavouring. Safrole was once widely used as a food additive in root beer, sassafras tea, and other common goods. However, the FDA barred the use of safrole after it was shown to be mildly carcinogenic. Today,

Saffron

Safrole

safrole is also banned for use in soap and perfumes by IFRA. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide piperonyl butoxide. More recently, safrole has been used as the main precursor for the clandestine manufacture of MDMA (Ecstasy) and MDEA (Eve).

MSDS: Harmful if swallowed. Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. May cause cancer. Potential Health Effects The toxicological

properties of this material have not been investigated. Use appropriate procedures to prevent opportunities for direct contact with the skin or eyes and to prevent inhalation.
A flavouring in ice cream, jam, cake mixes, chewing gum, antiseptics. See Methyl Salicylate. Allergic reactions in people sensitive to aspirin; hyperactivity; kidney, cardiovascular and neurotoxicity; asthma. The active ingredient in aspirin. Classified as a BHA (beta hydroxy acid); medically used

Salicylates

Salicylic Acid

as an exfoliant and debriding agent. Cosmetically used in some chemical peels and to reduce oiliness, acne and the appearance of fine lines, also as an antiseptic and preservative. Occurs naturally in plants but can be synthetically created from phenol. Used in skin softener, face masks, make-up, hair dye remover, deodorant, suntan lotion, food, fungicide, topical treatment for acne. Avoid contact with face, genitals and mucous membranes.

MSDS: WARNING! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED, INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, KIDNEYS, AND PANCREAS. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Inhalation of dust may cause irritation due to its acidic character. Coughing, sneezing, and shortness of breath

may occur. Ingestion: Ingestion of sizable amounts can cause "salicylism", as evidenced by abdominal pain, vomiting, increased respiration, and mental disturbances. Fatalities resulting from respiratory or cardiovascular failure are known. Mean lethal adult dose of salicylates is between 20 and 30 grams. Skin Contact: Mild irritant, may cause skin rash in sensitive individuals. Absorption of large amounts may produce symptoms paralleling ingestion exposure. Eye Contact: Severe

irritant by animal testing. Chronic Exposure: Central nervous system disturbances such as rapid breathing, confusion and even convulsions may develop. Kidneys and pancreas can be affected by prolonged ingestion. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with preexisting skin disorders or eye problems or impaired kidney function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
Saponins (Quillia Extract) Many plants (soap plants) contain substances called

saponins which form a natural lather in water that is a gentle but effective natural cleaner and some have been used as an alternative to soap. A surfactant in shampoo, soaps, dentifrices, lubricating oils, dishwashing liquids. Deep, soft, sweet, woody balsamic scent. Highly esteemed in China and India. Plays a part in Hindu ritual. Essential oil obtained from the roots of the Sassafras tree. Is a

Sarcosines and sarcosinates

Sandalwood Oil

Sassafras

healing and antiseptic extract that can reduce irritation and swelling. Also used in perfumes, soaps, dentifrices, flavour in food, topical antiseptic. A fat usually of animal origin. When fatty acid chains can't accommodate any more hydrogen atoms they become saturated. Glands in the skin that open into hair follicles and from which sebum is secreted. A condition in which there is over-activity of

Saturated Fats

Sebaceous Glands

Seborrhea

the sebaceous glands. The distinctive characteristics of the disorder are its common occurrence in hair areas (especially the scalp), the appearance of welldemarcated, dull yellowish-red lesions, and the associated presence of greasy or dry scales. Rashes can occur on the face, shoulders and chest. High in vitamins A, B complex, C and E. A skin and scalp nutrient, soothing and toning. Anti dandruff shampoos and tinea treatments. Can

Seaweed

Selenium Sulphide

severely irritate eyes. May cause dryness or oiliness of hair or scalp.

MSDS: Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Danger of cumulative effects. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. May cause dermatitis. Ingestion: Poison by ingestion. May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause

alopecia (loss of hair). Inhalation: May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose and throat, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary oedema. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, oedema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. Toxic if inhaled. Chronic: Chronic ingestion may cause

liver damage. Chronic ingestion may cause central nervous system failure.
Sesame Oil Softens skin. An excellent emollient for skin moisturizers made from Mangifolia Tree Nuts High in triglycerides and fatty acids. Highly oil absorbent. Some silica used in cosmetics, especially amorphous hydrated silica, may be contaminated with small amounts of crystalline quartz. Crystalline silica is

Shea Butter

Silica

carcinogenic. Silicone emollients are occlusive - that is they coat the skin, trapping anything beneath it, and do not allow the skin to breathe (much like plastic wrap would do.) Recent studies have indicated that prolonged exposure of the skin to sweat, by occlusion, causes skin irritation. Some synthetic emollients are known tumour promoters and accumulate in the liver and lymph nodes. They are also nonbiodegradable, causing

Silicone derived emollients

negative environmental impact.

Dimethicone Dimethicone Copolyol Cyclomethicone Silicone was and still is used as breast implants. Tens of thousands of women with breast implants have complained of debilitating symptoms. Anecdotal evidence indicates silicone to be toxic to the human body. For more detailed information on the dangers of silicone simply key "silicone toxicity" into a search engine.

Silk Powder

Incorporated into cosmetic powders to help absorb skin moisture and oils. Prevents dehydration; commonly found in eye rejuvenation creams. A hair dye in metallic dyes.

Silk Proteins

Silver nitrate

MSDS: Potential Health Effects Eye: Contact with eyes may cause severe irritation, and possible eye burns. Skin: Causes severe skin irritation. Causes skin burns. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May

cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting and possible burns. Inhalation: Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, burns, breathing difficulty, and possible coma. Chronic: May cause methemoglobinemia, which is characterized by chocolate-brown colored blood, headache, weakness, dizziness, breath shortness, cyanosis (bluish skin due to deficient oxygenation of blood), rapid heart rate, unconsciousness and possible death.

Skin Disease

In the course of development before birth, skin is particularly associated with the nervous system. It is therefore not surprising that so many skin diseases are influenced by the emotional states. Other causes of skin disease are infections, glandular disorders and vitamin deficiencies. Early detection and treatment improve the prognosis for many skin conditions and medical advice can lead to beneficial therapy.

Skin Texture

Appearance of the skin which may be rough, smooth, dull, dry and scaly, etc. Makeup: Consistency with skin colour. Skincare: Refers to the skin's firmness. A cleansing material made of oils, detergents and fragrance, used on skin. Comes in many different forms; bar soap, liquid soap, gels, and flakes. The detergents in soap combine with water to penetrate the skin, attract the dirt particles and separate them from the skin,

Skintone

Soap

making them easier to then rinse away. Natural compound. Mostly used as a thickener and emulsifier in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. A cleanser in shampoo, bath and shower products. May cause eye and skin irritation and sensitisation; foetal abnormalities Used in cosmetics as an antioxidant and preservative. Neutralizes acid, making products less

Sodium Alginate

Sodium alpha-olefin sulphonates

Sodium Ascorbate

Sodium Bicarbonate

irritating; commonly known as baking soda. Artificial chemical that is used as a hair relaxer and a preservative. Used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, preservative and detergent builder. Related to boric acid; potential irritant. Used in cosmetics as a humectant , buffer, alkaliser, oxidising agent in shampoo, vaginal douches, soaps, permanent wave solution, bath salts, dishwashing liquid, cigarettes, pesticides.

Sodium Bisulphite

Sodium Borate

Sodium Carbonate

Breathing difficulty, abdominal pain, collapse from ingestion; liver toxicity; can cause scalp, forehead and hand rash.

MSDS: DANGER! MAY CAUSE EYE BURNS. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Inhalation of dust may cause irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms from

excessive inhalation of dust may include coughing and difficult breathing. Excessive contact is known to cause damage to the nasal septum. Ingestion: Sodium carbonate is only slightly toxic, but large doses may be corrosive to the gastro-intestinal tract where symptoms may include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, collapse and death. Skin Contact: Excessive contact may cause irritation with blistering and redness. Solutions may cause severe irritation or burns. Eye Contact:

Contact may be corrosive to eyes and cause conjunctival oedema and corneal destruction. Risk of serious injury increases if eyes are kept tightly closed. Other symptoms may appear from absorption of sodium carbonate into the bloodstream via the eyes. Chronic Exposure: Prolonged or repeated skin exposure may cause sensitisation.
Crystalline salt. Used in cosmetics as a sequestrant and an alkaliser, and in foods as a buffering agent.

Sodium Citrate

Sodium chloride table salt

A preservative, viscosity control in shampoos, liquid hand wash, bubble baths, mouthwash, food, butter, meats, cigarettes. Can be irritating and corrosive to skin and mucous membranes; dry skin; skin rash; teratogenic. A surfactant used in shampoo, hand and body wash. See Anionic Surfactants. See Sarcosines. A surfactant in bar soap, body wash, skin scrubs. Considered safe.

Sodium Cocoyl Sarcosinate

Sodium cocoyl isethionate

Sodium Cyanide

Carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic and causes adverse reactions A preservative, oral care in cosmetics, toothpastes, dentifrices, cigarettes. See Fluoride.

Sodium fluoride

MSDS: DANGER! MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. AFFECTS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, HEART, SKELETON, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND KIDNEYS. CAUSES IRRITATION TO

SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. IRRITATION EFFECTS MAY BE DELAYED. Potential Health Effects If inhaled or swallowed, this compound can cause fluoride poisoning. Early symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and weakness. Later effects include central nervous system effects, cardiovascular effects and death. Inhalation: Causes severe irritation to the respiratory tract, symptoms may

include coughing, sore throat, and laboured breathing. May be absorbed through inhalation of dust; symptoms may parallel those from ingestion exposure. Irritation effects may not appear immediately. Ingestion: Toxic! May cause salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. Symptoms of weakness, tremors, shallow respiration, carpopedal spasm, convulsions, and coma may follow. May cause brain and kidney damage. Affects heart and circulatory system. Death may occur

from respiratory paralysis. Estimated lethal dose = 5-l0 grams. Skin Contact: Causes irritation, with redness and pain. Solutions are corrosive. Effects may not appear immediately. Eye Contact: Eye irritant! May cause irritation and serious eye damage. Effects may not immediately appear. Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure may cause mottling of teeth and bone damage (osteosclerosis) and fluorosis. Symptoms of fluorosis include brittle bones, weight loss, anaemia,

calcified ligaments, general ill health and joint stiffness. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Populations that appear to be at increased risk from the effects of fluoride are individuals that suffer from diabetes insipidus or some forms of renal impairment.
Related to Hyaluronic acid (salt form), works to moisturize the skin; can hold more than 1000 times its own weight in water. Also known as caustic soda or lye. A powerful alkali used in industry for cleaning drains and

Sodium Hyaluronate

Sodium Hydroxide

pipe lines also used in oven cleaners. Workers exposed to steam containing sodium hydroxide have suffered lung damage and an increased risk of throat cancer. Used in toothpastes and as a pH adjuster in skin creams. Causes contact dermatitis and may sensitise individuals to other chemicals. Why is it included in toothpastes? The action of the lye helps remove stains and discolorations on teeth.; This seems to be an extreme way to get whiter teeth! MSDS: POISON!

DANGER! CORROSIVE. May be fatal if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Causes burns to the area of contact. Reacts with water, acids and other materials.

Ingestion: Corrosive! Swallowing may cause severe burns of mouth, throat, and stomach. Severe scarring of tissue and death may result. Symptoms may include bleeding, vomiting, diarrhoea, fall in blood pressure. Damage may appears days after exposure. Skin Contact: Corrosive! Contact with skin can cause irritation or

severe burns and scarring with greater exposures. Eye Contact: Corrosive! Causes irritation of eyes, and with greater exposures it can cause burns that may result in permanent impairment of vision, even blindness. Chronic Exposure: Prolonged contact with dilute solutions has a destructive effect upon tissue. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired respiratory function may be more

susceptible to the effects of the substance.

Sodium hydroxymethyl glycinate A Preservative in cosmetics. May release formaldehyde. When combined with other chemicals, SLES and ALES (Ammonium Laureth Sulphate). It is frequently disguised in semi-natural cosmetics with the explanation "comes from coconut". May be contaminated with 1,4 dioxane (a known carcinogen). At 15% SLES is severely irritating. Can react with amines (such as DEA, TEA, MEA) to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Can be

Sodium Laureth Sulphate (SLES)

retained in tissues up to 5 days even after a single drop. See Anionic Surfactants See Ethoxylated surfactants See Nitrosating agents MSDS: WARNING! Causes skin and eye irritation! Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Classified as a moderate to severe eye irritant.

Acute Effects: Harmful if inhaled or swallowed. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin.

Causes severe eye irritation. Material is irritating to mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of exposure may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. May cause allergic respiratory reaction. The Sodium Salt of Dodecyl Sulphate has been reported to cause pulmonary sensitisation resulting in hyperactive airway dysfunction and pulmonary allergy accompanied by fatigue, malaise and

aching. Significant symptoms of exposure can persist for more than two years and can be activated by a variety of non-specific environmental stimuli such as automobile exhaust, perfumes and passive smoking. Chronic Effects: Damage to lungs. To the best of our knowledge, the chemical, physical, and toxicological properties have not been thoroughly investigated.
An ingredient in 90% of commercially available shampoo and conditioner. Corrodes

Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS)

hair follicle and impedes hair growth. Is found in car wash soap, engine degreaser, toothpaste, cream, lotion, and garage floor cleaners. Penetrates your eyes, brain, liver kidneys and remains there for a long time. Degenerates cell membranes and can change the genetic information (mutagenic) in cells and damage the immune system. May cause blindness and lead to cataracts. Eyes cannot heal properly. Retards the eye healing process. Studies also show that these additives react

with the ingredients of food supplements or cosmetics, to form carcinogenic nitrates and dioxin. All of this may enter the circulatory system with each shampooing or each oral ingestion. The end result being that these harmful ingredients can be retained in the liver, heart, eyes, kidneys and muscles for several years after being used. It is further reported to cause eye irritations, skin rashes, hair loss, dandruff and allergic reactions. It's damage to mouth tissues from use in toothpaste could lead to an

increase in gum disease where a trial of a toothpaste without SLS reduced mouth ulcers by 60%. Long term exposure on the scalp can cause hair loss and dandruff. Research has shown that SLS, combined with other chemicals can be transformed into nitrosamines, a potent class of carcinogens. At only 2% SLS is extremely irritating. A surfactant in cream shampoos, cleansing creams, bath bombs. Mild to strong skin irritation; slight eye irritation; slightly toxic

Sodium lauryl sulphoacetate

to rats in oral doses. An emulsifier, surfactant in cosmetics. May cause formation of nitrosamines. See Nitrosating agents See Anionic Surfactants An emulsifier in shampoos. Mild to moderate eye irritation in animal studies. A surfactant, antistatic agent in moisturisers. See Sarcosines. A surfactant in cosmetics, hair conditioner, shampoo.

Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate

Sodium myreth sulphate

Sodium myristoyl sarcosinate

Sodium C14-C16 olefin

May cause skin irritation; hair dryness and denaturing; may cause nitrosamine formation. A chemical used in permanents as a hair relaxer. Is a primary irritant. An emulsifier in cosmetics. May contain dangerous levels of ethylene oxide and/or 1,4dioxane, both potent toxins. An anti-caking agent used in barrier creams, soaps, depilatories, preserving eggs,

Sodium Thioglycolate

Sodium Oleth Sulphate

Sodium silicate water glass

laundry detergent. Can cause skin and mucous membrane irritation; vomiting and diarrhoea when ingested. An emulsifier, surfactant in toothpastes, soapless shampoos, shaving lather. Found in sunscreens, some skin and hair care products. May increase the absorption of other chemicals. Can have health impacts when inhaled. Preservative; primarily protects product from

Sodium stearate

Solvents

Sorbic Acid

yeast overgrowth. An emulsifier in cosmetic creams and lotions. Generally recognised as safe; may cause contact urticaria. Many cosmetics. Caused adverse reproductive effects in animals & may be a carcinogen An emulsifier, plasticiser in cosmetics, eye shadows. Considered safe; may cause contact urticaria and allergic reactions.

Sorbitan laurate

Sorbitan monolaurate

Sorbitan oleate

Sorbitan palmitate

Generally recognised as being safe; may cause contact dermatitis. Generally recognised as being safe; may cause contact urticaria. Derived from fruit or algae. A humectant that gives skin a velvety feel. Gives a lubricant quality to lotions. Sugar-based ingredient; pulls water by osmosis from the largest source. Pale yellow oil. Consists of mostly glycerides of

Sorbitan stearate

Sorbitol

Soybean Oil

linoleic, oleic, linolenic, and palmitic acids. Typically this is the air, so it helps hydrate skin. In arid conditions, however, water will be pulled out of the skin, resulting in dehydration. May be GM. A preservative, emulsifier in cosmetics. See Quaternary ammonium compounds. A fragrance, flavouring used in perfumes, toothpaste, perfumed cosmetics, food, chewing gum,

Soytimonium chloride

Spearmint Oil

cigarettes. Essential oil obtained from the fresh spearmint plant. Known for its healing, soothing properties. An emollient in shampoos, cold creams. Considered non-toxic but may become rancid and cause skin irritation. A lubricant, emollient in skin and hair cosmetics. Considered safe. An emollient, antistatic agent in skin care products, hair dyes, fixative in perfumes, shark liver oil,

Spermaceti

Squalane

Squalene

supplements. Considered to have beneficial health effects. A thickener in dusting powder, baby powders, dry shampoos, processed foods. Poorly digested; cosmetics can cause acne; dermatitis; hay fever. A thickener, binder in cosmetics, processed food, baby foods, cigarette. Safety concern about the bodies resistance to chemicals used to modify the starch; diarrhoea in babies; when used in

Starch

Starch - modified

cosmetics can cause acne; hay fever; dermatitis. An oral care agent. See Fluoride. Used almost universally in hair conditioners as a preservative. It was originally developed by the textile industry for use as a fabric softener , and is a lot cheaper and easier to use in hair conditioning formulas than proteins or herbals, which do help hair health. Toxic. See Cationic surfactants. See Quaternary ammonium

Stannous fluoride

Stearalkonium Chloride

compounds. It also has antistatic properties. An opacifier, antistatic used in shampoo, hair conditioner. DEA related ingredient, see Diethanolamine. An opacifier, antistatic used in shampoo, hair conditioner. MEA related ingredient, see Monoethanolamine. An antistatic agent in hair conditioners. See Quaternary ammonium compounds

Stearamide DEA

Stearamide MEA

Stearamidopropyl betaine

Stearamidopropyl diethylamine

An antistatic agent, emulsifier in hair conditioners. Allergic dermatitis; may promote the formation of nitrosamines. See Nitrosamines. Nitrosamines can form in all cosmetic ingredients containing amines and amino derivatives with nitrogen compounds. Nitrosamines are known carcinogens. Used as lotions and emulsifiers. Waxy, crystalline fatty acid used as an emulsifier, anti-caking

Stearamidopropyl Tetrasodium EDTA

Steareth-2,-4,-7,-10,-20,-30

Stearic Acid

agent used in deodorants, hand creams, barrier creams, soaps, chewing gum base, suppositories. Found in cocoa butter and other vegetable fats. It is mainly from tallow and other animal fats. May cause irritation; health effects not adequately investigated. An antistatic agent in shaving gel. See Sarcosines. An emollient, opacifier in depilatories, hair rinse, moisturisers, shampoos, pharmaceuticals. May cause allergic reactions

Stearoyl sarcosine

Stearyl alcohol

and contact dermatitis in people with sensitive skin. A natural sweetener, oral care agent used in toothpastes, dental care products, food, dietary supplements. No known side effects A binder in the manufacture of cosmetic resins, chewing gum, manufacture of plastics. Liver, blood, endocrine, kidney and neurotoxicity; teratogenic and neurotoxicity; carcinogenic.

Stevia and stevioside

Styrene

MSDS: DANGER!

FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED, INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, LIVER AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing,

shortness of breath. A central nervous system depressant. Higher exposures can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary oedema), a medical emergency. Ingestion: May cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. May cause central nervous system depression. Symptoms may include lethargy, drowsiness, staggering and sleepiness. May cause possible convulsions and risk of pulmonary oedema.

Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. May produce blisters. May be absorbed through the skin. Eye Contact: May cause irritation, redness, pain, and corneal damage. Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, appetite loss, a sensation of drunkenness, general weakness, and functional disorders of the nervous system and liver. May cause dermatitis. Women may experience ovulation and menstrual disorders. May cause mutagenic

and teratogenic effects. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with preexisting skin disorders, eye problems, liver disease, central nervous system disorders, or impaired respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
A film former, opacifier used in liquid eyeliners. See styrene and Polyvinylpyrrolidone The topmost layer of cells of the epidermis.

Styrene/PVP copolymer

Stratum Corneum

Styrene Monomer

Carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic and causes adverse reactions. May be irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. The third and innermost layer of the skin. Artificial liquid. Made with sulphated oils. Used to make manufactured soaps and detergents. Harmful to marine life and the environment. A preservative, antioxidant used in hair waves, hair dyes,

Subcutaneous

Sulphate

Sulphites

artificial tanning products, foods and beverages, cellophane for food packaging. Asthma; anaphylactic shock; skin rash; nausea; stomach irritation; diarrhoea; swelling; destroys vitamin B1. A antibiotic used in cosmetics, nail polish, treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. Itching; skin rash; swelling; hives; kidney toxicity; teratogenic. On NIH hazards list. Helps kill normal bacteria on the skin improving acne, seborrhea and

Sulphonamide

Sulphur

psoriasis conditions. Typically found in soaps, shampoos and some topical acne medications. Gently removes damaged, dead and dry cell so fresh, healthy-looking skin can appear. Extracted from sunflower seeds it is rich in essential fatty acids. Sunscreens provide protection from damaging/ harmful effects of UVB/ UVA rays. Sunscreens with a high Sun Protection

Sugar Cane Extract

Sunflower Oil

Sunscreen/Sun block

Factor (SPF) can minimize the danger of photo damage and skin cancers. Sun blocks provide 100% protection from the sun and therefore do not enable one to tan. A biological additive, antioxidant used in hair care products, skin screens, encapsulated and injectable pharmaceuticals. Considered safe and beneficial. A material (substance) that helps oil and water to mix so that the two will not separate and will

Super oxide dismutase

Surfactant

remain a smooth stable cream or lotion (Emulsifier). They are also are important for cosmetics where mildness is needed such as shampoos and lotions.

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Why Doctors do not understand the evils of vaccinations .... "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends upon his not understanding it!" - Upton Sinclair Name T Information

Talc (more info)

It is derived in powder form from the mineral magnesium silicate. It can be hazardous to ones health, and is toxic with prolonged inhalation. Some talc found to contain amphibole particle distribution typical to asbestos, which is cancer causing and a known lung irritant. Scientific studies have shown that women who use talc in the genital area are 3.28 times more likely to contract ovarian cancer (Journal Cancer 1982) An absorbent. See Talc. Used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, an emulsifier, a preservative, and in soap formulations. May be harmful when contaminated

Talcum powder

TEA - Triethanolamine

by nitrosamines. Causes allergic reactions including eye problems, dryness of hair and skin, and could be toxic if absorbed into the body over a long period of time. These chemicals are already restricted in Europe due to known carcinogenic effects.

From Material Safety Data Sheet: Special Hazard Precautions: Product is severely irritating to body tissues and possibly corrosive to the eyes. Handle with care. Avoid skin and eye contact. Avoid breathing vapours if generate. If there is a danger of eye contact, wear a face shield. Explanation Carcinogenicity: Amines

react with nitrosating agents to form nitrosamides, which are carcinogenic. See Anionic Surfactants See Nitrosating agents
Used as synthetic detergent. A combination of triethanolamine and the salt of lauryl sulphuric acid. See Triethanolamine and Sodium lauryl sulphate. A plant found in Australia, used for its unique fragrance and healing properties. Derived from the tree Melaleuca alternifolia. Used as an antiseptic and germicide. Also used for insect bites, skin problems, as a dentifrice, and

TEA-Lauryl Sulphate

Tea Tree

Tea Tree Oil

mouthwash. Cosmetic applications are often dandruff shampoos, face masks, and topical creams. Found in: cologne, perfume, soap, shaving cream, deodorant, air freshener Causes asthma and central nervous system disorders. Found in: perfume, cologne, laundry detergent, bleach powder, laundry bleach, fabric softener, stickup air freshener, vaseline lotion, cologne, soap, hairspray, after shave, roll-on deodorant - highly irritating to mucous membranes. Aspiration into the lungs can produce pneumonitis or even fatal oedema. Can also cause excitement, ataxia

g-TERPINENE

a-TERPINEOL

(loss of muscular coordination), hypothermia, central nervous system and respiratory depression, and headache. Prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. An antioxidant in cosmetics, lipstick, eye shadow, foods. Allergic reactions; contact dermatitis; birth defects in animals; carcinogenic.

Tertiary butyl hydroquinone

MSDS: Swallowed: Data suggests that the product should be considered to be harmful by ingestion. Eye: Data suggests that this product should be classified as irritating to the eyes. May cause problems including corneal damage or transient blindness if contact is not

treated promptly. Skin: Data suggests that the product should be classified as harmful by skin absorption. May cause skin irritation. May also cause an allergic skin reaction and/or dermatitis. Inhalation: Data suggests that the product should be considered to be non irritating and non toxic by inhalation. Primary route of exposure is inhalation and skin and eye contact.
A colourant in indelible lipsticks, nail polish, dying of wool, silk and paper. Photosensitivity; inflammation of lips; respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Tetrabromofluoresein

MSDS: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact

(irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. POTENTIAL CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. The substance is toxic to mucous membranes. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.
Tetrasodium EDTA Many skin care products & cosmetics. Eye irritant. A botanical emollient in soaps, cosmetics, confectionary, pharmaceuticals. Allergic reactions in people; acne. A botanical used in skin conditioner in cosmetics,

Theobroma oil

Theobromine

chocolate, blood vessel dilator. Stimulates the central nervous system; atrophy of the testicles; endocrine, liver and neurotoxicity; teratogenic. A preservative, filler in eye preparations, vaccines. Allergic reactions; contact dermatitis. See mercury compounds. See http://www.nomercury.org/

Thimerosal

MSDS extract from Merck (2003): Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Danger of cumulative effects. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

MSDS from Sigma (2002): LABEL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS HIGHLY TOXIC (USA) VERY TOXIC (EU) VERY TOXIC BY INHALATION, IN CONTACT WITH SKIN AND IF SWALLOWED. DANGER OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS. MAY CAUSE SENSITISATION BY INHALATION AND SKIN CONTACT. IRRITATING TO EYES, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND SKIN. CALIFORNIA PROPOSAL 65 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD. TARGET ORGAN (S): NERVES, KIDNEYS, SENSITISER.

CAUSES IRRITATION. KEEP AWAY FROM FOOD, DRINK AND ANIMAL FOOD STUFFS. AFTER CONTACT WITH SKIN, WASH IMMEDIATELY WITH PLENTY OF WATER. IN CASE OF CONTACT WITH EYES, RINSE IMMEDIATELY WITH PLENTY OF WATER AND SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE. WEAR SUITABLE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. IN CASE OF ACCIDENT OR IF YOU FEEL UNWELL, SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE IMMEDIATELY (SHOW THE LABEL WHERE POSSIBLE). ACUTE EFFECTS

CAUSES SKIN IRRITATION. MAY BE FATAL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CAUSES EYE IRRITATION. MAY BE FATAL IF INHALED. MATERIAL IS IRRITATING TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. POSSIBLE ALLERGIC REACTION TO DUST IF INHALED, INGESTED OR IN CONTACT WITH THE SKIN. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS MANIFESTED BY ERYTHEMA, PAPULAR OR VESICULAR ERUPTIONS OCCUR

OCCASIONALLY. ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS HAS BEEN REPORTED. TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THE CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES HAVE NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. CHRONIC EFFECTS TARGET ORGAN (S): NERVES, KIDNEYS
Compounds capable of breaking down the protein bonds in hair. Used in permanent waves and depilatory agents. Toxic in small doses and can damage hair and skin.

