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Contents
Contents Preface Introduction Dedication
VIII viii

111

Chapter One

PART ONE

ix IX XIll Xlll

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1.1 The Origin of the Alphabet 1.2 The letter A 1.3 The Four Vowels 1.4 The Letter Head 1.5 The Punctuation System . 1.6 Ending a Sentence 1.7 The Order of Strokes 1.8 The Thirty Consonants 1.9 Place of Articulation 1.10 Pronunciation 1.11 Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet .1.12 Combining Consonants with Vowels 1.13 Examples 1.16 Reading Exercise 1.16.a The letter Ba 1.16.b Example Exercise l.a Er;erci~e l.b Drill Er;erci~e

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 7 8 9 10
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Chapter Two
2.17 Consonantal Denominations 2.18 The Root Consonant 2.19 The 10 Suffixes 2.29 Reading Exercise 2.31 Post-Siffixes Exercise EXlircise 2.a Exercise 2.b Drill 2.32 Prfixes 2.38 Drill 2.39 Passive Consonants 2.40 Subjoined Consonant5 Exercise 2.c 2.e Exercise 2.d Drill 2.46 Surmounted Letters Exercise.2.e Exercise 2./Drill , Exercise 2.g , 2.53 Irregular Pronunciation 2.54 Chart of Prefixed Consonantal Denominations 12 12 13 13 13 13 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 22 22 22 22 23 23 26 26 26 26 27 27 30 30 30 30 131 131 31 31 33 33

Chapter Three
3.55 Articles ArticIes 3.59 Noun

34 35

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3.60 Examples of Simple Nouns 3.61 Examples Complex Nouns 3.65 Ending in Special Suffixes 3.66 Dimunitive Nouns 3.67 Dissyllable Nouns 3.68 Derived Noun Stems 3.69 Nominal Compounds 3.70 Synonymous Compound 3.71 Abstract Noun Compound 3.72 Number 3.72 Gender 3.77 Adjectives 3.80 Degree of Comparison 3.81 Adverbial Superlatives 3.82 Prenominal Adjectives 3.83 Numerals 3.85 Ordinal Numbers 3.86 Aggregative Numerals 3.87 Fractional Numerals 3.88 Multiplicative Numerals 3.89 Approximate Numerals 3.90 Measurements

36 37 39 39 40 40 41 42 42 43 43 45 46 47 47 47 49 49 49 50 50 50

Chapter Four
4.91 Cases 4.92 Nominative 4.93 Accusative 4.94 Instrumental 4.95 Dative 4.96 Ablative 4.97 Genitive 4.98 Locative 4.99 Duration 4.99.a 12 Lunar Months 4.100. Vocative PART TWO 52 52 52 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57

Lesson One
1.1 Consonant Drill 1.2 Pronouns 1.2.a Personal Pronouns 1.2.b Possessive Pronouns 1.2.e Demonstartive Pronouns 1.3 Auxiliary Verb 1.4 The Infinitive 1.4.a Examples 1.5 Word Order 1.6 Vocabulary 1.7 Examples 1.8 Exercises ofLesson One 1.8.b Seven days of the Week 1.8.c and d Exercises 1.8.e Cardinal Numbers 1.9 Some Useful Expressions 60 63 63 63 64 65 65 65 66 66 67 68 68 68 69 70

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Lesso n Two
2.1 Vowel Dr;!! Drill 2.2 Nouns 2.3 Vocabulary 2.4 Auxiliary Verb "la;' yin iiia;' 2.4.a Examples 2.5 Exerc ises a,b, c ofLesson Two of Lesson The 12 General Months The 12 Tibetan Months Exercises e and f 2.7 Some Useful Expressions 71
72 72

73 74 75 76 76 77 77

Lesso n Three Less on

3.1 The surmounted and Subjoined Consonants Drill 3.2 The Use of Combined Auxiliary Verbs The Examples 3.4 Tibetan Verb 3.4.a Vobaculary Verbs 3.5 Vocabulary Nouns 3.6 Expressions on the Notion of Time 3.7 Exercises ofLesson Three of Lesson 3.8 Some Useful Expressions
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79 80 80 81 82 82 84 87 88

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Lesso n Four
4.1 Substitution Drill 4.2 The Combined Auxiliary Verb "l'\'''''\' yod red 4.3 The Combined Auxiliary Verb "i"'r:>.5,"1 yod 'dug Ui,\rl.5,"1 4.4 Negation 4.5 Examples of Affirmative and Negative Sentences 4.6 Participation Drills 4.7 Vocabulary 4.8 Interrogative Negatives 4.9 Exercises ofLesson Four of Lesson 4.10 Useful Expressions

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89 89 90 91 91 94 94 95 96 98

Lesso n Five Less on

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5.1 Interrogatives 5.2 General Interrogative Pronouns 5.3 Participation Drills ofInterrogative Sentences 5.4 Vocabulary 5.5 Adjectives 5.6 :Adjectival Interrogatives Adjectival 5.7 Examples of Adjectival Interrogatives 5.8 Exercises ofLesson Five ofLesson 5,9 Useful Expressions
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99 99 99 102 103 103 104 105 107

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VI VI

Lesso Six Le sso nn Six

es 6.1 The Seven r1l'~il\' la don Particl 6.1 The Seven "l'~il\' la don Particl es datives 6.2 Examples of accusative, locativ and datives 6.2 Examples of accusative, locativee and resssion Expresion 6.3 The Use of Honorific 6.3 The Use of Honorific Exp 6.4 Honorific Nouns 6.4 Honorific No uns 6.5 Monosyllabic Honorific Verbs 6.5 Monosyllabic Honorific Verbs 6.8 Vobaculary 6.8 Vobaculary 6.9 Examples 6.9 Examples 6.10Exercisses at Les sonnSix 6.10 Exerci es at Lesso Six Tibetan quotations Tibetan quotations 6.11 UsefullEx pre ssi onss6.11 Usefu Expre ssion 108 108 108 108 110 110 110 110 112 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 116 116 117 117

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Lesso n Seven Le sso n Seven

7.1 Tense 7.1 Tensess 7.2 The Simple Presen Tense 7.2 The Simple Presentt Tense 7.3 The Simple Past Tense 7.3 The Simple Pas t Tense 7.4 The Simple Future Tense 7.4 The Simple Future Tense 7.5 The Presen Perfec 7.5 The Presentt Perfectt 7.6 The Past Perfec Tense 7.6 The Past Perfectt Tense Future Perfec Tense 7.7 7.7 The Future Perfec t Tense Conditional Perfec Tense 7.8 7.8 The Conditional Perfect Tense 7.9 Table Tense Terminations 7.9 Table of Tense Terminations 7.11 Kinship Terms 7.11 Kinship Ter ms 7.12 Exercises Lesson Seven 7.12 Exercises at Lesson Seven 7.13 Useful Expressions 7.13 Useful Expressions
118 118 118 118 119 119 119 119 120 120 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 122 122 123 123 125 125

Lesson Eigh t Lesso Eig ht

8.1 Progressive 8.1 Progressive 8.2 Present Progressive 8.2 Presen Progressive 8.3 Pas tt Progressive 8.3 Pas Progressive 8.4 Future Progressive 8.4 Future Progressive 8.5 Future Conditionall Progressive 8.5 Future Conditiona Progressive ssive 8.6 Presentt Perfectt Progressive 8.~ Presen Perfec Progre gres~ive Perfectt Progres~ive 8.7 Pastt Perfec Pro 8.7 Pas 8.8 Future Perfectt Progressive 8.8 Future Perfec Progressive 8.9 Conditionall PerfecttProgressive 8.9 Conditiona Perfec Progressive 8.10 Vocabulary 8.10 Vocabulary 8.11 Counting Over 100 8.11 Counting Over 100 8.12 Exercises of Lesson Eight 8.12 Exercises ofLesson Eight dita 8.13 EleganttSayingss By Sakya Pandila 8.13 Elegan Saying By Sakya Pan
126 126 126 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 127 127 128 128

128 128

129 129 129 129 130 130 130 130 133 133

Lesso n Nine Le sso n Nine

ormationnof Adver. ormatio of Adver. 9.1 ADverbbof Place 9.1 ADver of Place 9.2 Adverbbof Manner r 9.2 Adver of Manne 9.3 Adverbbof Timee 9.3 Adver of Tim 9.4 Vocabulary 9.4 Vocabulary 9.5 Classical Tibetan 9.5 Classical Tibetan 9.6 Verbbto be in Classical Tibetan 9.6 Ver to be in Classical Tibetan 9.7 Examples of Comppletive Terminations, 9.7 Examples of Com letive Terminations, 9,8 Classical Tibetan Readingg 9.8 Classical Tibetan Readin 9.11 Exercises of Lesson Nine e 9.11 Exercises ofLesson Nin

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134 134 134 134 134 134 135 135 136 136 137 137 137 137 137 137 138 138 139 139

vii 9.12 Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita 141

Less on Ten
10.1 Conjunction 10.7 Disjunctive Conjunctions 10.8 Examples of Conjunctions of Contrast & Similarity 10.9 Vocabulary 10.10 Classical Tibetan Reading 10.11 Exercises of Lesson Ten ofLesson 10.12 Elegant Sayings By Sakya Pandita 143 144 145 146 147 147 150

Less on Eleve n
11.1 The Continuative Particles 11.5 Examples of Continuative Particles 11.6 Gerundial Terminations 11.8 Instrument of Reason 11.9 The Ablative of Reason 11.10 11.1 0 Vocabulary 11.11 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life Of Buddha) 11.12 Exercises ofLesson Eleven ofLesson 11.13 Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 161

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12.1 Particle ;;;'. na Emphasizing a Special Point 12.2 Express a Condition 12.3 Interrogative Reasoning 12.4 Express Contradiction 12.5 Making a Wish 12.6 Expresing a Doubt 12.7 Expression of Certainty 12.8 Emphatic Expression ~. ni 12.9 Vocabulary 12.10 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 12.11 Exercises of Lesson Twelve ofLesson 12.12 Conversation Between the Prince & his Charioteer

162 162 162 163 163 163 164 164 165 165 166 167

Less on Thirteen
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13.1 Abilitative Forms 13.3 Expressions of Obligatory Forms 13.4 Permissive Expressions 13.5 Causative Expressions 13.6 Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive Datives 13.7 The Use of ,\~l!f dgos and r::>.~'\. 'dod ,\~'!f r.>.~'\. 13.8 Benedictive Expressions 13.9 Vocabulary 13.10 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 13.11 Exercises ofLesson Thirteen ofLesson 13.12 Sayings of the Buddha

170 171 172 173 174 175 175 176 176 177 179

viii

Lesso n Four teen

14.1 Various Auxiliaries 14.2 Exclamatory Expressions 14.4 The Imperative 14.5 Examples 14.6 Adjectival and Adverbial Clauses 14.7 Alphabetical Notation 14.8 Vocabulary 14.9 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) ofLesson 14.10 Exercises ofLesson Fourteen isliSay ional Buddhist!Sayings 14.11 Tradit 180 181 182 182 183 184 184 185 186 188

Lesso n Fifte en
15.1 Verbal Compounds 15.2 Examples of Verbal Compounds ofS",t r 15.3 The Use ofS,,\tj byedp a Verbal Compound 15.4 The Verbs of Becoming -5c.."I. 15.5 The Auxiliary Verb .@c..tj' myong ba "'. 15.6ln finitiv e ~. rgyu and "'I' ya 15.7 Beginning a sentence in Classical Tibetan 15.8 Completive Dual Syllables 15.9 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) of Lesson 15.10 Exercises ofLesson Fifteen 15.11 Elegant sayings by Sakya Pandita 189 190 191 191 192

193 194 196 196 197 199

Lesso n Sixte en
16.1 Passive Voice 16.2 Relatives Clauses 16.3 Examples 16.4 Prenominal Adjectives 16.5 Examples 16.6 Derivation Word Classes 16.7 Examples 200 200 201
201

201 203 204 205

PART THREE
List of Verbs

IX

Pref ace
. Subdu e your fear by learning something new every day. This Tibetan language course handb ook 'A Primer of the Tibetan langua ge' is designed for people . who want to acquire a good working knowledge of the language in a short time, and who will probably be working at home without a teacher. It will enable those with no previous knowledge of Tibetan to reach the point where they can communicate effectively and can read, write and converse on a range of topics. Originally written as a textbook for an intensive Tibeta handbook covers the essential elements of Tibetan grammar of both spoken n language course, this and written Tibetan. I have used it for the various Tibetan language classes I have conducted over the years and have proved to be effective as teaching material for both class and individual t,uition. 'A Prime r of the Tibetan Language' begins with the Tibetan alphabet and the sound system of the language, as far as this is possible in print. A cassette tape to go with this book is being prepared for the benefit of those who cannot find a suitable teacher. In order to maxim ise the enjoyment and your endeavour, it is essential to use this book stage by stage according to the lessons. In each lesson, a of gramm ar are explained and illustrated; there are exercises with vocab ulary lists and useful expressions. A separate lists of verbs is also provided in the three tenses and imperative so that so student can examine the pattern of spellin g change caused by consonantal gender harmony called ''1'''' 'I)"'. (l.~'IJ. (l.~'lJ' rtag 'jug. Learn ing Tibetan language is key to understand the Tibetan people, their way of life, religion and history. Studying Tibetan will also help to preserve the Tibetan culture which is facing great threat under the repressive policy of the communist regime in Tibet. People who are interested in Buddhism will find the importance of Tibetan language and appreciate the rich Tibetan literature on Buddhism and related subjects. Grammatically there is no great differe nce between the spoken and written language. Understanding the grammatical rules and their applic ation in will give textual scholars a greater access to the use of language as a spoke the spoken language n language. It is important to remind ourselves that the scribal.convention was created to do service to the spoken language, not a barrier to speak. Even if you know how to read Roma nized Tibetan and know few of its grammatical rules, you are not a Tibeta n language scholar if you do not know how to speak the language as spoke n among Tibetans. Numerous courses on 'Classical Tibetan' are taught at academic institutions around the world by people who do not speak or understand the spoken language. Graduates of such courses are left frustrated and confused as they cannot speak and understand a language they supposed to have studied several years at University level. Unlike Sanskrit, Tibetan language is a living and progressive language which is spoken in many countries in the Himalayan region.
Students who successfully complete this course will not put through such difficulties. I have written this manual because Tibetan is my mother tongue and I am well versed on the subject. I have had a thorough traditional training in both school and monastery under the leading Tibetan linguists, poets and grammarians alive today. My teache tutelage of some of the Trichen Rinpoche was on the board of writers who designed the Tibeta r, His Eminence Chogay n school text book under the auspices of the Council of Tibetan Education in Dharamsala. I have been Tibetans some years now and this book is an outcome of my own interes teaching Tibetan to nont in teaching the language. This manual strictly follows the unique grammatical rules which makes this language so different from any other language. There is nothing in this book that the so-cal led classical Tibetan courses would not have covered. The only difference is that you will know how to speak, read, write and most important of all, you will be able to feel and think in the language. Completing this course will bring you closer to the Tibetan people whene ver they are around and you will become part of their unique culture. This will provide you with an eye into a new culture. When you are not with the Tibetan people you will find before you a mine of Buddhist knOWledge and wisdom preserved in the scriptures. While many learn Asian languages for financial reasons, learnin special reason which only a keen student will be able to feel within themse g Tibetan will have a lves.

