FETUS

Essential elements of embryology

16th Edition

ABEDUR RAHMAN
MBBS (DMC), M Phil (DU)
Editorial Assistant
Dr. Farzana Iqbal
 Published by
Afrazul Haque
Bhelejan
Thakurgaon
On behalf of Fetus Publications

First published………. September, 1991.

Second Edition………. September, 1993.
Third Edition………. February, 1995.
Fourth Edition………. September, 995.
Fifth Edition……….January, 1997
Sixth Edition………. May, 1998
Seventh Edition……….March, 2000
Eighth Edition……….August, 2000
Ninth Edition………. May, 2002
Tenth Edition………. October, 2003
Eleventh Edition………. April, 2004
Twelfth Edition………. December, 2004
Thirteenth Edition………. February, 2006
Fourteenth Edition……….October, 2006
Fifteenth edition ……….January, 2008
Sixteenth edition ……….November, 2008

MD. ABEDUR RAHMAN

AII rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means without the written permission of the author.

Cover Design: Abedur Rahman

Price: Taka Three hundred and Twenty (320/-) only.

For all kinds of correspondence:

DR MD ABEDUR RAHMAN
Phone: +88 01819-050041
E-mail: abeddmc@yahoo.com

DISTRIBUTORS

Ahad Book Center

Allied Book Center
Bangladesh Book Center
Capital Book Center
Keya Medical Book Center
Mukti Book House
New Bengal Library
National Book Center
Samima Book Center
Setu Book Center
Taj Medical Books

Nilkhet, Dhaka
 Dedicated to
My father
for the uncompromising
principle that guided his life.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I remember
 Dr. A. Hye Fakir
EX-Head of the department of anatomy, BSMMU.
 Dr. Habibur Rahman.
EX Head of the department of anatomy, SBMC
 Dr. Shahid-UlIah
EX-Head of the department of anatomy, RPMC
 Dr. Kazi Rafiqul Haque
Head of the department of anatomy, USTC. Chittogong
 Late Dr. S.S. Banik.
Ex-Associate Professor of anatomy, SSMC.
 Dr. Motahar Hossain. Ex-Head of the department of anatomy, DMC.
 Dr. Manjar-e-Shamim. Professor & head of the department of anatomy, BSMMU.
 Dr. Shamim Ara
Head of the department of anatomy, DMC
 Dr. Shafiq Haider
Asst prof. of anatomy, CMC.
for their good wishes to this publication

 Dr. Nazrul Islam

Principal, Dinajpur Medical College
 Dr. Rubaiual Morshed
Ex Asst. Professor, Pediatric Surgery, DMCH
for their kind efforts in revising this book.

I am also grateful to Alauddin (SOMC) and other students who made constructive
criticism to make the book more helpful for the students.

I want to acknowledge my students Juthy (K-63, DMC) and Sristi (K-63, DMC) for their
whole hearted co-operation in editing this 16th edition of the book; Ilias (K-62, DMC),
Juwel (K-63, DMC), Pritom (K-63, DMC), Fauzia (NUB) for their constructive criticism for
making necessary correction of in this edition. I am also grateful to the doctors and
students of different institutions and medical colleges who made constructive criticism
to make the book more helpful for the embryology student.

Forewords
Excellent one
I have gone through the book and found that the author
has been succeeded in presenting the essential
elements of embryology in an excellent manner. The
elements served here are authentic. I hope that this
humble presentation will serve its purposes well. My
best wishes go to the author.
Prof. Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam
MBBS, M. Phil (DU), MS
(Glasgow). MHPED
(Australia)
Principal, Dinajpur Medical
College
Ex Vice president, BMA
Really charmed to find the simplicity
I have gone through the book Fetus by Dr. Abedur Rahman
with interest & have been really charmed to find the
simplicity of its presentation & diagrams which depict the
wide subject of embryology into the small space of this
handy volume. Student
can peep into the memory of the whole aspect of
embryology through this book instantaneously and
comfortably even at rest or in leisure like the cow which
enjoys the taste of food by cutting its jaw while at rest.
Dr. Kazi Rafiqul Huq
Head, dept. of
I wish the promising young author & his book a glorious Anatomy
success in the days to come. USTC, Chittogong.
 AUTHOR’S SAYINGS
“The history of man for nine months preceding his birth
would, probably, be far more interesting, and contain events
of greater moment than all three score and ten years that
follow it.”
--- Samuel Taylor Coleridge

It is now well proved that ‘Fetus’ is the most read embryology book in our country. The
last 15 editions of the book have proven that it is unique in its field. In this edition, I
have tried my best to make it more useful for the students making necessary changes
elsewhere.

New to this edition-

 Development of different organs at a glance
 Answers of all first professional SAQ
 Some new information
 Some figures and information are modified.

All praises for the Almighty. Thanks to all the anatomy teachers and students – past,
present, and future.