Thioglycolate's

MSDS: ACUTE EFFECTS HARMFUL IF

SWALLOWED. MAY BE HARMFUL IF INHALED. MAY BE HARMFUL IF ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN. CAUSES EYE AND SKIN IRRITATION. MATERIAL IS IRRITATING TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT. EXPOSURE CAN CAUSE: NAUSEA, HEADACHE AND VOMITING TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THE CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES HAVE NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. TARGET ORGAN

DATA BEHAVIOURAL (SOMNOLENCE) BEHAVIOURAL (TREMOR) BEHAVIOURAL (CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD) BEHAVIOURAL (MUSCLE WEAKNESS) BEHAVIOURAL (COMA) LUNGS, THORAX OR RESPIRATION (DYSPNEA) LUNGS, THORAX OR RESPIRATION (RESPIRATORY STIMULATION) GASTROINTESTINAL (HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHOEA) GASTROINTESTINAL (NAUSEA OR VOMITING) ONLY SELECTED

REGISTRY OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (RTECS) DATA IS PRESENTED HERE. SEE ACTUAL ENTRY IN RTECS FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION
A preservative, additive in hair dye, hair preparations, cosmetics, photography, wet suits, silver polish. Skin irritant; allergic reactions; cardiovascular; immuno and reproductive toxicity; carcinogenic; toxic to aquatic organisms. On NIH hazard list.

Thiourea

MSDS: WARNING! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN,

EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION. POSSIBLE CANCER HAZARD. MAY CAUSE CANCER BASED ON ANIMAL DATA. Risk of cancer depends on duration and level of exposure. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May affect bone marrow and consequently white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet counts. Skin Contact: Causes irritation, redness and pain. May also cause allergic

skin eruptions. Sunlight may aggravate skin allergy. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain. Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure can cause liver damage and goitre (an enlarged thyroid gland). May affect bone marrow which could cause damage to blood. Material is a possible human carcinogen. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to these substances.
From the dried leaves and flowering tops of the wild, creeping herb. Is antiseptic, disinfectant, cleansing and

Thyme Extract

hygienic. An additive, fragrance in cosmetics, after shave, mouthwash, food flavouring. Allergic reactions; ingestion can cause nausea; vomiting, dizziness; neurotoxicity. White powder, physical UV blocker, helps block both UVA and UVB wavelengths of light. Used as a pigment in eye makeup, sunscreens, and foundation makeup. It is also used as an opacifying agent, for its covering power, brilliance, and reflectivity. A less concentrated form of fragrance than perfume, usually 4 to 8%. This is a less aromatic scent, making it

Thymol

Titanium Dioxide

Toilet Water

more suitable for daytime use, and the business world. Obtained from petroleum, it is used as a solvent in cosmetics, especially nail polish and dyes. It resembles benzene, and if ingested may cause mild anaemia, liver damage, irritate the skin and respiratory tract. It is used in pharmaceuticals and petrol as a blending agent. It is toxic and narcotic in high concentrations.

Toluene

From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): POISON! DANGER! Inhalation: May cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of overexposure may include fatigue,

confusion, headache, dizziness and drowsiness. Peculiar skin sensations (e.g. pins and needles) or numbness may be produced. Very high concentrations may cause unconsciousness or even death. Ingestion: Swallowing may cause abdominal spasms and other symptoms that parallel over-exposure from inhalation. Aspiration of material into the lungs can cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal. Skin Contact: causes irritation. May be absorbed through the skin. Eye Contact: Causes severe eye irritation with redness and pain. Chronic Exposure: Reports of poisoning

describe anaemia, decreased blood cell count and bone marrow hypoplasia. Liver and kidney damage may occur. Repeated or prolonged contact has a defatting action, causing drying, redness and dermatitis. EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE MAY AFFECT THE DEVELOPING FOETUS.
Toluene-2, 5-diamine A Hair dye. Harmful to aquatic organisms. See Toluene. A Hair dye used also in dyes for furs, textiles, leather.. Harmful to aquatic organisms. See Toluene.

Toluene-3, 4-diamine

MSDS: Harmful by inhalation and in contact

with skin. Toxic if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. May cause cancer. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Methemoglobinemia is characterized by dizziness, drowsiness, headache, shortness of breath, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), rapid heart rate

and chocolate-brown colored blood. Overexposure may cause methemoglobinemia. Toxic if swallowed. Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation.
A skin improver used in antiwrinkle crams, "anti-aging" creams, acne treatment. Considered to have beneficial health effects; may cause skin peeling, chapping, blistering and swelling. An antiseptic, fungicide in soaps, medicated cosmetics. Banned in the USA in 2000 as it may cause photoallergies. The initial odour or scent given off by a fragrance after application to the skin. The

Tretinoin

Tribromosalan

Top Note

strongest emission of bouquet, before it is altered by the body chemistry. Herbal gum. Used as a thickener in cosmetics, and in hair care products as a hairspray or setting-lotion ingredient. A solvent, degreaser in cosmetics, nail polish, correction fluid, degreaser, glue, spot remover, detergent. Trichloroethane TCE methyl chloroform

Tragacanth

Skin: TCE, like other organic solvents, can dissolve your skin's natural protective oils. Frequent or prolonged skin contact can cause irritation and dermatitis (skin rash), with dryness, redness, flaking, and cracking of the skin.

TCE can be absorbed into the body slowly through healthy skin, or rapidly through damaged skin. TCE quickly penetrates most ordinary clothing (see Personal Protective Equipment) and can get trapped in gloves and boots; such exposure can cause burns and blistering. Eyes, Nose, and Throat: TCE vapour in the air can irritate your eyes, nose, and throat. Liquid TCE splashed in the eye can sting, but any damage to the eye usually heals within a few days. Lungs: Exposure to TCE at high levels can irritate the lungs, causing chest pain and shortness of breath. Extreme overexposure (for example, inside an

enclosed or confined space such as a degreasing tank) can cause pulmonary oedema, a potentially lifethreatening condition in which the lungs fill with fluid. However, there is no evidence that repeated, low-level exposure has any long-term effects on the lung. Heart: Extremely high concentrations of TCE or other chlorinated solvents can cause heart fibrillation (irregular heartbeats) that can cause sudden death. Liver and Kidneys: At very high levels of exposure such as might occur in an enclosed space or during a spill TCE can injure the liver and kidneys. Liver or kidney damage is rare; it's not at all likely to happen without substantial effects on the

nervous system first, and it's not likely to happen if exposures are kept within the legal workplace limits. Generally, such liver or kidney damage is not permanent. However, longterm exposure can contribute to liver damage from drinking alcohol. Immune System: There have been reports of certain rare immune diseases such as systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and lupus erythematosus among people exposed to TCE, but there has been no good study to show whether TCE is actually related to any immune system disorder. Cancer: TCE causes cancer in mice, and there is some evidence that it may also be a weak carcinogen in rats. Humans exposed to

TCE have not been studied well enough to give much information, but the human studies also suggest that TCE may cause cancer. You should treat TCE as a likely cause of human cancer. Genetic Changes: There are many ways to test whether a chemical causes genetic mutations. In most tests, TCE causes little or no mutation. Reproductive System: Several animal studies and at least one human study have suggested that TCE might cause birth defects, loss of the foetus, or impaired growth and performance of the offspring. However, there has been very little consistency among the tests; each experimenter has tended to get results

very different from those of other experimenters, and most tests find little or no effect on pregnancy. You should treat TCE as a possible hazard to pregnancy. Other: People who drink alcohol and breathe TCE vapours at nearly the same time can develop degreaser's flush, a reddening of the face, shoulders, and back that usually goes away within an hour or so after exposure stops. Info from: Department of Health Services, California, Hazard Evaluation System and Information Service.
Triclosan 2,4,4 Trichloro-2Hydroxdiphenylether Synthetic 'antibacterial' with a chemical structure similar to Agent Orange, is used in antibacterial cleansers, tooth

pastes, baby and household products! The EPA registers Triclosan as a pesticide, giving it high scores as a risk to human health and the environment. It is in a class of chemicals suspected of causing cancer in humans. Hormone disruptors can change genetic material, decrease fertility and sexual function and foster birth defects. Internally, it can lead to cold sweats, circulatory collapse and convulsions. Stored in the body fat, it can accumulate to toxic levels, damaging the liver, kidneys and lungs and can cause paralysis, brain haemorrhages and heart problems. Tufts University, School of Medicine says Triclosan can force the

emergence of ''super bugs'' that it cannot kill. With a half life of 500 years and a toxicity level of one part per trillion (one drop in 300 Olympic sized swimming pools), Triclosan may be a contributory factor to the sterility of future generations. Used as a buffer, coating additive in hand and body lotion, hair conditioner, "no rinse" shampoo, coating on fresh fruit and vegetables, detergents. See TEA above. A buffer, chelating agent in shampoos, bubble baths, cuticle softener, food additive, pesticides.

Triethanolamine TEA

Trisodium phosphate

Tyrosine

Amino acid that stimulates fibroblasts to make more collagen when paired with ascorbic acid; plays a role in melanin formation.

2010-01

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "Do not let either the medical authorities or the politicians mislead you. Find out what the facts are, and make your own decisions about how to live a happy life and how to work for a better world." Dr.Linus Pauling Name U Information

Urea

Found in urine and other body fluids. Used medicinally as a diuretic and in cosmetics. Can cause an allergic reaction to those allergic to ammonia and is an eye irritant.

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page

A B C D E F G H I

K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "the right of the individual to elect freely the manner of his care in illness must be preserved"....... Dwight D. Eisenhower Name V An additive, artificial flavouring in perfumes, chocolate, cheese, lollies, cigarettes, food. Skin irritation; eczema; skin pigmentation; contact Information

Vanillin

dermatitis. On NIH hazards list. With a deep smoky, earthy, woody odour, it is used as a tonic and antiseptic. Helps encourage circulation and is also used for its aromatic, fine fragrance. Essential for normal growth and contribute to the natural moisturizing factor. The skin is often the first indication of a vitamin deficiency that

Vetiver Oil

Vitamins

can cause dry skin. Fat-soluble vitamin. Helps remedy rough, dry skin and has been used in the treatment of psoriasis. It has been used as a topical acne treatment. Some people are allergic to it. It has been used to treat aging skin. It can be obtained from fish liver oil, liver, carrots, green and yellow vegetables, eggs,

Vitamin A

milk, and dairy products, margarine, and yellow fruits. It prevents vitamin C from being oxidized too quickly in the body. Normal dosages are harmless, causes sun sensitivity and not to be used if pregnant or nursing. Helps improve chemical effectiveness. Can preserve cosmetics both in the water phase and in its

Vitamin B

Vitamin C

fat-soluble form. It plays an important role in stimulating fibroblast activity building collagen, the connective tissue that holds us together. Fat-soluble vitamin essential for healthy bones, teeth, and the absorption of calcium, regulates cell turn over. The body can produce its own vitamin D from sun exposure.

Vitamin D

Used in prescription derivatives to help control psoriasis. Tocopherol; antioxidant; helps prevent ultraviolet light damage to the skin, so is incorporated into a variety of cosmetic as well as sunscreen preparations. Helps to moisturizer skin as it is oilsoluble. One of the most compelling natural fat-

Vitamin E

soluble antioxidants in use, particularly when combined with vitamin C and vitamin A.

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "Uneducated people believe what they are told... Educated people question what they are told" Name W The ground powder of the walnut shell acts as a natural Information

Walnut Shell Powder

exfoliant. Most frequently listed main ingredient in skin care products, used in its purest form, void of minerals and other chemicals, hence the various names like distilled, deionized, purified, etc. A film former, emollient used in cosmetics, hair grooming preparations, lipsticks, hair straighteners,

Water

Waxes

coating on fresh fruit and vegetables, packaging materials. Generally accepted as safe; may cause allergic reactions depending on purity. See mineral oil. Oil from the embryo of the wheat kernel that is high in vitamin E. Used as a moisturizer in cosmetics. The plug of a clogged oil gland (pore) lying

Wheat Germ Oil

White head

beneath the surface of the skin. Smaller that a blackhead, it is sometimes only visible with the help of a magnifying glass A tonic, flavouring, stimulant and astringent, aromatic oil has a warming action on muscles. Brings relief to swollen or sore muscles. See Methyl salicylate.

Wintergreen Oil

Witch Hazel

A natural extract from the leaves and twigs of a shrub. A skin refresher, local anaesthetic and a natural, gentle astringent. It is soothing to the skin and helps regulate sebaceous glands.

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "People do not like to think. If one thinks, one must reach conclusions. Conclusions are not always pleasant." - Helen Keller Name X Thickening agent. Information

Xanthan Gum

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A good rule of thumb: "Vitamin C should be given while the doctor ponders the diagnosis." Frederick R. Klenner, M.D., F.C.C.P. Name Y Information

Yucca extract

A botanical foaming agent in shampoos, organic cosmetics, root beer flavouring. Considered to have beneficial health effects.

20060608

Cosmetic Ingredients Reference Guide & Dictionary

Understanding Labels, Descriptions, Warnings, and Safety Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z "MD's are those who think we have an excess of organs and a deficiency of drugs" ~ Donna C. Name Z An oral care agent in mouth washes, dentifrices, pesticides. Toxic; mild skin irritation; contact dermatitis; can be absorbed through the skin; teratogenic; very toxic to aquatic organisms. Information

Zinc chloride

MSDS: DANGER! CORROSIVE. CAUSES BURNS TO ANY AREA OF

CONTACT. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. AFFECTS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. Ingestion: Toxic. May cause irritation or corrosion to the gastrointestinal tract with abdominal pain,

nausea, and vomiting. May cause delayed death occurring from strictures of the esophageus and pylorus. Skin Contact: May cause severe irritation, skin burns and ulcerations. Solutions are corrosive. Symptoms include redness and pain. Eye Contact: May cause redness, pain, and blurred vision. Splashes from solutions may cause eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Repeated skin contact can cause varying degrees of problems ranging from dermatitis to ulcerations. Repeated Inhalation can cause

occupational asthma. Aggravation of Preexisting Conditions: Dermatitis, cardiac and respiratory disorders.
An opacifier, viscosity control used in makeup, nail polish. Toxic; may promote acne; nausea and vomiting if ingested. An opacifier, additive colouring used in skin ointments for ultraviolet protection, nappy rash treatment, antiperspirant, shaving cream, calamine lotion, sunscreens, hair products, used medically as an antiseptic, astringent and protective in skin

Zinc myristate

Zinc Oxide

diseases.. Also used for its skin-cleansing properties. A colouring used in baby powder, hand cream, face powder, tablet manufacture. Skin and eye irritation; lung problems and pneumonitis. An anti-microbial used in skin tonics, eye lotions, aftershaves, shaving creams, paperboard products. Skin and mucous membrane irritation; allergic reactions; cardiovascular toxicity.

Zinc stearate

Zinc sulphate

Zirconium

A solvent or abrasive

used in cosmetic creams, antiperspirant, deodorant, preparation of dyes. Considered safe in non-aerosol products; toxic by inhalation; respiratory toxicity; contact allergic reactions.

20060608

Allergies
"Your failure to be informed does not make me a wacko." - John Loeffler An Allergy is a hypersensitivity to foreign substances which are normally harmless but which produce a violent reaction in the allergy sufferer. Allergies are generally the body's effort to eliminate something it considers unsuitable. Typical allergic reactions are hay fever, migraine, asthma, allergic rhinitis, digestive disturbances, coeliac disease, conjunctivitis, urticaria, eczema, drowsiness, CFS, hyperactivity in children, tinnitus, recurrent sinusitis and ear infections. In a few people the histamine (anaphylactic) reaction can cause muscle cramps, disorientation, unconsciousness and death from shock or suffocation. In some, peanuts cause such a reaction. There are different types of allergies.

The most common is when an allergen encounters cells capable of antibody formation, they then form IgE antibodies which bind to the surface of other cells, called mast cells and basophils. In response to the attachment, those cells release chemicals, called mediators of anaphylaxis, among them histamine. These chemicals cause allergic reactions such as swelling or the secretion of mucus. Almost any substance can be an allergen for an individual. Some people have intolerance for foods like milk, wheat and eggs; others have an allergic reaction to pollens, dust, moulds, cosmetics and certain food additives. An allergy is not the same as an intolerance. Allergies always involve the immune system, whereas an intolerance, eg. lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of lactase, the enzyme that converts lactose into glucose.

Overactive and hyperactive children, epileptics and mentally ill adults, aspirin sensitive persons and those with chronic skin rashes, migraine sufferers may find the following list a guide: Avoid at all costs: 210 Will also set off reactions: 107 128 180 110 129 621 122 151 951 123 154 124 155

102

Aspirin sensitive persons and those with chronic skin rashes: 104 620 952 127 622 928 131 623 132 624 133 625

Asthma sufferers should watch for

these and avoid Azo dyes marked: 210 E215 220 225 312 623 631 211 216 221 226 321 624 635 212 217 222 227 421 625 213 218 223 310 621 626 E214 219 224 311 622 627

People with kidney problems inflammation or stone formation: 170 252 385 421 430 450a 450b 450c
MBM 2010-01

The Worst Additives

"If you think you're too small to be effective, you've never been in bed with a mosquito." --Betty Reese So many references are made to the following additives that they need separate mention from the Numbered Additive Guide, which gives a brief explanation about the additive, its possible side effects, and what sort of foods to expect to find it in.

Acesuifame K, Ace K, 950 Sold under the names Sunette or Sweet One acesulfame is a sugar substitute sold in packet or tablet form, in chewing gum, dry mixes for beverages, instant coffee and tea, gelatine desserts, puddings and non-dairy creamers. As the additive causes cancer in animals, it is likely to also cause cancer in humans. Is an artificial sweetener worth the risk?

Artificial Colourings Top of the list goes to Tartrazine 102. It causes flare-ups of allergies, sensitivity reactions and so many bad side effects that no one should consider swallowing it, let alone feed it to a child! It is in every kind of food most wanted by children - it colours drinks, lollies, chips, cake icings - almost impossible to avoid. What can you do about it? You can write to the manufacturer and say that you would have bought this product except that it contained Food Additive 102, Tartrazine, and if they changed the food colour to a safer one, you would be delighted to buy the product. There is no use going to the government they are not interested - but the manufacturers are lost sales frighten them. You could try sending the letter to all sorts of newspapers, although they may be watching their profits too and refuse it. Other colours are just as bad. Although this list does not cover just colours, the colour additives from 100-199 feature very prominently. Aspartame, 951, Phenylketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine Sold as Equal and NutraSweet and in other countries as Canderal Benevia and

Spoonful A site to check: http://www.ehso.com/ehshome/aspartame.php Aspartame was going to be the dieter's delight and the great change for diabetics. The truth is so nasty. Instead of an aid it is a monster let loose in over 9,000 products through deception and falsified tests. In one test that was questioned in court, the persons involved admitted that test animals had had tumours removed and then been re-admitted to the test as if they were unaffected! Aspartame must carry a warning to persons with phenylketonuria (PKU), Phenyiketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine. I saw children's orange flavoured vitamin pills without such a warning early in 2001. One out of 20,000 babies is born without the ability to metabolise phenylalanine, one of the two amino acids in aspartame. Toxic levels of this substance in the blood can result in mental retardation. Weight Gain from Aspartame - 951 "According to Dr. Wurtman, some consumers can easily reach consumption levels that have

been linked in animal studies to adverse effects on brain chemicals. Ironically, he added, those using the sweetener to control calories may be defeating their purpose, since his studies show high levels of aspartame may trigger a craving for carbohydrates by depleting the brain of a chemical that registers carbohydrate satiety." Mark Gold, researcher, states: I would like to clear up a few issues involving aspartame. The evidence related to toxicity of aspartame is found in three main areas: 1. Formaldehyde Exposure. The formaldehyde exposure from aspartame is significant. Aspartame breaks down into methanol, amino acids and several other chemicals. The methanol is quickly absorbed and converted into formaldehyde. The methanol found in foods and alcoholic beverages is also absorbed, but there are "protective chemicals [eg. ethanol] in these traditionally ingested foods and beverages that prevent the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is known to cause gradual

damage to the nervous system, the immune system and has recently been shown to cause irreversible genetic damage at long-term, lowlevel exposure. The most recent, independent research shows that the situation related to aspartame may be more serious than simply regular formaldehyde exposure. This research on animals demonstrates that the formaldehyde appears to accumulate as adducts (bound to protein molecules) in the organs and tissues of the animals (when aspartame is ingested at relatively low doses): "These are indeed extremely high levels for adducts of formaldehyde, a substance responsible for chronic deleterious effects that has also been considered carcinogenic. "It is concluded that aspartame consumption may constitute a hazard because of its contribution to the formation of formaldehyde adducts." [Life Sciences (scientific journal), Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 337+, 1998] A few comments from independent research scientists regarding this and other recent

aspartame research: "It was a very interesting paper, that demonstrates that formaldehyde formation from aspartame ingestion is very common and does indeed accumulate within the cell, reacting with cellular proteins (mostly enzymes) and DMA (both mitochondrial and nuclear). The fact that it accumulates with each dose, indicates grave consequences among those who consume diet drinks and foodstuffs on a daily basis." [Russell Blaylock, MD [Neurosurgeon and Neuroscientist]]. The damage caused by formaldehyde from aspartame may be worsened by other aspartame breakdown chemicals, especially the aspartic acid. In animal research where formaldehyde is given to the animals to cause damage and pain, amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid are given at the same time to worsen the reaction. The amino acids from aspartame are absorbed suddenly unlike the protein-bound amino acids found in food. 2. Independent research finds problems with aspartame. An analysis of peer reviewed medical literature

using MEDLINE and other databases was conducted by Ralph G. Walton, MD, Chairman, The Centre for Behavioural Medicine, Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, North-eastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine. Dr. Walton analysed 164 studies which were felt to have relevance to human safety questions. Of the 90 non-industry- sponsored (independent) studies, 83 (92%) identified one or more problems with aspartame. Of the 74 aspartame industry-sponsored studies, all 74 (100%) claimed that no problems were found with aspartame. 3. Extremely large number of reported toxicity reactions to aspartame. As of 1995 when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (PDA) was quoted as saying they stopped accepting adverse reaction reports on aspartame, over 75% of the adverse reactions reported to the PDA Adverse Reaction Monitoring System (ARMS) were due to aspartame. After considering the fact that an extremely low percentage of adverse reactions are reported to the PDA, it becomes clear that there are millions of known cases of aspartame toxicity reactions. Possibly, there are many other cases where

the person ingesting aspartame is either: 1) unaware that their symptoms are caused or contributed to by aspartame, or: 2) not yet experiencing clinically-obvious symptoms from the breakdown products of aspartame, but may eventually experience chronic health problems from the regular exposure to significant doses of formaldehyde. Some of the many aspartame toxicity symptoms reported include seizures, headaches, memory loss, tremors, convulsions, vision loss, nausea, dizziness, confusion, depression, irritability, anxiety attacks, personality changes, heart palpitations, chest pains, skin diseases, loss of blood sugar control, arthritic symptoms, weight gain (in some cases), fluid retention, excessive thirst or urination. Clearly, regular exposure to a toxic substance such as formaldehyde may worsen, or in some cases contribute to the development of chronic diseases. "From: Biotech Activists (biotech_activists@iatp.org) Posted:20/06/2000 Formaldehyde detective work on

prescription drugs. Take a look to see if methylcellulose (461) is an 'inactive' ingredient in any or all of your prescription drugs. Research shows methylcelluose is formaldehyde used as a thickener in medicine and food including ice cream and avocado dip. Same stuff used to emulsify wallpaper paste. Permission granted last year to use a label 'ester of wood resin' in drinks 'Ester' means alcohol (methyl) - 'wood resin' is cellulose. Put them together and you get..... Dow makes 461 in a gel for vegetable patties." Perhaps methylcellulose is one of the chemicals that can trigger a seizure or cause other symptoms in an already toxically compromised individual. An anecdote from E-mail: A person was taking the drug Zoloft for 2 years and really enjoying the feeling of well being the drug seemed to provide. Then his back and shoulder area started hurting and he did not associate the

pain with anything he was taking. At the time, he began researching methylcellulose, propylene glycol, etc, and got a nasty surprise - methylcellulose is an inactive ingredient in Zoloft. He stopped taking it cold turkey. Four days later the annoying and continual pain was gone and has not returned. He thinks the methylcellulose was drying up his synovial fluid the same as the methanol/formaldehyde/formic acid in aspartame. Joint and bone pain is No. 13 on the list of 92 aspartame symptoms the US FDA was forced to reveal, under the Freedom of Information Act in 1995. The use of hidden formaldehyde in our food is not new. In 1919, Alfred McCann wrote in "The Science of Eating": Cases in which deadly wood alcohol has formed the base of vanilla, lemon and other flavouring extracts have been dismissed with a suspended sentence, not a soul outside the court room hearing an echo of the facts. [From the Aspartame survivors list] "If part of the toxic biochemistry is methanol conversion to permanent adducts of formaldehyde, bound to proteins, DNA, and