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Introduction
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Tibetan is spoken by approximately the Asian sub-continent including Tib ten million people in mo re than a hal f a dozen of countries in understood by Mongolians who hav et, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, India and South We st China. It is Tibeto-Burman group of languages e had traditional monastic education. Tibetan is a me mb er of the , coi n the term 'Sino-Tibetan langua but has no great association with Chinese, so it is a mistake to ge pow erf ul expression of Tibet's indepe family'. Tibetan lan gua ge wit h its sep ara te alp hab et is a Gu pta script of India and its logical ndence. Its written langua ge was based on the 7th century grammar is easy to fol low in spi te San skr it. of its close ass ociatio n with Aft er studying Indian linguistics inc em ine nt linguists, the Bra hm in Lip luding Panini, Kalapa and Candra Sanskrit gra mm ars under ikara and Devavidyasinha, Thonm min iste r of the famous Tibetan kin i g Songtsen Gampo (srong blsan sga Sambota, the intelligent Tib eta n in early 7th century. He m po) invented the written was pur pos e of mastering Indian langua first sent to India with fifteen oth er Tibetan youths for the sole ges ent ire Buddhist teachings into Tibetan so that a suitable written language is invented to translate the Son gts en Gampo went into retr eat in . Aft er returning from India, Thonmi together with the king he had already began in India. He the temple of Maru Pal ace in Lhasa to finalise his wo rks which vow els which existed in Sanskrit. decided to have four vow els i, u, e and 0 ins tead of sixteen Q! the Sanskrit alphabet while six consonthe thirty consonants, twenty four consonants we re based on ton gue which did not exist eve nm llle ants were created according to the neeaor Ti1 5et an speaking tile alphaoeCSixrevetsed'"corrsonants TiO e'ta n facilitate the standard transliteration Sanskrit alpha1Jet--Sixrevetsetl'"corrsonants were later added to of onl y two, namely sum eu pa and rtag Sanskrit into Tibetan. Of his eight great grammatical treatises the eight fold case system and the uses kyi 'jug pa are extant today. Sum eu pa primarily deals with 'jug pa discusses the unique conson of the various dependent and independent particles. Rlags kyi ;morphological relationship between antal gen der system wh ich determines the pho nol ogi cal and phOnologi con to the three tenses and imperative mo sonants in orderito systematize the rult;S of spelling in relation od. ' . Within several decades, many Bud Ka wa PaI tse k, Chokro Lui Gyalts dhist scriptures were translated into Tibetan from Sanskrit by translation school. Those who hav en and Sha ng Na-namde, wh o all belonged to the old Tibetan e see these three nam es in the colophthe opportunity to read any Tibetan translation will frequetnly bts an) , Tibetan language received ons. Du rin g the reign of Tri son g Deutsen (khri sro ng lde'u an prosecution of Buddhism by Lan Dan extensive revision. In spi te of the dar k era cau sed by the g Darma, it gave a much needed motiva tion amongst the Tibetans to sen d more Tibetans to study Buddha na, Tib eta n translators em erged includ dharma in India. As a result, in 10th century galaxies of eminent Ng ok Lotsawa Lodhen Sherab and ing Lochren Rinchen Sangpo, Drogmi Lotsawa Sha ky a Yeshi, kya others. The y were responsible for Tib et and standardisation of the com the revival of Bu ddh ism in can on were compiled und er the plex Tibetan Buddhist terminology. The entire Tibetan Buddhist supervisio n of Buton Rin poc he and xylographs. were prin ted in wooden Th e firm re-establishment of Dharm instrumental in subduing the ruthless a in Tibet through the dedication of counness scholars became Mongols and the nation building of ntie Tibet. Sin ce Tib et came

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r in o allowed all traditioonsto pro spe r in traditi ns to prospe the one united Dharm rule of the great Sakya as wh allowed all hundreds of studen ts underthe one united Dharma arule of the great Sakyappas who rld attracting hundreds of stu den ts und er ing of the bigges monasteries in thewo harmony, Tibet had someof the biggest tmonasteries in the world attract learn Sanskrit gramm ar harmony, Tib et had somecountries. From mid 11 th centuryyTibetans could learn Sanskrit gra mm ar ns could from many neighbouringcountries. From mid 11 th centur Tibeta the writte Tibeta was so from many neighbouring ut havin g to use the San skr it alp hab et as the wri ttenn Tib eta nn wa s so to use the Sansk rit alphab et as throug Tibeta witho thr oug hh Tib eta nn wit hou t hav ing Sanskit syllable can be transliterated into Tibetan. Mo der n into Tibetan. Mode rn meticu lously invented that every Sanskr rit syllable can be transliterated ist me ticu lou sly invented that every e comparative study on the translations in sev era l l Bu ddh ist tions in severa Buddhof done Buddh ist schola rs who have don comparative study on the transla Bu ddh ist sch ola rs wh o hav e is no translaion which can match the consistency and acc ura ten ess of tency and accura teness , translat tion which can match the consis languages all agree that there languages all agree that there is no ist canon. Since most Sanskrit Buddhist literatuureare not extant , ist literat re are not extant e Tibeta translations of the Buddh canon. Since most Sanskrit Buddh Tib eta nntranslations of the Buddhist st the best tran slat ion s to furtherr the study and pra cticce of the study and practi of Buddh ist canon is among Tibeta n Bu ddh ist can on is am ong st the best transla tions to furthe Tib eta n Buddhism. Buddhism. to thesur viv al of and is a great thre at to the surviv al of comm unist invasion of Tibet can never be forgiven and is a great threat l and our national Thecom mu nis t invasion of Tib et can never be forgiven destroy Tibet's culturaaland our national Th e cultur anarchists from China has triedto traditional culture Maoistanarchists from China has tried to destroy Tibet's 6000 monas teries and traditional culture.. Maoistthe unique Tibetan language wa s prohibited and 600 0 mo nas teri es and and Tibetan language was prohibited heritage. The study of the uni heritage. The stu dy of in Tibetquere destroyed. In spi te of all the catastrophic destruction of the catastrophic destruction of the were tions in Tibet we destroyed. In spite of all theserve their language and culture educa ional institu educattional institutions and language, Tibetans have managed to pre ve their language and culture preser ge, Tibetans have managed to s Tibetan culture religion Tibetan culture,, religion and langua Holiness' the Dalai Lam a. In exile many Tibetans sch oolls we re many Tibetans schoo were of His leadership of His Holiness' the Dalai Lama.. In exileing to escape from Tib et with exile under the in exi le under the leadership in uing to escape from Tibet with s were rebuil Hundreds of refugees are continu opened and monasteries were reb uiltt Hundreds of refugee are contin opened and monasteries hope of giving them proper Tibetan language training in India and Ne pal .. II Nepal n language training in India and a, Nepal. ing them proper Tibeta e of their young children in their young children in hopread giv write Tibetan under a tree in a refugee tam p in Pokharra, Nepal. a tree in a refugee tamp in Pokha nce the . and write Tibetan under can recall learning how to can recall learning how to read and en sat together under a tree learning how to pro nou to prono unce the . classes, all the childr no classes, all the children sat together under a tree ilearning howAft er fini shiing my ng my There were The re we re no pa by Thonm i Sambhota. After finish atic al by Thonm Sambhota. et The first thing we memorized were Sum cu alphabet Th e first thing we memorized were Sum cu pa gs,, the two gra mm atical alp hab ong other things the two gramm thoroughly study amongst other thin high schoo , I was fortunate enough to thoroughly study am hig h schooll, I wa s fortunate enoughTrichen Rinpoche in Lumbini, the birth-place of the Buddha. His birth-place of the Buddha. His Chogay works under His Eminence Chogay Triche Rinpoche Lumbini, ary works under His Emine most remarkable Tibetan poets alive today. Having served as his sec reta ry today. Having served as his secretmy remarkable Tibetan poets alive Eminence is one of Eminence is one of the mostsome six years, my Tib eta n edu cat ion wa s fulfilled bey ond my educa tion was fulfilled beyon d eta n Tibeta years, and person al assista for and per son al ass ista nt y som e fortunate to discuss som e of the more finer elements of Tib n more finer elements of Tibeta Subsequentl I was fortunate discuss some expectation. expectation. Subsequently n Sanskrit and Prakrit with the eminent linguist late Kh unu Lam a emine linguist late Khun u Lama Prakrit with relation gramm ar and poetry in relatio to Sanskrit gra mm ar and poetry he came and stayed at my monastery a year before he died . year before died . monas stayed hen when carne . Tenzin Gyaltshen when n Gyalts .Tenzi s motivated by Christian West was perhaps motivated by Christian study Tibetan langua som e .. The first interest of the study of Tibetan language in the West ed perhap with the help of some e first interest Th Bible Bible wit h the hel p of the translat sh courses Tibetan . Some took crash courses in Tibetan and translated the st missionaries Som e took cra the exa mp les fro m the missionaries. giv ing mo English giving most of the examp les from ned mm Tibeta n scholars and wrote Tibeta n grammar in English Kalimpong was primarily run and owned n scholars and wrote Tib eta gra printing press in Kalimpong primarily run and ow Tib eta translation of the Bible. The firstt Tibetan printing press inSpiti in Jammu. Some hastily compi led ion of the Bible. The firs Tibetan Christian from Spiti in Jammu. Som e hastily com pile d translat Tibetan speaking by Khunu Tharchin, a Tibetan speaking Christian from eteen century.' I recall reading pamphlets by Khunu Tharchin, a aries appeared as early as mid nineteen century. I recall reading pamphlets n English diction aries appeared as early as mid nin Tibeta n English diction they were talk ing about Tib eta did not know they were talkin g about d "God Will Save You" during my school days but Ius ideas by some foreigners who did not You" during my school days but I did not know foreigners wh odi d not entitle d "God Will Save entitle some were badly written religio Christianity. II used to think they were badly written religious ideas by Christianity. used to think they ly. know the Tibetan language proper ly. know the Tibetan language proper and studied in many countries and husiastically studied in many countrieses of Times have changed since as the written language is enthusiasticallydies programmes. Hund res of d since as the written language is ent eta n stu ndr Times have change studies programmes. Hu univer es have introduced Tib more recently numbe r of universities have introduced Tibeta n ch needed interestt in the Tibeta n mo re recently num ber ofaround siti world havee generated much needed interes in the Tib eta n ted mu the Tibeta n Buddh ist centres around the world hav genera tral Asian Republics havee been sentt to Tib eta n Bu ddh ist centres fifty young boyss from the central Asian Republics hav bee n sen to from the cen studies. Only recently somee fifty young boy som two hundred Tib eto log ists studies. Only recently som e yearssomeetwo hundred Tibeto logists inars. India to study Tibetan in Tibetan monasteries. Every three yearsregionalconferencessand seminars. n in Tibetan monasteries. Every thremany Ind ia to study Tibeta al conference and sem ference on Tibetan studies as wel as ts in Buddhist studie hav rea lize the attend international conference on Tibetan studies as well las many region ist studiesshaveerealize dd the attend international con in the Buddhist literature, studen dfu of non Dueeto its important place in the Buddhist literature, students in Buddh -Tibetan schola rs whooare Du to its important place lariguage. There are already aahandful lof non-Tibetan sch ola rs wh are han significance of the Tibetann language. There are already nt Tib eta nworks into Englis h and other significance of the Tibeta West and translating important Tibeta n works into Eng lish and oth er translating importa n six teaching the language in the We st and teaching the language in the relatively eas language in less tha thisrelatively easyylanguage in less than six important languages. . Number of scholars haveestudieddthis to put a steadyeffort over raaperiod of of aa ges Number of scholars hav studie ed put a steady effort ove period of of important langua is if one is prepar monthssand haveeremarked how easyyititis if one is prepared to month and hav remarked how eas languageeteacher. . n languag teacher year ror less withhaacompetent Tibeta yea or less wit competent Tibetan texts translated faithfully last three decades,texts translated faithfully In spite of many books written on Tibet during the last three decades,ignerslearninggTibeta nnand ny books written on Tibet during the d for moreforeigners learnin Tib eta and In spi te of ma more fore great nee from the Tibetannisismiserably few. . There isisaagreat need for stige of ancientTibetanntranslators are ors are miserably few There from the Tibeta pre of ancient Tibeta translat ddh ist engaging in the collaboration of translation works. . The prestige this importantaspect of Buddh ist laboration of translation works The intain engaging in the col important aspect of Bu has bee given to ma forgotten and veryylittle eattentionnhas beenngiven to maintain this forgotten and ver littl attentio

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scholarship. Tibetan Buddhist centres bring out young Tibetan monks to work as translators for little or no payment, thus disregarding the important role of the translators. Very few translators are able to stay on the job due to lack of incentive and prospect for their future. In the old days a pair of a qualified Lotsawa (frans lator) and Pandita (lo-pan) received equal (la-pa respect and honour. Lotsawa should not be regarded as someo ne who can merely speak two langua ges, but someo ne. who is ne,wh o equally qualified as a teacher on his /her own right with special expert ise in an anothe r language. Traini ng of translators should be high on the agenda before opening centres and sendin g resident teachers.
As more material progress is made without obtaining any lasting happin ess from wealth, fame and rlatio relationships, the interest of Dharma in the West will continue to grow. Howe ver if Westerners do not master the language in which the Dharma is prcserved and dedicate time to work seriously on the translation of impor tant texts into English, they will be unable to help their future generation with Dharm.a. Tibetan, written by Thoomi Sambhota, who is indisputedly Thonm regarded as an emanation of Manjushri, is one of the easiest language in the world. The energy a person devote s for the study of Tibetan can be extremely beneficial for one's spiritual progress and may help to speed the flourish of Dharm a in all corners of the world if done with the right motivation. of gocxl use to many students of Buddhism and the Tibetan language. I hope that this manual will be
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I~' p." "" ''If'l~' 'I'"l'"'~c:. 'I p." '" 'I' "l''" '1 I~"'rlj' "c:. ,~"iil<l'j' '1P.:if ""nj' ",c:. ~"iil<Jj 'J'p. ~I

;:

Even if one is to die tomor row, one shoul d study know ledge; stUdy For it is like claim ing one's own entru sted posse ssions in future rebirt hs. ------b y Sakya Pand ita
I

~;~~

In paying my tribute to Thonmi Sambhota -and all the Tibetan Lotsaw and as who unselfishly gave their lives for the benefit of others, may the fortunate people of this genera tion do not forget their compassionate deeds and try to emulate their examples by studying and practising with diligence and patience.

Lama Choedak T, Yuthok Tibetan Language Group canbe Canberra, 1994

;j ;~
j<:.,

~
~.

l'

t;
j
;'~

j, j"

of

:'-

i'_:' ~-:'

Dedic ation
'f<\~ 'I ~~ '~9' .q~l1l' l~i>J9~'~l11'~"i' I~ i>J9~'~l1l'~"i' ~~'~9'.q~l11'i>J' tl~ 'f<\~'\
~

eo....

c... c...

_, _.

.t.I""O ~'1 1~7!jt:l. 'l;r~~~'.t.I' i>J~' .t.I""Oil~ 'I 1~1Ijr:l. 'l;r~~~'.t.I'

'l:ll;j' ~I 1\lJ'l;j~'\lJ9' Illf l;j~'2j9' .t.I~'~~'l:ll;j' "i ~l ,..,., ..,., 1~'~9' ~~~'~~' tl""l:l.q'49 1~'~9'~~~'~~'tl""l:l.q'49
.

.....-

...."

Although this manual is the result of many months' hard work, it was much easier than attending classes under trees while missing my little sister who died on our way in Mustang when we were escaping from Tibet in 1959. I .dedicate this book for her and many other young of communist Tibetan children who died as the result ofcom munis t nce and this book occupation of Tibet. My very existe could not have appeared witho ut the loving care, protection and guidance which I have received from my parents and His Eminence Chogay Trichen Rinpoche, I hope that this is. the first drop of the fluidity of my repaying of their kindness. Speci al thanks are also due to my wife Mirabelle for her understanding, patience and constant support in my work. I also express my gratitude to Merrill Cook and Ken Gardiner for their help and to my studen ts for their suppo rt and encouragement.

:?
~

~~'''i~' j:j~'r:l.S""\l("i'~~1 1~' ~~'''i~' cil~'t:l.S""I1("i~~'\

p~r7!j"i'?9'7'~~"i'.t.I' ~~ P ~r1lj"i' 1) 9'1)' r:l. ~ "i' .t.I'~~'1'I " IE.'lf! ""l;j~i>>J' .t.Ir:l.' ~"i' ~i>J~'7!Ij"i1 1E.'lf! ""l;j~i J' .t.I~. ~i>J~'1 j"il 'I,!;'~'l;j~ "i 'r:l. ~.q' .t.I"" c>J e:~'S9 ~1111 ~ 'l;j~ "i'~~.q' .t.I "" ~ ,\'9 ~11l1
,,~
~..~...~ ~ ~ ~

.....-

,.. /'

PART ONE
CIBIAnJElR <!J)NJE CIBIAnlElR <!J)NlE 'lI'IHIJE ''lI'ITIB3lE'lI'AN AJl,JFlIBIAIB3JE'lI' 'lI'IHIlE lI'ITIB3JE'lI'AN AJl,JFlIBIAIB3lE'lI'
1.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE TIBETAN ALPHABET Thon-mi Sam-blw-ta was one of the most celebrated ministers of the famous Tibetan king AD.--_). Srong-btsan-sgam-po (617 AD.----). Recognised as an emanation of Maiijushri, the Bodhisattva of wisdom he was the son of Anu ofThonmi clan from central Tibet. 'The king sent Thonmi to India together with carefully selected fifteen other young intelligent Tibetans to study Sanskrit. As he proved himself to be the most brightest of all, his Indian teachers named him "Sambhota" which means 'best' or 'perfect Tibetan'. Thon-mi Sam-bho-{a first studied Sanskrit with PlllJ4ita Pll1J4ita Devavidyasiizha and Brahmin Lipikara of Kashmir and then invented the Tibetan alphabet with thirty consonants and four vowels, He wrote eight important works on Tibetan grammer but only gram mer two, sum-bcu-pa and rtags-kyi-Jug-pa are extant today.
The Tibetan alphabet is based upon the Devanagari script. Designed to conform with the existing Tibetan language, Thonmi's Tibetan alphabet is one of the few scripts in the world which was solely created fOr the purpose of translating Buddhist scriptures. Scholars and students of for Buddhist Studies in modern times have recognized that the Tibetan language is one of the most important languages which has preserved few of the most accurate translations of the complete Buddhist Canon.
1.2 THE LETTER A

W:;-:,; ~:--:..,

tS;~:-

t:o:. -

,.. /'
it

~~, tE~,

~::}-. ~::}--

".-

The last letter of the Tibetan alphabet a is considered to be a consonant in Tibetan and not a vowel. According to Tibetan grammarians, a is an inherent sound of all the Tibetan consonants - it is the life-force of every sound - and is therefore called the "mother letter". Without the inner a no Tibetan consonants have sounds of their own. It also represents the wisdom of unborn Dharmakiiya .Thonmi specifically placed the letter a as the last letter of the consonants to stress its special role. The remaining twenty nine consonants from kl to ha are called "father letters", which kn play the active role in their pronunciation while the inherent a passively gives real life to the other consonants. Under different circumstances a is either sounded or silent. This will be explained below. Treating a as an ordinary vowel does not do it any justice. If a is regarded as a vowel 8'i0~:.o or 1iIi"l0JJoog =chino there is no way of explaining Tibetan words like 8'l'~E:.' i khung = hole Or 1iIi"l'JJ'og ma =chin. No two vowels occur together without a medial consonant.