November 2008 Dr Md Abedur

Rahman

Contents
Part-1: Introduction

1. Introduction to embryology 1

2. Reproduction and Development 3

3. Some basic concepts in embryology 8
4. Some historical elements on embryology 12

Part-2: General Embryology

5. Gametogenesis: Conversion of germ cells into male & female 21

gamete
6. Female reproductive cycles and ovulation 34
7. Pre-embryonic period – I: Fertilization, cleavage and implantation 68
8. Pre-embryonic period-II: Formation of germ layers (Gastrulation) 90
9. Embryonic period: Derivatives of germ layers 115
10. Fetal period Some facts concerning the fetus 123
11. Fetal membranes and placenta 127
12. Congenital malformations 155
13. Developmental genetics 159

Part-3: Systemic Embryology

14. Cardiovascular system 165

15. Digestive system 190
16. Respiratory system 231
17. Diaphragm and septum transversum- 237
18. Urogenital system 241
19. Head neck and ear 279
20. Nervous system 304
21. Skeletal system 325
22. muscular system 329
23. Integumentary system 332
Glossary 339

Fetus 2 contents
SAQ in Embryology
Development of Different organ at a Glance

Look for the other books by the same

author
1. D”P evW †cÖmvi: cÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡iva
2.Medical Genetics
3.Research methodology
4.How to Write a thesis
5.Essentials of Biostatistics
Sample Chapter
3
Some Basic
Concepts in
Embryology
He that useth many words for the
explaining of any subject, doth like the
cuttle-fish hide himself---- in his own ink.
John Ray (A naturalist of the 17th century)
Differentiation

It means formation of new type of cells or tissues. The differences of the cells or
tissues that are formed is irreversible to those from which they are
formed. For example, from the cells of the mesoderm bones develop or more clearly
from the fertilized ovum the whole tissues or cells of the body develop. [see Gray.
37th P-107)
Self and dependent differentiation (DU, Regular-81)
Differentiation in which the fates of the earlier cells or tissues have been
determined is called self differentiation. The differentiation in which the earlier cells
or tissues suffer a stepwise restriction in their possible fates is called dependent
differentiation. In the former, as the name suggests, a fragment (of developing
tissue) when transplanted to an apparently indifferent region of the blastula or more
critically into salt solution, proceeded to develop into the tissues it would have
formed if undisturbed. Regions with dependent differentiation, however, it
transplanted early, failed to continue development and only did so if combined with
some neighboring mass of cells. If such a region, which at an early stage showed
dependent

differentiation, was not transplanted until a later stage, it was often found to have
become self-differentiating. [Gray]

Totipotent
An embryonic cell capable of differentiating into a large variety of cells is called
totipotent. The fertilized ovum has this ability [Taber’s]. Totipotent character may be
retained upto 8 cell state of cleavage division of the zygote. (Datta) .

Pluripotent
Following repeated cleavage division of the zygote, the cells of morula lose the
totipotent character but are succeeded by a plastic phase with reduced potencies.
Plastic phase is denoted by pluripotent character of cells in which groups of cells
produce specific type of tissue. [Datta]
Thus, an embryonic cell that can differentiate into different (several) kinds of cell is
called pluripotent. [Taber’s]

Organiser and Induction

Plastic phase of differentiation is followed by a phase of chemo-differentiation.
Chemo-differentiation is probably a physio-chemical process and appears first in the
cells of the dorsal lip of blastopore which corresponds with the primitive streak of
higher vertebrates. These localized areas of the embryo induce directly tissue
differentiation by liberating some chemical substances and are known as Organiser
or inductor. By definition, “Embryonic tissues which have the organising capacity to
differentiate neighboring tissues are called organiser or inductor and the process of
such differentiation is called induction.”

The dorsal lip of the blastopore or primitive streak acts as primary organiser and
induces the development of notochord and secondary mesoderm. Notochord in turn
acts as a secondary organiser and induces the development of brain and spinal cord
from the overlying neuro-ectodermal plate. The neural tube (comes from this plate
to form brain & spinal cord) again acts as a tertiary organiser and gives rise to
somite formation of paraxial mesoderm. In this way, the entire embryonic area is
mapped out into various individuation fields’. [Datta, 3rd, P-5, Singh 5th P.-382]

Stem Cell
Stem cells are commonly defined as undifferentiated cells. They have the ability to
differentiate into virtually all kinds of cell types, a capacity that becomes
progressively restricted with development. As shown in Figure below, they have two
important characteristics that distinguish them from other types of cells.
• First, as unspecialized cells, they can proliferate and renew themselves for long
periods through cell division.
• The second is that under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they
can be induced to become cells with special functions. As the matter of fact,
they provide a theoretically inexhaustible supply of cells that, depending on type
can give rise to some or all body tissues.

Figure: Definition of a stem cell.

Stem cells are typically found in the embryo and fetus. In the adult body, they have
been identified in various tissue niches, including bone marrow, brain, liver, and
skin, as well as in the circulation. They have been termed "adult stem cells".

Embryonic stem cells (ESC)

Pluripotent murine (murine = pertaining to, derived from, or characteristic of mice

or rats) stem cells are derived from two main embryonic sources: ESC from the
blastocyst and embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge of the embryo
after gastrulation. The successful derivation of murine ESC from the inner cell mass
of mouse blastocytes was achieved in 1981 (Martin, 1981), while embryonic germ
(EG) cells have been isolated and cultured from primordial germ cells (Stewart et
al., 1994).

Integration
It is the process by which different tissues are brought together and combined to
form organs. [Ref. Embryology by Cragmyle]
Primordium
It means cellular beginning of a future tissue, organ or part For example, arm bud is
the primordium of arm. [Ref. Aids to Embryology by Samit publ.]

Replication
The process of duplication of genetic material is called replication.

Terms of position
In embryology, the terms dorsal and ventral are used to describe the back and front
of the body respectively
 In
embryology the terms cranial (cephalic) and caudal are used to denote relationships
to the head and tail, respectively.