RNA in many body cells, as the Trocho study proved for low oral doses of aspartame in rats in July, 1998 (rats being over 10 times more resistant to methanol toxicity than primates), then we are dealing with a chronic, cumulative neurotoxicity. Trocho C et al, June 26 1998, Life Sci, 63(5), 337-349. http://ww.Dresidiotex.com/barcelona/index.html Russell Blaylock, M.D., wrote "Excitotoxins: The Taste That Kills" (www.amazon.com) and in it says to take magnesium to protect the brain and heart. You might want to also do that. The are now a number of Aspartame Detox Centres in America, and the U.K. are demanding that aspartame is reviewed as a food additive. Many companies around the world are agreeing to remove aspartame from their products as a result of customer pressure. (www.dorwav.com) "Aspartame is a molecule composed of three components: aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol. The wood alcohol, a severe metabolic poison, converts to formaldehyde and then formic acid (ant sting poison) and

causes metabolic acidosis. Aspartic acid and phenylalanine are neurotoxic because they are isolated from the other amino acids in protein, go past the blood brain barrier and deteriorate the neurones of the brain. Memory loss is one of the most common problems and Dr. H. J. Roberts wrote the book "Defense Against Alzheimers Disease" in which he explains how aspartame is escalating this disease. The phenylalanine is genetically engineered in E. coli bacteria and aspartame breaks down to DKP, diketopiperazine, a brain tumour agent. Secret trade information discussed in Congressional Hearings include this statement: "...we have no way of estimating maximum likely abuse and hence need to utilise data based on almost complete conversion to DKP. If we include this .. we stand a good chance of ending up with nothing ....". Document available for sighting at www.dorwav.com. "This showed the company would conceal the dangers to people just for profit. Avoid aspartame if you are pregnant; don't give aspartame to infants. Try not using it for 60 days and see if you notice a change. Don't

die or go blind because you were told it was safe. It is a slow, creeping poison - too slow, the authorities decided, to be any use for chemical warfare - so it is used on us instead! Benzoicacid, 210 This product causes hyperactive reactions in susceptible children and teenagers, skin rashes, and makes asthma bouts worse. It is in such things as soft drinks, juices, cordials, and chilli pastes. It is one of the worst additives for setting off reactions. The additives for 211 to 219 are all made from benzoic acid and will cause the same problems. Avoid them all! BHA 320, Butylated Hydroxyanisole & BHT 321, Butylated Hydroxytoluene These two closely related chemicals are added to prevent oxidation and retard rancidity in oilcontaining foods. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the World Health Organisation, considers BHA 320 possibly carcinogenic to humans, and the State of California has listed it as a carcinogen. Some studies show the same cancer causing possibilities for BHT 321. If they are listed in a food, it should indicate

that the food is of a poor quality to need such an additive. Avoid them completely. Because 320 and 321 may cause cancer, they should not be in our food. Avoid them. Caffeine Caffeine is found naturally in tea, coffee, and cocoa. It is also added to many soft drinks. It is one of the few drugs - a stimulant - added to foods. Caffeine makes stomach acid increase and may cause peptic ulcers, raises blood pressure temporarily, and makes some blood vessels open wider and others to narrow. "Excess caffeine intake causes symptoms ranging from nervousness to insomnia. These problems also affect children who drink between 2 to 7 cans of soft drink a day. Caffeine may also interfere with reproduction and affect developing foetuses. Experiments on lab animals link caffeine to birth defects such as cleft palates, missing fingers and toes, and skull malformations." "Caffeine is addictive, and some people experience headaches when they stop drinking it. While small amounts of caffeine don't pose a problem for everyone, avoid it if you are

trying to become or are pregnant. And try to keep caffeine out of you child's diet." Modified Starches Modified starches are used in processed foods to improve their consistency and keep the solids suspended. Often starch and modified starch replace large amounts of nutritious ingredients, such as fruits. Starch thickened baby foods contain 75% less fruit than 100% fruit baby foods. Modified starches 1400 to 1450 can cause diarrhoea in babies. Babies can not digest starch and should not be treated to a chemical cocktail in baby food. Monosodium Glutamate, MSG, 621 It used to be called the 'Chinese Food Syndrome' and for a time, everyone took great care not to eat too much MSG. Now it has become big business and the problems are spreading too. The problem is almost the same as for aspartame - both cause the death of brain ceils. MSG 621 is a sodium salt of the amino acid known as glutamic acid. It is manufactured by a fermenting process using starch, sugar beets, sugar cane, or molasses. Hydrolysed

proteins are also glutamates. They are acidtreated or enzyme-treated proteins and contain salts of free amino acids such as glutamate. Hydrolysed proteins are frequently added to processed foods. Glutamates also occur naturally in foods; however, MSG (glutamate) reactions are usually due to processed, "free" glutamates. Common reactions to MSG Headaches, migraines, stomach upset, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma attacks, shortness of breath, anxiety or panic attacks, heart palpitations, partial paralysis, "heart attack-like symptoms," balance difficulties, mental confusion, mood swings, neurological disorders (Parkinson's, MS, ALS, Alzheimer's), behavioural disorders (especially In children and teens), allergy-type symptoms, skin rashes, runny nose, bags under the eyes, flushing, mouth lesions, depression, and more. At www.truthinlabeling.org you can find more information about MSG and other glutamates. According to the Truth In Labelling Campaign, MSG reactions can be immediate or occur as

late as 48 hours after ingestion. Hidden Sources of MSG - 621 MSG (621) is becoming harder to track down. Food manufacturers have found that consumers recognise 'monosodium glutamate, 621; and are taking advantage in a loophole in labelling laws and putting MSG into our food under other names. When it is added as an ingredient of another substance it need not be listed on the label. The earlier these substances appear on a list of ingredients, the more likely they are to contain MSG. Even if the label says "no MSG", other glutamates, which can cause the same reaction, may be in it definite sources of MSG, 621 Hydrolysed protein Sodium caseinate 469 or Calcium Caseinate Autolysed Yeast or Yeast Extract Gelatine Possible sources of MSG Textured protein Carrageenan or Vegetable gum Seasonings or Spices Flavourings or Natural flavourings Chicken, Beef, Pork, Smoke flavourings

Bouillon, Broth or Stock Barley Malt, Malt extract, Malt flavouring Whey protein, Whey protein isolate or concentrate Soy protein, Soy protein isolate or concentrate Soy sauce or extract "This list is periodically updated by the networking membership of NOMSG [a group dedicated to make people aware of the danger of MSG]. It is not all-inclusive because new labelling deceptions are invented to confound the consumer. We can provide an expanded list for those who are extremely sensitive. We also suggest elimination of aspartame, 951, from the diet, as many people who react to one, also react to the other." [ www.nomsg.com] Nitrite and Nitrate "Sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate are two chemicals used for centuries to preserve meat. While nitrate itself is harmless, it is readily converted to nitrite. When nitrite combines with compounds called secondary amines, it forms nitrosamines, extremely powerful cancer-causing chemicals. The

chemical reaction occurs most readily at the high temperatures of frying. Nitrite has long been suspected as being a cause of stomach cancer. Look for nitrite-free processed meats ~ some of which are frozen, refrigeration reduces the need for nitrites - at some health food and grocery stores. But regardless of the presence of nitrite or nitrosamines, the high fat, high-sodium content of most processed meats should be enough to discourage you from choosing them. And don't cook with bacon drippings." Olestra Despite the objections of dozens of leading scientists, Olestra, the fake fat approved for human consumption, is both dangerous and unnecessary. The side effects from it can be fatal because it drags valuable nutrients out of the body as it passes through. Some of the nutrients it steals are ones that protect the body from such diseases as lung cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, and macular degeneration. The Harvard School of Public Health states that "the long-term consumption of Olestra snack foods might therefore result in several

thousand unnecessary deaths each year from lung and prostate cancers and heart disease, and hundreds of additional cases of blindness in the elderly due to macular degeneration. Besides contributing to disease, Olestra causes diarrhoea and other serious gastrointestinal problems, even at low doses." "FDA certified Olestra despite the fact that there are safe low-fat snacks already on the market. There is no evidence to show that Olestra will have any significant effect on reducing obesity. Despite being approved as safe by the US FDA, all snacks containing Olestra must carry a warning label (similar to one found on cigarettes) that states: This Product Contains Olestra. Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools. Olestra inhibits the absorption of some vitamins and other nutrients. Vitamins A, D, E, and K have been added. Avoid all Olestra foods: Pringle's Potato Chips, made by Proctor & Gamble, will probably be the first snack food made with Olestra."

Saccharin, 954 Several studies in the 70's linked saccharin with cancer in laboratory animals. Avoid it. Sweetener packets and cans of saccharincontaining diet drinks bear warning labels: "Use of this product may be hazardous to your health. This product contains saccharine, which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals. "Why not heed the warning? Sulfites "Sulfites" are a class of chemicals that can keep cut fruits and vegetables looking fresh. They also prevent discolouration in apricots, raisins, and other dried fruits; control "black spot" in freshly caught shrimp; and prevent discolouration, bacterial growth, and fermentation in wine. Until the early 1980's they were considered safe, but CSPI [The Centre for Science in the Public Interest] found six scientific studies proving that sulfites could provoke sometimes sever allergic reactions. CSPI and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified at least a dozen fatalities linked to sulfites. All of the deaths occurred among asthmatics. In 1985, the US Congress finally forced the US FDA to ban

sulfites from most fruits and vegetables. Especially if you have asthma, be sure to consider whether your attacks might be related to sulfites. The ban does not cover fresh-cut potatoes, dried fruits, and wine." [From The Centre for Science in the Public Interest] The Parabens 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 The Parabens are a group of preservatives that contain 'ben' from benzoic acid, 212 and prefixes like methyl-, propyl- and butyl-. They can cause severe contact dermatitis or redness, swelling, itching, skin pain, asthma attacks and anaphylactic shock in susceptible persons. They are the most common preservatives used in foods, medications and make-up. Such foods as baked goods, frozen dairy products, fruit juices, jams and jellies, lollies, processed vegetables, salad dressings, soft drinks and syrups. Medications include many skin preparations for eye, ear, nose drops, rectal and vaginal

items, bandages and local anaesthetics. They are in the complete range of make-up items. Look for the number! Check your medications on the Internet.
MBM 2010-01

COLOURS
(100-181)

"HARM" seems to be intrinsic part of "pHARMa" Number Name Comments Orange-yellow colour; derived from the root of the curcuma plant, but can be artificially produced; used in cheese, margarine, baked sweets and fish fingers It has beneficial effect on the blood sugar in diabetics. It can increase the liver's

100 E100

Curcumin

101 E101

(i) Riboflavin Vitamin B2

secretion of bile and protect the liver from toxic substances. Curcumin may be used to compensate for fading of natural colouring in prepacked foods. Recognised as an anticarcinogenic agent during laboratory tests. Typical products include fish fingers, fizzy drinks, butter and other dairy produce, cakes and biscuits, margarine, processed cheese, curry powder, cooking oil, sweets, cereals and sauces. An essential dietary requirement, as it aids in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. It is also needed for other functions including red blood cell formation, respiration,

E101a

antibody production and general well-being. Activation of vitamin B6 and folic acid require riboflavin. Riboflavin has been found to aid in the treatment of eye disorders, e.g. cataracts. It is found naturally in liver, kidneys, eggs, milk but is destroyed upon exposure to light. It is manufactured industrially using yeast or other fermenting organisms, used as a yellow colouring and as vitamin fortification, but is difficult to incorporate into most foods due to poor solubility. Typical products include cereals, sauces, vitamin supplements, soups. Riboflavin-5'-phosphate (ii) Riboflavin is chemically prepared 5'-[phosphate] from Riboflavin

102 E102

Tartrazine

(converted to free Riboflavin upon ingestion), and is used to provide vitamin B2 enrichment, also a yellow colour and is likely derived from genetically modified organisms. . It may be used in preference to Riboflavin due to better solubility, however it is more expensive. Typical products include milk products, jams, sugar products. FD&C Yellow No:5; CI Acid Yellow23, CI Food Yellow 4. Coal tar dye. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon. Cancer probability. Known to provoke asthma attacks (though the US FDA** do not recognise this) and urticaria (nettle rash) in children (the US

103

Alkanet (Chrysoine resorcinol)

FDA** estimates 1:10 000), altered states of perception and behaviour, uncontrolled hyper agitation and confusion; wakefulness in young children. Is known to inhibit zinc metabolism and interfere with digestive enzymes. Tartrazine sensitivity is also linked to aspirin sensitivity; used to colour drinks, sweets, jams, cereals, snack foods, canned fish, packaged soups and a dye for wool and silk.. Banned in Norway, Austria and Finland. Restricted use in Sweden and Germany. Natural 'port-wine' colour from A. tinctoria plant. Listed in Australia in 1992. Banned in US in 1988.

104 E104

Quinoline Yellow

D&C Yellow No:10. A synthetic 'coal tar' dye, prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3dione, and the product is essentially sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates, monosulfonates and trisulfonates of the dione. The calcium and potassium salts may also be permitted. Quinoline Yellow is used to give a yellow to greenish yellow colour. Typical products include ice lollies, scotch eggs, smoked fish; used in lipsticks hair products, colognes; also in a wide range of medications. It may cause asthma, rashes and hyperactivity. Aspirin sensitive people must avoid it. Banned in Australia, Japan, USA and Norway.

E105

Fast Yellow AB, Fast Yellow, Acid Yellow, C.I. 13015, C.I. 14270 or Food Yellow 2

An azo dye. It is used as a food dye. It is now delisted in both Europe and USA and is not used anymore, as toxicological data shown it is harmful. A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase. It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. Energetically it is more expensive to produce, but is more soluble than E101. The molecule consists mainly of the monosodium salt of the 5'-monophosphate ester of riboflavin dihydrate obtained from chemical action on E101 riboflavin. It is rapidly turned to free riboflavin after ingestion. It is

E106

Riboflavin 5'-[sodium phosphate]

E107

Yellow 2G

110

Sunset Yellow

found in many foods for babies and young children as well as jams, milk products and sweets and sugar products. Listed in Australia as 100 prior to 1992. Acid yellow 17, CI Food yellow 5. Coal tar dye. the HACSG* recommends to avoid it; It may cause asthma, rashes and hyperactivity. People sensitive to aspirin and asthma sufferers should avoid it. Typical products are soft drinks. It is also used commercially in printing inks. Banned in Australia (1992), Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and USA. FD&C Yellow No:6, CI

E110

FCF, Orange Yellow S

Food yellow 3. consists primarily of disodium 2hydroxy-1(4 sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate, although the calcium and potassium salts are also used.Cancer Probability. Used in cereals, bakery, sweets, snack foods, ice cream, drinks and canned fish; synthetic; also in many medications including Berocca, Polaramine, Ventolin syrup; can provoke allergic reactions such as abdominal pain, hyperactivity, hives, nasal congestion, bronchoconstriction, kidney tumours, chromosomal damage, and distaste for food. It produces urticaria, swelling of the blood vessels, gastric upset. Potentially dangerous to

E111

120 E120

asthmatics; and persons with rhinitis should avoid it, is know to upset some of the digestive enzymes. Has been linked to growth retardation and severe weight loss in animal tests and increased incidence of tumours in animals. Typical products include orange squash, jelly, jam, cake, sweets, soups, desert mixes, yoghurt, ice lollies, sauces. Banned in Finland, Norway and the UK. Orange colour. It is the disodium salt of 1-(msulfophenylazo)-2Orange GGN, naphthol-6-sulfonic acid. alpha-naphthol It is currently delisted in orange Europe and USA, as toxicological data shown it is harmful. Cochineal, Red colour; made from Carminic acid, insects; rarely used; the

Carmines

HASCG recommends to avoid it, especially hyperactives, rhinitis sufferers, urticaria, asthmatics and aspirin sensitives. a natural red colour obtained by crushing of the female Dactilopius coccus, a cactus-dwelling insect indigenous to Central America. The dye is expensive due to the sheer quantity of shells required to produce a small amount. Alcoholic drinks may contain the water soluble form (ammonium carmine), but the insoluble calcium carmine is found in a many more products. Other commercial uses include as an antineoplastic agent, as a 0.025% solution in concentrated H2SO4 for photometric and

E121

Orcein, Orchil

fluorimetric determination of B, as an indicator and diagnostic agent (gives colour reactions with Mg, Ge, Pb, Zr, Th, Mo, U). E120 has been linked to the cause of allergic reactions. Typical products include alcoholic beverages, dyed cheeses, puddings, icings, sweets, sauces, fizzy drinks, cakes, soups and pie fillings. Banned in USA. Orcein and orchil are colourings derived from archil, the lichen Rocella tinctoria. Orcinol is derived from the lichen and then converted to orcein (a reddish-brown dye, also used as a microscopical stain) by the action of aqueous ammonia and air. Orchil

122 E122

Azorubine, Carmoisine

is a purple-blue dye. Orcein is a mixture of compounds with a phenoxazone structure, composed of hydroxyorceins, amino-orceins and amino-orceinimines (see molecular diagrams). Hans Musso (1925-1988) published many papers about orcein. Red colour; coal tar derivative; may be carcinogenic. Can produce bad reactions in asthmatics and people allergic to aspirin; and can cause hyperactivity, urticaria and oedema. It is also used in photometric determination of Mg, Pd, Cu, Sn, Cr. Typical products are confectionary, marzipan, jelly crystals, puddings,

123 E123

Amaranth

cakes, jams, sauces, sweets, yoghurt, soups. Banned in Austria, Japan, Norway, Sweden and USA. FD&C Red No. 2, CI Acid Red 27, CI Food red 9. Originally derived from the small herbaceous plant of the same name. Azo dye, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon. Used in cake mixes, fruitflavoured fillings, jelly crystals; can provoke asthma, eczema and hyperactivity; All child bearing women should avoid it as it could cause birth defects and foetal deaths. Can cause urticaria and liver problems possibly also cancer. It is used in dyeing and colour photography. Banned in

124 E124

E125

Austria, Japan, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the USA in 1976, still used in Australia! Artificial red dye, synthetic coal tar and azo dye, carcinogen in animals, can produce bad reactions in asthmatics and people allergic to aspirin; 1 in 10,000 Ponceau 4R, people are allergic to Cochineal Red 124. Typical products A, Brilliant include packet desert Scarlet 4R mixes, toppings, tinned fruit, soups, salami. Banned in Canada, Norway, USA (in 1976 for cancer causing agents). Restricted in Sweden. Red azo dye used as a Scarlet GN, C.I. food dye. When used as a Food Red 2, food additive, it has the E Ponceau SX, number E125. It usually FD&C Red No. comes as a disodium salt. 4, or C.I. 14700 It is permitted in fruit

E126

127 E127

peels and maraschino cherries. Red azo dye. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It is Ponceau 6R, used as a food dye, with Crystal ponceau E number E126. It is also 6R, Crystal used in histology, for scarlet, Brilliant staining fibrin with the crystal scarlet MSB Trichrome stain. It 6R, Acid Red usually comes as 44, or C.I. disodium salt. Amaranth 16250 is a closely related azo dye, also usable in trichrome staining. FD&C Red No:3; Coal tar dye; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon. Artificial red colour used in cherries, strawberries and rhubarb, packet Erythrosine deserts, biscuits, cakes, spreads and pates, processed cooked meat, canned fruit, custard mix, sweets, bakery, snack foods; can cause

sensitivity to light and learning difficulties; can increase thyroid hormone levels and lead to hyperthyroidism, was shown to cause thyroid cancer in rats in a study in 1990. Is also used in printing inks, as a biological stain, and for extraction-photometric determination of K, Cd, Pb, Mn, Zn, Ag. It also serves as an adsorption and fluorescent indicator, a dental plaque disclosing agent and a radiopaque medium. It has been suggested that erythrosine may affect thyroid activity due the presence of iodine in the molecule which may be released upon degradation, and that erythrosine may be carcinogenic. Used as an ingredient to kill maggot

E128

Red 2G

lava and flies. Banned in January 1990, but not recalled by the US FDA**; Banned in Norway. A synthetic red coal tar and azo dye, which is used particularly in meat products. The latter may contain sulfur dioxide and metabisulfite which normally have a bleaching effect, but Red 2G is relatively unaffected. There is evidence that Red 2G can be converted to aniline in the gut. Laboratory tests have shown that Aniline causes anaemia in rats, as it affects haemoglobin in red blood cells. Typical products include processed meats, jams, soft drinks. May cause damage to genes. To be avoided by hyperactive

129 E129

Allura red AC

people, asthmatics and aspirin sensitive people. Also a risk of skin rash and anaemia. Thought to be carcinogenic when added to foods. Banned in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, New Zealand, USA, and many other places except UK. FD&C Red No:40; Artificial orange-red colour used in sweets, drinks and condiments, medications and cosmetics, synthetic; introduced in the early eighties to replace amaranth which was considered not safe due to conflicting test results; Allura red has also been connected with cancer. Any allergic reaction to this dye is small

E130

Indanthrene blue RS

E131

Patent blue V

compared to reactions to other azo dyes, although asmatics and aspirin intolerant people are still at risk. Typical products include biscuits and cakes. Prohibited throughout the EEC. Indanthrene is a blue dye, the compounds and derivatives of which are used as vat dyestuffs. Patent Blue V is a synthetic blue-violet coal tar dye used only moderately in the food industry. It is mainly used to colour the lymph vessels, and as a cardiovascular investigative dye. Hypersensitivity reactions reported include itching and nettle rash, nausea, low blood pressure, and in rare

132 E132

cases anaphylactic shock. Patent Blue V is also used as an acid base indicator. Typical products include scotch eggs. Banned in Australia, Norway, Japan, New Zealand and USA. FD&C Blue No:2, synthetic coal tar dye. Commonly added to tablets and capsules; also used in ice cream, sweets, baked goods, confectionary, biscuits; may cause nausea, Indigotine, vomiting, high blood Indigo carmine pressure, skin rashes, breathing problems, brain tumours and other allergic reactions. also as a diagnostic aid (e.g. in kidney function tests), as a titrimetric indicator of Cr(II), Sn(II), Fe(III), and Ti(III). Indigo

133 E133

Brilliant blue FCF

carmine is also used as a photometric detector, and a biological stain. It is normally produced by a synthesis of indoxyl by fusion of sodium phenylglycinate in a mixture of caustic soda and sodamide. The chemical structure of indigo was determined by Prussian chemist J. F. W. Adolf von Baeyer in 1883. Typical products include milk deserts, sweets, biscuits. Banned in Norway. FD&C Blue Dye No:1, CI Acid blue 9, CI Food blue 2, CI Pigment blue 24. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Triphenylmethane dye. Used in dairy products, sweets and drinks, synthetic usually occurring as aluminium

140 E140

lake (solution) or ammonium salt; Can cause hyperactivity, skin rashes, bronchoconstriction (combined with 127 and 132), chromosomal damage. It is also used in inks, as a fabric and wool dye, and to stain proteins. Banned in British Commonwealth 19721980. Banned in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Norway Switzerland, Sweden. Green colour occurs naturally in all plants; Commercially available chlorophyll contains other plant pigments, Chlorophylis, fatty acids and Chlorophyllins phosphatides, and maybe other oils, fats and waxes. Chlorophyll is an example of a naturally occurring ionophore. It is

141

E141

a tetradentate ligand that binds to an Mg ion through coordination with nitrogen. Chlorophyll is used as a source of olive/darkgreen colour, it is susceptible to fading. Typical products include soaps, preserved fruits and vegetables, sweets, soups, ice cream, sauce mixes. Excess can cause a sensitivity to light. Olive colour, extracted Copper from plants, no adverse complexes of effects are known when chlorophyll used in foods. Olive colour, extracted Copper from plants, no adverse complexes of effects are known when chlorophyll and used in foods. The Mg Chlorophyllins ion in chlorophyll is Copper substituted by Cu to give Phaephytins a more stable olive green colouring.

142 E142

Green S

150 Plain caramel E150(a)

Chlorophyllins contain other related substituted plant pigments, and provide a water-soluble green colour. Typical products include preserved green fruits and vegetables, sauce mixes, soups, ice cream, sweets. CI Acid green 50, CI Food green 4. Green colour; synthetic coal tar derivative; used in canned peas, mint jelly and sauce, packet bread crumbs and cake mixes; May cause asthma, rashes and hyperactivity. Mutagenic in animal tests. Banned in Canada, Japan, Sweden, USA and Norway. Dark brown colour made from sucrose in the presence of ammonia, ammonium sulphate,

sulphur dioxide or sodium hydroxide. The types of caramel colour available include plain (spirit) caramel (prepared by controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates with or without an acid or base), caustic sulphite caramel (produced by heat treatment of carbohydrates with sulphur containing compounds), ammonia caramel (heat treatment in the presence of ammonia) and sulphite ammonia caramel.; the HACSG* recommends to avoid it as it can cause hyperactivity. Some caramels may damage genes, slow down growth, cause enlargement of the intestines and kidneys and may destroy vitamin

B. It can be manufactured without ammonia. Used in oyster, soy, fruit and canned sauces, beer, whiskey, biscuits, pickles, cakes, doughnuts, flour products, chocolate products, fizzy drinks, beer, wine, sweets, crisps, bread, pates, ice cream, sauces, pickles, preserves, vegetable protein and similar meat substitutes. Caustic sulphite See 150(a). caramel Ammonia See 150(a). E150(c) caramel Sulphite See 150(a). E150(d) ammonia caramel CI Food Black 1. Synthetic colour; coal tar Brilliant Black 151 derivative (may be BN, Black PN E151 carcinogenic); used in brown sauces, E150(b)

E152

Black 7984, Food Black 2, or C.I. 27755

blackcurrant cake mixes; Potentially dangerous to asthmatics, probable cause for ADD in children and may cause urticaria and problem to rhinitis sufferers. Also known to interfere with some digestive enzymes. Banned in Denmark, Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, USA, Norway and greatly restricted Sweden. A brown-to-black synthetic diazo dye. It usually comes as a tetrasodium salt. When used as a food dye, it has E number E152. It is also used in cosmetics. Its use is discontinued in USA and EU since 1984. It is currently delisted and not used anymore both in

153 E153

Vegetable carbon

E154

Brown FK, Kipper Brown

European Union and USA. It is also not permitted in Australia and Japan. It appears to cause allergic or intolerance reactions, particularly amongst those with an aspirin intolerance. It is a histamine liberator, and may worsen the symptoms of asthma. It is one of the colourants that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group recommends be eliminated from the diet of children. Black colour, charcoal pigment; used in jams, jelly crystals, liquorice; only the vegetable derived variety permitted in Australia. Banned in the United States Kipper or Food Brown. Made from 6 azo dyes

155 E155

(Chocolate) Brown HT

and sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate. It is mainly used to give fish flesh a healthy pigment which will not leach or fade during cooking. Typical products include smoked and cured fish, crisps, cooked meats. Banned in Austria, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland, USA. All EEC countries except the UK. brown colour, coal tar and azo dye; used in chocolate cake mixes; can produce bad reactions in asthmatics and people allergic to aspirin; also known to induce skin sensitivity; thought to be a carcinogenic in food, ADD children can have an adverse reaction to

this dye. Typical products include foods where a chocolate colour is required, e.g. cakes and biscuits. Banned in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Sweden, USA Carrots, green leafy vegetables and tomatoes are very good sources of natural carotene which is chemically extracted and is comprised of a mixture of beta-, alpha- and gamma-carotene. Natural Carotene, alpha160 carotene, an orangeE160(a) , beta-, gammayellow colouring, contains mainly betacarotene which has vitamin A as its natural degradation product. Carotene colouring fades on exposure to light. Typical products include

fruit juices and squashes, cakes, desserts, butter and margarine Red colour; derived from a tree (Bixa orellana); Water soluble annatto contains bixin, a carotenoid and the main colourant which may be interconverted by hydrolysis to norbixin. Water soluble annatto contains sodium or potassium salts of 160(b) Annatto, bixin, norbixin as the major colourant. Annatto, bixin E160(b) norbixin and norbixin can be used in a great variety of foods due to being either oil or water soluble. Typical products include soft drinks, fruit fillings, cheese, spreads and sauces, oil, cakes, butter and margarine, pastry, crisps, ice cream and lollies, smoked

fish. Used as a body paint, fabric dye, antibacterial, antioxidant, digestive aid and expectorant; used to dye cheese, cereals, snack foods, soaps, textiles and varnishes; known to cause urticaria (nettle rash) and flare-ups of angioneurotic oedema. It is implicated in asthma (containing salicylic acid) and hyperactivity. The HACSG* recommends to avoid it. Capsanthin, found in paprika extract, is a red to orange coloured spice derived from the pods Paprika extract, and seeds of the red pepper (Capsicum E160(c) capsanthin, capsorubin annuum). Contains vitamins A, B, C and traces of Zn, Cu, Se, Co, Mo, etc. Paprika extract also contains capsanthin.