1.3 THE FOUR VOWELS

'1::;.;' 'L;'
;' J'

When either of the four Tibetan vowels known as "9E:.~Uj"l"Qf dbyangs yig bzhi are marked "9:.~Uj"l".Qf with a consonant, they modify the inherent sound 'a' of the consonant into the relevant vowel sounds. For example, the normal pronunciation of the letter 'ka' is modified into 'ki' when the vowel sound 'i' is added. Presumably to emphasize this, in writing a vowel is always placed either at the top or at the bottom of the root letter of a syllable. The three vowel signs that are placed on top of the letter are said to 'soar like hats' and the one vowel sign that is placed at the bottom of the letter and subjoined "l ya and'" ra are said to be 'beautiful like bolsters'. All these characters are called "children letters" since they can only function by depending upon any of the parent letters discussed above. Strictly speaking there is no long and short vowels in Tibetan except in the Tibetanized Sanskrit words. Where there are lenthening sounds they are usually caused by certain suffixes with or without vowel marked root letters: letters;

.i-;,

~'~"-

"

L.

Vowel signs

Name

Vowel sound

Positio n in Writin g

,
~ ~

~':3
fiQ~'~ fiQ~'~

glgu gl gu
u

On top of the letter On the bottom On top of the letter On top of the letter
e

zhabs kyu zhabs r.l.~r;::q. 'grengpo t:\~r;::q. 'greng

~'~'

nara naro
~

a o

1.4 Ultlj'J,jl:lj THE LETT ER HEAD Ultlj'J,jtlj

The side a of every pair of pages (folios) begins with a "universal letter-h ead" called 'yig mgo' Ul"l'.;jilj in the form of~'1" followed by a rsheg and a double stroke in of~' 1 tsheg the upper left hand corner. , It is similar to the rule in English where the rust letter of the sentence alway fIrSt s begins in upper case, case. Yig mgo is also always used at the beginning of a chapter or an import ant sub-section of the same chapter. Some scholars and Tibetan publishers in recent times have exclud r, ed completely from the side A of a folio or page, thus making their publication the yig mgo untraditional. Communist China's deliberate attempt to destroy the Tibeta very unTibetan and have forced captive Tibetan scholars in Tibet to ignore traditional Tibeta n language and culture n yig mgo and have thus diluted the Tibetan language. However Tibetan scribal characters such as ge, scholars and linguists living in the free world should preserve and protect important characters like yig mgo, considered inauspicious to have a nice books published without the yig mgo. It is also mgo, When learning the written language in traditional Tibet these scribal conventions were treated To ignore them is to demean the language itself and, thus, Tibetan culture as extremely important. , .

1.5 THE PUNC TUAT ION SYST EM

Each syllable is followed by a dot' called 'rsheg' (~9 ) as there are no 'tsheg' hyphens and other forms of punctuation. Each clause is divided from the next by a single vertica ation, l stroke ( I ) called ' gcig shad' (11ji5"1.,,,' ), each sentence by double vertical lines ( " ) called (llji5llj' '4'" II 'nyis shad' (~~4"'), and (~~.,"'), each paragr aph or chapter by four vertical lines (II ") called 'bzhi.s (" II) had', (Q~'4"'). Inverted (Q~''''''). commaS, colons, senii-colons, question marks and brackets are not used as, in chissicalTibetan. All schola rs concerned to preserve the traditional form of the Tibetan langua traditional Tibetan puntuation system. The meaning of a Tibetan senten ge should not dilute the and with patience one wiII discover why Thonmi SambhoFa was cautio ce comes through context, will Sambh ofa us punctuation signs. There is no special mark to denote the end of a word of introducing too many in English. The information conveyed by punctuation marks in English nor are words spaced like is conveyed through context in Tibetan - thus punctuation marks are redundant in Tibetan,

1.6 ENDI NG A SENT ENCE In "S'~~' dbu can script, the letter which ends a sentence is not follow "S'~~' ed by the dot but only a stroke. Howe ver there are two exceptions to this rule: when a sentence ends with ga "I it is neither followed by a dot nor a stroke; when a sentence ends with nga t::. it is followed by both a dot and a stroke.
1. 7 THE ORDE R OF STRO KES
Just as in English Tibetan is wrillen in several ways. By in large there writte are two main styles of writte n Tibetan, the printed form and cursive writing. In this book we will dwell on the printed style known as dbu can or 'headed' lellers. It is named after the horizo letters, ntal line which each of the ntai

dhu can fmm has as the top line of the letters. The cursiv e style is known fOlm as dhu med or 'head Ie as they lack the Horizontal line as their top line which in itself norizo has severa l degre es of I. I cursiv eness. Some schola rs assert that the headless script derive d from writin g the heade d script " a faster speed than a calligr apher would write. In writin g Tibeta n alphab et in the dhu can ("i~r""i) ("i~ri5"i) script, the horizontal line is drawn first from left to right then the distinc tive portio n of the letter and lastly the perpen dicula r line is drawn from top to bottom . Howe ver there are some excep tions for looped letters such as ca, cha etc. which do not have the perpen dicula r Iine or in some cases there Iine are no horizontal line. .

7fJka 7!Jka

- r -"'i

/fj

fl f!

kb.a k.l1.a

T.

f\

9
".

ga

-rz::- , -rz ::- zr 1Ti

-'-- 3-- 6 '--3 -<>
- r
~ E.,. (1':,-) ~ E--. (f:,"J

r:::. nga

-rJ :.., r -.J:..

'5 ca \Sea

a; cha

- 0':7 ro ~7 GO
r

E. ja
l) ta

'?

nya

Q ~

'?

C ,.! , C":.

7 e" - \ "7 (Ii; ,.

{i '/

~ tha
)

-c:y~Et C:y~Et

"

da
-

- r r
T

(Jv,;,_ ~ (JV';'

, . '.J )
J

ili

na

- "\ ~
r

.q pa
/

~ ~

t.l l.l pha

a.J Ina d-J

z:...-.~Z4

q ba

-r~t:t

- ~ ~. "" &.i ~_ &.l - (5O bib oObib

{' r fl... n...

(1'i=f!A_e;; (1'!=f! A\.e;;

;r

tsa

-T~..t

a:;

tsha

(SC/-t..rj (S<u -r)

E::dza e::dza

- r ~.~

2j va
~ za

IJ-.I i{--I IJ-.l i(-.\

'2::\

11

zha

r,,~~ r~~~
()

- -~ "3 ~ ~

t:l. 'a

(" - (' () a...

~

{.l.J C1-J

ya

Z. U"U.:.CJ..l z. U'U.: .CJ..\

,' ~,
j

-"ra

,. .J::.,
C

[l.j fa la

r -

{?(2. "p-'\ {?<2 ,.P-.\

"9
".

sha ha
<: "

~-Ej

~ sa

rJ::..~~

,
<'.. <'-.

- r:C:;<; r:c:;z"7
~ ~
~

GIla e "\ "'\

cr \3\ t3\\.

"'-9

.., "

-v- ....----v- ........-

1.8 "'I~[).j'9""~J.l'~' THE THIRTY CONSONANTS "'I~[lj'9""~J.l'~' The thirty consonants of the Tibetan alphabet known as "I'w'.r"i'~.>lqil gsal byed sum bcu are "I'w'.r"i~..rqil classified into seven and half groups of four. The order in which the four letters are arranged in each group are very significant in terms of the Tibetan phonology. Thus Tibetan alphabet is traditionally written sequentially in four columns in seven and half horizontal rows as given below. Grammatically these groups are named after the first letters of each group ~'<J'sde pa and hence the "l.~. fIrSt gtroup is called "l'~' ka sde or ka group etc. Column 1 Columu Rowl

lTJka 1ka
7. ta
.q .'J pa
I

Column 2 f kha

Colnmn 3 Column "'I ga

Column 4 ~ nga

Row 2 \'5 ca Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7

a:, cha

e:.

ja

.l:l Il tha
I<l pha

'" da z;:J ba

'? "i J.l

j

nya na rna

';t ;f; tsa

C<\
'.

if, tsha I
=1 za ~

e:
Q.. Cl

dza.' dza'

2:j 2:l va

zha ra ha
e-... ...... e-.. _ eo... c-,.

'a sha

Uj Ul

ya

[).j [lj
{l'j tl'l

la a

"9 -9
,

~ sa

." -"
'~ ". '~".
<

Row 8

'?

f'>.}

;\s'l ;'(~'/ F/

r'\'

.,1 /
/

: ~~"

~~"

\'-",

"

1.9 Ul"'IQ.'~"'I"i~1 PLACE OF ARTICULATION Uj''''ICl.'~''''I''i~1 Origin Palatal Palatal and Labial Palatal Platal and Labial Method of Articnlation Articulation Partial bending from the head in narrowness Nearly closed lips in narrowness Slight contact with head, rising in broad space Uplifting of lower lip

Vowels
1

'->(~..
"''1 v

'*/ '*f

Practise hoy.' to pronounce the consonants clearly. No phonetic system can teach the correct pronunciation unless one listens and learn it from a native speaker. Written characters are designed to help to express the unalterable sound and meaning of the spoken language (this is what the Sanskrit word for letter aksara means). Try to recognize the characters of the Tibetan alphabet so that the appropriate pronunciation of the letters can be learnt with minimum help of the Romanized forms. Even if the Romanized forms prove helpful in the preliminary stages, do not develop a habit of not writing and reading in the language one is supposedly learning. Even if we know the grammar of the language, we will never be able to speak or write it properly if we do not use the script. Historically, until Tibet's recent colonization there had been no attempt to enforce a foreign script and leave Tibetan redundant. 1.9.a In most Tibetan grammmaticalliterature, the place of origin of a letter clj~iS.~"Ii!ir (yi ge'i Uj~iS.~"Ii!i,>r skye gnas) is discussed in great length under four important topics: The three narrow places of articulation ~"I'<J():"I~~r(dog pa'i gnas) are throat, nose and inside of the head. The five broad ~"I<JiS."I"I~(dog

"lc.r<:liS."Ii!il>l places Ult:.'>r<JiS."Ii!il (yangs pa'i gnas) of articulation are chest, palate, tongue, teeth and lips.
These eight organs are also called "the fundamental cause" "I~iS.'~' (gzhi'i rgyu).

I.9 .b Tbe ma in activity is carried out by one 's tongue and pal ate in var iou s ma nne rs of activating those organs by "internal touching" <l)<:"~"=l'i"!J" (nang du phr a:;,<:"~'=l,\'!J' ad po) ; "slight touching" c." pa) c,' .1l,\'=l,\'! " .1l'i'=l'i"!JJ' (cung zad phr ad pay; "clo sing" qi~"!J" (btsum po); and by qi~V pa) "op eni ng" ~"q" (phye bay ~'q' either in a "narrow" '\"l"!J" (do gpa ) ,\"i'!J' or in a "broad" UK~ff!J' (yangs pay "lc'~ !J" pa) space. The se are called "the cause of articulation" n.S~!J">::Sr::;"!Jq QS~'!J":S'i'!Jq'~'('byin par bye dpa'i "~"('byin d pa'i rgyu). 1.9.c The results of the various acti vities are eith er voiced 'is''l~fi'q" i'q' (dbugs che baY, unvoiced ba) '\S"l~j"~:Fq' (dbugs chung bay, har d ~"ll~':i;'q (sgra than che bay or ~"Il ~li~:i;q" ~rlia:;,'~Fq' (sgra than chung bay <l)"~Fq' sof t sound. ba)

;<" I'"

1.9 .d Thr oug h the mo vem ent of app rop riat e vital energies from wit c fro m hin the body, it coordinates the place and activators to vators produce the sound which is called "the cause of movement" '\" !J"99'\'!J~'~' (skyod par bye dpa 'i rgy !J"' 'i"!Jf.l"~" d pa' i u). 1.9 .e The lett er is con cei ved in conception pro duc es the motivation the min d wh en the mind itse lf cog niz es the letter. This to ver bal ize the sound of the motivation to pro duc e the sound derives from the recognition of the lett er - in oth er wo rds , the fro m cha rac ter in the min d. The character and the pla ce of articulatio n cannot pro duc e the sound by the mselves. Motivation causes the inner vilal energies to move and vita this is called "the root cause of the motivation" ~nrq-":'\'!Jq'$' "":,\"!Jq"$" (skul bar byed pa' i rgyu) to produc / e the sound of a letter. For instance, even if one sees a friend in the street, one will not call the person unl ess we have a reason to remember. cal l the nam e, wh ich we

"

E,(!,'

ii); ilj,

tf~

"'W:Sj" "W

~~J)'!J ~~J)'!J
t;~s ~,~-;,

;<" ;'

>fJ~
~. ~"

g,-.

I JPlace of articulation I ,\~"!J I ~r::;"<J ,\~' ~'i' <J I Guttural I "I ka flkha I Palatal I" ca
~cha

I I

Har d

Sor t I

V. Sort Sof

"I Ext rem e!v Sor t I ely Sof

143j'~'Qi'i'!J 143j'~"Qir::;"!J

I:i;~4~"'l"Qi'i"!JJ :i;~4~''l'Qi'\'! I
<:. nga r.>.'a "j ha <j
~~.

"l ga
E' ja

"I zha

k_,',

o<Iol'; o<!oli

I Dental I Labial
Africates IHead IHe ad.
-------~-

I '?
~

nya "l ~

ya

I
-

'5 ta
t.j

.\j

tha

'\ da
Q

I <la:;), na 11J'la I1J-I

ba
~

I!J pa

pha
~

rna '21 va

",

"

~''i.<:'''''J)" J)' ~"<i ~'<i

I " tsa "

1.10 ;j.tljt;;t::. .~ 1.10 ;j9"r::~

tsha

ec dza ~ za e:

sa

)~

J "" ra I ""
--- ---

---- -

--

PR ON UN CIA TIO N CIA

.;;

In order to help the student pro sou nd, som e com mo n nam es andnounce the Tib eta n alphabet as near as pos sib le to the original pronunciations. Generally it is said Eng lish wo rds have been cho sen to sho w the ir cor rec t that there are three lellers with wh lett ich the arti cul atio n of a consonant is based. The y are: I?< \?1 (a), '5 (ha ) and n. ('a) . act ual ,Q CaJ The actual me diu m of any sou nd of a
~'

1.1 O.f The first one of the following group ( C'\.~") is pronounced very softly through a soft cof\.~") ordination of the tongue tip with the palate and with a semi-hissing sound. Za is pronounced very softly through the joint function of teeth, palate and loose co-ordination of the tongue tip. 'A (D.") is pronounced very softly from the throat by the slight co-ordination by the root of the tongue and ya ( Uf) Ill") is produced very softly from palate and middle of the tongue.

~
i'~

ZHA As in Leiillre, Pleaillre

'A As in
Ho~

~ ZA As in ~al, Zambia

_.

f.l. 0.

Tho!!.

tl.l tl.j

YA As in Yellow, Yeast

1.10.g The first one of this group, ra ( .... ~) is produced from the tongue tip slightly touching ~") the palate and is extremely soft. Its place of articulation is head. La (01") is dental and is produced is palatal (fricative) directly from the action of the tip of the tongue and is extremely soft. Sha and it is produced rather tightly by the inner part of the tip of the tongue. Sa fl") is pronounced ('!l") exactly as's' is in English, that is, from joint articulation of teeth and palate.

en

'" RA As in lli!.te, Rl!.lIy R.l!.lly

f1.I fl.I

LA As in l&ndon, Ll!.st Li!.st

'9 SHA
~~--:

As in harp, hame

~ SA As in un, antiago
,

1.10.h This group ( '5.~. ) generally is called a half of a group (~'r~) as it has only two letters.
Ha ('5") is guttural and glottal and is produced extremely softly from the vocal cords with an out

"

coming breath. A (II;. ) is slighly shorter and harder than Ha.

