James Bronfenbrenner James Bronfenbrenner Dr. Yu-Nan Liu Dr. Yu-Nan Liu Dr.Tamara Daugherty Dr.

Tamara Daugherty

LNG Liquefaction Cycle Efficiency Analysis

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

1998 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

Carnot Work
Carnot Cycle Work Wmin = To S - H Carnot efficiency W = (To) - (Tr) Qo (To) COP Qr = (Tr) W (To) - (Tr)
T e m p
To -

Temperature-Entropy Diagram Carnot Cycle Wmin

Tr

Entropy

Carnot Work Over a Temperature Range

In To T1 Minimum work: W = To S - H T-S Diagram W1
Temperature

Minimum Work

Tr-3 Tr-2 Tr-1 Tr Out

Wr-3 Wr-2 Wr-1 Wr

........

Entropy

Temperature-Entropy Diagram Pure Component System 80 Temperature (C) B 40 D C 1 0 E 2 Entropy A

-40

Temperature-Entropy Diagram Mixed Refrigerant Cycle

160

Temperature (C)

80

B2 C2 C A

-80

D
-160

Entropy

Lost Work Components

Lost Work, % Total Work (Increasing Power )

60% dP, Mix, Sep 40% P Letdown C3 Evap MCHE, C1/C2 Evap. Inter/After Coolers Compress 0% Single MR Cascade Dual MR C3/MR

20%

Compressor Performance Curve

120

Speed
105%
Su rg e

80 82 83

Effic ienc y

82

% Head

100% 100 95%

80

80 80 100 120

% Volumetric Flow

Interstage Cooling/Condensing Issues

Interstage Cooling - More Isothermal Compression Cp/Cv Ratio N2-1.4; C1-1.3; MR-1.2; C3-1.1 Interstage Condensing - Converts Compression to Pump Power

Power - Area Tradeoff

Power

Tmean

Heat Exchange Area

MR FROM COMPRESSOR

MR TO COMPRESSOR

DRY FEED

DISTILLATION

Maldistribution
20% Maldistribution

Power

Tmean

Perfect Mixing

Heat Exchange Area

Cycle Efficiency Comparison

63 60 48 48

Efficiency, %

45

43

40

20

0 Ideal Carnot C3-MR Dual MR Cascade Single MR

Thermodynamic fundamentals Sound engineering practices Defined evaluation criteria Will produce a meaningful LNG Liquefaction Cycle Efficiency Analysis
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
1998 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.