Capsanthin may be added to poultry feed to enhance egg yolk colour. Typical products include eggs, meat products. Not listed in Australia. Avoid it. Lycopene is a natural red colour derived from tomatoes. Not Listed In E160(d) Lycopene Australia. Avoid it. Banned in some countries. This is a synthetic yellow-red colourant. No 160(e) Beta-apo-8'adverse effects are E160(e) carotenal (C 30) known. Typical products include processed cheese. A derivative of E160e, Ethyl ester of this orange-yellow colouring has no obvious 160(f) beta-apo-8'E160(f) carotenic acid health effects. Typical (C 30) products include processed cheese. Natural yellow colour 161 Xanthophylls derived from plants and E161 animals, naturally found

in green leaves, marigolds and egg yolks. Used in animal feed to colour the flesh and to enhance egg yolk colour as it is absorbed by the animals and stored in their tissue. Flavoxanthin is a xanthophyll, providing a natural yellow colour. Xanthophylls are mixtures of hydroxy derivatives of alpha-, E161(a) Flavoxanthin beta- and gammacarotenes, their natural epoxides and fatty acid esters. Flavoxanthin is consumed as part of a normal diet. Yellow-red colour derived from plants, naturally found in green Xanthophylls 161 leaves, marigolds and E161(b) Lutein egg yolks. It is related to carotene (E160a) and is available as a natural

plant extract. Forms part of a normal diet. Typical products include egg yolks (lutein is fed to poultry to enhance yolk colour). A xanthophyll (see E161a) and is found naturally in members of the potato and tomato family, as well as in egg E161(c) Cryptoxanthin yolks and butter. It provides a natural yellow colour but is not available for commercial colouring use. Forms parts of a normal diet. A xanthophyll (see E161a) that provides a natural yellow colour in foods consumed as part E161(d) Rubixanthin of a normal diet, however it is not commercially available. A xanthophyll (see E161(e) Violoxanthin E161a) that provides a natural yellow colour,

however it is not commercially available. Found in abundance in yellow pansies. A xanthophyll (see E161a) found naturally in E161(f) Rhodoxanthin yew tree seeds. It is yellow in colour. Not commercially available. Canthaxanthin is a natural orange xanthophyll (see E161a) isolated from some mushrooms, crustacea, fish and also flamingo feathers. It is used to enhance the colour of Xanthophylls - fish flesh, particularly E161(g) Canthaxanthin trout and salmon. There is some evidence that prolonged ingestion of canthaxanthin in large amounts may cause spotting of the retina. Typical products include tanning products, sauces, fish, preserves,

breadcrumbs, sweets. Natural colour, present in many plants. Commercially prepared from several dried plants E161(h) Citranaxanthin species. Yellow food colour. Slightly soluble in water. Hardly used. No side effects known. Beetroot red is the natural purplish red extract of beetroot, which is instable and hence not useful for most food processing applications. Beetroot red may contain Beetroot Red, sodium nitrate. 162 Betanin Typical products include E162 soup, tomato products, bacon products, desserts, sauces, jams, sweets, jelly. No adverse effects are known, but restrict intake for small children and infants. Anthocyanins are natural 163 Anthocyanins red, blue or violet plant E163

170 E170

Calcium carbonate

pigments present in the cell sap of many flowers, fruits and vegetables. They may contain a wide range of compounds including anthocyanin, tartaric acid, tannins, sugars and minerals. Typical products include soft drinks, pickles, soups, dairy products, jelly, fruit desserts, sweets. Calcium carbonate occurs naturally. The most common form of calcium carbonate is limestone. Other forms include chalk, marble, corals and calcite. Limestone is a major building material as quick lime (CaO) and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) are derived from it. Specially precipitated CaCO3 is extensively

used in the paper industry as it adds brightness, opacity, ink receptivity and smoothness to the finished product. Calcium carbonate is also used as a filler in rubbers, latex, paints and enamels, and in plastics, as well as finding use as a mild abrasive in toothpastes and an antacid. High levels of ingestion may result in flatulence, constipation, haemorrhoids and bleeding anal fissures. Typical products include tinned fruit and vegetables, wine, vitamin supplements, bread, cakes and other flour products. sometimes used to de-acidify wines and firm canned fruit and veg.; toxic at 'high doses'

171 E171

Titanium dioxide

due to mineral imbalance and many other physical problems such as haemorrhoids, kidney stones, abdominal pain, confused behaviour. Other names: limestone, marble, calcite, chalk Titanium dioxide may be used in food to give opacity. No adverse effects are known, and the compound is chemically inert. The manufacture of paint constitutes the major use of titanium dioxide, but it is also used as a paper coating and as a filler in rubber and plastics. The most common form of titanium dioxide at room temperature is the rutile structure, which is a slightly distorted hcp of O atoms with half octahedral holes filled by

172 E172

Ti atoms. Fine particles may be used to produce high opacity films as titanium dioxide has an exceptionally high refractive index in the visible region. Naturally occurring forms of titanium dioxide are usually impure, hence the sulphate process or the chloride process are normally used to harvest an acceptable purity of compound. Typical products include sweets, pharmaceutical tablets and vitamin supplements, sauces and cheese. Pollutes waterways. No adverse effects are known. Alpha-Fe2O3 occurs naturally as the mineral Iron oxides and haematite. Together the hydroxides iron oxides and hydroxides are used to

E173

Aluminium

provide red, orange, yellow, brown and black pigments, with the iron not being actively available to body tissues. Iron(III) oxide is also used as a major source of elemental iron in industry. Alpha-iron(III) oxide has the corundum structure. Typical products include fish and meat pastes, packet desserts, soups.; toxic at 'high doses'. Aluminium is a naturally occurring element, present in a normal healthy diet. It is used in food as a metallic surface coating. There is evidence that aluminium accumulation in body cells could be toxic and linked to Parkinson-type diseases, or that skeletal deformations could

occur. Pure aluminium is a silvery-white metal that is capable of taking a high polish, has high thermal and electrical conductivity, has excellent corrosion resistance, is nonmagnetic, malleable and ductile. It is the most commonly occurring metal in the earth's crust (8.3% by weight), and as well as being used in the food industry, is also used in the construction and aerospace industries, in aerosol cans and foil. Production of Al metal involves the following: (i) extraction, purification and dehydration of bauxite; (ii) the electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite. Typical products include sugar coated flour

174 E174

Silver

confectionery, silver coated tablets. Not currently listed for use in Australia. Avoid it. Suspect of being a neurotoxic hazard and been linked to osteoporosis. Silver is used in food to give a metallic surface colour. However prolonged consumption may lead to argyria, a blue-grey skin. The greatest source of silver now is as a by product in the manufacture of nonferrous metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn. Silver is usually obtained from crushed silver bearing ore. The actual method of recovery from the ore depends on which metal is predominant in the ore but normally ends by electrolysis using one of

E175

Gold

two techniques, either the Moebius or Thum Balbach systems. Silver is used extensively in the photographic industry, as well as in silverware and jewellery, electrically, for silvering mirrors and in batteries. Typical products include sugar coated flour confectionery. Not permitted in Australia prior to 1992. Long regular use can lead to blue-grey skin (this is not dangerous). Avoid it. Gold is used in food to give a metallic surface colour which is very unreactive, however it is also very expensive. Gold is produced by crushing gold-containing rock, the grains of gold are then extracted either by the cyanide process or

E180

by amalgamation with mercury. Gold is used to settle international debts, but other uses include manufacture of jewellery, in dentistry, the electronics industry and in the aerospace industry. Typical products include sugar coated flour confectionery. Not listed for use in Australia. Avoid it. Pigment rubine is a reddish coloured azo dye, used solely for colouring cheese rind. May affect people who suffer from asthma, rhinitis or the Lithol Rubine skin disease urticaria. BK, Typical products include Pigment Rubine cheese. Probable cause of rashes, hyperactivity, and potentially dangerous to asthmatics. Avoid it. Banned in Australia and New Zealand.

181 E181

Tannic acid, tannins

Clarifying agent in alcoholic drinks; derived from the nutgalls and twigs of oak trees; occurs naturally in tea. May cause gastric irritation.

* Hyperactive Children Support Group (HACSG) (Canada) ** Food and Drug Administration

Copyright MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087

PRESERVATIVES (200-290)
The art of medicine consists of amusing the patient while nature cures the disease -Voltaire Number Name Comments Occurs naturally in fruit, used as a preservative it inhibits fungal growth but allows for bacterial activity, hence is useful for cheese. Obtained from the berries of mountain ash or synthesised from ketene; possible skin irritant, and may cause rashes, asthma and hyperactivity.. Sorbic acid is used in conjunction with sulphur dioxide in wine making, without SO2 bacteria cause reduction

200 E200

Sorbic acid

of sorbic acid to sorbyl alcohol which converts to a foul smelling ether. Also used as a preservative in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Sorbic acid had a conjugated system of double bonds which makes it susceptible to nucleophilic attack, sometimes giving mutagenic products. Food labelled as containing E200 may actually contain sodium, potassium or calcium sorbate instead (E201, E202 and E203 respectively). Typical products include wine, cheese, other fermented products, desert sauces and fillings, soups, sweets, drinks, yeast goods.

201 E201

202 E202

203 E203

210 E210

Similar to 200. Sodium sorbate is the sodium salt of sorbic acid. Typical products Sodium sorbate include wine, cheese, other fermented products, desert sauces and fillings, soups, sweets. Similar to 200. otassium sorbate is the sodium salt of sorbic acid. More Potassium soluble than sorbic acid. sorbate Typical products include cheese, butter, yogurt, preserves, pickles, dried fruit, cakes and wine. Similar to 200. The calcium salt of sorbic acid. An antifungal antibacterial Calcium sorbate preservative. Typical products include fermented dairy produce, wine. Also known as flowers Benzoic acid of benzoin,

phenlycarboxylic acid, carboxybenzene. Obtained from Benzoin, a resin exuded by trees native to Asia. Benzoic acid is also used in the manufacture of plasticisers, resin coatings and caprolactam. It is an antiseptic, antifungal, antipyretic agent, and can be used as an alkalimetric standard. Added to alcoholic beverages, baked goods, cheeses, gum, condiments, frozen dairy, relishes, soft sweets, cordials and sugar substitutes. Used in cosmetics, as an antiseptic in many cough medications and an antifungal in ointments; can cause asthma, especially in those dependant on

211 E211

steroid asthma medications. Is also reputed to cause neurological disorders and to react with sulphur bisulphite (222), shown to provoke hyperactivity in children and can cause asthma in those dependant on steroid asthma medications. Other names: benzene carboxylic acid The sodium salt of benzoic acid, sodium benzoate fulfils an antibacterial and antifungal role, and to disguise taste, as of poor-quality food; Sodium benzoate orange diet soft drinks contain a high amount of it, up to 25mg per 250ml; also in milk and meat products, relishes and condiments, baked goods and lollies, tooth

212 E212

Potassium benzoate

213 E213

Calcium benzoate

pastes, mouth washes, maple syrup and margarine; used in many oral medications including Actifed, Phenergan and Tylenol; known to causes nettle rash and aggravate asthma. Suspected to be a neurotoxic hazard. The potassium salt of benzoic acid, potassium benzoate fulfils an antibacterial and antifungal role. Typical products include margarine, pickles, fruit juice. People with a history of allergies may show allergic reactions. for using. See 210. See 212. The calcium salt of benzoic acid, calcium benzoate fulfils an antibacterial and antifungal role. Typical products include fruit

E214

E215

216 E216

juice. A derivative of benzoic acid. Has anaesthetic properties and may cause numbness to the mouth.Typical products Ethyl parainclude beer, fruit hydroxybenzoate preserves and juices, sauces, flavouring syrups, fruit deserts, processed fish. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. The sodium salt of ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate, used as an antibacterial Sodium ethyl and antifungal parapreservative, also has hydroxybenzoate anaesthetic effects. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Synthesised from benzoic acid (E200). Antimicrobial, may be a Propylparaben numbing effect on the mouth. Typical products include beer, fruit sauces, pickles and

E216

E217

218

E218

preserves, fruit deserts, fruit squashes and juices, processed fish. Preservative. Possible contact allergen when used in cosmetics. Preservative. Possible Propyl paracontact allergen and hydroxybenzoate potentially dangerous to asthmatics. The sodium salt of propyl parahydroxybenzoate, E217 is produced from Sodium propyl benzoic acid and is an paraantimicrobial hydroxybenzoate preservative. May cause irritation to sensitive skin. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Preservative. Possible Methylparaben contact allergen. Synthesised from benzoic acid, methyl Methyl parapara-hydroxybenzoate is hydroxybenzoate a antimicrobial agent. Typical products include

219 E219

220 E220

beer, fruit products, pickles, sauces, deserts, soft drinks, processed fish. Preservative. Allergic reactions possible, mainly affecting the skin. The sodium salt of E218, sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate is Sodium methyl primarily an antifungal pagent. May cause hydroxybenzoate irritation to the skin. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Preservative. Occurs naturally in the atmosphere and as a pollutant gas from combustion processes, sulphur dioxide is Sulphur dioxide implicated in formation of acid rain and has a choking odour. Derived from coal tar; all sulphur drugs are toxic and restricted in use (in

USA, FDA** prohibits their use on raw fruits and vegetables), produced by combustion of sulphur, hydrogen sulphide or gypsum; known to provoke gastric irritation, nausea, diarrhoea, skin rash, asthma attacks and difficult to metabolise for those with impaired kidney function, also destroys vitamin B1 (thiamin), and should be avoided by anyone suffering from conjunctivitis, bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial asthma, or cardiovascular disease. Typical products are beer, soft drinks, dried fruit, juices, cordials, wine, vinegar, potato products. Similar functional properties are displayed by the

221 E221

sulphites (E221-E227). Other names: sulphur superoxide. The sodium salt of sulphurous acid. Used to sterilise fermentation equipment and food containers, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Generally meat, cereals and dairy products may not be treated with E221 as it destroys thiamine content. Over exposure Sodium sulphite to sulphites in food may cause an asthmatic attack, or cause gastric irritation. Typical products include fresh fruit and vegetables, beer, wine, fruit juices and sauces, frozen shellfish.. See 220 Other names: anhydrous sodium sulfite, sodium sulphite

222

Sodium bisulphite

See 220. See 220. Another sodium salt of sulphurous acid, sulphur dioxide may be released from food containing sulphites. May induce an attack in asthmatics, or cause gastric irritation due to this release of sulphur dioxide. Thiamine is destroyed by sulphites. Sulphites are also used as bleaching agents. Typical products include beer, wine, cider, fruit squashes and juice, fresh fruit and vegetables, frozen shellfish, jams, pickles. Another sodium salt of sulphurous acid, see E222. Used as an antimicrobial preservative, antioxidant

222 E222

Sodium hydrogen sulphite

223 E223

Sodium metabisulphite

224 E224

Potassium metabisulphite

225

Potassium

and bleaching agent in food. Typical products include preserved fruit and vegetables, pickles, fruit juice, frozen vegetables, frozen shellfish, dried fruits, fruit deserts. Treating agent, see 220. Other names: pyrosulphurous acid, disodium salt. A potassium salt of sulphurous acid, see E222. Used as an antimicrobial preservative, particularly in wine. Typical products include wine, frozen vegetables, fruit juice, fruit preserves, pickles, frozen shellfish. See 220. Other names: potassium pyrosulfite, pyrosulfurous acid dipotassium salt See 220.

E225

sulphite A calcium salt of sulphurous acid, see E222. Used not only as a preservative but also as a firming agent and disinfectant. Typical Calcium sulphite products include wine, fruit juice, canned fruit and vegetables, fruit pickles and preserves. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Another calcium salt of sulphurous acid, see E222. Used not only as a food preservative, but also as a firming agent Calcium and disinfectant in food hydrogen preparation. Typical sulphite products include beer, canned fruit and vegetables, jams, pickles, fruit juice, fruit jelly. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Potassium See 220.

226 E226

227 E227

228

bisulphite Another potassium salt of sulphurous acid, see E222. Used not only as a food preservative, but also as a firming agent and disinfectant in food preparation. Typical products include beer, canned fruit and vegetables, jams, pickles, fruit juice, fruit jelly. See 220. An antifungal derivative of benzene, used to inhibit the growth of mould on citrus fruits. Typical products include oranges, lemons, grapefruits. Banned in Australia. Can be used for agricultural purposes; typical products are pears, carrots, peaches, plums, prunes, sweet potato, citrus fruit,

228 E228

Potassium hydrogen sulphite

230 E230

Biphenyl, Diphenyl

231 E231

Orthophenyl phenol

232 E232

Sodium orthophenyl phenol

233 E233

Thiabendazole

pineapples, tomatoes, peppers, cherries, nectarines. Banned in Australia. The sodium salt of E231, used as an antibacterial and antifungal preservative in food. Typical products include oranges, lemons, grapefruits, other citrus fruits. Thiabendazole is used as a preservative in food, but it is also a fungicide and used in the veterinary profession. Can be used for agricultural purposes, typical products are citrus fruits, apples, pears, potatoes, bananas, mushrooms, meat, milk. Also used as a medical treatment for some

234 E234

Nisin

235 E235

Natamycin, Pimaracin

236 E236

Formic acid

conditions, resulting in 30% of patients suffering from anorexia, nausea, vomiting and vertigo. Banned in Australia. Antibiotic produced during the growth of bacterium Streptococcus lactis and is a polypeptide antibiotic used in food as a preservative. Found in beer, processed cheese products, tomato paste. Mould inhibitor derived from bacteria; sometimes used medically to treat candidiasis; can cause nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea and skin irritation; typical products are meat, cheese. Formic acid is used as a preservative in food, and

E237

E238

also in manufacture of leather and preparation of latex rubber. It occurs naturally in ants, is completely soluble in water, and in solution exists as hydrogenbonded dimers. It is industrially synthesised from carbon monoxide, and is thought to exist in two resonance forms. Formic acid has diuretic properties. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Other names: formylic acid, hydrogen carboxylic acid, methanoic acid This is the sodium salt of formic acid, E236, formerly used as a Sodium formate diuretic. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Other names: formic acid sodium salt Calcium formate This is the calcium salt

E239

Hexamethylene tetramine, Hexamine

E240

Formaldehyde

of formic acid, E236, formerly used as a diuretic. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Hexamine is an antibacterial agent and a physiologically active compound due to the presence of N. It is manufactured using formaldehyde and ammonia, and prolonged ingestion may result in stomach upsets. Hexamine may be carcinogenic. Typical products include marinated fish. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Formaldehyde is the most important industrial aldehyde with about 3.6 million tonnes of formaldehyde being made each year. The industrial synthesis of formaldehyde involves

methanol. The incomplete combustion of organic compounds results in formaldehyde formation, hence smoked foods are preserved not only by phenolic substances present in the smoke, by the formaldehyde coating. It is also used as a disinfectant and a fungicide. Its main application is in the preparation of phenolic resins (or phenolformaldehyde copolymers, e.g. bakelite). Formaldehyde is also used in the preparation of ribose. Other names: formalin, formic aldehyde, methylene oxide, oxomethane, paraform. Other Info: Causes burns. Very toxic by inhalation, ingestion and

242 E242

249 E249

through skin absorption. Readily absorbed through skin. Possible cancer hazard. Mutagen. May cause damage to kidneys. May cause allergic reactions. May cause sensitisation. May cause heritable genetic damage. Lachrymator. Very destructive of mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Yeast inhibitor, Dimethyl preservative. Used in dicarbonate fruit drinks, sports drinks and wine. Potassium nitrite is the potassium salt of nitrous acid and is used as a curing agent and Potassium nitrite preservative in meat. Excessive ingestion may result in such high concentrations of nitrites in the bloodstream that

reduced concentrations of oxygen are carried by haemoglobin in red blood cells, resulting in shortness of breath, dizziness and headaches. Nitrites may also form nitrosamines in the stomach, thought to be carcinogenic agents. Potassium nitrite inhibits the growth of bacteria responsible for botulism, retards development of rancidity, and preserves flavours. Less than 10% of nitrate (nitrite) intake is from cured meats, with the rest coming from mainly root vegetables. Typical products include processed meats, cured and smoked meat and fish, root vegetables. Not permitted in foods for infant and young

250 E250

Sodium nitrite

251

Sodium nitrate,

children. Other names: nitrous acid potassium salt. Sodium nitrite is the sodium salt of nitrous acid. See E249. Typical products include processed meats, cured and smoked meat and fish, root vegetables. Toxic. May be fatal if swallowed. Eye, skin and respiratory irritant. Some laboratory experiments suggest that this material may act as a carcinogen. May provoke hyperactivity and other adverse reactions, restricted in many countries, can combine with chemicals in stomach to form nitrosamine, the HACSG* recommends to avoid it. Sodium nitrate is a

E251

saltpetre

252 E252

natural mineral, occurring in great abundance in the Atacama desert (hence the name Chile saltpetre). It is used as a preservative and curing agent in meat. See E249, potassium nitrite. Typical products include processed meats, cured and smoked meat and fish, root vegetables. Also used in the manufacture of nitric acid, as a fertiliser. (see 250). Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Skin, eye and respiratory irritant. Other names: Chile saltpetre, cubic nitre, nitric acid sodium salt Potassium nitrate is a naturally occurring Potassium nitrate mineral used as a preservative and curing

260 E260

Acetic acid

agent in meat. It is artificially manufactured by the reaction of potassium chloride with nitric acid. See E249, potassium nitrite. Potassium nitrate is used in fireworks as well as fertilisers. Typical products include processed meats, cured and smoked meat and fish, root vegetables. May be derived from waste animal or vegetable matter. May cause reproductive disorders. May provoke hyperactivity and other adverse reactions; potentially carcinogenic; restricted in many countries (see 249). Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) has been used for hundreds of years as a preservative

(vinegar, French for "sour wine"). If during the fermentation of grapes or other fruits, oxygen is allowed into the container, then bacteria convert the ethanol present into ethanoic acid causing the wine to turn sour. Acetic acid may be synthetically produced using methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, or butane/naphtha oxidation. Pure acetic acid is termed "glacial", and is completely miscible with water. Typical products include fish fingers, butter, margarine, processed cheese, curry powder, cooking oil. Other names: ethanoic acid. Acetic acid is strongly corrosive and causes

261 E261

262 E262

serious burns, as well as being a lachrymator. Food acid. he potassium salt of acetic acid, E260. In industry is used to aid conditioning of fabrics, used in the manufacture of penicillin. Should be avoided by people with impaired kidney Potassium function; typical acetate products are sauces, pickles. Other names: acetic acid potassium salt, potassium ethanoate, ethanoic acid potassium salt. May irritate the skin, eyes and lungs. (i) Sodium Acetate The sodium salt of acetic acid, E260. Acts Sodium acetate as a buffer in foods. and anydrous, Technical grade sodium Sodium diacetate acetate is used as a mordant in dyeing processes, as buffers in

petroleum production, and for kidney dialysis processes. In plastic manufacturing it is used as a retarder for some elastomers. Typical products include bouillons. No known adverse effects. May irritate the skin, harmful if ingested. (ii) Sodium hydrogen acetate (sodium diacetate) - A vinegar used as a mould inhibitor in snack foods and bread, as a flavour enhancer in breads, cakes, cheese and snack food. Technical grade sodium hydrogen acetate is used as a buffer in petroleum production. Typical products include bread, crisps and other snack foods, cheese, cakes.

263 E263

264 E264

Calcium acetate is used in food as a thickening agent (cake mixtures, puddings, pie fillings), as a buffer in controlling the pH of food during processing, as a preservative to prevent microbial growth, and as a calcium supplement in pet products. In other areas of industry Calcium acetate calcium acetate is used in dyeing and printing. Typical products include packet deserts, pie fillings. Other names: calcium acetate monohydrate, calcium diacetate. May cause eye, skin or respiratory irritation. Mutagenic effects noted in laboratory tests. Can cause nausea and Ammonium vomiting. Used in acetate products that also

270 E270

Lactic acid

contain acetates. Occurs naturally in sour milk, apples, tomatoes and molasses. Food acid, acidity regulator; produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in potatoes, cornstarch or molasses; No side effects in adults. D- or DL-lactates (stereoisomers) should not be given to babies and small children, as they have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer), infant formulas and confectionary. lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all

280 E280

Propionic acid

religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is mot made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance. All propionates are thought to be linked with migraine headaches; propionates occur naturally in fermented foods, human perspiration and ruminants digestive tract, also can be derived commercially from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde or natural gas or fermented wood pulp; produced when bacteria decompose fibre; commonly used in bread cheese and flour

281 E281

Sodium propionate

products. Corrosive causes burns. Harmful if swallowed. Liquid may burn eyes. Severe eye and skin irritant. Other names: carboxyethane, ethylformic acid, methylacetic acid. Sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid, E280. It is used as an antimicrobial agent in bread to prevent germination of some types of bacteria which causes sticky yellow patches to occur. Occurs naturally in fermented food, human sweat and stomachs of cows. May irritate the eyes and skin, readily absorbed through the skin. May be linked to migraines, typical products are processed cheese and

282 E282

Calcium propionate

283 E283

Potassium propionate

flour/bread products. Other names: propionic acid, sodium salt. Calcium propionate is the calcium salt of propionic acid, E280. It is used as an antimicrobial agent in bread to prevent germination of some types of bacteria which causes sticky yellow patches to occur. Typical products include bakery products, dairy products. Can cause symptoms similar to a gall bladder attack. Potassium propionate is the potassium salt of propionic acid, E280. It is used as an antimicrobial agent in bread to prevent germination of some types of bacteria which causes sticky yellow

E284

Boric acid

patches to occur. Typical products include bakery products, dairy products. See 281. Preservative and bleaching agent. Boric acid is best known for being an antiseptic, but it is also used in insecticides, leather finishing, paints, soaps, wood preserving, and in ceramics and glass manufacturing. Boric acid is industrially synthesised by treating borax with strong acid. Boric acid forms crystals in which a planar array of BO3 units is joined by unsymmetrical H bonds. Used in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and numerous industrial processes. Used in

E285

Sodium tetraborate (borax)

Australia for a well known ant poison. Suspected to be a neurotoxic hazard. Ingestion is harmful and may be fatal. Harmful by inhalation. Irritant. May cause congenital malformation in the fetus. Laboratory tests with animals suggest this material may cause reproductive disorders. Borax has many industrial uses including as an added ingredient in washing powders, water softeners and soaps. Borax is also mixed with clay and other substances to produce porcelain enamels which is used in pottery, sinks etc. It is also used in the glass industry, the textile industry, in tanning

290 E290

Carbon dioxide

leather, and in the manufacture of paper. Borax is obtained by mining of boroncontaining rocks, or by recrystallisation from water sources. A major source of borax is the mineral kernite, abundant in the Mojave Desert. Other names: borax decahydrate, boricin, disodium tetraborate decahydrate. Possible risk that this may cause reproductive disorders, based on tests with laboratory animals. Eye and skin irritant. Harmful by ingestion. May be harmful by inhalation. Propellant, coolant, derived from lime manufacture; may increase the effect of alcohol; typical products

are wine, soft drinks, confectionary. Delays ripening of fruit and vegetables. Suspected of being a neurotoxic hazard. More than 10% in the air causes blackouts. * Hyperactive Children Support Group (HACSG) (Canada) ** US Food and Drug Administration MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, SA, 5087

ACIDS, ANTIOXIDANTS, MINERAL SALTS (296-385)

"Modern medicine" may well be defined as "the experimental study of what happens when poisonous chemicals are placed into malnourished human bodies." A. Saul Contributing Editor, Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine

Numbe r

Name

Comments Occurs in two chiral molecules, the D- and L- forms. L-malic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid that is used in the body to derive ATP from food. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, especially apples. Malic acid may aid in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Commercial malic acid is usually a mixture of the two types, synthesised by heating maleic acid with dilute sulphuric acid, under pressure. Typical products include tinned fruit, vegetables and pulses, jams, jelly, frozen

296 E296

Malic acid, DL-Malic acid

297 E297

Fumaric acid

300 E300

Ascorbic acid

vegetables, fruit squash. Infants and young children should avoid it. Found in potato snacks, confectionary, spaghetti sauce, frozen vegetables, tinned tomatoes. Derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis or from the fermentation of glucose with fungi; can be used to flavour, acidify, as an antioxidant or raising agent used in soft drinks and cake mixes. No known side effects. Antioxidant, colour and preservative. The body stores little ascorbic acid or vitamin C, so this must be provided on a

daily basis in the diet. Good sources of vitamin C include citrus fruit, raw cabbage, strawberries and tomatoes. Vitamin C has been shown to prevent scurvy, and is essential for healthy blood vessels, bones, and teeth. Vitamin C also helps form collagen, a protein that holds tissues together. Ascorbic acid is industrially synthesised using a number of different biological techniques. Flour treating agent, 'vitamin C'; may be made synthetically from glucose, naturally occurs in fruit and vegetables; added to products as diverse as cured meat, breakfast cereals,

301 E301

Sodium ascorbate

frozen fish and wine. Large doses can cause dental erosion, vomiting, diarrhoea dizziness, and could possibly cause kidney stones if more than 10g is taken. Should be taken under medical advice if suffering from kidney stones, gout or anaemia. Other names: l-ascorbic acid, l,3ketothreohexuronic acid. Antioxidant, preservative and colour. Sodium salt of vitamin C. See 300. Other names: ascorbic acid sodium salt, ascorbicin, ascorbin, cebitate, cenolate, monosodium ascorbate.