, HA As in Hall, Hamburg '?

_ C".C'-.-

G'l A As in .APple, Ashoka

"-

1.11 f1.It1J~~-,,~t1J~f1.IS~~~~S~~tl.ll:lj TIBETANIZED SANSKRIT ALPHABET fl.I"I~~-"'!l1"I~fl.IS~~~~S~~tl.jl:lj

~gt "''',;';-

"
(' t

Before introducing how to combine and spell (sbyor klog) ~"'ili"l the consonants with vowels, prefixes, suffixes, surmounted and subjoined consonants, it is important and auspicious to have a basiC knowledge of the Sanskrit alphabet on which the Tibetan alphabet was based. Sanskrit (legs basic r'ii"l~r~..., sbyar) iil"l~I"~"', which means 'well created" is the highly respected language of the Devas. created', Tibetans have extraordinary faith in the special power attached to this language from which all the Buddhist scriptures in the Tibetan Buddhist canon were translated. Tibetanized Sanskrit syllables, names, Mantras and Dharanis are commonly found in Tibetan literature and one should know the Sanskrit pronunciation of them - it is very different from the Tibetan pronunciation. In Sanskrit every letter is always pronounced in the same way no matter what letter preceeds or follows. In Tibetan a prefiX, a suffix and vowel of a syllable can either remain mute or modify the sound of the prefix, root consonant as we shall see later. Do not try to read the Tibetanized Sanskrit syllable or Mantras in the way you pronounce Tibetan as many Tibetans do, but try to pronounce every sound of the letter. When transliterating Sanskrit in Tibetan Le. Mantras, tsheg should not be used between syllables. This is common mistake commited by most Tibetan calligraphers.

\L t~

I
HAun
::'VJ<l

Voiceless

Voiceless

v U W J<;L::> (Soft) Short Long Diphthongs

ka

kha

ga Iga

gha
~

iIa
t:c:.

ha

a la

ii
IlfJ

ai
ll'l t3'l
~

''TJJ !
ca
~

fl
cha

19
Ija

.:; .'5
ya a
OJ ra

Ill'l

I
i

..... ll'l t3'l

jha

iia
~

sha

k~a

.:r; .;t;
tha
~

g: I~
Qa. IQa.

~
<}ha
~

"9 -9
~a ~a

I ~ I~
~
"'-

I
r
/7

11

ta
(!

I)a

I I
I I

1('
da Ida

P
na

.:l\ .:1\
la
n.j

f'Y f'Y1~
sa

.:.\. -'.\.
"'-

I
I

ta

tha
l:j l:l

dha
~

I1

1)

I~
_.

Ipa
q

pha
I.:l I4

Iba ba

"

"i
rna
J.j J.l

~ ~1r1j

IOj ~
I
ii

I
0 10

bha
~ ~

va

lu

au
ll'l t3'l
..~

LI~

'.l:l l:!

----

I t!i L~

..ll'l I~

-.... ..... -"'r:<~ 9" ~n.jl 1.12 9~nr S~"I1l't:-" -""r::<~ 9' ~11l1

S,,n.jc:.

,-

COMBINING CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS

Most of the thirty Tibetan consonants 'gsal-byed' ("l~"r"i) can be followed by any of the four ("l~'"r"i') vowels 'dbyangs' ("i9t:.~). When there is a vowel it follows the root letter of the syllable and ("i9t;.~). sometimes suffix letters 'a can be followed by a vowel. No vowel follow vowel. A vowel can not be added to prefixes. When a vowel sign is combined with a consonant, the inherent sound of the preceding root consonant's "a" is dropped. This also implies that no two vowels can ever be joined without a medial consonant. A vowel cannot be pronounced by itself without depending upon a consonant. When the four vowel signs, namely gi gUo zhabs kyu, 'greng po, and na ro are compounded with gu, the consonants, their inherent sound 'a' is modified by the relevant the vowel sounds i.e. Vowels
~

~5 ~'5

"f

~"kai=ki ~kai=ki

-:l kau=ku I'\Q~.~. I'\Q~'~'

A~t;.S A~t:.S

~.~. ~"~-

I" "I. J'r

t;.. t:..

kha i = khi ~. gai=gi t:.. nga i = ngi t;..

~. ca i = ci
~

F F'

~.

kha u = khu ga u =gu = gu nga u = ngu

1 l' fl fl"

kae=ke

;. kao = ko ;"

::I. ~"
S" s

kha e = khe ~. gae=ge nga e = nge ~. ~" cae=ce

fi fi' iif iif'

kha 0 = kho

,,' ".

c:. c:-

"'.
",.

.t. cha i = chi

11 cau=cu 11' ~. cha u = chu

ga 0 =' go ~. ngao = ngo ?j. ?j' ca 0 = CO

a;. .3;" cha e = che

g;. cha 0 = cho

"
1;.' r;.'

.,' ".
'j' 5'

~. ~' ja i = ji

5' ja u = ju

?' ? jae=j e
~' nyae =nye ~.
~. ~' ta e = te

~. ~' ~ya i = nyi ~. ~' tai= ti

;r. if' ja 0 = jo
~' nya ~.
0

l nya u = nyu
ta u = tu ,g' tha u = thu S' da u =du

=nyo

'

LL

l' ~r

'<5'' 5
ii' .ii'

~.

'". " "\' "'i'

ij' tha i = thi

~. ~' da i = di ~. ~' na i = ni ~. ~' pa i = pi
l.j' pha i = phi i.j'

:ii' :iI'
.

tha e = the

tao =to =10 tha 0 = tho 0

0

~. ~' dae =de

5'
~.

na u =nu

~. ~' na e=ne
~

'J' 'f
rq, rq.
q0'1'
~. ~'

~:r S' pau= pu

<j' lj'

pae= pe

"\' "'. na 0 = no l.<j' lj' pa 0 = po

l,f' "". pha 0 = pho q' ba 0 =' bo

~. ~' da

= do

!'j' pha u =phu !"j'

~J' ba i = bi ~r

S' bau= bu mau = mu ~. ~' tsa u = tsu

J( Of
~

i4' pha e = phe q. bae= be <:r bae = be

~

.;r rna i = mi
~tsai=tsi ~tsai =tsi

J( Of

mae= me

.;;. .;j' mao =mo

~. ~' tsa 0 = tso 0

i\" tsa e = tse i\"'

tsha e = tshe ~. ~' dzae =dze va e = ve ~. ~' zhae =zhe ~. ~' zae= ze
~.
~

'?to.
-

j; j,'

. tsha i = tshi '

~. ~' dza i = dzi

~. ~'

tsha u = tshu . dza u=dz u zha u =zhu za u=zu

'0
I
I

",. ; E('
Ill' 2l'

a:. a:'

g' !f
~. ~'
~. ~'

,",'
.ll'

~'

va i = vi ~. ~' zha i = zhi

~'zai=zi

2f

'?}. '?j' va u =VU

ill'

Ill' 2 l'

r:>:
i'

a a:
~

~' ,",' zha 0 =zho = zho %. %' zao= zo

g, g. tsha 0 = tsho ir' dza 0 = dzo

va
0

= vo

'a i = 'i

So 'a u-=

'a e = 'e Ie

"/' "I'
:<"
nj' t'./'

~. ~' ya i = yi
~. ra i = ri ~:rai=ri

~;~.

ya u =yu :;.' rau=r u :;"

'!!

(5: n:

'a

0:;::: '0

til ill' ya e = ye
;<:, :.:. ra e = re
0)' Ia e = Ie

01' yao = yo ..:. .<:' ra 0 = ro

11J'la i=1i nfIai =li sha i = shi ~. ~' sa i = si

~'ha i=hi ~'hai=hi

...,'
~. ~'

....,.

Qi' Ia u = Iu f2!'
sha u = shu "/' sa u = su "I'
~

4'

n;. n;'

Ia la 0 = 10

"1 "'1
.
'

.y <y
Ill'

sha e = she iil' sa e = se

~

4'

sha 0 = sho ~. ~' sao= so

.i' .iff

. ~' ha UI': hu ~. u\So

~-......: ~-......:

ii"ai =i

III
~~

au=u

'/

" hae= he ha e = he tR ae=e !R'

5' 5"'

hao= ho

!l'i' ao=o &i' ao =0

~~J;

1)13 EXAM PLES 1>13

Tibet an '. Spell ing ma-gi-gu (i) = Mi ra-gi-gu (i)= Ri ba-zhabs-kyu (u)= Bu sa-zhabs-kyu(u)= Su ma-'greng-po (e) = Me kha-'greng-po (e)= Khe KM sa-na-TO (0)= So ra-gi-gu-ri-ma-na-ro-mo= Ri rna rno ma-gi-gu-mi-'a-gi-gu-'i= Mi'i . ,. S",. S sa-zh abs-kyu-su- ,a-gl-g u-I= ....lU , " ...JU ma-'greng-po-me-a'-gi-gu-'i= Me'i Me'j Engli sh
Man Mountain Boy (son) Who Fire Profit Tooth Painti ng Man's "''hos e Fire's

t,; t.;

~
:<,
~

S
~

.il

iii
~
~:Jl ~'Jl
.ij~

~Q.

a<R. a<r:t

~~

"
",-:

en the vowel e and i. .iJil:. As seen above r.>: 'a, the suffix of .ilil:' me'i is the media l letter betwe only when there is a media l There is no real diptho ng in Tibetan in the strict sense of vowel s but suffix 'a. ~ter ed have~tered ining the vowel s with the conso nants shown above once you have Practi ce comb thems elves how to read and prono uncin g the conso nants clearly . Someo ne who has taught and spell Tibeta n the way it is unders tand Tibeta n manus cripts may feel that learni ng how to read s to learn to speak the langua ge traditi onally taught is a very tiring process. Howe ver, if one wishe the spoke n langua ge other than proper ly there is no short cut that will help you comm unicat e in learning it in the traditional sequence. noticed the simila rities 1.14 We have alread y seen the Tibeta nized Sansk rit alphab et and have It is very important for any studen t and disimilarities betwe en the Sanskrit and the Tibeta n alphabet. nship betwe en the two langua ges who wishe s to learn the Tibeta n language to see the uniqu e relatio which do not exist in the Sansk rit and remem ber the additio nal charac ters in the Tibeta n alphab et and spoken Tibeta n langua ge are: alphabet. The six charac ters that were added solely for the classical r.>. and r:>. ('a ). 1"1 " (ca), a; (cha), e. (ja), l"I (zha), >l d as legitim ate memb ers of the transli teratin g Sansk rit into Tibeta n but they are not usuall y counte used. In Tibetan, the sound s of Tibeta n alphab et - there are almost no Tibeta n words where these are will see shortly. these reversed letters are create d by subjoined conson ants which we

~'!l.t'ii" "':"l which are chiefl y used for 1.15 There are also six reversed letters logscyig-drug ( ~'ll'Ul"II"':"l )

1.16 READING EXER CISE

Tibeta n "ItjOl 1. "Iz:nij Spelli ng
I

Pronu nciatio n

Englis h

2.

flar-

Iw-pa-la-gi-gu=li= lw-pa-la-gi-gu=Zi= kha-na-ro=kho-tsha-na-ro=tsho = nga-tsha-na-ro=tsho= tsha-pa-na-ro-po= da-la-na-ro=Za= da-la-n a-ro=l da-na-ro=do-pa-na-ro=po= ba-zhabs-kyu=bu-ma-na-ro=mo= ra-gigu=ri-ma1-naro=rrw ra-gigu=ri-1rU -naro= rrw

ka-pa-li kho-t sho kho-ts ho ga-sa-ga-Ia nga-ts ho tsha-p o da-lo da-Io do-po bu-mo ri-mo

skull they everyw here we hot this year bagga ge girl painting

3. "l'll"lor ga-sa-ga-la= "l"~r"l'nr

4. c:i' 5. a:;Zi a:;'Zi'

c..ar-

6 "i' ai' ''''OJ' ~Zi 7. t;;Zi 8. S.ij 9. ~:.ij. ~:.ij'

1.16.a THE LETT ER BA

le or three syllab le word, z:r) When the letter "ba" ( .t:r ) appears as the second syllab le of a two syllab it is generally pronou nced "va" instead of "ba".

11

1.16.b EXAMPLE
Tibetan Spelling
Pronun.

English

,i

1. "l'Q' "I"':r 2. I'l'Q' fl'.c:r

3, E'Q' 3. E'.c:j' 4.
I".c:j'~' I"Q'~'
~

ka-ba= kha-ba= kha-zhabs-kyu=khu-ba= kha-ba-zha-zhab-kyu-zhu = cha-'greng-po=che-ba = nya-'greng -po=nye-ba -na-ro-bo.= tha-na-ro=tho-ba= da-zhabs-kyu=du-ba = ra-'greng-pa=re-ba =

Ka-wa Kha-wa Khu-wa che-wa nye-wo tho-wa du-wa ,re-wa. re-wa.

pillar snow juice

Kha-wa-zhu snow melts

5. a;'Q" as'.c:r
6.~'Q' 6.~'.c:j'
t
~

big
near hammer smoke hope

.ll'.c:j' 7. .ll'Q'

8, ~'Q" 8. ~'.c:r ~'.c:j' 9. ~'Q'

Exercise La
!....

Transcribe the following words into the Tibetan script:

~~]

ka-kha, kha-ba, ga-ba, nga-tsho, ja-ma, nyi-ma, do-bo, naoma, pa-pha, pha-bu, ba-ra, rna-Ie, na-ma, tsha-po, va-ma, zhi-m~ d-bo, I~ sha-ba, sa-cha, ka-ba, khu-ba, ga-sha, ngo-tsha, nya-ba, ri-bo, li, du-ba, nu-ma, mi-tshe, Exercise 1.b Drill
~.l:r ~.I:r

tl].q' El]'.q'
E,r :1:: El'
'>

7Tj'fl'

7Tj'.q'

~'~r

'7'
().'~' (:l.' ~'

~'

~'

~r

ar or

~'a;'

e;:'
'7'.q
'>

'3'4'
~'a;'

-- ~'~
~'~' ~'~'

a;' .I:j' fl' ~' 'j' a;' .I:j' fl' ~' "
~'",'

"'W w
~

~. ~'-9'

"9'

~w

f'll'a;'

.. _, t .._"

~'l:r

~'.q'

~'.q

~'Ch' ~'.t'

--

f'll' ~'
~'.q' ~'.q'

~'.q'
'>

~,g,

-.< fl' .t' Ch'

a;' c;,1" c;,1'

'> "

~w

t<-

-- - ~'~' ~'~'

El]' tl]' .q

~'~'

.q'a.J' '>

"'w "'W
'>

'7'a.J'

*' ~W

,~,~

-d

'-'0' !
;,_
~

;\i.t;ii.t"

CCIHlAJPl'Il'IElR!. ' 'II'W <OJ JP'II'IEl 'Il'W

2.17 CONS ONAN TAL DENO MINA TION S
Each Tibetan syllable consist from one to seven letters including a vowel though Tibetan words do not necessarily have to have a vowel. Students should be aware of have the importance of the various sets of compound letters which are so essential for the formation of a syllable or a word. There are seven important denominations:
t';" tL

1. ming-gzhi
':,

jjC;''lj~' .11c;'''I~'

2. rjes-Ju g rjes-'j ug 3. yang- Jug yang-' jug 4. sngon -Jug 5 . mi-'jug-ming-gzhi 6. rkyan g-pa g -pa 7. mgo-can

~~'r<'l1 ~~'r<"j

.,. :,)t consonant of a syllab le, <)t natii " , [fix letter of the root consonant !.fix Post-suffix Prefix before the root consonant Passive consonants Independent Surmounted consonants

"lC;'r< 'lj "lc;'o. "I

;'
1":,,

~",'o."1 ~""r<'lj
jj'r<'lj jjc;''lj~' .11'o."I' jjc;'''I~' :ljc;'<r ~c;'<r
o>l~'i5a:,' o>l~'i5""

!>:.e< !,,;'"

i;L ~L

rj:;J b-:':J

tiJ

The following example show a Tibetan syllable with seven characters above consonantal denominations, When all of the seven denomination belonging to all of the s. occur in a syllable, they are spelled according to the order of in which they are written. The follow ing sample of the syllable sampl e .q~"I~f bskyugs (vomited) has thus: 1. the prefix .q~'lj~' b, 2. surmo unted s, 3. the root letter k, 4. the subjoi ned y, 5. the vowel u, 6. the suffix g and 7. the post suffix s. Excluding the prefix, suffix and post suffix all the rest of the four characters namely the surmounted, vowel are stacked from top to bottom : The vowel is spelled before the root letter, subjoined and suffix whether it is written on the top or the bottom of the stacked eonsonants. The numbering here conson only refer to the sequence of spellin g and writing but it does not correspond to the order of the explan ation of the consonantal denominations we have listed above and will discuss hereafter, inatio ns ter.