302 E302 303 E303

304 E304

Vitamin C, may increase the formation Calcium ascorbate of calcium axalate stones. See 300. Potassium Potassium salt of ascorbate vitamin C. See 300. (i) Ascorbyl palmitate is formed from the esterification of palmitic acid and ascorbic acid together. It is used as a source of vitamin C, and as an antioxidant in food, and has many applications as it is Ascorbyl palmitate, soluble in fats at high Ascorbyl stearate temperatures. See also E300. Typical products include cereal, processed meat products. (ii) Ascorbyl stearate is formed from the esterification of stearic acid and ascorbic acid

306 E306

Tocopherols concentrate, mix

together. It is used as a source of vitamin C, and as an antioxidant in food. See also E300. Typical products include cereal, processed meat products. Extracts obtained from soya bean oil, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize and green leaves are rich in naturally occurring vitamin E, and are used in food as antioxidants as well as sources of vitamin enrichment. These tocopherols include alpha-, beta-, gammaand delta-tocopherols. Vitamin E is an essential requirement foe red blood cells and aids supply of oxygen

307 E307

308

to the heart and muscles. It also acts as an antioxidant in the body by reducing radical species e.g. oxygen radicals and breaking the propagation chain of lipid oxidation. Typical products include vegetable oils, meat products. This alphatocopherol is chemically synthesised and is used as an antioxidant and alpha-Tocopherol source of vitamin E (synthetic) in food. See also E306. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products. gammaThis gamma-

E308

Tocopherol (synthetic)

309 E309

tocopherol is chemically synthesised and is used as an antioxidant and source of vitamin E in food. See also E306. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products. This deltatocopherol is chemically synthesised and is used as an antioxidant and delta-Tocopherol source of vitamin E (synthetic) in food. See also E306. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products.

310 E310

Propyl gallate

311

Octyl gallate

Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia ; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging. It is used as an antioxidant in food, often with BHT (E321) and BHA (E320), although it has limited use as it is unstable at high temperatures. Octyl gallate is

E311

312 E312

Dodecyl gallate

synthesised by the esterification of gallic acid. It is used as an antioxidant in food, often with BHT (E321) and BHA (E320), although it has limited use as it is unstable at high temperatures. Typical products include oils and fats, cereals, snack foods, dairy produce. See 310. Dodecyl gallate is synthesised by the esterification of gallic acid. It is used as an antioxidant in food, often with BHT (E321) and BHA (E320), although it has limited use as it is unstable at high temperatures. Typical products

313

Thiodipropionic acid

314

Guaiac Gum

include oils and fats, cereals, snack foods, dairy produce. See 310. Synthetic anti-oxidant. Anti-oxidant in fatty products, especially added to prevent rancidity. Found in oils and fats, (cosmetics). Up to 3 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used. Can normally be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Natural resin from the tree Guajacum officinale and some related tropical trees. Anti-oxidant in cola products. Up to 2.5 mg/kg body weight.

315 E315

Erythorbic acid

No known side effects in the concentrations used, although some allergies have been reported. Can normally be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Produced from sucrose. No know side effects. Other names: araboascorbic acid, d-isoascorbic acid, glucosaccharonic acid, erycorbin, saccharosonic acid See 315. Produced from sucrose. No know side effects. Related to ascorbic acid but lacks any vitamin value. Found in frozen fish,

316 E316

Sodium erythorbate

317 E317

Erythorbic acid

E318

319 E319

preserved meat and fish, and other foods that use ascorbic acid. Sodium salt of 317. Sodium No know side erythorbate effects. Petroleum based; the HACSG* recommends to avoid it. May cause nausea, vomiting, delirium. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 0.02 mg/kg body Butylhydroxinon weight. A dose of 5g tertis considered fatal. Butylhydroquinon Typical products are e dairy blend edible fats and oils, margarine, dripping, salad dressing, lipsticks. Can normally be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and

320 E320

Butylated hydroxy-anisole (BHA)

vegetarians. Petroleum derivative, BHA is a synthetic analogue of vitamin E and operates by reducing oxygen radicals and interrupting the propagation of oxidation processes. It is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative, and is prepared from pmethoxyphenol and isobutene. BHA can be used in baked products as it is stable at high temperatures, it is mainly used to prevent rancidity in fats and oils. Typical products include biscuits, cakes, fats and oils, cereals,

pastry and pastry products, sweets, edible oils, chewing gum, fats, margarine, nuts, instant potato products, polyethylene food wraps; not permitted in infant foods, can provoke an allergic reaction in some people, may trigger hyperactivity and other intolerances; serious concerns over carcinogenicity and estrogenic effects, in large doses caused tumours in lab animals, banned in Japan in 1958, official committees of experts recommended that it be banned in the UK, however due to

321 E321

Butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT)

industry pressure it was not banned, McDonald's eliminated BHT from their US products by 1986. Other names: tert-butyl-4hydroxyanisole, tertbutyl-4methoxyphenol, BOA, (1,1dimethylethyl)-4methoxyphenol Petroleum derivative; BHT is a synthetic analogue of vitamin E and operates by reducing oxygen radicals and interrupting the propagation of oxidation processes. It is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative, and is prepared from p-

cresol and isobutylene. It is one of the most commonly used antioxidants for food oils and fats and is much cheaper than BHA although it has more limited applications due to instability at high temperatures. There is evidence that BHT causes cell division. Typical products include biscuits, cakes, fats and oils, cereals, pastry and pastry products, sweets.see 320. Other names: 2,6di-tert-butyl-4methylphenol, 2,6bis(1,1dimethylethyl)-4methylphenol

322 E322

Lecithin's

Lecithins are also known as phosphatidylcholine s, and are examples of phopholipids, or esters of glycerol, where two ester bonds are to fatty acids and the third is to a phosphoric acid derivative. Most commercial lecithin is extracted from soya beans, egg yolks and leguminous seeds, corn or animal resources; non toxic; used to allow combination of oils in margarine, chocolate, mayonnaise, milk powder, potato chips, puddings, breakfast cereals.. Lecithins play important roles in

325 E325

Sodium lactate

the transmission of nerve impulses as well as fulfilling other biological functions. They are present in all living cells and are significant constituents of nerve and brain tissues. Lecithins are capable of forming micelles in aqueous solution hence are employed in foods as emulsifiers. Egg allergy. See 270. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation on starch and molasses. Also produced in large amounts in the large

intestine by the resident bacteria. No side effects in adults. D- or DLlactates (stereoisomers) should not be given to babies and small children, as they have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate. E270, and is used as a humectant and antioxidant in food. It is capable of increasing the antioxidant effects of other substances. It is hygroscopic hence is used in such products where its ability to absorb moisture helps to extend

326 E326

shelf life. Sometimes used as a substitute for glycerol. Found in biscuits, cheese, confectionary, wide range of foods. Other names: lacolin, lactic acid sodium salt. lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance. See 325. lactic acid and lactates can be Potassium lactate consumed by all religious groups, vegans and

vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance. No side effects in adults. Dor DL-lactates (stereoisomers) should not be given to babies and small children, as they have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate. Potassium lactate is hygroscopic, hence is used in foods where it is used to help retain moisture. It is used in meat and poultry to control food-borne

327 E327

Calcium lactate

pathogenic bacteria and to protect and enhance meat flavour. Typical products include cakes, ice cream, jelly, sweets, jam, processed meat. See 325. Calcium salt of lactic acid (E270), a natural acid produced by bacteria in fermented foods. All fermented foods are very rich in lactic acid. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation on starch and molasses. Also produced in large amounts in the large intestine by the resident bacteria. It is capable of

increasing the antioxidant effects of other substances. It is hygroscopic hence is used in such products where its ability to absorb moisture helps to extend shelf life. Sometimes used as a substitute for glycerol. Typical products include jams, margarines, cheese, sweets, ice cream, cakes. Other names: calcium lactate 5-hydrate, calcium lactate, 2hydroxypropanoic acid calcium salt pentahydrate. No side effects in adults. D- or DLlactates (stereoisomers) should not be given

to babies and small children, as they have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate. Lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is mot made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance. 328 E328 329 E329 Ammonium lactate Magnesium lactate See 325. See 325. Magnesium lactate is the magnesium salt of lactic acid,

E270, and is used as a humectant and antioxidant in food. It is capable of increasing the antioxidant effects of other substances. It is hygroscopic hence is used in such products where its ability to absorb moisture helps to extend shelf life. Sometimes used as a substitute for glycerol. Typical products include jams, margarines, cheese, sweets, ice cream, cakes. No side effects in adults. D- or DLlactates (stereoisomers) should not be given to babies and small children, as they

330 E330

Citric acid

have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate. Lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is mot made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance. Food acid, naturally derived from citrus fruit, although commercial synthesis is by fermentation of molasses. It is used in food as an

antioxidant as well as enhancing the effect of other antioxidants, and also as an acidity regulator. Present in virtually all plants, it was first isolated in 1784 from lemon juice, by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and has been used as a food additive for over 100 years. Used in biscuits, canned fish, cheese and processed cheese products, infant formulas, cake and soup mixes, rye bread, soft drinks, fermented meat products. Damages tooth enamel. Most citric acid is produced from corn,

331 E331

Sodium citrates

manufacturers do not always take out the protein which can be hydrolysed and create MSG (621) causing reactions in MSGsensitive people. (i) Monosodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine, processed cheeses.

(ii) Disodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine, processed cheeses. (iii) Trisodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to

332 E332

Potassium citrates

improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine, processed cheeses. (i) Monopotassium citrate is the potassium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical

products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine, processed cheeses. (ii) Tripotassium citrate is the potassium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine,

333 E333

Calcium citrates

processed cheeses. (i) Monocalcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as a firming agent in food. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, ice cream, wine, carbonated beverages, sweets, jams, evaporated and condensed milk, milk powder, processed cheeses. (ii) Dicalcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as a firming agent in food. It is also used as an acidity

regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, ice cream, wine, carbonated beverages, sweets, jams, evaporated and condensed milk, milk powder, processed cheeses. (iii) Tricalcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as a firming agent in food. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, ice cream, wine, carbonated beverages, sweets, jams, evaporated and condensed

334 E334

Tartaric acid (L(+)-)

milk, milk powder, processed cheeses. No known adverse effects in small quantities. In tinned vegetables and many of 330. Wide range of foods. Tartaric acid exists as a pair of enantiomers and an achiral meso compound. (+)tartaric acid commonly occurs in nature and can be found in fruit, and sometimes in wine. Tartaric acid is industrially synthesised as a byproduct during wine making, and it is used in food as an antioxidant and synergist to

335 E335

increase the antioxidant effect of other substances. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Excessive ingestion of tartaric acid results in laxative effects. Typical products include baking powder, chewing gum, jams, sweets, jelly, tinned fruit and vegetables, cocoa powder, frozen dairy produce. (i) Monosodium tartrate is a sodium salt of tartaric acid, E334, used mainly Sodium tartrates as an antioxidant and synergist in food, as well as an acidity regulator. See E334. Typical

products include sweets, jelly, jams, carbonated beverages. (ii) Disodium tartrate is a sodium salt of tartaric acid, E334, used mainly as an antioxidant and synergist in food, as well as an acidity regulator. See E334. Typical products include sweets, jelly, jams, carbonated beverages. People with cardiac failure, high blood pressure, damaged liver or kidneys, and fluid retention. Found in most types of foods. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 30 mg/kg body weight.

336 E336

Potassium tartrates

(i) Monopotassium tartrate (cream of tartar) is a potassium salt of tartaric acid, E334, used mainly as an antioxidant and synergist in food, as well as an acidity regulator. See E334. Typical products include wine, citrus dessert mixes, sweets, jelly, jams, carbonated beverages. (ii) Dipotassium tartrate is a potassium salt of tartaric acid, E334, used mainly as an antioxidant and synergist in food, as well as an acidity regulator. See E334. Typical products include

wine, citrus dessert mixes, sweets, jelly, jams, carbonated beverages. 337 Potassium sodium tartrate Food acid; See 335. Sodium potassium tartrate is a derivative of tartaric acid, E334, and is used in food as a buffer and antioxidant. There are no known adverse health effects and it is used medically as a bowel evacuant. Typical products include meat and cheese products, jams, margarine. See 335. Orthophosphoric acid can only be obtained pure in the crystalline state and

E337

Sodium potassium tartrate

338 E338

Phosphoric acid

slowly undergoes dehydration to diphosphoric acid. Crystalline phosphoric acid has a hydrogen-bonded layer structure in which each molecule is attached to 6 others. Impure phosphoric acid has its main application in fertilisers, and also in the synthesis of pure phosphoric acid. In turn pure phosphoric acid is used in food, detergents, pharmaceuticals and metal treatment (e.g. pickling, cleaning, rustproofing, polishing). Car bodies and electrical appliances are all protected against rust and

blistering by the presence of a phosphatised undercoat. Phosphoric acid is used in the production of activated carbon, and may be used in soft drinks to give a sour taste. "Thermal" phosphoric acid is made by oxidation of phosphorus in the presence of water vapour whilst "wet" acid is made by treating rock phosphate with sulphuric acid. Phosphoric acid is added to food to enhance the antioxidant effects of other compounds present, and also as an acidity regulator.

Typical products include carbonated beverages, processed meat, chocolate, fats and oils, beer, jam, sweets. Too much in diet leads to loss of calcium in bones and onset of osteoporosis. In fizzy drinks it allows more carbon dioxide concentration without bottle burst. Soft drinks, beer, cheese products, snacks, and most processed foods. Other names: orthophosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is banned in organic food and drinks. Phosphoric acid is a highly acidic ingredient in cola

drinks, used to offset the extreme sweetness. The way the kidneys excrete it is by bonding it with calcium taken from the bones, which can then leave the bones porous and brittle, and increase the risk of osteoporosis. A study, published in the Archives of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine in 2000, showed that athletic teenage girls who consume cola drinks have been found to have five times the risk of bone fractures of those athletic girls who do not consume cola drinks. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to

339 E339

Sodium phosphates

70 mg/kg body weight. Phosphoric acid and phosphates can normally be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although animal bones are mainly made up of phosphates, commercial phosphate is not made from bones. (i) Monosodium phosphate Monosodium phosphate is a sodium salt of phosphoric acid and is a water-soluble acid, hence is used in effervescent laxative tablets, as a mild phosphatising

agent for steel surfaces, as a component in metal paint undercoats, and a fixing agent in textile dyeing. It is added to food to act as an antioxidant synergist, a stabiliser and a buffer. Typical products include processed meat products, processed cheese products. ; high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphorus equilibrium. Other names: Sodium biphosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate. (ii) Disodium phosphate Disodium phosphate is a sodium salt of

orthophosphoric acid and is used as an antioxidant synergist, stabiliser and buffering agent in food. It is also used as an emulsifier in the manufacture of pasteurised processed cheese. Disodium phosphate is added to powdered milk to prevent gelation. Typical products include processed meat products, processed cheese products, powdered milk. Other names: disodium hydrogen phosphate, disodium orthophosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, disodium

monohydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid disodium salt. (iii) Trisodium phosphate Trisodium phosphate is a sodium salt of orthophosphoric acid and is used as an antioxidant synergist, stabiliser and buffering agent in food. Typical products include processed meat products, processed cheese products. (i) Monopotassium phosphate is a potassium salt of phosphoric acid used as an antioxidant synergist, buffer and

340 E340

Potassium phosphates

emulsifier in food. Typical products include sauce and dessert mixes, jelly products. (ii) Dipotassium phosphate is a potassium salt of phosphoric acid used as an antioxidant synergist, buffer and emulsifier in food. Typical products include cooked and other cured meats, milk and cream powders, drinking chocolate. Other names: dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate, phosphoric acid dipotassium salt,

potassium hydrogen phosphate. (iii) Tripotassium phosphate is a potassium salt of phosphoric acid used as an antioxidant synergist, buffer and emulsifier in food. Typical products include cooked and other cured meats, milk and cream powders, drinking chocolate. No known adverse effects. (i) Monocalcium phosphate Available commercially in the anhydrous or monohydrate form. Both are used as a leavening acid to

340

Ammonium phosphates

341 E341

Calcium phosphates

replace cream of tartar in foods, 'straight baking powder' is a mixture of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. Monocalcium phosphate is used extensively in the fertiliser industry, when it was noted in 1880 that acidulated bones (containing tricalcium phosphate) made good fertiliser. Typical products include self-raising flour, baking powder, cake and pastry mixes, cakes and other pastry products, medicines as an antacid and polishing agent in

enamels and as baking agent. In some self raising flours. Other names: calcium phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate, calcium tetrahydrogen diorthophosphate. (ii) Dicalcium phosphate Manufactured from phophoric acid, dicalcium phosphate is used as an antioxidant in food, an abrasive agent in toothpaste (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate) as well as being a firming agent. Available in the anhydrous or dihydrate forms. Typical products

include tinned and packaged fruit deserts, granular food products. Other names: Calcium hydrogen orthophosphate, calcium phosphate dibasic. (iii)Tricalcium phosphate - Some form of tricalcium phosphate is found to make up 60% of non-cellular bone structure and 70% of teeth in an average adult. Synthetic tricalcium phosphate is added to table salt, sugar, baking powder and fertilisers to give a 'free-flowing' quality. It is prepared from naturally derived calcium phosphate.

343 E343

350

Typical products include salt, sugar and other granular foods, packet sauce mixes, cake mixes etc. Other names: tricalcium diorthophosphate, calcium phosphate tribasic. (i) monomagnesium phosphate (ii) Dimagnesium phosphate Essential mineral, Magnesium anticaking agent phosphates found in salt substitutes, sweetened coconut and prepared mustard. Sodium salt of malic acid. Flavouring Sodium malates buffer and (DL-Sodium seasoning hydrogen malate) agent. Sweetened coconut, low salt

substitute, all fruit drinks, soft drinks, dairy blend. No known adverse effects. See 296. E350 351 E351 352 E352 Sodium malates (Sodium hydrogen malate) Potassium malate DL-Calcium malate No known adverse effects. See 350.

353 E353

354 E354 355 E355

No known adverse effects. See 350. No known adverse effects. See 350. No known adverse Calcium malates effects. See 350. No known adverse effects. Used to Metatartaric acid precipitate excess calcium in wine making. Calcium salt of tartaric acid. Seems Calcium tartrate safe. Food acid and modifying agent in infant foods. Synthetic food acid Adipic acid from nitric acid or

E356

Sodium adipate

from the beet root. Only a small amount can be metabolised by humans and is listed as having teratogenic properties. Eye irritant. Firming and raising agent used in baking powder, beer, all fruit drinks, jams, pudding mixes, ice blocks, margarine, etc. Sodium salt of adipic acid, a natural acid present in beets and sugar cane (juice). Acidity regulator. Found in Herbal salts. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 5 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known; it is metabolised in the

357 E357

363 E363

365 E365

body or excreted in the urine. Potassium salt of adipic acid. Firming and raising agent in Potassium baked goods, beer, adipose chewing gum, all drinks, desserts. No known adverse effects Banned in Australia. Naturally occurring in some animals and plants. Succinic acid Powdered drinks, puddings and soups (but used in medicine(?)) Food acid, salt of fumaric acid (derived from plants of the genus Sodium fumarate Fumaria esp. F.officianalis). strengthens bread dough in bread machinery, gives

366 E366

367 E367

370 E370

375 E375

even grain and greater volume. In dried, liquid, or frozen egg whites and artificial whipped cream. No known adverse affects. Salt of fumaric acid. Food acid. No Potassium known adverse fumarate effects. Regulates acidity in jams, makes gelatine set. Salt of fumaric acid. Food acid. No Calcium fumarate known adverse effects. See 366 Avoid it. Powdered dessert and dried 1,4soup. Synthetic Heptonolactone product, prepared from hydroxyheptanoic acid. Nicotinic acid, Nicotinic acid is a B Niacin, vitamin, found Nicotinamide naturally in yeast,

380

E380

381

liver and legumes, and is used in food as a colour retention agent as well as a B vitamin. It is essential for metabolism and the nervous system. Typical products include bread, flour, cereal. Other names: Pyridine-Bcarboxylic acid, niacin. Food acid. May Ammonium interfere with liver citrates and pancreas function. Food acid. May Tri-ammonium interfere with liver citrate and pancreas function. Food acid. Essential mineral, food acid Ferric ammonium derived from citric citrates acid; used as a dietary iron

E381

385 E385

supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas. Unsafe in large amounts. Food acid. Essential mineral, food acid derived from citric acid; used as a Ammonium ferric dietary iron citrates supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas. Unsafe in large amounts. Synthetic flavour, texture retainer, anti-gushing agent in beer, Calcium disodium preservative, (EDTA) ethylene sequestrant and diamine colour promoter. tetraacetate Causes mineral imbalance. Known enzyme and blood coagulant inhibitor. Gastrointestinal

386

disturbances, blood in urine, kidney damage and muscle cramps are side effects. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Watch for imported goods. Canned soft drink, tinned white potatoes, salad dressings, egg products, oleomargarine, potato salad, lima beans, mushrooms, pecan pie filling, sandwich spreads A synthetic compound. Metal scavenger, stabiliser EDTA: Disodium (also used after heavy ethylenediamine metal intoxication to tetra-acetate remove metals from the body). Found in many different products. Acceptable

387

Oxystearin

Daily Intake: Up to 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used. Long-term exposure to high doses may result in depletion of metal(s) from the body (iron). Mixture of glycerides of stearic acid and other fatty acids. Metal scavenger and stabiliser (to prevent crystallisation in fats and oils). Found in oils and fats, sugar, yeast products, etc. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used. The body treats it as fat. Although

388

Thiodipropionic acid

commercially (nearly always) prepared from vegetable oil, fatty acids of animal origin (incl. pork) cannot be excluded. Synthetic compound. Anti-oxidant. Products: Oils and fats, but used mainly in cosmetics. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 3 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used.

* Hyperactive Children Support Group (HACSG) (Canada) MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087

VEGETABLE GUMS, EMULSIFIERS, STABILISERS etc. (400-495)

"He's the best physician that knows the worthlessness of most medicines." "God heals and the Doctor takes the fee." Benjamin Franklin, (1706-1790). Numb er Name Comments Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; artificial sweetener base, used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, pastry, jelly, ice cream, cheese, confectionary, canned icing, beer thickened cream and yoghurt. No known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some

400 Alginic acid E400

nutrients. The algae extract is called 'Carrageenan' (407). 401 E401 402 E402 403 E403 404 E404 Sodium alginate Potassium alginate Ammonium alginate Calcium alginate See 400. See 400. See 400. See 400.

Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from petroleum. Artificial sweetener base, Propylene preservative, used in 405 glycol alginate germicides, paint remover and antifreeze. Allergic reactions but not enough tests done. See 1520 (propylene glycol). Propylene ester of alginic Propane-1,2acid. Emulsifier, stabiliser. E405 diol alginate See 405. Agar-Agar is produced 406 Agar agar from members of the E406

407 Carrageenan E407 'Irish Moss'

Gelidiacae, Sphaerococcaceae and Rhodophyceae seaweed families. It is used in food as a gelling agent, although the resulting coagulation is rather brittle and not as effective as carrageenan or gelatin. Typical products include ice cream and frozen desserts, meringue, icings, sweets, fondants, cream and milk, yogurt, sometimes used as a laxative. Other names: polysaccharide complex. Fibre extracted from seaweed, used as a setting agent. It has recently been linked with cancer because it may become contaminated when ethylene oxide is added to an inferior product, this results in ethylene chlorohydrin forming, a highly carcinogenic compound;

linked to toxic hazards, including ulcers and cancer; the most serious concerns relate to degraded carrageenan, which is not a permitted additive; however, native carrageenan, which is used, may become degraded in the gut. See 400. 407(a) Processed E407( euchuema seaweed a) Fibre extracted from seaweed. See 407. A natural polysaccharide, produced from seaweed (Furcellaria fastigata) in Denmark. Sometimes it is placed under E407, due to the fact that they have similar chemical structures. Thickening agent, stabiliser and emulsifier. Products for diabetics. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 75 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used,

408

Furcelleran

although high concentrations bring about flatulence and bloating, due to fermentation by the intestinal microflora (in the same way as all indigestible polysaccharides). Can be used by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Aribinogalacta Thickener and vegetable 409 n gum. Larch Gum Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua. As a thickener, vegetable gum, artificial sweetener base, modifying agent or stabiliser, it is used 410 Locust bean in lollies, cordials, essences, E410 (Carob gum) some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels. A natural polysaccharide, E411 Oat Gum produced from oats

412 Guar gum E412

413 Tragacanth E413

. Thickening agent. Practically not used. Acceptable Daily Intake: None specified. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used, although high concentrations bring about flatulence and bloating, due to fermentation by the intestinal microflora (in the same way as all indigestible polysaccharides). Oat gum can be used by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Derived from the Seeds of Cyamoposis tetragonolobus of Indian origin; fed to cattle in the US; can cause nausea, flatulence and cramps, may reduced cholesterol levels. See 410. Resin form the tree Astragalus gummifer; used in foods, drugs including nasal solutions, elixirs and

414

Acacia Gum, Gum Arabic

tablets; also used as a binder in cosmetics; possible contact allergy. Can cause asthma attacks, diarrhoea, gas, constipation and skin rashes. See 410. Derived from the sap of Acacia Sengal; consists of high molecular weight polysaccharides which can be used to produce arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid. Gum arabic is used in food as a thickener, stabiliser, glazing agent and emulsifier, and is readily water-soluble. Easily broken down by the human digestive system; possible allergen, and may cause asthma and skin rash. Soothes irritations of mucous membranes. Typical products include chewing gum, sweets, jelly, fondants,

415 Xanthin gum E415

416 Karaya gum E416

E417

Tara gum Karaya gum

beer, soft drinks, fruit squash, wine. See 410. May cause weak allergic reaction in some individuals. May act as an irritant. Derived from the fermentation of corn sugar with a bacterium. Improves 'flow'. No know affects. See 410. Derived from the tree Sterculia urens; often used in conjunction with Carob (410), in ice cream, custard and sweets, as a filler for its capability to multiply its volume by 100 times with the addition of water, can be used as a laxative; possible allergen and in powdered form causes asthma, urticarisa, rhinitis, and dermatitis. See 410. Stabiliser. No known side effects, powdered form may cause allergies. Used in icecream and cosmetics. See

E418 Gellan gum

420

Sorbitol

410. A bacterial exopolysaccharide, prepared commercially by aerobic submerged fermentation from Sphingomonas elodea. Soluble in water, it is used primarily as an alternative to agar as a gelling agent in microbiological culture. Its largest advantages over agar are its almost perfect visual clarity and its strength; it is able to withstand 120 degree Celsius heat, making it especially useful in culturing thermophilic organisms. One needs only approximately half the amount of gellan gum as agar to reach an equivalent gel strength, though the exact texture and quality depends on the concentration of divalent cations present. Artificial sweetener and

E420 (Sorbitol syrup) humectant; derived from glucose, either obtained from berries of the Sorbus aucuparia tree or synthesised; used in confectionary, dried fruit, pastries, low calorie foods, pharmaceutical syrups and ophthalmic preparations and is the seventh most widely used preservative in cosmetics; not permitted in foods for infants and young children, can cause gastric disturbance. Four pieces of low-joule chewing gum can make a child seriously ill. Not recommended for diabetics or people with fructose intolerance. Artificial sweetener and humectant; derived from seaweed or the manna ash 421 Mannitol tree, but manufactured E421 commercially by hydrogenation of invert sugar (glucose and

422

Glycerol

fructose), monosaccharides and sucrose. Possible allergen, not permitted in infant foods due to its ability to cause diarrhoea and kidney dysfunction, also may cause nausea, vomiting; typical products are low calorie sugar-free foods, mustard, puddings, sauces, frozen fish. Other Names: 1,2,3,4,5,6hexanehexol, mannite, manna sugar Humectant and sweetener; oily colourless alcohol; derived by decomposition of natural fats with alkalis; usually as a by-product of soap making using animal fat or vegetable oil; can be obtained from petroleum products sometimes synthesised from propylene or fermented from sugar; used in flexible coatings on sausages and cheeses, also

in crystallised and dried fruit, liqueurs and vodka, marshmallows, soft drinks, desserts, confectionary, tooth paste, etc. "Glycerine has been shown to protect against DNA damage induced by tumour promoters, ultraviolet lights and radiation, presumably via free radical scavenging"; large quantities can cause headaches, thirst, nausea and high blood sugar levels. (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac glucomannane Konjac Gelling agent, emulsifier, E425 Konjac gum stabiliser. No established daily intake recommendation. Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene Polyoxyethylen oxide (a synthetic e (8) Sterate compound) and stearic acid E430 Polyoxyl 8 (a natural fatty acid). stearate Emulsifier, stabiliser. Potentially cancer-inciting.

See E432. Used in sauces and (mainly) cosmetics. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight for the entire group of compounds in the 430E436 range; on the other hand, it has not been specified for the individual compounds. Side effects: No known side effects in the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of 430E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin.

Emulsifier. Skin allergy in some people. Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid). Emulsifier, stabiliser. Used in bakery products, puddings, etc. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight for the entire group of compounds in Polyoxyethylen the 430-E436 range; on E431 e (40) stearate the other hand, it has not been specified for the individual compounds. No known side effects in the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of 430-E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat

(including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin. Emulsifier, stabiliser in a large range of foods including chewing gum, ice cream, soft drinks. Causes fat absorption. Potentially cancer-inciting. Avoid it. Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene Polyoxyethylen oxide (a synthetic e (20) sorbitan compound) and stearic E432 monolaurate acid (a natural fatty acid). (polysorbate Acceptable Daily Intake: 20) Up to 25 mg/kg body weight for the entire group of compounds in the 430-E436 range; on the other hand, it has not been specified for the individual compounds. No known side effects in

the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of 430-E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin. Banned in Australia. Emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as synthetic flavourings, Polysorbate 80 surfactants, defoaming 433 Polyoxethylene agents and dough E433 sorbitan monoconditioners; may increase oleate the absorption of fat-soluble substances. Possible cancer causing. See E432.

Avoid it. Possible cancer causing. A synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (see E420) and palmitic acid (a natural fatty acid). Emulsifier. Found in cakes Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight for the entire group of compounds in the 430Polyoxethylene E436 range; on the other sorbitan hand, it has not been E434 monopalminate specified for the individual Polysorbate 40 compounds. Side effects: Tween 40 None known in the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of 430-E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin

of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Possible cancer causing. Found in every kind of food. A synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (see E420) and palmitic acid (a natural fatty acid). Emulsifier. Polyoxethylene Acceptable Daily Intake: sorbitan 435 Up to 25 mg/kg body monostearate E435 weight for the entire Polysorbate 60 group of compounds in Tween 60 the 430-E436 range; on the other hand, it has not been specified for the individual compounds. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of

430-E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin. Avoid it. Possible cancer causing. E436 is a synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic Polyoxyethylen compound), sorbitol (see e-20-sorbitan E420) and stearic acid (a 436 tristearate, natural fatty acid). E436 Polysorbate 65 Emulsifier, anti-foaming Tween 65 agent, etc. Found in many different products. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight for the entire group

440(a) E440( Pectin a)

of compounds in the 430E436 range; on the other hand, it has not been specified for the individual compounds. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of 430-E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin. Naturally occurring in the skins of apples; used to thicken jams, jellies and sauces; large quantities may cause temporary flatulence or intestinal discomfort.

E440( Amidated pectin b)

441 Gelatine E441

No known adverse effects. Treated with ammonia. See 440. Obtained from animal byproducts, such as bones and hides. It can be produced from all species of animals. Used as thickening and gelling agent. Many different products. Acceptable Daily Intake: None determined. Side effects: None known when used in foods. Can not be used by vegans and vegetarians. Use by religious groups, such as Muslims and Jews is restricted, due to the origin of the product. Unfortunately information on origin can only be obtained from the producer. Specific halal gelatine is made from cattle. In a huge range of foods and in some vaccines. Possible allergen,

442 Ammonium E442 phosphatides

may contain 220 (sulphur dioxide), asthmatics and people allergic to sulphites beware! Classified as a food not an additive. Obtained from ammonia and phosphorylated fatty acids, mainly from rapeseed oil. Phosphates can leach calcium from the body. No known adverse effects. Emulsifier, stabiliser. Generally produced with rapeseed oil and can thus be consumed by all religious groups. However, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be completed excluded. See 433. Only in non-alcoholic flavoured cloudy drinks 300 mg/litre High intakes may upset the

Sucrose acetate isobutyrate, SAIB, E444 Sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate E445 Glycerol esters

of wood rosins calcium/phosphate equilibrium, headaches, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion. Emulsifying salts under many names. High intakes may upset the digestion Sodium and with disturbances of the 450 potassium blockage of some enzymes. pyrophosphates High intakes may upset the calcium/phosphate equilibrium. (i) Disodium diphosphate (ii) Trisodium diphosphate (iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate (iv) Dipotassium diphosphate E450 Diphosphates (v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate (vi) Dicalcium diphosphate (vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate Salts of sodium/potassium/calcium

with phosphates. All are produced synthetically from the respective carbonates and phosphoric acid. Used as buffers and emulsifiers. E450 (iii) also binds metals and prevents discoloration due to metals. E450 (vi) is also used as bread enhancer and calcium supplement. High intakes may upset the calcium/ phosphate equilibrium. Ammonium Mineral salt, buffer used phosphate, with baking powders and 450(a) diabasic and salt substitutes. monobasic Mineral salt. Safe, but is known to cause nausea, Sodium and diarrhoea, lowering of blood 451 potassium pressure, cyanosis and triphosphate muscle spasms in large quantities. (i) Pentasodium triphosphate E451 Triphosphate (ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate. See 451.

Salts of sodium/potassium with phosphates. All are produced synthetically from the respective carbonates and phosphoric acid. Used as buffers, stabiliser and emulsifiers. Also used to retain water during processing. High concentrations of phosphates may disturb several metabolic processes as phosphate plays an important role in general metabolism. Sodium and potassium See 338. polyphosphates (i) Sodium polyphosphate (formerly E450c(i)) (ii) Potassium polyphosphate (formerly E452 Polyphosphates E450c(ii)) (iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate (iv) Calcium polyphosphate (also 544) 452

(v) Ammonium polyphosphate (formerly E450c(i)) Salts of sodium/potassium/calcium/a mmonium with phosphates. All are produced synthetically from the respective carbonates and phosphoric acid. Used as sequestrants (metal binders), stabiliser and emulsifiers. Also used to retain water during processing and storage. High concentrations of phosphates may disturb several metabolic processes as phosphate plays an important role in general metabolism. See 338. BetaEmulsifier cyclodextrine Crystalline or powdered 460 Cellulose E460 microcrystallin form of walls of plant cells. E459

e and powdered Anti-caking agent and base for tablets; no adverse effects known, nonnutritive. Cellulose is non soluble, but can be fermented in the large intestine. Large concentrations can cause intestinal problems, such as bloating, constipation and diarrhoea. Due to this fact, it can not be used in weaning foods. prepared from cellulose, the main polysaccharide and constituent of wood and all plant structures. Commercially prepared from wood and chemically 461 Methyl methylated. Thickener, E461 cellulose emulsifier in baked food, diabetic food, soft and fizzy drinks, jelly, jam and many of 410. Can cause flatulence, distension, intestinal obstruction. E462 Ethyl cellulose Ethylcellulose is prepared

from cellulose, the main polysaccharide and constituent of wood and all plant structures. Commercially prepared from wood and chemically ethylated. Many different uses, mainly as thickening agent, but also as filler, dietary fibre, anti clumping agent and emulsifier. Few products, and no longer permitted as emulsifier in the EU. Acceptable Daily Intake: None determined. Side effects: Ethylcellulose is practically non soluble, but can be fermented in the large intestine. Large concentrations can cause intestinal problems, such as bloating, constipation and diarrhoea. Hydroxypropylcellulose is Hydroxypropyl prepared from cellulose, the E463 cellulose main polysaccharide and constituent of wood and all

plant structures. Commercially prepared from wood and chemically propylated. Many different uses, mainly as thickening agent, but also as filler, dietary fibre, anti clumping agent and emulsfier. Similar as cellulose, but better soluble in water. many different products. Banned in Australia. Hydroxypropyl cellulose is quite soluble, and can be fermented in the large intestine. Large concentrations can cause intestinal problems, such as bloating, constipation and diarrhoea. Avoid it. Hydroxypropylmethylcellul ose is prepared from cellulose, the main Hydroxypropyl polysaccharide and 464 methyl constituent of wood and all E464 cellulose plant structures. Commercially prepared from wood and chemically

modified. Many different uses, mainly as thickening agent, but also as filler, dietary fibre, anti clumping agent and emulsifier. Similar as cellulose, but better soluble in water. Found in many different products. Acceptable Daily Intake: None determined. Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose is quite soluble, and can be fermented in the large intestine. Large concentrations can cause intestinal problems, such as bloating, constipation and diarrhoea. Methylethylcellulose is prepared from cellulose, the main polysaccharide and constituent of wood and all 465 Methylethylcel plant structures. E465 lulose Commercially prepared from wood and chemically modified. Many different uses, mainly as thickening

agent, but also as filler, dietary fibre, anti clumping agent and emulsifier. Similar as cellulose, but with some different characteristics. for imitation cream and imitation ice cream. No known adverse effects. Methylethyl cellulose is not very soluble, and can be fermented in the large intestine. Large concentrations can cause intestinal problems, such as bloating, constipation and diarrhoea. Carboxymethylcellulose is prepared from cellulose, the main polysaccharide and constituent of wood and all plant structures. 466 Carboxymethyl Commercially prepared E466 cellulose, from wood and chemically modified. No known adverse effects but it could be produced from genetically engineered

cotton plants. Known to cause cancer when ingested by test animals. Many different uses, mainly as thickening agent, but also as filler, dietary fibre, anti clumping agent and emulsifier. Similar as cellulose, but very soluble in water. Found in many different products. Carboxymethyl cellulose is very soluble, and can be fermented in the large intestine. Large concentrations can cause intestinal problems, such as bloating, constipation and diarrhoea. It also lowers slightly the blood cholesterol level. Thickener, emulsifier. Sodium National Cancer Institute of E466 carboxy methyl America states it "should be cellulose forbidden as a food additive. See 466. May be re-classified as a E468 Crosslinked

sodium miscellaneous additive carboxymethyl cellulose Emulsifier, mineral salt made from casein in cow's Sodium milk for thickener and E469 caseinate beverage whitener, dessert mixes, reduced cream whip. No known adverse effects. No known effects for food Magnesium use. Emulsifier, stabiliser, 470 stearate artificial sweetener, anticaking and release agent. (i) Sodium salts of fatty acids (ii) Potassium salts of fatty acids (iii) Calcium salts of fatty Sodium, acids E470( potassium and Banned in Australia. Salts calcium salts of of natural fatty acids, a) fatty acids mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The acids are a mixture of stearic-, oleic-, palmiticand myristinic acid.

Emulsifiers and stabilisers. Can cause gastric upsets. The body metabolises the products as any other fat. Although mainly vegetable oils are used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical. Magnesium E470( salts of fatty b) acids Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 471 (glyceryl E471 monostearate, glyceryl distearate) Emulsifier. See 470(a) Synthetic fats, produced from glycerol and natural fatty acids, mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different

products, with a composition similar to partially digested natural fat. For use in baked goods, all types of dairy foods, margarine and ice cream. No known adverse effects. The body metabolises the products as any other fat. The individual components are also produced normally in the body when digesting normal fat. Although mainly vegetable oils are used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical. Acetic and Esters of synthetic fats, 472(a) fatty acid esters produced from glycerol,

of glycerol

natural fatty acids and another organic acid (acetic, lactic, tartaric, citric). The fatty acids are mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different components, with a composition similar to partially digested natural fat esterified with other natural acids. Occurs in fruit skins and nuts. Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. Used in high fat bread, edible fats, whipped fats and meat products. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion. Although mainly vegetable oils are used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as

vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical. Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and Acetic acid lubricant. Used in high fat esters of mono- bread, edible fats, whipped E472( and fats and meat products. No a) diglycerides of known adverse effects, but fatty acids less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion. See 472(a). Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and Lactic and fatty lubricant. No known 472(b acid esters of adverse effects, but less ) glycerol frequently it may cause diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion. See

Lactic acid esters of monoE472( and b) diglycerides of fatty acids

Citric and fatty 472(c) acid esters of glycerol

Citric acid esters of monoE472( and c) diglycerides of fatty acids

472(a). Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, theist, dizziness and mental confusion. See 472(a). Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, theist, dizziness and mental confusion. See 330. See 472(a). Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, theist, dizziness and mental confusion. See

472(a). Tartaric and 472(d fatty acid esters ) of glycerol Tartaric acid esters of monoE472( and d) diglycerides of fatty acids Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid 472(e) esters of glycerol Mono- and diacetyl tartaric E472( acid esters of mono- and e) diglycerides of fatty acids Mixed acetic and tartaric E472( acid esters of f) mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 473 Sucrose esters See tartaric acid 334.

No adverse effects recorded. See 472(a).

See acetic acid 260.

No adverse effects recorded. See 472(a).

No adverse effects recorded. See 472(a).

Esters of sugar and

E473 of fatty acids

synthetic fats, produced from glycerol and natural fatty acids. The fatty acids are mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different components, with a composition similar to partially digested natural fat esterified with sugar. Emulsifier and modifying agent. The products are first digested to sugar and fats. The body metabolises all components identical to sugar and natural fat. The individual components of the mono- and diglycerides are also produced normally in the body when digesting normal fat. May cause stomach pain, nausea, bloating, diarrhoea. May contain residues of solvents used in making. Although mainly vegetable oils are

used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical. See 471 Avoid it. Esters of sugar and fats, produced from sugar and natural fats. The fats are mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a Sucroglyceride mixture of different E474 s components. Emulsifiers and stabilisers. Found in many different products. Acceptable Daily Intake: 16 mg/kg bodyweight. The products are first digested to sugar and fats. The body

Polyglycerol 475 esters of fatty E475 acids

metabolises all components identical to sugar and natural fat. Although mainly vegetable oils are used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical. Not registered for use in Australia. Emulsifier, stabiliser made from fats and oils of either animal or vegetable. Combination of polyglycerol and natural fats. Normal fat consists of glycerol and fatty acids, for these products additional glycerol is coupled to the normal glycerol. The fats

Polyglycerol 476 esters of E476 interesterified ricinoliec acid

are mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different components. Used in cakes, dairy and imitation dairy products. No known adverse effects. Combination of polyglycerol and castoroil (oil of the tree Ricinus sp. ). Normal fat consists of glycerol and fatty acids, for these products additional glycerol is coupled to the normal glycerol. The product generally is a mixture of different components. Emulsifier, stabiliser allowing chocolate coating to be spread more thinly to save costs. No known adverse effects. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 7.5 mg/kg bodyweight.

477

Propylene glycol monoand di-esters

Emulsifier, stabiliser. Avoid it. Emulsifier, stabiliser. Combination of propanediol and natural fats. Normal fat consists of glycerol and fatty acids, for these products glycerol is replaced by propanediol. The fats are mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different components. Can be derived from petroleum; no known adverse effects. Used in confectionary, soft and fizzy drinks, toppings, ice cream, processed meat. Both components are normally present in the body and will be metabolised in the normal

Propane-1, 2E477 Diol esters of fatty acids

way. High concentrations of propyleneglycol can cause eczema in sensitive persons, but not normally from the use in foods. Although mainly vegetable oils are used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical. Avoid it. Combination of lactic acid, Lactylated fatty glycerol, propanediol and acid esters of natural fats. Normal fat consists of glycerol and E478 glycerol and propane-1, 2- fatty acids, for these diol products glycerol is replaced by propanediol.

Thermally oxidized soy bean oil E479( interacted with b) mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Dioctyl sodium 480 sulphosuccinat E480 e

The fats are mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different components. Emulsifier, stabiliser, whipping agent, plasticiser and surface active agents. May cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhoea, theist, dizziness and mental confusion. Avoid it. Likely GM soy. Thermally oxidized soy bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different components. Awaiting results of safety studies. Produced by a reaction of octane with maleic acid anhydride,

followed by a reaction with sodium bisulphite. Emulsifier, wetting agent with detergent and dispersant properties. Helps syrup stay evenly spread through a product, dairy products, edible gums, soft drinks, cordials, syrups. Sodium oleyl Flour treatment stabiliser, or stearoyl emulsifier to make it able to 481 lactylate retain shape after going E481 stearoyl-2through the machinery. No lactylate known adverse effects. Flour treatment stabiliser, Calcium emulsifier. No known 482 stearoyl-2adverse effects, waiting for E482 lactylate test results. See 481. Combination of stearic acid and tartaric acid, resulting in a mixture of several components. The origin of E483 Stearyl tartrate stearic acid can be or plant or animal fat, although in practice nearly always vegetable oil will be used. Emulsifier,

491 E491

492 E492

493 E493

494 E494

stabiliser. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Emulsifier, sweetener, Sorbitan thickener, retains moisture, monostearate modifying agent. No known adverse effects. Emulsifier, stabiliser. Only allowed in compounded Sorbitan chocolate. May increase the tristearate absorption of liquid paraffin Span 65 and fat-soluble substances. Avoid it. Produced from sorbitol and lauric acid, a normal fatty acid from vegetable or Sorbitan animal origin. Emulsifier, monolaurate stabiliser stopping sugar Span 20 mixes from foaming. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Produced from sorbitol and lauric acid, a normal fatty Sorbitan mono- acid from vegetable or oleate animal origin. Emulsifier, Span 80 stabiliser stopping yeast products foaming. Banned in Australia. Used in

pharmaceuticals. Avoid it. Produced from sorbitol and lauric acid, a normal fatty Sorbitan acid from vegetable or 495 monopalmitate animal origin. Emulsifier, E495 Span 40 stabiliser as alternative for 491. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, SA, 5087

MINERAL SALTS, ANTICAKING AGENTS (500-585)

To know what is right and not to do it is the worst cowardice." -Confucius Number 500 E500 Name Sodium carbonates Comments (i) Sodium carbonate is naturally occurring in alkaline waters, however it is also synthesised by

the Solvay process or by electrolysis of sea water. Sodium carbonate is used as an acidity regulator, particularly in beer making. Excessive ingestion may result in stomach upset. Typical products include beer, baking, soft and fizzy drinks, medications. No known adverse effects in small quantities. May irritate the eyes and respiratory tract. (ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (Bicarbonate of soda) is used in food mainly as a raising agent, but also as a base. It is prepared synthetically. (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate occurs naturally in saline waters, it is used as a base. No adverse effects are known.

501 E501

Potassium carbonates

503

Ammonium carbonates

Mineral salt, adjusting and modifying agent. Used as gastric antacid and to replenish electrolytes in the body, cocoa, confectionary, custard powder and as for 500. No known adverse effects. (i) Ammonium carbonate (ii) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Produced from ammonium sulphate and calcium carbonate, natural minerals. Mineral salt, adjusting and modifying agent. Irritant to mucous membranes, alters pH of urine and may cause loss of calcium and magnesium. Used in some medications, baked goods, baking powder, cocoa items confectionary, ice cream.

504 E504

Magnesium carbonate

(i) Magnesium carbonate - Mineral salt, anticaking, adjusting, bleaching, modifying agent. Medically used as an antacid and laxative. Magnesium is used in the treatment of heart attack patients, and promotes the health of arteries, bones, nerves and teeth, low-sodium salt substitute, table salt. Other names: magnesium carbonate, magnesium (II) carbonate n-hydrate. (ii) Magnesium hydroxide carbonate (syn. Magnesium hydrogen carbonate) Magnesium hydrogen carbonate is used mainly as a buffer and anti-caking agent, but it is also used as an antibleaching agent. Typical products include sugar, salt, other granular foods.

507 E507

Hydrochloric acid

HCl can be prepared commercially by the reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride, or directly by reaction of hydrogen and chlorine gases; the reaction is very exothermic and takes place readily in sunlight or at elevated temperatures. The major use of HCl is in the manufacture of other chemicals, but other principle applications include metal pickling, gelatine, dyestuffs, casein, pharmaceuticals, synthetic rubber and metal chlorides manufacture. Large amounts of hydrochloric acid are used in effluent treatment and for the regeneration of ion exchange resins in water treatment. Produced in the stomach to aid

508 E508

Potassium chloride

509 E509

Calcium chloride

digestion. May have teratogenic properties and may be carcinogenic when mixed with formaldehyde. Safe in small quantities. Mainly for the malting of beer, gelatine manufacture, cornflour. Other names: muriatic acid, chlorohydric acid. Mineral salt. Large quantities can cause gastric ulceration. Used as an electrolyte replenisher. Used in brewing, salt substitute, gelling agent, reduced sodium breads. Mineral salt, modifying agent, preservative, firming agent, sequestrant. Derived from brine. Used in jelly, cheese, and to keep canned fruit/vegetable firm.

510 E510

Ammonium chloride

511 E511

Magnesium chloride

E513

Sulphuric acid

Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt. Prepared from hydrochloric acid and ammonia. Should be avoided by people with impaired liver or kidney function. Acidity regulator, flavour and nutrient for yeast in yeast-fermented products such as flour products, bread, bread mixes, low sodium salt substitute. Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt. Mineral salt, firming agent. Magnesium is an essential mineral. Used in foods and pharmaceuticals. Industrial grade not for human consumption. Can act as a laxative. Sulphuric acid was manufactured by the lead-chamber

514 E514

Sodium sulphates

515 E515

Potassium sulphates

process until the mid1930s, but this process has now been replaced by the contact process, involving the catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide. The structure of sulphuric acid is considered to be a mixture of several rapidly interconverting equivalent forms. Typical products include beer. Banned in Australia. Has teratogenic properties. Avoid it. Prepared from salt and sulphuric acid. Mineral salt, anti-caking agent for diluting colour powders in beer, biscuits, chewing gum, confectionary. May upset the body's water balance. Mineral salt, anti-caking agent for beer, pharmaceuticals, salt

516 E516

Calcium sulphate

E517 518 E518

Ammonium sulphate Magnesium sulphate, Epsom salts

substitute. No known adverse effects, but large doses can cause severe gastrointestinal bleeding, use sparingly. Mineral salt occurs naturally in the form of gypsum, and may be used as a sequestrant in food as well as a buffer and firming agent. Artificial sweetener base, bleaching agent for bread rolls, flour, tinned tomatoes, soy tofu, dried egg, cheese products, tooth paste. Used in mortar, cement and plaster of Paris. Derived from limestone. No known adverse effects. White solid, used in water purification. Prepared from magnesium salts and sulphuric acid. Natural mineral. Mineral salt,

E519

Copper sulphate

firming agent for medications, pharmaceuticals, nutrition supplements and infant formula as a mineral. Used in beer and a laxative. Dangerous to people with kidney problems and has teratogenic properties. Mineral salt, anti-caking agent which is manufactured but occurs naturally and used for making azo dyes. Fed to pigs to stimulate growth. A cumulative poison. Essential mineral for many body functions such as making blood and tissues to fighting infections. Naturally in meat, cereals, vegetables. Used in infant formula as a mineral supplement. NOT TO BE TAKEN

E520

Aluminium sulphate

E521

Aluminium sodium

ON ITS OWN. Natural mineral, from which the commercial product is purified. Aluminium sulphate is used to precipitate protein, for example during the beer brewing process. It also strengthens the structure of vegetables during processing. Found in Beer, pickled vegetables, proteins (deodorant, as anti-bacterial agent) Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: Aluminium inhibits the uptake of Bvitamins. It may also influence liver function in high concentrations. However with use of E520 the concentrations are too low. Prepared from natural aluminium sulphate. It

sulphate

E522

Aluminium potassium sulphate

strengthens the structure of vegetables during processing. It is used as acidity regulator and bleaching agent in flour. Found in Flour, cheese, confectionary. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: Aluminium inhibits the uptake of Bvitamins. It may also influence liver function in high concentrations. However with use of E521 the concentrations are too low. Prepared from natural aluminium sulphate. It is used as acid source in baking powder for bakery products, baked at high temperature. It also stabilises colours. Used in Industrial baking powder. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Up to 0,6

E523

Aluminium ammonium sulphate

mg/kg bodyweight. Aluminium inhibits the uptake of B-vitamins. It may also influence liver function in high concentrations. However with use of E522 the concentrations are too low. Prepared from natural aluminium sulphate. It is used as acid source in baking powder for bakery products, baked at high temperature. It also stabilises colours. Used in Industrial baking powder. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Up to 0,6 mg/kg bodyweight. Aluminium inhibits the uptake of B-vitamins. It may also influence liver function in high concentrations. However with use of E523 the concentrations are too

E524

Sodium hydroxide

E525

Potassium hydroxide

526 E526

Calcium hydroxide

low. Prepared from natural salt. Adjusting agent, base and colour solvent (caustic). Used in drain cleaners, cocoa products, sour cream, edible fats and oils, jam, tinned vegetables, glaze on pretzels, enhance the industrial peeling of fruits, to blacken olives and in the preparation of caramel. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Mineral salt (caustic) used in cocoa products, cheese products, jam black olives. Banned in Australia, check imported foods. Avoid it. Mineral salt made from lime as a firming and neutralising agent used in making beer, soap and glazing pretzels, infant formula as a mineral,

527 E527

Ammonium hydroxide

cocoa products, sour cream, edible fats and oils, jam, tinned vegetables. Strong alkali used as acidity regulator, for example in wine. A solution of calcium hydroxide can be used to preserve eggs. A solution of calcium hydroxide and sugar (1:3) is used to regulate the acidity in frozen products. In strengthens the structure of vegetables during processing. No adverse effects in small quantities. Diluted household ammonia. Strong alkali used as acidity regulator. Also used for the production of caramel. Found in Egg and cocoa products, colours. Banned in Australia. Avoid it.

528 E528

529 E529

Mineral salt. Milk of magnesia. Strong alkali used as acidity regulator. Used in cheese to Magnesium enhance rennet and hydroxide stabilises the colour of vegetables during canning. Laxative in high concentration. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Mineral salt prepared from chalk, used as adjusting and modifying agent used in bread, confectionary, sour cream, dairy products, tripe, tinned peas. Also used in the manufacture Calcium oxide of sugar to remove impurities, in bakery products as stabiliser and as a nutrient for yeast. It is also used in the preparation of intestines for sausages (as cover, not filling). Safe in small quantities.