0.'<'_-) 0.'<'_-_'

2,)

"
~"",:i ~""''';'

q ~ ~ ~r J::J '""" "'"

b
IS

\:;::" \::?

g s

k Y
II

1/~ 6 7

..;~:, '.;.~:,

l~

;;,.,-.; ~,-.;

~;;:; ~

..

2.18

CJC.:"1Wf CJc"'9 ro1" ROOT CONS ONA NT

I consonant but the vo~els What is a root consonant? All the thirty consonants can becom e a root e of other consonantal absen ce ce or absenc can never become the root of a syllable. In spite of the presen thus means the basis of the ~t::tlj~ inations, denominatio ns, a syllable must have a ~t:..tlj~ ming-gzhi. Ming gzhi consonants which make a a syllable. name which is to say the core letter of asyllable. There are many single unded consonants. Other the word in tbe Tibetan language witho ut a vowel marker or any other compo ate their usage. By nantal denominatio n have to link up to the root conso nant to design of Tibetan words conso have already learnt a dozen recogn izing the thirty Tibetan consonants one would les: which is not indeed that common in other languages. Here are few examp

fl 1. f1 kha 3. cr, cha

5. 7.
~
~

mouth a pair fish goat meat

2.t:.

nga

I
tea

nya ra

4. E. ja 6.Il 6." ba
l"ll 8. I'll

fa

cow mountain pass salt

"'1 9. "1 sha'

10.

j,

tsha

E.~P l.~9q~ 2.19 E.~r:.~9q~' THE TEN SUFF IXES g, suffix suffix es. There are ten consonants which can be used as suffixes. Known as rjes-Ju letter when it is not followed consonants succeed the root letter of a syllable - becoming often its last r.>. Il ba, .>l rna, t:l. 'a, ~ ra, .. iii by a post-suffix. These ten letters: tlj ga, t:. ga, "i da, ili na, final" "the final n since they are positioned after JJ.\Ir.r~ili and':' l"ll I'll la and -:, sa, are also known as JJJilr.t~iIi 'mtha'-rten', nation of a root consonant and a suffix, the root consonant. When a syllable is formed by the combi its own sound when then the latter loses its inherent a and often remains sil~t. Suffix add JJ~ is pronounced mar 'a', pronounced but it always drops its naturally held vowel sound 'a'. Thus instead of mara. Practice the following examples:

2.20

~~o.~9'9 THE SUFF IX GA ~~P. ~99

Pronu nciatio n

Tibetan
l"llZlj'IJ' I'llZlj'<r t:.Zlj >lZlj'IJ' >lZlj'<r

Spelli ng la-ga-lag-pa =
nga-g a= = tha-ga=thag-pa = na-ga=nag-pa-na-ro=po= pha-ga=phag-pa = ma-ga=lnag-pa = ya-ga=yag-pa-na-ro-po =

lag-pa ngag thag-pa thag-pa nag-po phag-pa mag-pa yag-po

English hand speech rope black pig groom good

ilioriJ ili"l"iJ''
'lZlj'IJ' 'lZlj'<r .lIZljIJ olIZlj"l.j"

"IZlj.zr"lZlj'Q-

2.21
jIlt:.IJ jIlt:.'l.j"

~~r:l~9~ THE SUFF IX NGA ~~P. .~9~:

khang pa house

= kha-ng a=kha ngpa =

~ ~

L~ t)

A-~ ~A-~ ~-

14 14

"II:.' "II:.'
1:.1:.'<r 1:.1:.'<r

ga- nga = ga-ng a= nga nga =ngang-pa nga- - nga=ngang-pa na-nga=nangp = na-nga=nang paa= ma -ng a=m ng pa-na-ro=po = ma-ng a=maang pa-na-ro=po= ya- nga = ya-ng a=

gangg gan ngang paa nga ngp nangppa nan g a mang po ma ng po

what wh at swann swa buddhist buddhist manyy man agam again

ilil:.'Q "il:.'tj' ' J.lI:.'<J' J.lI:.'<J' "II:.' "II:.'

/' /'

yan yangg Inthe above examples of using "I ga the abo ve exa mp les of In using "I ga and I:. nga as suffixesswe haveenoticed that both of them and I:. nga as suf fixe we hav not iced tha t both of them arepronounced, Ho we ver oth er pro nou nce d, Howe ver are suffixe i,e, ') da, ili na and "I{ other suffixess i,e,,) da, "i na and "I{ sa are not to be pronounced sa are not to be pro nou nce d but the y mo dify the pre ced ing roo but they modify the preceding roottconsonant's inherent aa into e either effe ctor with aa glottal sto p or bot consonant's inh ere nt into e eith er with aa vowel lengthening with vow el len gth eni ng effect or wit h glo ttalstop or both, Syllables ending in da suffix is h, pronounced wit h a glottal sto p regardlessof which vow el it precee Syllables end ing in da suf fix is pronounced with a glottal stop of wh ich vowel it preceeds, regardless ds,

i{_~ i{_~

2.2 2 ~~rr:l.~r;/'~' TH E SU FF IX 2.22 e.~r:l.~r;/'~' THE SUFF IX DA DA

"1')'<1" "I')' tj'
J,')' Q' J,,)'tj' ')')'Q ')')'tj''

,:.

ga-d<J.=ged po = ga-d{J.=ged--po = cha-da=che-pa = cha-da=che-pa = da-da= de-pa da-da= de-pa = na-da=ned-pa na-da=ned-pa = tsha-da=tshed-pa tsha-da=tshed-pa = la-zhab-kyu-lu-lu-da=ludla-zhab-kyu-lu-Iu-da=lud-pa =

gepa gep a chepa che pa depa dep a ne pa 15M pa 15he Iud pa

5,

~~

cleanerr cleane punishmentt punislunen faith patient pat ien t fever fever sputum sputum

"i"i"tj' ~"Q'

ib') 'q cb')'q

~')'Q' ~')'tj'

ofthe difies the sou nd oft he pre ced ing roo t con son ant 's inherent preceding root consonant's inherent a into e as in 'hen' wit h a slight length a into e as in 'hen' with a slight lengthening effect. ening effect.
nga"na=ngen--pa = nga-na =ngen pa = ~ili'Q' nya -na =n yen -pa = ~"i'tj' nya-na =nyen -pa = ?ili'?~' ta-na=ten-ta-na=ten = 'J"i''J''i' ta-na=ten-ta-na=ten = ~~'?~' na-na=nen-ta-na=ten = "iil)'% na-na=nen-ta-na=ten = la- nal en = la-nal en = Q"'Q' ba-na-rO bo= da--bod Q,\'tj' ba-na-ro bo=da bodpo= po= Qilj'!J' ba-na-ro-bo-na-bon-paQil)'lJ' ba-na-ro-bo-na-bon-pa-na-ro-po na-ro-po= =
ClJil)'
OJ~'

ili Na is pronounced more with a post-na "i Na is pronounced more with post-nasalized effect salized effect and also mo ies the sound modif

2.23 ~l~fr:l.~'l~ TH E SU FF IX 2.23 e.~fr:l.~ll~' THE SUFF NA

I:.ili' q I:."i' q

~'(

lie l.c

ngem-pa ngem-pa nyem-pa nyem-pa ten-ten ten-ten nen-ten nen-ten len len bod-pa bod-pa born-poo born-p
II

evil evil to listen to listen defini e def initte eagern ess eag ern ess answe ans we rr Tibetan Tib eta n Bonpo Bo npo

2.24 ~,~'r:l.~~~',cr 2.24 .e. ~fr:l.~ ' ,cr ""

f'l'l' f'I'l"
" _", ",;'

Th e suffix q ba is pro nou nce d as The suffix '1 ba is pronounced aspp in 'cup' with aasho rtenning effect to in 'cup' with shorte ing effe ct to the syllable: the syllable:
lI'l'' 'I' "'1'''1' """I "l'l' "1'1' ibq' ,:r;'1'

TH E SU FF IX BA THE SUFF IX BA

kha -ba = kha-ba = tha-ba=thab-ka == tha-ba=thab-ka pha -baa= pha-b = tsha-ba a = tsha-b =

khab khab thab-kaa thab-k phab phab 15hab tshab

needle needle oven oven yeast yeast representativ representative e

:.;>:-,

<;;

'>:

!
15
1l<f1l<f 1l"I'1l"!' Gl<f Gl"1'

za-ba=zab-za-ba=zab = ya-ba =

zab-zab yab

carefulness father (Honorific)

2.25

~~rO-~lljJ.l THE SUFFIX MA ~~r(.l.~llj'J.l'

I

The suffix.>J nul is pronounced so clearly that it does not cause any major modification in the suffix <>J ma sound of the root syllable. ,
j'la:( ~r j'la:r

(S.>J'''l (S<>J''J
"Ia:('J "ia:r"l

is".>J' 'J is"<>J' "l

rlla:( ...;;J r>la:r~<;J
~

1l<>l''J 1l"I'''l

kha-ma=kham-ba-zhabs-kyu=bu = cha-nul=cham-pa = cha-ma=cham-pa da-ma=dam-pa = tsa-nul=tsam-pa = tsa-ma=tsam-pa la-nul =lam-ra-gi-gu-ri-ma=rim la-ma za-ma=zam-pa =
~

kham-bu cham-pa dam-pa tsam-pa lam-rim zam-pa

apricot cough holy roasted barley flour stages of Path bridge

~ ~r(.l.~ llj'(.l.' 2.26 ~~'O-~llj'O-' THE SUFFIX 'A

In theory the suffix r>: 'a occurs to every syllable where none of the first nine suffixes occur. However its practice was abolished during a language revision conference in mid-10th century, This means all the syllables which do not end in either of the first nine suffixes and those that have vowel endings phonologically take the suffix P: 'a. It lengthens the inherent a of the preceding root A' 'a,

consonant as if ending in 'a. In some old Tibetan manuscripts the suffix P: is retained regardles of A' the changes that were adopted i.e. iJo. for iJ' (horse), However in most Tibetan scriptures 0.' is not iJ(>.' (horse). HOwever A' written in practice unless the syllable is preceded by a prefix in which case it is a legitimate suffix, A suffix. syllable that take 'a suffix must necessarily have to be prefixed by either of the five prefixes which we will discuss below. Following examples which indicate 'a suffix in association with prefixes will not be transcribed J:l"]p" as we have not yet discussed the prefixes: "I Glo.' rust, "i"lo.'J:l' = to be happy, "',,]0.' = command, o. "1"10.'''1' il\<>l'<>lj'lA' 0."1(>.' il\J.I'J.ll'lo.' = sky and 0."10.' = some.

2.26.a Furthermore 'a is a very special suffix as it is also used in transliterating the long form of Sanskrit vowels in Tibetan scriptures by adding a small 0. 'a or o.'<lic:. chung. A 'a chung is . A A'~c:.
fixed at the foot of a letter to lengthen the vowel of a syllable, For instance the word Acarya is syllable. written in Tibetan as ~~~ Il'l and is". is", Il,i~~

2.27 ~~'(.l.~l:!J''''' THE SUFFIX RA g,~'O-~llj''''' "I.... "I'"

ga-ra= ga-zhabs-kyu gu - gu ra = cha-ra=char-pa = tha-ra=thar-pa = tha-ra=lhar-pa
gar gur char-pa thar-pa dance tent rainfall liberation

'j" 'j'"
a; .... 'J a;,,'Q

1l...'J .l'l"'Q

16

J<'" "''''
Q""l ,J 'J"" l.l oQ",' .l 'l""ll,J

mo-ra'Tmar= ra"f pa-ra=par-pa = ba-ra=bar-pa = sha-ra=shar=pa=

~

mar par-pa bar-pa shar pa

butter photographer middle Easterner (Sherpa)

<~

.,

"9""Q -9""

2.2 8 ~~'fr:(~9'(1r TH E SU FF IX ~'~ r:(~9'(1r LA Th e suf fix nr la is not always pronou nced but occasionally it is pronounce d softly, It however modifies the sound of the preceding conSonant'siliherent a into e as in 'day', In spoken Tibetan, '. if a syllable end s with a ClJ la suf OJ la fix and is suc ded ed by a single (" ) ba, then the ba syllable is substituted by the la sound while the suffix la remains mute, te. 0 (1
(1

b.
,/i
'\
'

;0, tV\.

C:OJ'oQ' C:ClJ''l'

llClj''l' ljClj'oQ' ,\Clj''l' ,\Clj'oQ'

a;ClJ' a;OJ

nga-la=ngal-ba = tha-la=thal-ba = tha-la=thal-ba

da-la= dal-ha = ba
tsha-la= ba-la=be~

'lClj'' oQClj
~~.

ngal-ba (wa) difficulty lba thaI-Ia thal dust dal-Ia la leisure tShal ISha veget{!ble etable
be

M> 1M>

'':

wool

Fl~

,,~,}

' "'-

2.2 9 E.~'r:(~9~ TH E SU FF IX (~9~' SA The suf fix ~ sa is not pronounced but it modifies the preceding conson ant's inherent a into e wit h a len gth eni ng effect to the syl lable as in 'pay'. In som e Himala yan fro ntie r towns, certain Tib eta n dia lec ts e.g. Ladhakhi lan Tibetan Tibetan scholars think that guage, they pronounce the suffix sa and som e so-called nonolars is not wh eth er it is classical or moder how classical Tibetan should be pronounced. The difference is n written lan gua ge which we can find but the simple variation of pronunciation in the spoken and in most languages.

c:"'.
s;-;~.

nga -sa = na- sa= ra-sa =ras=pa= la-s a =

ngay nay re-pa lay

byr ne from, barley cotton clad action (Karma)

a:,~'
,,~'l,J'

r,~:
f r

OJ~'

~f ~~

2.3 0 Re adi ng Ex erc ise

~'Fr:( ~'Fr:(

-..

-~

-.. nJ9' ,Z;f ''OJ9' J;f "':;;1

e-.. c-..

_ _ -....

. de kho 'i lag pa red Tha t is his hand,

I::.r:< c:.r:<' ~l:lj' q ~ "".{J'"''\1 J' "':;;1

nga'i thag pa ser po red My rope is yellow. ,

I,;f'lj' .{J' ~9' q:; \' c:. R "':;;1 l;;f'lj'.{J' ~ 9' .l;J'';'t::.R "'' ' t
c\,.-.. C\..- ..

..,.., .......

-~ c:.WFc:.' I:: OJ'FI::. '.{J' ~l:lj' .{J' ~ l:IJ'Uj:;;1 l:!J' Uj'\1

i >~~

pha gpa nag po de nga 'i red g pa That black pig is mine.
~ ~:;; ..{J':;;' a)' !J1::. . ~ " ..{J''''a)'l::IJc:..c3)~' "''\1 "':;;1 ~

c:.c:. '.{JS a,jr:(' "''\1 I::. I::. '.{JS "':;;1

nga ng pa de mo'i red That is her swan, n.

-.. _e-....-.... _c-..

nga la kha ng pa yag po zhi g yod I have a good house. se,

rwd pa de tsh o gan g nas red Where are those patiients from? pat entS

'~,;'

i<j;,,, i<j;c..

c...

-...

[Ilt:. 'Il]' it~ flt:.'Il]' it~' ~rIl]' it~ .l;.t:;l ~t:;l

",r t:;. c:.. 0;.!r a.r ~t:;l J,JSc:..o;!oJ a.f .l;.t:; I

~~

c:.. .or [IlQ' ~ c:.. '14 L::r ~~lI [1.rfl.Q~c:..l4.Q' ~ ~

nga la khab dang phab med lti kJulb I do not have (a) needle & yeast.

khong gi tshad pa ga tshod red mi de ngan pa rna red What is his /her temperature? That man is not evil.

2.31 UJc:..r:l.~Il] POST-SUFFIXES Ulc:..r.l.~Il] POST -SUFFIXES

There are two suffixes which can also be used as post-suffixes after selected number of the suffixes. Like prefixes and suffixes whose pronunciation is modulated, the post-suffix is seldom pronounced but it has a lengthening effect to the syllable and the inherent sound a of the preceding suffix is not reinstated in consequence of their union. The ''It:.~s''I"''i yang-Jug da is no longer used Ujt;,'~s"I"''i' in modem writtenTibetan although it is introduced inTibetan grammer as "i'~"1 da drag. Some pretenth century manuscripts and even recent calligraphers use da drag in their work to show their loyalty to the Tibetan grammar but in practice it is not used. The three suffixes after which da technically occur as post suffixes are: <Ii' na, ;r..' ra and or lao ;r,,' la.

2.31.a The post-suffix ~ sa can occur after syllables ending in "I ga, C nga, ':J ba and ~ l;J 6l rna suffixes. It remains silent and does not modify as it does as a suffix. It denotes the imperative or
perfect mood if it occurs as a post suffix to verb stems which we shall see in a following chapter. However it also occurs with nouns.
;r,,"I~' ;r.."I~'
-'lC~ -'!I:.~'

,,

ra-ga-sa = za-nga-sa= tha-ba-sa =

rug zung thab

brass copper method realm

.llq~' .!lq~'
fl~~ I'l~~

kha-ma-sa= kham kJul-ma-sa =

Exercise 2.a

Transliterate the following words into Tibetan script:

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 12.. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

lagpa lug gu khang pa zhing pa chung ba dad pa yin na'ng 'on pa yabyum rus pa TUS khab lam rim yam shing shubs gar ba yol ba thaI rna thai mospa thos pa sang nyin

hand lamb house farmer smaller faith i but deaf father and mother bone needle stage sof the path twig sheath dancer curtain clasped palm intention to hear tomorrow

Exercise 2.b Drill

e;;c:: I J.e;;\ Iz:qt::. 'rll'tAl~ '?~ '~.e;; '.e;;e:.'ii1J.e;;1 'rll'CAl~ ....... .." c... e-.. c-.. ICAl~'?~' .!l~'l,Jr~: .!l.q~' i5' :qt:. 'I ltAl~'?~'ll~'l.Jrl: ll.q~' .3'z:qe:.'I

liIJ'4~'4~'l.J..l;.' iIJ' ~~' ~I 1i1J'4~'4~'l.l~'i1J'~~'~1 '"

~

I~'tl)~'.!lQ~'Ci1tl)'2~f ~ ~'Ci11 I~ 'tlj~'llQ~'C1tlj' 2~f ~'C11

'"

I.e;;'.q' iIJ~'l.Jrl. '~' a;' ~I i1J~'l.lrJ:~' '" (\... e... Ia;~'.e;;t::. 'a; ~' C>J ~' .Ej.q'i1J'.Ej.ql ,El.q' iIJ',El.ql
...... ......
C'..

1i1_e..._ iIJ"'z:qt::. 'z:q~' ""- ~I J' '9 liIJ' .e;;'~,,' i1J"'z:qt::. __

''''CAl'''~ ',,' '9~' ~i1J' i51 1"'tAl'''~ '''' ~iIJ'.31

-... ...........

_ _ .....

-... -...

C'\".._

C'\".-...

......

__

e...

.....

r,

Ia; 1i1J' a;~' C>Jt:.''.e;;z:q' '9~' ~~t::.'1 liIJ' C>Jt:. ~ '~t:. '\
1a;~N C>J~'l,J(;l.' ~'rll' C>J~'l.Jrl.'
~
~ ~

S'i1J'.e;;z:q Sw.e;;z:q

,,,i1J'l.la, z:q'~'~~ '.ij~'~i1J1 l"iIJ'l.Ja' z:q'~'~~ '.ij~'~ilJl -.. -.. c.... _ l"iIJ' a;~''9~' ..l;..q'.e;;' a.f'~~l l"i1J' a;~''9~' ~.q'.e;;' a.r'~~1 ltIl'a.fr:l: ~'i1J'~"'" a.r'-<51 ItIl' a.rrl.' ~'iIJ'~"'" a.f''51 _ '"" eo...-.. 1 "'l.lo" SW ~ a.f~' ':,j' i1t:.'fI CJ.l ICJ.j"'l.Jrl.'SW~a.r~'l.J' ~F
1"1' .q'~' iIJ' i1' ~ t:.'''?lI i1J'~' ~t:. '?
1t:.'~'~~N~"'l.l~''9~1 It:. '~'~~'rll'~"'l.J..l;.' '9~1
~
~
~ ~

'" -.. '" ItIl'i1JO,'S' iIJ~' i1J' ~z:ql.l0'1 ItIl'ilJrl.'S' i1J~' iIJ' ..l;.z:q'l.Jrl.1 II ~. .q'tIl' C<F ilJt:.' iJ'.e;;tl) i1Je:.'iJ' e;; tlj ~' ,q'tIl'

'"

-..

e-..

,.

li1J ~'.e;;t::. 'F' .q'l,Jtl)~'l.l'~e:. liIJ..l;.'.e;;t:. 'fl'.q'l.Jtlj ~'l.J' ~t:. ~I

~ IrllIlj'l.l' ~~'iIJ' ~~' iIJ'f!1 IrllIlf'l.J' ~~'i1J' ~..l;.' i1J'f!1

- -

2.32 ~~'O,~tl) PREFIXES ~~'rl.~tlj There are five extremely important letters -9"i'~'i'''I~<Il'<.Ji5.'Uj'iij'I'!' (shin tu gees pa'i yi ge lnga) which -9"i'~'i'''I~''l'<.JiS.'Uj'iij'I'!' are prefixed to most of the consonantal denominations, A prefix is a letter which precedes the root letter of a syllable, The five prefixes "I ga, "i da, Q ba, JJ rna and r:l. 'a are not pronounced as syllable. r:\ consonant. ,-Therefore in the olden days but they generally, affectthe pronunciation of the root cons0!!e.Il!. ,-Therefore" iprefixeBfiouldnoitJe iprefixeBfiouldflottJe described as b-eing muteorsi1emfot1neio'(fncifsiiripWremain silent. They mute orsi1emfottliey o,(fflcif siiriIiWremain modify the whole sound of a root consonant with some exceptions. A prefix does not occur in a exceptions, ,~yllable .~yllable without a vowel or a suffix.
, .

2.32,a A prefix modifies the meaning of a wbrd, forms the presept, perfect and imperfect 2.32.a verbs, verbs. They are also called
r:l.:i(lJ' r:\:i(lJ'

'phul in the Tibetan grammatical terminology.

,.
.N__ .-N_'

2.32.b A prefix cannot be used to letters which belong to the same group of a root consonant. fl For example "I ga cannot be prefixed to "I ka, F kha and ~ nga since they belong to the same group and this principle applies with all the other groups, groups.

232.c The effect of prefixing to a root consonant and to a syllable as a whole is that it raises the 2.32.c tonic pitch and make the sound more compact. In some cases prefixes reduce the effect of the aspiration and low and long tone root letters are changed into high and short.

;q",.
;<CleO'

101 1':1

2.32.d Prefi~never take vowel and a prefix is only applicable to certain root consonants as Prefi~never shown below: 2.33 ~"i't:l.~'"1''l'1 THE PREFIX GA ~"i't:I.~ lJ' J The prefix Go is applicable to eleven root consonants. They are: 1. ~ ca, 2. '? nya, 3. '5 ta, 4. " da, 5. iii oa, 6. ;5 tsa, 7. lI"J zha,8. -'l za, 9. "l ya, 10. 4 sha and 11. ~ sa. Like most of the "J na, -'I prefixes, ga remains silent as the letter k in 'knife' and p in 'pneumonia'. However the usage of ga as a prefix is limited only to these eleven root consonants. It is not prefixed to any coIisonantal consonantal compounds even if the root consonant is oile of the eleven consonants shown above. When spelling the prefixed consonants, the a'a sound is added tq the prefix i.e. ga'a, da'a, ba'a, ma'a and a'o. a'o ga'o, da'o, ba'o, ma'o Practise following examples, how words are spelled and pronounced when a root consonant is preceded by a prefix and succeeded by a vowel and a suffix:
ZlI~"r ga- 'o-ca-gi-gu= ci-ga is pronounced cheek (one) as in chick pea. Ga remains silent when it 'II~"l' is prefixed to ca, ta, pa and tsa. Being the first letters of the TOWS one to four they are radical masculine letters. ZlI~~' ga-'o-nya-gigu=nyi-sa is pronounced nyee (two). When ga is prefixed to nya, it is raised 'II~~' to tonic pitch and uttered more GOmpact. even if it is followed by a vowel or a suffix. The effect of compact. the vowel sound remains regardless of the modification caused by the prefixes. the ZlI~"'ga-'o-ta-'greng-po=lecra = is pronounced ter (treasure). As a radical consonant, ta cannot be "1~"'ga-'o-ta-'greng-po=lecra modified either by the presence of a prefix or surmounted letters as stated above.

...

-r,

,-

.'

ZlI~r..ga-'o-da-na-ro=dho-nga is pronounced dhong (face). Da is modified by any prefixes or "1~r:ga-'o-da-na-ro=dho-nga any surmounted letters and it becomes equivalent to the Sanskritdha.
ZlI~,, ga-'o-na-na-ro=no-da = is pronounced noe (harm). Na is modified by any prefix or any 'II~'" surmounted letters and it becomes equivalent to the Sanskrit retroflex na. na .

.'II;;',:: .ZlIiS"r..' ga- 'o-Isa-nga = is pronouncedtsang (central province in Tibet). Tsa retains its sound without any modification under any circumstances as it is a radical letter.

ga-'o-zha-'a =is pronounced shaa (to joke). Zha retains its sound without modification with prefixes and it does not take the surmounted letters. Here we have used the example of 'a as a suffix as we have discussed above. ga-'o-za-'a= is pronounced zah (planet). ZlI"l~' ga-'a-ya-sa =is pronouced yay (right-side). Ya is modified by the prefix ga which is the 'II"l~' ga-'o-ya-sa only prefix that is applicable and no surmounted and subjoined letters occur with ya.

ZlI~r:>.' 'II~(:).'

ZlI-'lr:>.' '11-'1(:),'

"I4i1i' ga-'o-sha-gi-gu=shi-na = is pronounced shin (death). Sha retains its sound without going ZlJ4i1i' through any changes caused by other consonantal denominations.
ga-'o-sa-zhabs-kyu=su-nga =is pronounced Soong (speech, honorific). Sa is not modifiable by any prefix or other consonantal compounds.
"l~jr.." "1~c:.'

-No Change Change

,,:-. 0:"

i5 ea

Prefixed lia l'rel1xed Ga 1) ta ;:; tsa ~ sa

u.j

11 <1

zha-"l za.sq sha

.

~ nya ~ da il\ na i!i

---~----.-

ya
--------

/
'~.-,

2.34 ~i!i'r:l.~lljS THE PREFIX DA ~il\r:l.~tljS

There are six root consonants to which the ~refix "i da is applicable whether or not they are subjoined. Da is never prefixed to surmounted letters. The six letters are: 1. "1 ka, 2. 'lj ga, 3. c. subjoined, nga, 4. l,j pa, 5. Q ba and 6. JJ rna. Practise to spell the following examples: 5,

...

.::,-

~.i~ < ~.:.~

"im.3.,'da-'o-ka-na-ro=ko-lla = is pronounced kon (rare). Ka as a masculine letter is not modified "im.3.,da-'o-ka-na-ro=ko-na by any of the prefixes or surmounted letters unless it is followed by a subjoined letters which will be discussed below. "i9'da-'o-ga-'greng-po =is pronounced ghe (virtue). Ga is modified by the prefix da into a pitch sunnounted toned gha as it also happens with the presence of any surmounted letters or with other prefixes.

~i:_,\; ~'L;;

,;.~

or. .i or..-';:

,j~,:;

"
~,;;'. ~'ii.

"iSnj'' da-'o-nga-zhabs-kyu=ngu-la =is pronounced (high pitch) ngoo (silver), Nga is modified "iS Cll (silver). if it is preceeded by a sunnounted or prefix letter. It never takes subjoined letters. surmounted ~l.Jnj'~-pa-la= ~l,jCll'~-pa-la= is pronounced pal (glory) or as pale in English. Pa only takes da as a prefix and it "etains its sound without being modified as with the sunnounted letters. But it goes through J;etains surmounted a draq(atic change when it takes subjoined letters as will be shown below. ~nj' ~Cll' da-'o-a-zhabs-kyu=u-la = is pronounced 001 (poverty). Ea is modified into a when iI Ba prefixed by a da and this modification retains to a degree even if it is followed by a vowel or a subjoined letters. This is exceptional in this case as other applicable prefix modify very differently. differently, "iJJ'lj da-'o-ma_ga = is pronounced (high pitch) rnaag (war), Ma is modified equally by the da-'o-ma-ga (war). sunnounted letters and prefixes. surmounted
.

(}t (-'it

Prefixed Da Prenxed ua No Change

t;._~t<~~-

"1 ka

~Pa

Change
;!\;;; 's":;

I:Ij llj ga C. nga

1ba 7

cq rna

,,:?, ,it';

~,!ijj ~.;i;;

;;.[ .;.[

2.35 THE PREFIX BA There are thirteen root consonants to which ba is prefixed and this prefix.is most commonly used prefix is th~ of surmounted letters. with all the possible consonantal compounds ofsuntlouDted and subjoined letters, The thirteen letters are: 1. "I ka, 2." ga, 3. c. nga, 4. il ea, 5. ~ nya, 6. 'J ta, 7. "i da, 8. "i na, 9. i5 2. Ilj iI tsa, 10. C'\ zha, 11..'l za, 12. '9 sha and 13. ~ sa, sa. Q"lr:l.ba-'o-ka-'a =is pronounced kah-(advice). l.l"lr:l.ba-'o-ka-'a qiij"i' ba-'o-ga-na-ro=G-da = is pronounced ghoe (laughter),. <Pii"i' (laughter) l.l~' Q~' ba-'o-ca-zhabs-kyu = is pronounced chu (ten).

... ~il\'r:l.~ llj' ,cr ~i!i 'r:l.~ tlj'z::r

/4 14 ~ t-J

;;;;-. ;;;;--

---

.......

Q,)r:..ba-'o-ta 'l,)r:..ba-'o-ta-nga = is pronounced tang (sent). Q'5."iba-'o-da-zhabs-kyu=du-da= 'l'5.",ba-'o-da-zhabs-kyu=du-da= is pronounced dhu (devil). Q:S''',' ba-'o- tsa-zh abs-ky u=tsu -na = is pronounced tsun (diligent). 'l:S'",' hon.). u-ga-s QCj9""ba-'o-zha-z 'lCj9""ba-'o-zha-zhabs-kyu=zhu"ga-sa = is pronounced zhoog (sit, Q~"i'Q' 00-'o-za-na ro=zoe-da -pa=is pronounced zopa (patience). 'l~""Q' ba-'o-

sbe Q""1"i' ba-'o- sha-da = is pronounced she (to explain). 'l..<j",' tion). Q~fba--'o-sa-zhabs-kyu =is pronounced su (recep 'l~fba 'o-sa-zhabs-kyu .lSa . . Prefix ed Ba I) 7!j ka ~ Ca 7 Ta ;t. Tsa ~ Sa ~ Za 7!]

No Chan ge Cban
.

.J1 ..,Sha
'.

Chan ge

~ Ga l:.. nga ~ nya " Da'" Na t:.. .

fc\ zha zba

~ //

't!.",.().~ 9''''1" 2.36 't!.tlit.l.~9J.l THE PREF IX MA . can also be prefixed There are eleven root consonants which can be prefixed with ma which alizes to some letters in addition to the oined lette!s .Prefix ma . before certain number ofsubjoiIied 1ette!s..Prefix rna prenas 2."1 ga,3. ngli, 1. flkha ,2."1 ga, 3. r:.. nga, as prefix eleven ktters which lake . generallJnodification. The eleven letters which take ma as'prefix are; fkha, genera modification. d 11. !. dza. ~ dli,9. '" mi, Dya, !j tha, 4. if, cha, 5. E. ja,6. '? Bya, 7. !l fha, 8; '\. tlli,9. ", na, 10.';; shaan if, ). khern J.lfl",Q' ma"'o-kha-na=khen-pa-nacro=po =is pronounced khem -po (abbot J.lf"'Q ma,'o- kha-na ma,'o- ga-na J.I~ ma-'o -ga-na -ro =is pronounced gho (head). also the prefix ma has ngab (w~mb ). prono unced (higb J.lr:..rll ma-'o -nga-l a =is pronounced.(higb pitch) ngah (w~mb). Here J.lr:..r>l' ma- 'o-nga -la lao uncing the la. modified nga intO high pitch ngah with a lengthened ending without prono cbain 'o~cha -na 'Fis J.lif,",' ma- 'o~cha-na 'Pis pronounced chain (footnote). J.lif,,,,' ucedjb ab J.lE.r>lma-'o-ja-la J.l EiN ma-'o- ja-la = is prono ucedjh ah (to see). an) (boatman).. en-pa =i5 J.I,?",Qma-'o-nya-na=nyeil-pa =is pronounced (high pitch) nyem -pa J.l8' ma-'o- tha-zh abs-ky u =is pronounced thoo(p ower) . .>18" dbog{ J.I~9 ma-'o-dha-na-ro=dho-ga = is pronounced dhog{colour). .>1~9 . nab J.I",r<'J.I' ma-'o- na-'a= na-ma =is pronounced nah rna (bride) J.I",ro.'J.I mo tshen-rno (night). Tsha is seldom J.I.;;",.,ij.' ma-'o- tsha-n a=tsh en-ma -na-ro -mo =ispro nounc ed tsben.>1.;;",'.;1 modified by any prefixes. J.lE!". ma-'o.!Jza-na-ro=dz-da = i~ pronounced dzoe (treasure room). J.I~'" ma-'o~a-na-ro=dz-da

....