530 E530

Magnesium oxide

535 E535

Sodium ferrocyanide

536 E536

Potassium ferrocyanide

Prepared from several minerals. Alkali, neutraliser and anticaking agent. It can be found in frozen dairy products, butter, canned peas, cocoa products, medications. Used as a medical laxative in high concentrations. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Prepared from hydrogen ferrocyanide and sodium hydroxide. Crystal modifier, anti-caking agent. No adverse effects known for use in food. Use is very limited, partly due to the strong yellow colour. Prepared from hydrogen ferrocyanide and potassium hydroxide. Synthetic crystallising agent. Metal removal in wine, anti-caking agent, seasonings, spices. By-

537

E538

product of coal gas production; low toxicity, reduces oxygen transport in the blood, which in turn may cause breathing difficulties, dizziness or headache. Banned in the United States. Prepared from hydrogen mangano-cyanide and iron hydroxide. Used as anti-caking agent. Used in liquorice powder (salmiak). Acceptable Ferrohexacyano daily intake (ADI): None manganate determined. Side effects: None in the concentrations used. Can be used by all religious groups, vegetarians and vegans. Prepared from hydrogen ferrocyanide and calcium Calcium hydroxide. Used as antiferrocyanide caking agent. Found in Low-sodium salt. Acceptable daily intake

539

Sodium thiosulphate

540 E540

Dicalcium diphosphate

541 E541

Sodium aluminium phosphate,

(ADI): Up to 25 mg/kg bodyweight. None in the concentrations used. Synthetic compound. Used as anti-oxidant, especially to inhibit browning in potato products. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Up to 0,7 mg/kg bodyweight. Side effects: Thiosulphate is converted into sulphite and has similar side effects, see E221 . Can be used by all religious groups, vegetarians and vegans. Occurs naturally as monetite. Buffer, neutralising and raising agent in yeast products, dietary supplement. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. (i) : Acid sodium aluminium phosphate (ii) : Alkaline sodium

acidic

aluminium phosphate Synthetically produced from aluminium, phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide. Acidity regulator, emulsifier used in baked goods, cheese products, confectionary, mince meat, frozen fish, stews. A risk to babies, elderly and people suffering from kidney and heart complaints. Aluminium impairs the calcium and phosphorous uptake by the body. Possible link to osteoporosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. See Above. Derived from steaming animal bones. Used as anti-caking agent,

541 E541 542 E542

Sodium aluminium phosphate, alkaline Bone phosphate, edible bone

phosphate

E543

Calcium sodium polyphosphate

emulsifier and source of phosphorous in food supplements. Main use, however, is in cosmetics (such as tooth paste) Used in dried milk for coffee machines, cane sugar, and as filler in tablets. Cannot be used by vegans, vegetarians, Muslims, Jews or Hindus. The product is made of animal bones, such as from pigs and cattle. Produced from sodium phosphate and calcium phosphate from nonanimal origin. Used as emulsifier and stabiliser. Found in Processed cheese, frozen bakery products Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Up to 70 mg/kg bodyweight. Polyphosphates may inhibit digestive enzymes in high concentrations.

544

545

E550

Produced by heating calcium phosphate. Emulsifier and stabiliser salts for use in foods mainly with dairy and cheese products in them, Calcium everything but fizzy polyphosphates drinks! May cause enzyme blocking in the digestive system and cause calcium phosphorous imbalance. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Produced by heating ammonium hydrogen phosphate. Emulsifier salts as for 544, plus chewing gum, beer, cider, Ammonium herb teas, confectionary, polyphosphates processed nuts. Also used as nutrient for yeast and increases water binding properties. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. See 544 Sodium silicate (i) Sodium silicate

551 E551

552 E552

(ii) Sodium metasilicate Produced by heating siliciumdioxide (quartz, sand) and sodiumcarbonate. Used as anti-caking agent, to preserve eggs, and to improve mechanical peeling of peaches. Also as a carrier for aromas. Found in Canned peaches, preserved eggs, vanilla powder. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: None known From sand or Quartz. No adverse effects are known in food use. Artificial sweetener, anti-caking Silicon dioxide agent, thickener and stabiliser in beer, confectionary, sausages, dried milk - huge range of foods. Derived from limestone Calcium silicate and diatomaceous earth

E553(a)

Magnesium silicates

E553(b) Talc

(the silicified skeletons of diatoms, a single celled plankton), antacid, glaze, polishing, release, dusting agent in chewing gum, coating agent on rice. No known adverse effects. (i) Magnesium silicate (ii) Magnesium trisilicate Produced from magnesium sulphate and sodium silicate or directly from minerals such as talcum, sepiolite and steatite Antacid, glaze, polish, release, anticaking, dusting, coating agent. Avoid it. Banned in Australia. Produced from magnesium sulphate and sodium silicate or directly from minerals such as talcum, sepiolite and steatite Has been linked to stomach cancer,

554 E554

Sodium aluminium silicate

E555

Potassium aluminium silicate

556 E556

Calcium aluminium

typical products are polished rice, chocolate, confectionary, icing sugar, noodles, medicinal tablets. Produced from several natural minerals. Mineral salt, anti-caking agent. Used in salt, dried milk substitutes, egg mixes, sugar products and flours. Aluminium is known to cause placental problems in pregnancy and has been linked to Alzheimer's Parkinson's, bone loss. Produced from several natural minerals. Used as anti-caking agent. Found in dry products, but hardly used. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: None known Produced from several natural minerals. Used as

silicate

558 E558

559 E559

anti-caking agent. Used in dry products (milk), but hardly used. See 554 No known adverse effects. A natural type of clay from volcanic origin. Decolouriser, filter medium, emulsifier and Bentonite anti-caking agent. Used in pharmaceutical agents for external use, edible fats and oils, sugar, wine. Known to block skin pores. A fine usually white clay formed by the weathering of aluminous minerals (such as feldspar). No known adverse effects, except in large quantities Aluminium can cause intestinal silicate (Kaolin) obstruction and tumours. Mineral salt, anti-caking agent used in medications and vending machine dried milk. Used in cosmetics, blocks skin

570 E570

Stearic acid

572

Magnesium stearate

pores. Saturated fatty acid, possibly of pig origin, cascarilla bark extract or vegetable fats. Anticaking agent in chewing gum, confectionary, butter or vanilla flavouring for drinks, artificial sweeteners. No known adverse effects in food use. Stabiliser, anti-caking and release agent, emulsifier for artificial sweeteners and confectionary. Inhalation of the powder is harmful.

E572

E574

Magnesium See 572. Emulsifier, stearate, Anti-caking agent calcium stearate Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, kombucha tea and wine Gluconic acid and is used as a food additive, an acidity regulator. It is also used in cleaning products

575 E575

E576

where it helps cleaning up mineral deposits. It is a strong chelating agent, especially in alkaline solution. It chelates the cations of calcium, iron, aluminium, copper, and other heavy metals. No known adverse effects in food. Food acid, artificial sweetener base, acidity regulator. Made Glucono delta- from glucose. Stops lactone 'stone' formation during manufacture with milk and beer. Found in gluten free food, processed meat, cheese. Sodium salt of gluconic acid, E574. Synthetic. Picks up metal traces and holds them in Sodium the product. Dietary gluconate supplement and sequestrant found in baked goods, confectionary, soft, sports

577 E577

Potassium gluconate

578 E578

Calcium gluconate

and fizzy drinks, processed meats, nutritional supplements, desserts. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Synthetic. Picks up metal traces and holds them in the product. No known adverse effects, mildly toxic by ingestion. Sequestrant, stabiliser. Used for treating hypokalemia (low levels of calcium). See 576. Synthetic. Picks up metal traces and holds them in the product. No known adverse effects but may cause stomach upsets and heart problems. Firming agent and buffer, sequestrant, acidity regular, artificial sweetener base. Used medically to replenish calcium in the body. Is contained in a large range

579

E585

of products but meat and cheese, infant formula supplement. Colour-retention agent; Iron salt of gluconic acid, E574.; used in olives, iron supplements (use sparingly). In small amounts it is safe but may cause gastrointestinal stress. Ferrous Used in the treatment of gluconate iron deficiency anaemia. Restricted in the USA for colouring olives only as is known to cause death in children up to 24 months with only 1 - 2 grams! Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Up to 0,8 mg/kg bodyweight Iron salt of lactic acid, E270. Iron supplement. Found in infant formula. Ferrous lactate Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Up to 0,8 mg/kg

bodyweight. Side effects: None known. Lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is mot made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance. MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087

FLAVOUR ENHANCERS (620-640)

"If you think that something is right just because everyone believes it, then you are not thinking" Vivienne Westwood "IF MSG ISN'T HARMFUL, WHY IS IT HIDDEN?"
Number Name Comments Natural amino acid (building block of protein). Commercially prepared from molasses by bacterial fermentation. Also prepared from vegetable protein, such as gluten, or soy protein. Glutamic acid and glutamates are present in all proteins. Free glutamates are present in high

620 E620

Glutamic acid

concentrations in ripened cheese, breast milk, tomatoes and sardines. Flavour enhancer, salt substitute used in sausages, seasoning, savoury snacks many savoury foods. An amino acid present in many animal and vegetable proteins, derived commercially from bacteria; might cause similar problems as MSG (621), young children should avoid it. It could kill nerve cells, resulting in diseases such as Huntington's, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Sodium salt from glutamic acid (E620), a natural amino Monosodium L- acid (building block of glutamate (MSG) protein). Commercially prepared from molasses by bacterial fermentation.

621 E621

Added to any savoury processed protein food. In cigarettes and animal food. In over 10,000 foods in USA. Flavour enhancer derived from the fermentation of molasses, salt substitute; adverse effects appear in some asthmatic people, should not be permitted in foods for infants and young children as it could damage the nervous system. Typical products are canned vegetables, canned tuna, dressings, many frozen foods. To be avoided. It could kill nerve cells, resulting in diseases such as Huntington's, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Pregnant women, children, hypoglycaemic, elderly and those with heart disease are

at risk from reactions. Potassium salt from glutamic acid (E620), a natural amino acid (building block of protein). Commercially prepared from molasses by bacterial fermentation. Also prepared from vegetable protein, such as gluten, or soy Monopotassium protein. Less used and not L-glutamate as salty, low sodium salt substitute. Can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps; typical products are low sodium salt substitutes. Not for babies under 12 months old or those people with impaired kidneys. See 621. Calcium di-Lglutamate g block of protein). Commercially prepared from molasses by bacterial

622 E622

623 E623

fermentation. Also prepared from vegetable protein, such as gluten, or soy protein. Salt substitute, no known adverse effects, but possible problems for asthmatics and aspirin sensitive people. See 621. g block of protein). Commercially prepared from molasses by bacterial fermentation. Also prepared Monoammonium from vegetable protein, L-glutamate such as gluten, or soy protein. Salt substitute, flavour enhancer. No known adverse effects. g block of protein). Commercially prepared from Magnesium di-L- molasses by bacterial glutamate fermentation. Also prepared from vegetable protein, such as gluten, or soy

624 E624

625 E625

protein. Salt substitute, flavour enhancer. Hardly used, only in low sodium meat products. No known adverse effects. Not listed for use in Australia. Guanylic acid is a natural acid, which is part of RNA, one of the genetic carrier molecules in the cell. It is thus part of all cells in all living organisms. Commercially prepared from yeast extract or sardines. Asthmatic people should avoid guanylic acid and guanylates. As guanylates are metabolised to purines, they should be avoided by people suffering from gout. Flavour enhancer. Isolated from sardines or yeast extract; not permitted in

E626

Guanylic acid

627 E627

Disodium guanylate

foods for infants and young children. Persons with gout, hyperactivity, asthmatics and aspirin sensitive's should avoid it. It is found in instant noodles, potato chips and snacks, savoury rice, tinned vegetables, cured meats, packet soup. Flavour enhancer. Guanylic acid and guanylates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amounts of salt needed in a product. Asthmatic people should avoid guanylic acid and guanylates. As guanylates are metabolised to purines, they should be avoided by people suffering from gout. However, the concentrations used are

E628

Dipotassium guanylate, 5'-

generally so low that no effects are to be expected. Guanlyic acic and guanylates are generally produced from yeasts, but partly also from fish. They may thus not suitable for vegans and vegetarians. Calcium salt of guanylic acid (E626), a natural acid, which is part of RNA, one of the genetic carrier molecules in the cell. It is thus part of all cells in all living organisms. Commercially prepared from yeast extract or sardines.Flavour enhancer. Guanylic acid and guanylates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amounts of salt needed in a product. Used in

E629

Calcium guanylate

many products, mainly in low-salt/sodium products. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Guanylates may not be used in products intended for children under 12 weeks. Asthmatic people should avoid guanylic acid and guanylates. As guanylates are metabolised to purines, they should be avoided by people suffering from gout. A natural acid, that is mainly present in animals. Commercially prepared from meat or fish (sardines). May also be produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars. Used by athletes to supposedly increase the oxygen capacity of there blood. Used in many products. Acceptable daily

E630

Inosinic acid

intake (ADI): None determined. Inosinates may not be used in products intended for children under 12 weeks. Asthmatic people should avoid inosinates. As inosinates are metabolised to purines, they should be avoided by people suffering from gout. Inosinates are generally produced from meat, but partly also from fish. They are thus not suitable for vegans and vegetarians, and in most cases not suitable for Jews, Muslims and Hindus, depending on the origin of the product. Only the producer can provide information on the origin. 631 E631 Disodium inosinate May be prepared from meat or sardines; not permitted in foods for infants and young

children. Gout sufferers avoid. It is found in instant noodles, potato chips and snacks, savoury rice, tinned vegetables, cured meats, packet soup. Asthmatic people should avoid inosinates. As inosinates are metabolised to purines, they should be avoided by people suffering from gout. Frequently contains MSG(621). Potassium salt of inosinic acid (E630), a natural acid, that is mainly present in animals. Commercially prepared from meat or fish (sardines). May also be produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars. Flavour enhancer. Inosinic acid and inosinates do not have the specific umami

E632

Dipotassium inosinate

taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amounts of salt or other flavour enhancers needed in a product. Used in many products. Mainly used in low sodium/salt products. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Inosinates may not be used in products intended for children under 12 weeks. Asthmatic people should avoid inosinates. As inosinates are metabolised to purines, they should be avoided by people suffering from gout. However, the concentrations used are generally so low that no effects are to be expected. Inosinates are generally produced from meat, but partly also from fish. They

are thus not suitable for vegans and vegetarians, and in most cases not suitable for Jews, Muslims and Hindus, depending on the origin of the product. Only the producer can provide information on the origin. Calcium salt of inosinic acid (E630), a natural acid, that is mainly present in animals. Commercially prepared from meat or fish (sardines). May also be produced by bacterial fermentation of Calcium inosinate sugars. Flavour enhancer. Inosinic acid and inosinates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amounts of salt or other flavour enhancers needed in a product. Used in many

E633

products. Mainly used in low sodium/salt products. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Inosinates may not be used in products intended for children under 12 weeks. Asthmatic people should avoid inosinates. As inosinates are metabolised to purines, they should be avoided by people suffering from gout. However, the concentrations used are generally so low that no effects are to be expected. Mixture of calcium salts of guanylic (E626) and inosinic acid (E630). Flavour enhancer. Guanylates and inosinates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby

E634

Calcium 5'ribonucleotides

reducing the amounts of salt or other flavour enhancers needed in a product. Used in many products. Mainly used in low sodium/salt products. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Guanylates and inosinates may not be used in products intended for children under 12 weeks. Asthmatic people should avoid guanylates and inosinates. As guanylates and inosinates are metabolised to purines, they should be avoided by people suffering from gout. However, the concentrations used are generally so low that no effects are to be expected. 635 E635 Disodium 5'ribonucleotide Made from 627 and 631. Check imported foods. May be associated with

itchy skin rashes up to 30 hours after ingestion; rashes may vary from mild to dramatic; the reaction is dose-related and cumulative, some individuals are more sensitive than others; typical foods include flavoured chips, instant noodles and party pies. Avoid it, especially gout sufferers, asthmatics and aspirin sensitive people. Mixture of sodium salts of guanylic (E626) and inosinic acid (E630). Check imported foods. May be associated with itchy skin rashes up to 30 hours after ingestion; rashes may vary from mild to dramatic; the reaction is dose-related and cumulative, some

E635

Sodium 5'ribonucleotide

individuals are more sensitive than others; typical foods include flavoured chips, instant noodles and party pies. Avoid it, especially gout sufferers, asthmatics and aspirin sensitive people. Banned in Australia. Derived from the bark of larch trees, pine needles, chicory wood, oils and roasted malt; it may be produced synthetically. Artificial sweetener, flavour enhancer used in baked goods to give a 'fresh baked' taste and smell in bread and cakes, chocolate substitute, soft and fizzy drinks, ice cream, jam. In large quantities it can help aluminium pass into the brain to cause Alzheimer's

636 E636

Maltol

disease. Sometimes lactose (from cow's milk) is used. It should thus be avoided by vegans. It does not contain lactose and can be used by lactose-intolerant people. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Up to 2 mg/kg bodyweight. Some countries ban it for babies and young children. Derived from maltol chemically. Needs more testing. Base for essences, synthetic artificial flavour and flavour enhancer. Sometimes lactose (from cow's milk) is used. It should thus be avoided by vegans. It does not contain lactose and can be used by lactoseintolerant people. Some

637

Ethyl maltol

countries ban it for babies and young children. See 636. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): Up to 2 mg/kg bodyweigh Flavour modifier. Glycine is a natural amino acid, a building block of protein. Mainly produced from gelatin, partly synthetic. It is a nutrient, mainly for yeast in bread. Also used as a bread enhancer. Genetically coded amino acid used in dietary supplements. Can be mildly toxic if ingested. Glycine is produced mainly from gelatin, which is derived from animal bones. It is therefore not suitable for vegans, vegetarians and, as long as the origin is not known, not for Jews, Muslims and Hindus. Only

640 E640

Glycine (and its sodium salts), glycol, amino acetic acid

the producer can provide the origin of the product.

MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087

Antibiotics E 700- E 800

Number Name Comments Spiramycins are a class of antibiotics, produced by the mould Streptomyces ambofaciens. Antibiotic against fungi and moulds. Products: Dairy, meat, egg-products. Only allowed with special permission. Tylosin is an antibiotic, produced by the mould Streptomyces fradiae. Antibiotic against fungi and moulds. Found in dairy, meat, eggproducts. Only allowed with special permission. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 0,2 mg/kg

E710

Spiramycins

E713

Tylosin

bodyweight.

MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087

MISCELLANEOUS (900-1520)

"In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act." ~ George Orwell
Number Name Comments Silicone based water repellent, antifoaming agent, emulsifier, anticaking agent used in confectionary, cordials, syrups and toppings, soft drinks, instant coffee, vinegar, chewing

900 E900

Dimethyl polysiloxane

gum, chocolates. No known effects when used in food. Glazing agent, used to wax fruit, confectionary, chocolate, ice cream, snack food, slow release pills, etc. Occasionally causes allergic reactions when used in cosmetics. Natural polymer produced from the Mexican trees Euphorbia antisyphilitica , E. cerifera and Pedilanthus pavonis .Glazing agent, used to wax fruit and vegetables. Not

901 E901

Beeswaxes, white & yellow

E902

Candelilla wax

enough research done to be conclusive. Used as substitute for Carnauba wax (903) Natural polymer produced from the Canauba palm (Copernica cerifera ) and related species from Brazil. Used in cosmetics and inks, and to wax fruit, chocolates, cocoa products, chewing gum, confectionary, flavour carrier in drinks, savoury snacks, toppings. Occasionally causes allergic reactions (dermal eczema) and possible carcinogen.

903 E903

Carnauba wax

904 E904

Shellac, Lac

Derived from the Lac insect of India; occasionally causes irritations of the skin. Used as glazing agent, chocolate, confectionary, orange fizzy drinks, orange skin, medications. Can be used by all religious groups and vegetarians. Vegans generally avoid the product as there are still lice in the raw product. These are eliminated during purification. Synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons. Chewing gum ingredient, sealant, glazing agent, de-

905(a)

Mineral oil, white

foamer, food processing machine lubricant, protective coating on fresh vegetables and fruit, lubricant and binder for tablets and capsules. Listed as having teratogenic properties probably responsible for bowel cancer and can cause defects. Synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons. May contain aromatic hydrocarbons and petrolatum extracts are listed as having teratogenic properties. May inhibit absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins, mild

905(b)

Petrolatum (petroleum jelly)(Vasaline)

laxative. Synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons. May inhibit absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins, mild laxative, there may be a link to bowel cancer. Used on sweets, in processing yeast, vitamin tablets, dried fruit, confectionary, collagen. Natural polymer derived from trees from the genus Styrax from Southeast Asia . Formerly used as preservative in fats. At present only used as part of many

E905(c)

Paraffins, Microcrystalline wax

906

Gum benzoic

flavours and essences. Found in many different products, but mainly in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations (perfumes, makeup). Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : None determined. Side effects: None known, but it often contains benzoic acid (E210). Can be used by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. For tablet coatings, Refined microcrystalline chewing gum. Polishing, release wax and stiffening agent. Banned in Australia.

E907

Avoid it. See E905(c) Natural polymer derived from rice bran. Coating and used in chewing gum. Found in chewing gum, confectionary. A naturally occurring sulphur containing amino acid, derived from cystine, that the body needs to produce Glutathione, one of the body's major antioxidants. Natural sources of cysteine include eggs, meat, dairy products and some cereals although it is commercially

908

Rice bran wax

E910

L-cysteine

produced from hair, both animal and human, (which is around 12% cysteine) and feathers. In compound form (E920 and E921) it is used in flour and bakery products (except wholemeal) where it is used as an improving agent and in chicken stock cubes where it is used as a flavour. Diabetics should be aware that there are some reports that it may interfere with insulin and there are anecdotal reports that it can react with monosodium glutamate (E621) in

individuals who suffer from the so called Chinese restaurant syndrome, a set of symptoms, including headache, burning sensations, dizziness and disorientation Wax obtained by solvent extraction of lignite (brown coal). It consists of nonglyceride carboxylic acid esters, free acids and resins. Coating for citrus fruits. Avoid it. A fat like substance derived from sheep wool. Contains 25% water as a water-inoil emulsion and is

E912

Montanic acid esters

913

Lanolin, Hydrous wool fat

used as an ointment base, an emollient for the skin, and in chewing gum. Oxidized polyethylene wax Protective coating on fruits and vegetables. Avoid it. Resin obtained from the pine tree Pinus silvestris and related species. Stabiliser, used as a flavour and in chewing gum. Citrus flavours. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: None known. Flour treatment agent derived from animal hair and chicken feathers. If

E914

E915

Esters of Colophane

920 E920

L-Cystein monohydrochloride

from China - human hair. Used in shampoo and chicken flavouring. Bread enhancer. It stabilises the structure of leavened bread. Aid to detoxification of many chemicals related to smoking, prevent hangovers and also prevent brain and liver damage due to alcohol consumption. Useful for rheumatoid arthritis, helps the immune system and promotes healing. Is a known neurotoxin. E921 L-cysteine hydrochloride See 920.

monohydrate Produced from potassium metasulphate and hydrogen peroxide. Bread enhancer. It stabilises the structure of leavened bread.

922

Potassium persulphate

923

Produced from ammonium metasulphate and hydrogen peroxide. Ammonium persulphate Bread enhancer. It stabilises the structure of leavened bread. Large quantities can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, kidney damage and

E924

Potassium bromate

failure. The WHO in 1993 said that this ingredient is no longer acceptable for use as it is a possible carcinogen. Typically used in flour products. Destroys nutrients, listed carcinogen, in some areas tap water is contaminated with it (most of Australia!), to make it 'safer' to drink. Typical products are flour products for bleaching, as a disinfectant, decolouriser and irritant poison. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and

925 E925

Chlorine

through skin contact. Inhalation can cause serious lung damage and may be fatal. 1000ppm (0.1%) is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths, and half that concentration fatal after a few minutes. May irritate or burn skin. See 925. Obtained from chlorine and sodium chlorite. Bread enhancer. It stabilises the structure of leavened bread. Bleaching agent for flour. Bread but not often used. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : Up to

926 E926

Chlorine dioxide chlorodioxide chlorine oxide

30 mg/kg bodyweight. Corrosive, Severe respiratory and eye irritant. Azoformamide. Flour treatment and bleaching agent in baked goods, breads, rice, chewing gum, flour, grains. The US FDA require further testing. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Obtained from ammonia and carbon dioxide. Used as nutrient in fermented products. Potential allergen. Used to bleach teeth and inhibit potato

E927(a) Azodicarbonamide

E927(b) Carbamide

sprouting. Obtained from benzoylchloride and sodium peroxide. Approved by FDA* for bleaching the carotenoids in refined flours, cheese, milk, rice, starch. Asthmatics and people with a history of allergies BEWARE, see Benzoic Acid (210). Synthetic. Bread enhancer. Bleaching agent for flour. Asthmatics and people with a history of allergies BEWARE Used in freezing and

928 E928

Benzoyl peroxide

930

Calcium peroxide

E931

Nitrogen

vacuum packing. Antioxidant. Seems safe. Laughing gas Seems quite safe in small quantities, liver, kidney disease, cancer from long exposure. Used for bleaching flour and a whipping agent. Used in welding. Inert gas. Seems safe. Seems safe.

E932

Nitrous oxide

E938

Argon

E939

Helium

E940

Synthetic inert gas. Propellant, antiDichlorodifluoromethane freeze Canned and frozen products. Hardly used. Acceptable daily

intake (ADI) : Up to 1,5 mg/kg bodyweight. 941 E941 Antioxidant. Used in freezing and vacuum packing; seems safe. Seems quite safe in small quantities. Used for bleaching flour and a whipping agent. Natural inert gas. Propellant Found in Spray-cans. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods. Natural inert gas. Propellant Found in

Nitrogen

942 E942

Nitrous oxide

E943(a) Butane

E943(b) Iso-butane

Spray-cans. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : None determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods. Natural inert gas. Propellant Found in Spray-cans. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : None determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods. Natural gas. Used in modified atmosphere packaging as preservative. Gas packed vegetables. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) : None

E944

Propane

E948

Oxygen

determined. Side effects: None known by use in foods. Listed as having teratogenic properties. Natural gas. Used in modified atmosphere packaging. Found in Gas packed products. Acceptable daily intake (ADI): None. Determined Side effects: None known by use in foods.

E949

Hydrogen

950 E950

200 times sweeter than sugar, has a Acesulphane potassium, bitter after Acesulphane K taste. Used widely as artificial sweetener in low

joule gums, drinks, diet foods, etc. Possible carcinogen in humans, caused cancer in test animals. Suggested that it is worse than Aspartame or Saccharin. AVOID IT! See separate article. Artificial sweetener, too many adverse effects possible to list, 92 documented with the US FDA!, Some people are allergic to aspartame, migraine headaches are a common reaction in these people. Research currently in the USA in regard to

951 E95

Aspartame

incidence of brain tumours. Diet drinks containing it are banned for U.S. Airforce pilots and in an pilots magazine, commercial pilots are told to avoid it. In 9,000 products from low joule to pharmaceuticals. AVOID IT! Calcium & sodium cyclamate, artificial sweetener; known to cause migraines and other reactions, can Cyclamic acid and its Na be carcinogenic, and Ca salts caused damage to rats testicles and mouse embryos in tests. Banned in the US and UK due its links

E952

with cancer. AVOID IT! Sugar substitute and humectant. Suitable for diabetics as it does not have a significant affect on blood glucose or serum insulin levels. Can cause softer than normal stool and intestinal gas. Not permitted in infant foods. Not listed for use in Australia. Calcium & sodium saccharin; artificial sweetener derived from toluene (a known carcinogen). Not listed in Australia by number

953 E953

Isomalt, Isomaltitol

954 E954

Saccharine

until 1992. Banned in 1977 in the US, but reinstated subject to strict labelling stating: "Use of this product may be hazardous to your health, this product contains saccharin which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals". It interferes with normal blood coagulation, blood sugar levels and digestive function. Banned in France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Spain. Banned as food additive in Malaysia and Zimbabwe. Banned

as a beverage additive in Fiji, Israel, Peru, and Taiwan. Artificial sweetener 600 times sweeter than sugar. Not listed in Australia prior to 1992. Found under the brand name of "Splenda". In animal Sucralose test before being (trichlorogalactosucrose) accepted in Australia, they showed detrimental effects to the thalamus glands, liver and kidney enlargement, and renal mineralisation. Artificial sweetener 2000 times sweeter than sugar. Not

955

956

Alitame

listed in Australia prior to 1992. Current research suggests that it is safe. Not endorsed for use in the USA. Artificial sweetener and flour enhancer. A protein derived from the tropical plant Thaumococcus danielli; used to sweeten wines, chewing gum, Japanese cooking, bread and fruit. Has a liquorice after taste. Artificial sweetener 340 times sweeter than sugar from grapefruit seed. Not

957 E957

Thaumatin

E959

Neohesperidine DC

listed for use in Australia, but may be imported with foods. Little research on effects but is used in a large range of foods. 961 E961 E962 Neotame Salt of Aspartameacesulfame See articles: One, Two See 951.