.'~

No Chan ge Cban Cbang Chang e

f r

.I
kha

a. Prefix ed Ma .
c"&

a:;

e:

t:.. Ga l:.. nga E. ja ~

--------

nya

I II fha~ da~na tha" da ~ n~

~~

1',

:: -_ ....

2,37 '@.il)'D.~ "I'D.' THE PREF IX 'A There are ten root consonants which take the prefix 'a which exactly has the same effect as rna prefix. The ten letters are: 1. /'l kha, 2, "I ga, 3, J, cha, 4, E. ja, S.l'l j'l 2. 5. .l'l tha, 6. '\ da, 7. '4 pha, 8. Q ba, 9, a) tsha and 10, e: dza. a> rJ.j'l"'Q' 'a-o-kha-ra=khar-ba =is pronounced khar-v a (walki rJ./'l,,'Q ng stick), stick). rJ."I"i' 'a-o-g a-na = is pronounced ghen (responsibility). ty), rJ.a;.;.r 'a-o-c ha-ma =is pronounced chaam (religious dance) . rJ.E.rJ.' -o-ja-'a =is pronounced (high pitch) jah (rainbow),
r:>..l'jQ',;f-o-tha-ba r:>.l'jQ'a:r-o-tha-ba=thab-rna-na-ro=mo =is pronounced thab-m o (quarr el). r.>.~' 'a-o-d a-gi-g u = is pronounced dhi (this). r.>.<4(lj'Q' 'a-o-pha-'greng-po=phe-lLl=phel-ba =is pronounced r.>.<4rlfQ phel-w a (to increase). pMI-w r.>.Q"I 'a-o-bha-ga = is pronounced bhag (mask). = ), r.>.a)!;.'''1 r.>.a>l;.'''1 'a-o-tsha-nga=tshang-ga = is pronounced tshang -ka (crowd). r.>.i)'i!i'a;'Il r.>.ilA'a ;'Il' 'a-o-dza-gi-gu=dzi-na=:dzin-cha-sa=chay =is pronounced na",;d dzin-c hay (furniture).

0;- __ (,>-

1- ~,1-~'-

No Chang e Chang e

Prefix ed a fl fI kha ce cha 1:1 tha !4 pha J;j

c6 tsha

':;}3-!i-}Z-

~ 1 9 Ga e;. ja " da .q ba t[ dza

1',
-;li-~i:'-

K, (. K/ (
_ co...

2.38 Drill
~"J.J;,' L,I"D.~' 9Ui9' ""l.J;.' r,m,,' ~F .J;.,,! .J;,~!
<;'\.,._ <;'\.,. ........
_
co...

i~:.}' i~:.}"

9Ui9' ""l.J;.' LJ'D. ~'~D. 'tl'j' fat~ '9' .J;." I ~"l.J;,' ~' D."'~ D. 'tl'j'fat~ '''I' .J;,~I
gyag dkar po'di nga'i a zhang gi red That white Yak is my uncle's,
I

e-.. c-...

e-... ........ eo....

gyag dkar po 'di su'i red Whose white Yak is this?

':f:-~"C ~iii'-

_.

-C'o..._

co....

f'~'9'9~~'LJ'Q)~e:.' ~l:jl f'~ '9'9"~' ~'9~~' ar .J;."I

~(~

-..

-..
~ ~

D.~'e:.D.'C119 ~'9Ui~r~' .J;,~I D."'~D.'C'l.19''LJ'9Ui~rLJ' .J;."I

khong gi gdong pa gtsang rna red His face is clean,

'di nga'i lLlg pa gyas pa red This is my right hand. hand,

~ ~

~?..J

fle:.'9.:lD.'';Ia,jrJ,'';Iil)'Uie:. '''I' .J;."il fI~ '9=lD. '';I' a,jrJ, '';Iil) 'Ui~ ~"il
khoflg khong gza' nyi ma'i nyin yong gi red He / she will come on Sunday,

.....

c...

c...e-.. c...c...

c..._

~' a;'9.:lD .' ~. a;'9=lD.a,j9'l:ja,j.J;,'';Iil)'Uie:.'9'Uiil)! a,j.J;.'';Iil) 'Ui~ '9'Uiil)!

a,j9'"

co...

co...

e-.. c... c-..

nga tsho gza' mig timar nyin yong gi yin dmar We will come on Tuesday,
~ 'C'l.1' l:j.q'9~a,j' a,j'979~' a,j~1 ".q'9~a,j'

~",ii 'if,i~

khong gi gsung jampo 'dug His voice is soft.

fle:. '''I' 9 ~F D.~.a.l" LJ'D.1:\;9 fI~ '9'9~~'D.e;.a,j' ~'D."9 v " '.

a:.J,,!

nga la deb gsum ma gtogs med gtags I have only three books, books.
D.~' ~'C'l.19~' "~'~D.' ce~ 'fI~' .J;,~ D.,,' LJ' C119~' V.:e:.D.' <i>e:.'fle:.' .J;."ii
e-... c...

- ~,~;

a rna lags nang la bzhugs med

tl'j' a:.J'C'l.9~' il)e:. 'C'11' .qfat9~' ~"I tl'j' a,j'C11 19~' il)~ l.1' .qfatQ)~ ~ 1:\;1 "
.

e-... --.::~

........

'di pa lags dang nga'i tshong khang red tshang /chang

,[.::ft ;'"~

r
Mother is not at home.
~ ~ ~

23
This is me and my father's shop.

2.39 J,j'r.l.~f;!j'J,jc:;.'f;!jC'\' PASSIVE CONSONANTS J,j'r.l.~f;lj'J,jc:;.'f;ljC'\'

The twenty consonants which do not occur as suffixes, prefixes and post suffixes in forming a Tibetan word is called ~t:l.~9~c:.'9~ mi Jug ming gzhi. This I have freely translated them as ~t:I.~9~c:.9~ 'passive consonants', This means that there can be no two passive consonants written together at consonants'. any time to form one syllable except ya and va which can be subjoined to number of the passive consonants. If any of the passive consonants occur in a Tibetan word, it is necessarily the root consonant of the syllable. They form the basis to which other consonantal denomination can be prefIxed, suffixed, surmounted and subjoined as we have seen some and will see more. The passive consonants are:
1. "I ka, 2. F lilia, 3. is ca, 4. ib cha, 5. f. ja, 6. '? nya, 7. ') ta, 8. lil tha, 9. Q ib , '1 lij pa,10. 1<j pha, 11. ;5 tsa, 12. a; tsha, 13. E( dza, 14. ~ va, 15. "I zha, 16. .'l za, 17. ~ e: 15.1'\ t.j ph a, ;a

ya, 18.'" sha, 19. <j

ha and 20.

2.40

~"\'r.l."\f;lj~' SUBJOINED CONSONANTS ~"\'r.l."\f;!j~'

Il'l

a.

There are four consonants which are joined to the bottom of a root consonant of a syllable which radically modify the place of articulation and pronunciation. When a root consonant is subjoined along with a vowel, the latter is spelled and pronounced last of all after whatever sound changes the root consonant may have undergone. The four consonants which are also known as liquids or 1l semivowels are: 1. ~ ya, 2. " ra, 3. ll la, and 'lj va which are then respectively called "fq'j"l~' "fq'j"l~r

ya blags, btags,

,,'q')"1~ ,,'q'1"1~

ra btags, blags,

1l'q,)9~' ll'q'19~'

la-btags la-blags and

'lj',""

va-zur. YA

2.41 urz::jl)f;lj~ SUBJOINED urz::J1)f;!j~

There are seven consonants in Connection with the first three guttarals and the four labials to connection which ~ ya is subjoined. When ya is SUbjoined it takes the form of .,J and is spelled Yatag ,oJ subjoined which means subjoined Va. The subjoined Ya modifies the pronunciation of the root consonant of a syllable which has otherwise remain unchanged in connection with the prefIxes and surmounted letters. This method of compounding consonants or consonant clusters also produces exact pronunciation of other simple consonants within the Tibetan alphabet and also pronunciation of some Sanskrit alphabet which are not covered by the simple Tibetan alphabet. When theya' is subjoined to: 1."l ka, 2. F ,3. 9 ga, 4. Q pa, 5. ,. pha, 6. "l spelled and pronounced in the following manner:
~ ~'i<r 1. !!l ka-ya-btags =is pronounced kya. ~'i<I'
q

7. ba and 7. .>J rna, they are ma,

ka-ya-btags=kya-'greng-po=kye-ma is pronounced

kye-ma, Alas!
kbya 2. 19 kha-ya-btags =is pronounced khya ego khyi, dog. kbyi, 3. 5 ga-ya-btags =is pronounced gya ga-ya-blags 4.::l 4.!:!

kha-ya-btags=khya-gi-gu =is pronounced

pa-ya-btags =is pronounced into that of pa-ya-blags

is

ca as in porc!l

5. :J pha-ya-btags =is pronounced into that of ib cha as in cheese ofib

""'~~~'--,~-~ +-~""'~' "~"~~'--,~-~

_ _ _ __ ,~~""""~,~,'----' ~ ~ " M " " ~ ' ~ , '

24
,,;'
~~

6. S ba-ya-btags = is pronounced into that of E. a as III lar in jar

,

7. '!i ma-ya-btags =is pronounced into that of '? nya

2.42 ",'Q1)"l<>l SUBJOINED RA ,,'1::]15"l<>1

''-

The thirteen consonants consonanis pa, 8.

fi ;
14 '4

pha, 9. 9,

ha, 3. 9 ga, 4. ? ta, 5.11 tha, 6, 'i da, 7. <j 'I! ') 6. <J , ba and 10,6:1 rna 11. 4 sha, 12. 'll sa and 13." ha to which a ". :<: 10.6:1 'll 1. "I ka, 2, fl 2. fI
..J. -J.

<l'59'll Ra-btags' or subjoined ra occur. It is joined to these letters in the fOIDI of <l')"l'll foml
1. ~ lea-ra-btags =is pronounced tra as in toll Iea-ra-btags sa=she is pronounced ta-shi, auspicious.
2. ~ kha-ra-btags =is pronounced as in Tom ego pa = is pronounced torn-pa, a well.

q~r4'll ba-'o-lea-ra-btags=ta-sha-gi-gu=shi[!j6:l'<j' [!j6:l'<J'

kha-ra-btags=ta-na-ro=tho-ma=tom-

3 .!!/ ga-ra-btags =is pronounced dra 3 ~t:.'<.i ga-ra-btags=da-zhabs-kyu=du-nga'=doongpa_ na-ro=po = is pronounced droong-po, clever.
,?-~.

0.' ,

~~.

a-ra-btags=ta-gi-gu=ti-sha-zhabskyu=shoo-Ia = is a Sanskrit word used in Tibetan to denote a trident religious staff and is pronounced tri-shu-Ia.
$'

$'(j) ta-ra-btags =is pronounced as in toll

., -,

~'j':rrl1 ~'j":rrll

50

ha-ra-btags = is pronounced same as Il see above.

flf

6..,~ da-ra-btags = is pronounced dra as ~r. 5F<.ida-ra-btags=da-nga=dang-pa-na-ro=po is ~r.' 6. ~ pronounced drang-po, honest, straight-forward. 7. ~ pa-ra-btags = is pronounced as in toll. 8 . .!1 pha-ra-btags = is pronounced as in Tom and ~'. ego ~.~ pha-ra-btags=tha-zhabs.!:/ ~'~ kyu=too-ga=toog-ga-zhabs-kyu=gu = is pronounced too-gu, child. 9. :I ba-ra-btags = is pronounced dra as in~' da eg, :I"l Ba-ra-btags=da-ga=dag, rock. Q ego Q"l

it:.;"

10. ?;Jma-ra-btags =is pronounced rna with a high pitch sound. ?:Jma-ra-btags
11.@ ha-ra-btags = is mainly used to transliterate Sanskrit words such ~.~t:. .., sha-ra~'~t:.'" btags=sha-gi-gu=shi sa-gi-gu=si-nga=sing-ha = is pronounced shri-sing-ha, a name of a teacher. teacher,

12.!lI 12.!l/ a-ra-btags = is pronounced sa or hra. ~"i'<.i' sa-ra-btagscsa- gigu si-na sin-pa naro=po is pronounced sirnpo, an ogress, ogress. ha-ra-btags=hra as in hurrah ego hri as in ~l ha-ra-btags=hra-gi gu= is pronounced hrih ~he seed syllable of Avalokiteshvara..' Avalokiteshvara.

13ti) 13ti\

2.43 f'lJ.q7"l~ SUBJOINED LA C"lJ'Q1)"l~

i1'~;

There are six consonants: 1. "I ka, 2. "l ga, 3. q a, 4. .s za, 5. " ra and 6. "'I OJ ~ 4. sa, which take the subjoined la, This brings very unusual modification to the pronouDciation lao pronouDcialion where the sound of the root consonant is completely dropped while using the inherent a to make the sound of the La more compact and high pilCh. Hmvever there is one exception when it is subjoined pitch.

25
to za where both the sound of za and the sound of la are replaced by an unrelated sound dha. The follows::JJ ka-Ia-btags, subjoined la is spelled and pronounced as follows::lJ ka-la-btags,
~

ga-la-btags, Iil ba-laga-Ia-blags,

btags,

racla-btags and

~ sa-Ia-btags ru sa-1a-btags

are all pronounced la with a high pitch sound. The

lifof mao Tibetan word for a Buddhist teacher is Iif';f bla ma.
1. m'm ka-la-btags=la-ka-la-btags =la-na-ro=1o is pronounced la-Io, barbarian. L

2.

ga-1a-btags=la-zhabs_kyu ga-la-btags=la-zhabs-kyu

=is pronounced 100, song.

=is pronounced lang-pa, steam.

lorn-po, 3. ffl"i'ij' ba-la-btags=la-na-ro=lo-na=lon-pa-na-ro=po is pronounced 10m-po, minister. ili~ij ba-Ia-btags=la-na-ro=lo-na=lon-pa-na-ro=po

4.
~"r ~"f

ra-la-btags-1a nga-lang-pa ra-la-btags-la

0;]

..11' .
.~

/t#
II .!/ ~V I
I

(ijf (ij~

5. ffi"~ sa-la-btags=la-na-ro=lo ba=lob-ga-ra-btags=drwa =is pronounced lob-dl-a, school. lob-dl"ll, sa-Ia-btags=la-na-ro=lo 6. ii'''' za-la-btags-da -ba= is pronounced dha-wa, moon. iP"
SUBJOINED VA The Va-zur should alphabetically come before the subjoined ya but I have placed here as the last group of the subjoined letters as it is traditionally introduced in this sequence. However, students wishing to look for a Tibetan word with Va-sur should look up before the subjoined letters. Va-zur means the angular of the letter ill va. It is actually the lower right corner of va in 21
which is similar to the form of the Bengali va. We know the rule where the letter ba is to be pronounced va when it is the last or medial syllable of a Tibetan word. In some descriptions of the Tibetan alphabet, va is explained as "a letter without which can function". But it has some important orthographical uses to distinguish between homonymous words. .;:; Tsha, hot and

2.44

'.l:l~~'q7l:lj~l:J '.lr~~q7l:!j~Z:.r

~ tJ'r;) tI'r;)~.
\. '\

5 ~~the form of.. fOITI1

cl;l Tshva, salt which are both pronounced the same, Tsha. The use of the Tibetan ba at times cl;i
pronoun.ced va does not substantiate the ar.gument that the Tibetan letterba represented both ba and va which are denoted by ba and va in Sanskrit.. They are not easily confused in Tibetan as they are in Sanskrit. When a va is subjoined to a consonant it remains silent. Beside the following example of the usage in Tibetan, a va-zur is mainly used in transliterating Sanskrit.
'!j'Uj' '!j'ur
~.? ~'?
~.,.r

" "

' fj.r fj.r IIJ !JJ ,

Lfi
,.
,

~ '\1

"

. ,

kva=ya-'greng po=ye is pronounced ka-ye khva-ta is pronounced kha-ta ga-ra-btags=drva-pa

oh magpie monk

,~ .~

1'" 'l

'if :1 I ,
1

~Ilj~rij ~llj~'ij'

vacga-sa=dvag-pa-na-ro,=po is pronounced dag.po va~ga-sa=dvag-pa-na-ro,=po dag-po tsva

=is pronounced dra.pa dra-pa

a place in Tibet
salt hat

cl;i ~
~ .jJ .jJ
~.