965 E965

Humectant, artificial sweetener base, bulking agent, base for essences. Starch Maltitol, Maltitol syrup, decomposed with Hydrogenated glucose digestive enzymes. In syrup some of 953, plus used in confectionery, dried fruits, low-joule foods, chocolate,

jam, ice cream; laxative in high concentrations. A synthetic carbohydrate alcohol, produced from milk sugar (lactose) derived from whey (milk). Humectant, sweetener. A sugar alcohol in calorie controlled foods. Laxative in high concentrations of over 20g per day. Lactitol is partly absorbed and metabolised as glucose by the body; the remaining fraction is fermented in the large intestine. During fermentation,

966 E966

Lactitol

gases are produced, which may cause bloating and flatulence. In intolerant persons it can act as a laxative. Side effects normally occur after an intake of 25-30 grams in a single dose, which is far above the usage in normal foods. Lactitol can be used by all religious groups and vegetarians, but not by vegans, as the source is milk sugar. The term carbohydrate alcohol is a chemical definition; lactitol does not contain alcohol (ethanol).

967 E967

Xylitol

Humectant, artificial sweetener, stabiliser, bulking agent, sugar substitute. Found in raspberries, plums, lettuce and endives, though produced for commercial purposes from wood pulp; caused kidney stones and a diuretic effect on test rats, "a waste of time and the lives of the rats", for the JEFCA in 1983 ruled the tests invalid in relation to humans, the symptoms caused by 'physiological disturbances' in the rats!, we can only imagine what conditions led to

upset rats. Used in low-joule foods and carbohydrate modified sweets, icecream chocolate, and jams; laxative in high concentrations. Xylitol is partly absorbed and metabolised as sugar by the body; the remaining fraction is fermented in the large intestine. During fermentation, gases are produced, which may cause bloating and flatulence. In intolerant persons it can act as a laxative. Side effects normally occur after an intake of 25-30 grams in a single dose, which is

far above the usage in normal foods. Xylitol can be used by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. The term carbohydrate alcohol is a chemical definition; xylitol does not contain alcohol (ethanol). Quillaia extract is a purified extract of the outer cambium layer of Quillaia Saponaria Molina, or Quillay Bark. The Quillaia tree is native to Peru and Chile, and cultivated in Northern Hindustan. Quillaia bark infusion has good foam capabilities due to

E999

Quillaia extract

the presence of saponin, a nonpoisonous, white powder. Saponin is a glucoside which will yield quillaic acid and quillaia-sapotoxin upon decomposure. The latter products are both poisonous irritants, however it is the sapotoxin which foams upon shaking. Quillaic acid is also known as 3,16-dihydroxy-23oxo-12-oleanen-28oic acid. Used in the production of foam on non-alcoholic beverages. Use is banned in a number of countries. Used medically as a stimulating

expectorant. Normal component of the bile of all vertebrates. Extracted from the bile of cows, but can also be produced synthetically. Emulsifier Used in egg powder. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 1.25 mg/kg bodyweight. Should be avoided by vegans, vegetarians and Hindus, but can be used by other religions. Emulsifier. Used in the treatment of Autism as it improves brain

1000

Cholic acid

1001

Choline salts and esters

function and circulation to the brain. Derived from mould mushroom or pig pancreas. Flour treatment agent. No adverse effects have been reported.

1100@ Amylase

1101

Stabiliser, flavour enhancer, flour treatment agent, meat tenderiser and Protease's used in alcoholic (Papain, bromelain, ficin) beverages. Some are known to be possible teratogenic in nature. Anti-oxidant. Little information known at this time.

1102

Glucose oxidase

E1103 1104

Invertase Lipases

Derived from honey. See Glycerol (E455). Flavour enhancer. Anti-bacterial preservative. An enzyme, that is a normal constituent of tears, saliva, blood and (human) milk. Commercially prepared from chicken eggs or by bacteria. May be harmful by inhalation or ingestion, or act as an irritant. Used in infant nutrition, pharmaceutical preparations. Polymer of glucose, with some sorbitol.

1105 E1105

Lysozyme

1200

Polydextrose

E1200

Produced by heating dextrose (glucose) in the presence of sorbitol and citric acid. Humectant and modifying agent in baked foods, modified carbohydrates, confectionary, chocolate, jam, ice cream, low joule foods. Binds water and protects against freeze damage. Suitable for diabetics. Seems safe in small doses, can cause diarrhoea in large doses (90g per day), see warning in 967. Not to be used for babies or infants

1201 E1201

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Synthetic polymer made from formaldehyde supposed to be inert and nontoxic. Excess may cause damage to the lungs or kidneys, gas and faecal impaction. Dispersing agent, colour stabiliser, Flavours and fragrances, pharmaceuticals. Coating for tablets; used in artificial sweeteners in low joule foods and chewing gum. Carcinogenic. Avoid it. Light sensitive, hygroscopic. Other names: povidone,

PVP Synthetic polymer. Clarifying agent for wine, beer and vinegar; colour and colloidal stabiliser, almost completely Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone unabsorbed when (PPVP) taken orally. Artificial sweetener . May cause damage to kidneys and stay in the system for up to a year. Avoid it. Polymer of dextrose, prepared by partial degradation of starch. Thickener, vegetable gum, foam stabiliser in beer, artificial sweetener base from tapioca or corn. No known

1202 E1202

1400 E1400

Dextrin

adverse effects, but not fully evaluated for safety. Foods are made more digestible to babies, but the chemicals to create may be harmful. Thickener, vegetable gum. No known adverse effects. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch or starch granules with inorganic acids. The starch is partially degraded. Thickening agent and stabiliser. Found in many food products, pharmaceuticals. Acceptable Daily

1401

Acid treated starch

E1401

Modified Starch

Intake: None determined. Side effects: None known Thickener, vegetable gum. No known adverse effects. See 1400.

1402

Alkaline treated starch

E1402

Prepared by treating starch or starch granules with sodium- or potassium hydroxide. The starch is partially Alkaline modified starch degraded. Thickening agent and stabiliser Contained in many food products, pharmaceuticals Acceptable Daily Intake: None determined. Side

effects: None known Prepared by treating starch with bleaching agents. The starch is partially degraded and oxidised. Thickener, vegetable gum which may be bleached with sulphur dioxide (one of a choice), which is dangerous to asthmatics. Used in baby food, jelly type sweets, wine gums, batter mixes - wide range of foods. Further testing required. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch with hypochlorite. The

1403 E1403

Bleached starch

1404 E1404

Oxidised starch

starch is partially degraded and oxidised. Thickener, vegetable gum which is bleached with possible sulphur dioxide residue, which is dangerous to asthmatics. High concentrations cause diarrhoea and kidney defects in animals. See 1403. Further testing required. See 1400. Occurs naturally in the body. Thickener, vegetable gum in baby foods. May or may not be used in Australia. No known adverse effects. See 1400.

1405

Enzyme treated starch

1410 E1410

Prepared by treating starch with phosphoric acid. The starch is partially degraded and Mono-starch phosphate phosphorylated. Thickening agent and stabiliser. No known adverse effects, further testing required. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch with glycerol. The starch is partially degraded and combined with glycerol. Thickening agent and emulsifier. Many food products, pharmaceuticals (i) : prepared with trimetaphosphate (ii) : prepared with

E1411

Di-starch glycerol

1412 E1412

Distarch phosphates

phosphoroxychloride Thickener used in baby food, carbohydrate modified foods, starch. Not recommended for infant formulas. No known adverse effects, further testing required. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch with a phosphorylating agent and phosphoric acid. The resulting starch has increased stability at high and low temperatures and is more resistant against acid. No known adverse

1413 E1413

Phosphated distarch phosphate

effects, further testing required. Prepared for baby foods, frozen foods, refrigerated sweets, soy and other infant formula. Babies should not be given soy products. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch with a phosphorylating agent and acetic acid. The resulting starch has increased stability and dissolves better at low temperatures. Thickener for food in cans: thin soups, foods and cereals for young children, soy

1414 E1414

Acetylated distarch phosphate

and other infant formula. Babies should not be given soy products. No known adverse effects at low levels, further testing required. May cause diarrhoea. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch with acetic acid anhydride. The resulting starch is more stable at high temperatures and low pH. Thickener, vegetable gum in iced lollies, confectionary, yoghurts, egg white mix, fruit flavoured fillings. No known adverse effects, further testing

1420 E1420

Acetylated starch

required. May cause diarrhoea. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch with vinylacetate. The resulting starch is more stable at high temperatures and Starch acetate esterfied low pH. Comparable with with vinyl acetate E1420.Thickener, vegetable gum. No known adverse effects. May cause diarrhoea. See 1400 and 1420. Prepared by treating starch with acetic acid anhydride and adipinic acid anhydride. This results in a starch that is resistant

1421 E1421

1422 E1422

Acelylated distarch adipate

against stirring and high temperatures. Thickener, vegetable gum to give improved 'mouth feel' in a wide range of foods such as relishes and pickles, fruit pies and fillings, baby food. No known adverse effects at low levels, further testing required. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch with acetic acid anhydride and glycerol. This results in a starch that is resistant against stirring and high temperatures and with a high stability after cooling.

1423

Acetylated di-starch glecerol

Thickening agent. Many food products. Acceptable Daily Intake: None determined E1430 Distarch glycerine Stabiliser, Thickening agent Prepared by treating starch with propyleneoxide. The resulting starch is more stable against acid, alkaline and starch degrading enzymes. It also provides better colour and shine to products. Thickener, vegetable gum from potatoes, wheat, maize, rice, barley, or roots like cassava. No known

1440 E1440

Hydroxypropylstarch

adverse effects, further testing required. It may slow down the degradation of food in the intestine. See 1400. Prepared by treating starch with propyleneoxide, epichlorhydrine and glycerol. The resulting starch is more stable against Hydroxy propyl distarch acid, alkaline and glycerine starch degrading enzymes. It also provides better colour and shine to products and is more stable after cooling. Stabiliser, Thickening agent. It may cause

E1441

diarrhoea. Prepared by treating starch with propyleneoxide and phosphoric acid. The resulting starch is more stable against acid, alkaline and starch degrading enzymes. It also provides better Hydroxy propyl distarch colour and shine to products and has phosphate very good freezethaw properties. Thickener, vegetable gum in frozen products. No known adverse effects, further testing required. It may slow down the degradation of food in the intestine. See

1442 E1442

1400. Prepared by treating starch with octenylsuccinate. Thickener, vegetable gum where oil and water must mix in salad dressings, drink whiteners, dry drink bases, essences. No known adverse effects, further testing required. See 1400 and 1422. Thickener, vegetable gum. No known adverse effects, further testing required. (i): Benzyl alcohol (ii): Benzyl acetate (iii): Benzyl benzoate

1450 E1450

Starch sodium octenyl succinate

E1451

Acetylated oxidised starch

1501

Benzylated hydrocarbons

Natural compounds, which constitute part of the flavour and fragrance of many plant species. They are commercially produced by chemical synthesis. Flavourings and fragrances. Found in many products; these compounds are also used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Acceptable Daily intake: Up to 5 mg/kg body weight. No side effects known when used in foods. Skin problems may occur when used in cosmetics.

1502

Butane-1,3-diol

It is commercially produced by chemical synthesis. Solvent for flavours. In tobacco products. Acceptable Daily intake: Up to 4 mg/kg body weight. Natural oil extracted from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor bean). Castor oil is a flavour component as well as a solvent for flavours. Found in flavoured sugar, lip products, etc. Acceptable Daily intake: Up to 0.7 mg/kg body weight. Natural component of many fruits; it is

1503

Castor Oil

1504

Ethyl Acetate

commercially produced from acetic acid. Ethyl acetate is a flavour component as well as a solvent for flavours. Found in many products with fruit flavour. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 6 mg/kg body weight. Commercially produced from citric acid. Whipping aid, thickener, vegetable gum for flavoured and sports drinks, egg white liquid or dried. Part becomes alcohol in the body. See 1510. Alcohol. Not

1505 E1505

Triethyl acetate or citrate

1510

Ethanol, ethyl alcohol,

E1510

Ethanon

permitted in foods in Australia, but used in cough medicines, perfumes, mouth wash, antiseptic, hairspray as an additive carrier not listed except in alcoholic drinks. Suspected neurotoxic hazard, danger to persons with Candida and allergies. In ice creams, dessert sauces, apple cider, stews and casseroles, tomatoes and rock melon. Commercially produced from acetic acid and glycerol. Solvent for flavours. Found in

1516

Glycerol monoacetate

many products. Glycerol diacetate is commercially produced from acetic acid and glycerol. Used as solvent for flavours. May cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion. Binder for solid rocket fuels. Fungicide, humectant and solvent for flavours derived from glycerol; used to coat fresh fruit in the US, essences,

E1517

Glycerol diacetate

1518 E1518

Glycerol triacetate, triacetin

cigarette filters. Other names: triacetin, glyceryl triacetate, 1,2,3propanetriyl triacetate, 1,2,3propanetriol triacetate, triacetylglycerol. Propylene glycol is commercially produced from propylene and carbonate. Humectant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, radiator antifreeze, petroleum based; its glycerine like taste has made it popular for children's medications and other elixirs; used in

1520 E1520

Propylene glycol

many toothpastes, topical creams and ointments, in cosmetics, hair products and deodorants, artificial sweetener bases, liquid food colour, essences, sweetened coconut, chewing gum, chocolates. Total recall of all medications in USA (if you still have some old ones, throw them out!) and has been linked with fatal heart attacks (when given intravenously), central nervous system depression and cosmetic or pharmaceutical contact dermatitis.

Suspected as a neurotoxic hazard.

Material Data Safety Sheets recommend not have dermal contact, wear rubber gloves. Other names: 1,2propanediol; 1,2dihydroxypropane; methylethylene glycol; propane1,2-diol
Polyethylene glycerol 8000 Artificial sweetener, anti-foaming agent. Known to cause renal failure in burns victims. Hydroxy ethyl cellulose is commercially produced from ethanol and

1521

1525

Hydroxy ethyl cellulose

cellulose. Thickening agent. Found in many products. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known when used in foods. In high concentrations it acts as a laxative.

* Food and Drug Administration MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087

UNNUMBERED
Think organic; eat organic - it's easier to digest. Without find out the exact antibiotic names, drench names and ingredients in the various chemicals injected or dosed into the animals we consume as meat, we must be aware that there are many more additives to think about. Organic meats are free of such problems. As well as chemicals sprayed or top dressed on the soils, in the water for both animals and plants cannot be a healthy chemical cocktail. "I didn't say it would be easy. I just said it would be the truth." - Morpheus Name Comments From eggs, blood (serum Albumin albumin), milk for coagulant and stiffener in baked goods From pig pancreases for flour to Alpha amylase break down any starches Alum, aluminium From alum rich soil (cake alum

sulphate

Ambergris

Anise, aniseed Arachidonic acid Argol Arachidonic acid

Aronia

or patent alum). Used to purify Murray River water and clarify fats and oils. Derived from whale intestines. Hides under the term: Natural Flavour. Berry, fruit, rum, spice and vanilla flavouring in drinks, ice cream, ice blocks, confectionary, baked foods and in perfumes. Aromatic seed of the parsley family used for flavouring food and drinks derived from liver, brain, animal origin gland or oil Sediment in wine casks or made from tartaric acid, cream of tartar and malt vinegar. From liver, brain, animal origin gland or oil. From the berries of the Aronia arbutifolia shrub of North America. A taste expander used in jelly, pudding, powdered deserts, yoghurt, milk desserts, creams, homogenised cheeses,

confectionary, crispy cales ice creams, instant drinks. From synthetic and palm oil as Ascorbyl palmitate a preservative in baking. Derived from aspartame (see Aspartic acid E951, 951). Neurotoxin destroys brain cells. Occurs naturally in common beets and other vegetables. The synthetic form is Betaine used. Developed by the Germans during World War II Alkyl sulphates when vegetable fats and oils Alkyl betaines were scarce. Used for colour, dietary supplement, surfactant in foods and drugs, medication for muscle weakness. Found in yeast, liver, egg yolk, milk. Colourless crystalline Biotin growth vitamin of the Vitamin B complex found in many plants. Used as a texturiser. A natural alkaloid in tea, kola nut and coffee. Clearly toxic in Caffeine high doses,can cause heart palpatations, high blood

presurre, vomiting, convulsions, headache, diarrhoea, frequent urination, dehydration, insomnia, stomach cramps, hand tremors, muscle twitches, acts as laxitive, depletes the body's supply of calcium. A mild stimulant in moderation. Children drinking cola drinks may become agitated and appear to have behavioural problems. Used in coffee, cola drinks, baking, cake icing, added to many fizzy soft and sports drinks (eg. orange flavoured, to make it more 'addictive'. From palm oil and coconut oil Caprylic acid as a preservative and flavouring. Seeds of the Carum carui of central and southern Europe for Caraway seed, oil baking, flavouring for chocolate and coatings. Seeds of the Elattaria cardamon Cardamom oil from south India for enhancing flavour of ground coffee, butter,

Casein

Cassia oil, bark

Catalase Celery oil

Cholesterin

Cinnamon

chocolate, liquor, spice and vanilla flavouring. Phosphoprotein of milk, which has a molecular structure that is extremely similar to that of gluten; celiac people have to avoid. Found in processed cheese, cheese, dairy products, yoghurt, bread, baking, custard, drinks. From leaves and twigs for oil of the Cinnamomum cassia from S.E. Asia. Bark for spice. Oil used for cocoa flavour in biscuits, cakes, drinks and ice cream. derived from cattle liver Celery grown in France for flavouring cocoa, chocolate, and other sweets. Claims it assists in control of cholesterol. Used in medications. Spice made from bark, may help people with diabetes, may be allergenic. Imitation made

Citrus Red No.2 Clorazol pink Y Allura red AC Brilliant scarlet 4R Erythrocyte 127 Orange GGN Yellow 2G Green S Indigo carmine Brilliant blue FCF Acid violet 21

from Cassia tree bark - check before you buy. Causes cancer in animals and used for dyeing skins of oranges. CI 14780 CI 16035 CI 16255 CI 45430 CI 15980 CI 18965 CI 44090 CI 73015 CI 42090 CI 42580 Derived from civet cat - extract from a gland between the anus and the genital organs and hides under the title of a Natural Flavour. Used as raspberry, butter, caramel, grape and rum flavourings in drinks, ice cream, ice blocks, confectionary, baked food, frozen desserts, chewing

Civet

gum. Natural essential oil steamdistilled from clove buds Clove bud oil (Syzygium atmaticum), may be allergenic. Colin bitartrate Animal origin tissue. Main structural protein in Collagen animal connective tissue. A protein that acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction. May Enzyme be from plant or animal sources. Used in amylase, lactase. Produced through a fermentation process that begins with dextrose (a simple sugar Erythritol derived from corn starch), also derived from calf stomach; used as a sweetener for beverages and confectionery products. From acetic acid. Used to pick Ethylenediamine up minute metal bits (chelating tetraacetic agent). May cause contact disodium dihydrate dermatitis. May be used in foods and pharmaceuticals. Ethyl vanillin A perfume-like artificial vanilla

flavouring. It is 3? times more powerful than the real thing and cheaper. Generally recognised as being safe, so manufacturers use it in soft drinks, ice creams and baked goods. Evans Blue Cl, Direct Blue 53 FD&C Green No.3 Fast Green FD&C Red No. 102, New Coccine FD&C Yellow, No.11 Causes contact dermatitis. Causes bladder tumours. It is an allergen; not permitted to be used in foods. Causes contact dermatitis. Simple sugar carbohydrate (monosaccharide) occours naturally in honey and fresh fruits. Used in cakes, breads, biscuits to make them brown better.

Fructose

Gentian Violet Cl, Causes contact dermatitis. Basic Violet No.3 A naturally occurring substance Glucuronolactone, in the body, made in the liver Glucuronic acid from glucose, helps to stimulate

Glycerides

Glycogen

Gliadin

Guaiacol

the metabolism and thus helps to detoxify the body. Occurs in plants, mainly in gums. An important constituent of fibrous and connective tissues in all animals. Components of fats or oils. The most widely used is monoglyceride citrate, although the US FDA imposes strict limits. Used as a stabiliser for sausages. lard, vegetable oils, margarines and shortenings. From the liver and muscle where glucose is stored. Wheat is the first consideration; it is a major ingredient in breads, rolls, pastry, cakes, cookies and most baked products; noodles macaroni and spaghetti are typically made with wheat; celiac people have to avoid Used for decades in compounded products as an expectorant.

Hormone

A synthetic substance. cereal gluten; glutens are proteins found in the plant kingdom subclass of monocotyledonae (monocots); these plants are members of the grass family of wheat, oat, barley, rye and triticale and their derivatives, (derivatives include: malt, grain starches, hydrolysed vegetable/plant proteins, textured vegetable proteins, grain vinegars, soy Hydrolysed sauce, grain alcohol, Vegetable Protein flavourings and the binders and (HVP) fillers found in vitamins and medications.); celiac people have to avoid, celiac disease (also known as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is a chronic disease in which malabsorption of nutrients is caused by a characteristic lesion of the small intestine mucosa; used in smallgoods, packaged convenience foods, gravies and many canned products. It is also

Hydrolysed Plant Protein (HPP) Keratin Lipid, Lipoid Lysin-L Lysin-DL

present in excipients in pharmaceutical preparations, particularly vitamin and mineral supplements same as HVP. May be MSG, 621. Derived from nail or hair An organic compound that is insoluble in water but soluble in an organic solvent. Same as erythritol. A natural complex carbohydrate. May be made from potato or cornstarch and is generally recognised as safe. It's used in foods such as sweets, drinks, beer, ice cream, preserved fruit, milk powder, malted, 'mild', cake, biscuits, bread, and medicines. Industrial uses include: textiles, printing, dying, paper making, casting, petroleum drilling. A crystalline alcohol that occurs

Maltodextrin, Maltrin

Menthol

Methionine Natural fruit flavours Neutral Red Nucleic acid Oleamine, Oleic acid Oxysterin Ox bile or gall

Palmitic acid

Panthenol Peanut oil,

mainly in mint oils, has a sharp fragrance and cooling properties of peppermint. May be allergenic. Derived from protein Freeze or vacuum dried concentrate. Given boost from grape juice or synthetic flavour. Causes contact dermatitis. Banned in Australia. Derived from cells High oleic acid soybeans. More than likely to be GM. From glycerides, stearic acid for preventing oil from clouding. Ox bile used as a preservative and emulsifier for dried egg whites. From animal or vegetable source to make oil and water blend. A vitamin in the B complex, an alcohol converted in the body to pantothenic acid. Peanut allergy is one of the

peanuts

Peppermint oil

Pepsin Phenylalanine, Phenylanine

most common food allergies, and can cause death by food anaphylaxis. About one third of peanut-sensitive patients have severe reactions to peanuts. It can affect a whole range of foods - even foods not using peanut oil but just passed over machinery that had peanut oil product pass over it previously is contaminated sufficiently to cause an allergenic reaction. Severe reactions occur within a few minutes of ingestion. Allergic persons must carry preloaded epinephrine syringes, antihistamines, and medic-alert bracelets. Dried mint leaves used for flavouring. A few drops of peppermint oil deters rats. Obtained from pork and beef stomachs to be used as a digestive aid. An essential amino acid; the body uses it to produce some

DANGER TO PKU PERSON

Phenylephrine

Phospholipide

Polypeptides

Polyvinyl

hormones (epinephhrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine) and melanin (skin pigment). Dangerous in large quantities. See Aspartame notes. PKU (phenylketonura - a person who cannot metabolise phenylalanine) A decongestant which helps relieve nasal congestion. Side affects are nausea, stomach upset, loss of appetite, nervous, restless, dizzy, headache, chest pain, rapid heart rate, anxiety, fear, difficult or painful urination, sleepless. Used in pharmaceutical and general cold products. Cheese yeast A plain peptide has 2 or more amino acids. A polypeptide has 10 or more amino acids. Formed by partial hydrolysis of proteins or by synthesis of amino acids into chains. White powder added to beer for

polypyrrolidone (PVPP) Progesterone

Quinine dihydrochloride, Quinine sulphate

Rennet

Salicylate

removing phenolic compounds, then beer is clear and has long shelf life. A steroid hormone made from animals. A toxic alkaloid extracted from the bark of the Chinchona tree. Side affects include headache, nausea, tinnitus, blurred vision, psoriasis, anaemia, vomiting, jaundice. Used in carbonated beverages, bitters, treatment for malaria. Cheese yeast derived from calf stomach A salt of salicylic acid. Used in the manufacture of aspirin, dyestuffs, sweets, pies, soft drinks, sweet rolls. Large quantities can cause intestinal bleeding, gastric ulcers, asthma like reaction, tinnitus, acid-base imbalance, nervous system disturbances, vomiting, headache, irritability, ketosis, hypoglycemia, convulsions

Stearate Sodium and Calcium stearate

Taurine

Thermerosal

A compound of calcium and stearic acid. Used as anticaking ingredient in some spices (garlic and onion salts) and extensively in tablets. See 570 An amino acid produced by the joining of two amino acids methione and cysteine in the liver with the help of Vitamin B6. Diabetic and hypoglycaemic patients should only use under supervision as it may cause an effect on insulin activity. Large quantities may cause diarrhoea, peptic ulcers. Used in health food supplements dealing with liver problems. A dangerous preservative that contains mercury which may be excreted from the body over time. The nervous system is very sensitive to all forms of mercury. High exposures to high levels of metallic, inorganic or organic mercury

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Thimerosal

can permanently damage the brain, kidneys and developing foetus. Shows up as irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision and hearing, memory problems. Used in vaccines and other medical products. The US FDA estimates used in more than 30 licensed vaccines and other medical products. USA and UK pay damages for proven claims for Thimerosol injury from vaccination. Use safe homoeopathic vaccines instead. Acts as a coenzyme in energy metabolism, keeps appetite, digestive tract and nervous system healthy. Not stored in the body and must be supplied each day. High doses can cause headache, irritability, rapid pulse, trembling, weakness. Used in meat, fish, poultry, eggs, wholegrain breads, cereals. Very effective preservative that

Torula

contains mercury and has been used in some vaccines and other products; FDA* estimates that it is used in more than 30 licensed vaccines and biologics; mercury is excreted from the body over time; nervous system is very sensitive to all forms of mercury, methyl mercury and metal vapours are more harmful than other forms, exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic or organic mercury can permanently damage the brain, kidneys and developing foetus, effects on brain functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing and memory problems. Use safe homoeopathic vaccines instead. Made from wood sugars as a by-product of the pulping process in papermaking. Allergen for hay fever and asthma sufferers. Torula S is used in baby food and cereals,

Zinc

Torula F is used in feed supplements for cattle, fish, chickens. Essential element for humans, often lacking in soils. Toxic doses of zinc cause vomiting, diarrhoea, restlessness, stomach irritation, depressed immune function, anaemia, reduced HDL cholesterol, increase heart attack risk. Found in sunscreen, deodorant, meat, fish, lentils, green leafy vegetables, whole cereals, brewer's yeast, cheese, milk, nuts, sunflower and sesame seeds.

?MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087