=is pronounced tsha

zhva ma-na-ro=mo = is pronounced zha-mo zva= is pronounced za rva-ca-na-ro=co= is pronounced ra-cho

nettle
horn a kind of a deer

~.~.

r:J'Q' r:J''''

lm-ba=:; lva-ba= is pronounced la-wa

~'Q'

shva -ba

is pronounced sha-wa 2.45 '5.q1)9~ SUBJOINED HA

deer

h: i

Subjoined ha is not used in the Tibetan language, but it has been adopted solely for the purpose ka of transliterating Sanskrit 2J' La-ha-btags=fha is not to be included in this ha-btags section as it is Sanskrit.

,..

not a subjoined ha rather it is surmounted fa upon ha which is discussed in the surmounted letter ka section. The ha-btags has no simple Tibetan root consonant to be joined with but it is the root consonant 'ha' that is used to make up equivalent Sanskrit letters. The effect of subjoining ha is to lengthen the partial root letter to make it full letter. Ha can be subjoined to any consonant as long as it occurs in Sanskrit. Following are only some examples:
1. !II ga-ha-btags = is pronounced Gha. 1II
2. z.
~

rr

da-ha-btags = is pronounced Dha.

\.~

~+~~:::: ~+~~

~-~

3. ~ ba-ha-btags =is pronounced Bha. 4. .; dza-ha-btags = is pronounced Jha. 4. 5. '" da-fog=da-ha-btags = is pronounced Dha. Exercise 2.c Z.e
~.

Transcribe the following words into Tibetan script and practice how to spell out the correct sequence and the pronounciation of the letters in a syllable. Learn to use a Tibetan English dictionary to find the meaning of these words:
1. gsung-rab 5. gsang-ba 9. dgu-bcu 13. being-pa 17. bzung-ba

"'" ,.

~~} ~.z~
~

2. gcung-po 3. gtsang-po 6. dkar-mkhan 7. dkon-mchog 10. dpung-pa ZO. 11. dtnigs-pa dmigs-pa 14. bcu-gsum 15. btsir-ba 18. bshad-pa 19. bgar-ba

4. gnyen-po 8. dgon-pa 12. dbang-po 16. bzhi-bcu 20.bkang-bo

Exercise 2.d Drill

p,,r::.O:Rjt::: ~r ..<:.,,' ..<:.r:" ___ c-..._ -.. I'"~ a;'lI!'Uj'I,r =F ..<:.,,' Qr::.' ~"l I~'l'ro'~' i.j'
..."
..."

co.... e-...

C\.,. C\.,.

co.... e-...

__ -.

'>

__

co....
C'...

J,J'o."9 !"~rll'o.fl"<:"OS '''~rll'o.f!''<:''OS ~'9~"<:"~'64' ..<:.", a;'9~"<:"~' J.J' ..<:.,,' '''9~'~"<:"Er~9'9~J,J'rll~' J.Jo."9 '''9~' ~"<:"Er ~9'9~J.J'rll~' J,Jo."9 IUl9' a;,,'o."'rll~'!lI' ~'o."9 'Uj9' ~,,'o."rll~'!lI' ~o."9 -.. e-.."" _ -. -.. c..."" _ ' -.. ,,,\''..<:.r::.''r::. "<:""9~ 'l;g'~' ~'9~"<:" ~'~J,J'~'.q~\~' ..<:."\, ' '\ .<:.r::. "<:""9~ 'Z;g'~' ~'9~"<:" ~'~J.J'~'.q~\~' ..<:.,,\, -.. -.. -.. ,,,'o.::i'o.~,,\'~' S,,\'''9~'~' J,J'"<:'' 1 I"o.~o.~,,\'~ S,,\'''9~'~' J.J' ..<:.,,' l~""r::.'flJ,J' ~ 1::IJ,J~'flr::. ~r::.' ~9' a:,,,\'~' ..<:."\, l~"'''r::. 'f!J.J' 'i::IJ.J~'f!r::.' a;,,\'~' ..<:.,,\,
I'"~~.q'~'l;;P<l~rll'~'~' ~9' I'"~ ~.q' ~'l;;P<l~rll' ~.~' ::i9' J.J'o."9
C".,. '>

_-.

co....

"'-.

co....

._ -... ~ '>

'>

'>

'>

C'.. co....

_ _

c>...-... c>...-..

-... _

e-.. _ c-..

e-.. c-..

11' tj9' r:l, ",ft:. ''''I' ~9'[1r lj[1j' ~9~'9il)t:.'1 "' l"n59'r:l,""ft:. '9' ~9'[1r ljf1l' ~9~9il)t:.1 -... -... 1-9f1ltj9-....c.... _~. if,qr ~t:.1 ",.t:. e-... !'9[1j'l)9',,\'t:.~' if,qr~t:.'1 _ c-...

w q~s ~9~'9il)t:.'1 ~9~9il)t:.1 (:l.,,\~'ft:. ''''I' ,,\S'f1J'S9' ~9' ql)c-'q'UlCliI (:l."'~ft:. '9' "\Sw qtjc.' q'Ul<l\1
1"\~9' L.rr:<,,\'9'~r:l,' ~t:. 1"'~9' L.lr:l,"'9~r:l,
e-.. co.... e-.. co.... eo...

'"

2.46 ~9'\5Cli' SURMOUNTED LETTERS "'19'\5<1\' The root consonant of a Tibetan syllable, accompanied by a prefix, a suffix, a subjoined letter, a surmounted letter and a vowel is positioned in the center of all the characters, This is why I prefer to characters. translate the word .;jt:::'lJ~' ming gzhi 'root consonant' instead of 'initial' as other grammarians have ~t:::'lj~' done, Literally translated as basis the name ming gzhi is not necessarily the first letter of a syllable done. and it is the basic or root letter to which.all the other consonantal denominations make connection in order to develop a collective sound based upon the root consonanl. Therefore mgo can letters are consonant. surmounted upon the root consonant ofa syllable. The three last letters of the ten suffixes namely, la and "ll sa occur as surmounted letters. They are called ~'i5"''lJ~iIl mgo can gsum. ~i5"''lj~iIl C!J .~ ~ l~" '-' .cf~ cJ-P..,.a , ). ~ . C!J'~~ l~"'-I.. -Gf~cJ-P...pJ,1. ! '-l-/ 2,46,a The effect of a mgo-can or (J:::l~'lJ"l' ) brtsegs, the stacked is similar to that of the prefixes '-t/ 2.46.a (J:;j~'lj"l" .. ..he. onic. . ~\~~ where it raise.s .t.he. t....oniC. pi.tCh t.o emphasize the sound of the root consonan. I. \Yh.e.reJ~otha prefix ~\~X t. \Yh.e.re_botha ~/ and a surmounted letter ar~ present,..the.mod.ificalion.QLthe prnuunS;!.l!Jion..m.tlJe root consonant surmounted1etter ar!! present, ..the.mod.ificalion_QLthe prnll.uni.1Hion..QLtlJe , . c~JKfuJlheLChange(Lthan -tb.~~f!~st_~[ th~_prefix. ~wever the sound o~_~'prefixed and _tb.~~f!~st_~[th~_prefix. o~_~yrefixed ,. .. /~.~._rmounted roo!-~~_~_onaIl~_",:,~en sUbJO!Il~",:,?X_!::~1rer.~~~.~~;~_~~e~:f~~ have already . /~.~._rmounted roo~~~_~_onaIl~_",:,~en subJo~Il~--:-?L!::~1rer'~~~~~;~_IIl~e~~;f "'~ I ,~een, (MiL 1->'M>vJ -<.V\.I.-) rI',-;A/).) (CPr (}"- _~'-t-. f.,~~ \->"M>vJ .~een, rI',-;AA) (}-<- _~-t-. f.,~~ ... ra, r>J

...-

0?

2.46.b There are no prefixed and surmounted consonants which are subjoined by lao The inherent sound a of the surmounted is dropped as a result of the compounding with the root consonant. 2.47
""~9'\5Cli SURMOUNTED RA """'19'\5<1\

.....

The 12 root consonants surmounted with which ... ra are: 1. "I ka, 2, 'lJ 2. 'lj 4. e Tja, 5.'" e. nya, 6. "5 ta, 7. "i da, 8. ... Na, 9, J:: l ba, 10, ill '5 9. J:;j 10.

ga, 3. I:;. nga, t:.

rna, 11. ~ tsa and

12. E dza. When ra is surmounted, only its top half ( ) is surmounted. The roundish head of nya is compensated with the full form of ra surmounted on nya in the shape of f . The pronunciation of the following three radical letters do not change: "I ka, "5 ta and ~ tsa as with the other '5 surmounted letters. 2.48 EXAMPLES
>lj

ra-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, >lj1:;.'Q' ra-ka-btags=ka-nga=kang pa = kang-pa, leg. >ljt:.'Q' ra-ga-btags =is pronounced gha, ~"'iIl' ra-ga-btags=gha-na-ro=gho-da=gho-ma = ghll-ma, ~"i'iIl' =

'li

a mare. /:. ra-nga-btags =is pronounced (high pitch) nga, /:",;'jl:;.' ra-nga-btags=ngl1-ma-na-ro=mo/:"jjt:.. nga=mong= nga-mong, a camel.

28
ra-ja-btags = is pronouncedjha, ~'lrn.!,>"1 ,ra-ja-btags=jha-'greng-po=jhe-sa=jhe-'a -o-jhazhabs-kyu=jhu-ga=jhug= jhe-jhoog, a suffix, or a follower, follower. t ra-nya-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) nya, te. ra-nya-btags=nya-gi-gu=nyi-nga= fC::: nying, heart. l)ra-ta-btags = is pronounced ta, l)'~~"l ra-ta-btags=ta-ma-a'-o-ga-ra-btags=da-gi-gu=dil)'.;J~~ deity_ na=din = tam-din, Hayagriva, name of a horse-necked deity. " ra-da-btags = is pronounced dha, ;;-Qil'Q' ra-da-btags=dha-na-ro=dh-ba-a'-o-za-na-ro=zo;;<t~Q ba =dho zo wa, a builder, mason. ~ra-na-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) na, .!I'<r ra-na-btags=na-ba =na-wa, ear. ~ra-na-btags .!\<r ear_
q ra-ba-btags = is pronounced bha, q'I1lQ ra-ba-btags=bha-ra-la-btags=la-ba-sa=lab =bha>:;r q'!iJQ>:;r wave_ lab, wave. .Jj ra-ma-btags =is pronounced (high pitch) rna, jj'(1J~' ra-ma-btags=ma-gi-gu=mee-la-ma=lam jj'()j~' ra-ma-btags=ma-gi-gu=mee-Ia-ma=lam =mi-Iarn, dream. !ra-tsa-btags = is pronounced tsa, i"i'<r ra-tsa-btags=tsa-na-ro=tso-da=tso pa = tso-pa, = i",'<r = dispute, debate. ~ ra dza-btags = is pronounced dza, lie. ra-dza-btags=dza-na ro=dzo-nga = dzong, fortress,. lit:. fortress

e.

;; ;:

/
";.'"

~~ --

tA
b\,
:,;,:. .,; :<;.0,-,
2..';,

,~

No Change Change
l:lj ga <lj

'lj 11

Surmounted ra urrnounted ka ka

I) ta

<r tsa
--.J

r::. nga E.ja '? nya

~ da ili na I;J ba J,j rna e;: dza ' "i JJ

'>;

~~

, . rf'.~-':1(/, ':1 1 ' /

r~

v~~

N~
,.f'.,

. ~ 2,49 (1j'J,jl:lj';5ili SURMOUNTED LA ('lj'JJ<lj''5''i

~:J:..

The ten letters which la can be surmounted are: 1. "I

ka, 2. "I ga, 3. e. ga, 4. ~ ca, t:.

5. e:. ja, 6,? ta, 7. "i da, 8. q pa,9; Q Ba and 10. '5 ha. La remains silent except with 6.? '" ha with which the la is palatalized and it has a soft and lengthening effect while. the sound of ha is reduc.ed to a mere residual echo. The effect of (1J-~~ la-mgo to the general pronunciation of the echo_ ()j'~~
/

~",

syllable is similar to the effect of surmounted ra and prefixes except with "I and q pa, La mgo do not occur as common as the others.

ka,;5 ca, ? ta, ka, '5

2.50 EXAMPLES 2,50

l!!"I. la-ka-btags=ka-zhabs-kyu=ku-ga-kug-pa III la-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, !!["I'q '. la-ka-btags=ka-zhabs-kyu=ku-ga-kug"pa =kug-pa, dumb. III Ilf la-ga-btags = is pronounced gha, 1lle.S la-ga-btags=gha-nga=ghang ba-zhabs-kyu-bu = 1lft:.S Ghang-bu, a ballon. 'e! la-nga-btags = is pronounced (high pitch)nga, five.
\l:'t:.'.;J' \!:'e.'Jl'

la-ca-btags-ca-nga-chang-ma la-ea-btags-ca-nga-chang-ma = is pronounced chang-rna, willow.

'I! la-ja-btags = is pronounced jha, 'l!e.-r;' a-ja-btags=jha-nga=jhang-kha-zhabs-kyu=khu = = 'l!q;' a-ja-btags=}ha-nga=jhang-kha-zhabs-kyu=khu jhang-kbu, green. jhang-khu,

29
'l!

la-ta-btags =is pronounced ta, \V'Q' la-ta-btags=ta-'greng-po=te-ba =te-wa, navel.

~.;r.:,: lli laeda-btags =is pronounced dha, ~.;r.:c.' la-da-btags=dha-zhabs-kyu=dhu-ma=dhum-ra =dhoorn ra, garden. 2l la-pa-btags = is pronounced pa. There is only one Tibetan word in this combintation which is: 2J com bintation
2l"l~'<J' 2J"I~'<J'

a-pa-btags=pa-ga-sa=pag-pa =pag-pa, skin. la-ba-btags=bha-ba =bha-wa, goitre.

\!j
~

la-ba-btags = is pronounced bha, I!I'Q' \!j'Q'

la-ha-btags = is pronounced lha, place of the gods.

~'~'la-ha-btags=lha-sa=Lha-sa, ~'~'la-ha-btags=lha-sa

the capital of Tibet, the

Surmounted la urmounted a

-.
-------

No Change

l7lJ

1ljka ka

~ca7taQpa '5 ca 7ta Q pa

Change

1 9 ga I:. nga Eja " da E.ja ~

....-

.q ba

'5

ha

2.51 l~ra.J9'50\ SURMOUNTED SA ~a.J9~Oi There are eleven letters upolwhich sa can be surmounted bringing similar changes as other upolwhich
surmounted letters, Sa surmounted letters occur very frequently. "1 ka, "I ga, E:. nga, ':' nya, c:. '!) letters.

? ta, "i da, ili na, Q pa, Q ba iii

rna and it tsa. t5a.

2.52 EXAMPLE
~ sa-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, ~'\':J' sa-ka-btags=ka-ya-btags=kya-gi-gu=kyi-da=kyee-pa~"i':J' na-ro=po =kyee-po, happy. ~ sa-ga-btags = is pronounced gha,;jE:. sa-ga-btags-gha-ra-btags=da-zhabs-kyu=doo-nga =doong, story. -

'I!. sa-ng-btags =is pronouced nga, 'i!.'~' sa-nga-btags=nga-da-ra-btags=da-na.ro=da =nga'i!.~.

dro, morning.
~ sa-nya-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) nya, ~E:.'i' sa-nya-btags-nya-gi-gu=nyi~c:.'i' nga=nying ra-ja-btags-jha-'greng po=jhe =Nying-;jhe, compassion. =Nying-;jbe, ~ sa-ta-btags = is pronounced ta, ~:i.sa-ta-btags=ta-ra-'grengpo=T(f ~".i.sa-la-btags=ta-ra-'grengpo=re =Ta-re, axe.
~ sa-da-btags = is pronounced dha, iit :4' sa-da-btags=dha-na-ro=dho- nga=dhong-pa-na-ro=po iic:.:J'

=dhong-po, a tree.
~ sa-na-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) na, nga=thang = Nar-thang, name of place in Tibet. ~.:c..IF ~"'.IF

sa-na-btags-na- nar-ra=nar-tha-

sa-pa-btags = is pronounced pa,

~ili ~iIi

sa-pa-btags=pa-ya-btags=cha-na = chen, eye (hon.).

'1isa-ba-btags = Is pronounced bha, ~,E:.';:F sa-ba-btags=bha-ya-btags=jha-nga=jhang sha-gi~sa-ba-btags ~d'F gu=shi-nga=shing =jhang-shing, blackboard. '
J;j

Is

sa-ma-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) ma, ~"I't1l~' sa-ma-btags=ma-na-ro=mo~"I.t1l~.

na=mon-la-ma=lam =mon-Iam, prayer.

/"

~ sa-tsa-btags = is pronounced tsa,

~'<l' sa-tsa-btags=tsa-na-ro=tso-la tsol-ba =tsol-wa,

to bestow. Surmounted sa No Change Change

til 1 "II

ga ~ nga '7 nya ~ da ~

I'

ka

'5

ta ~

;t tsa
~ na q ba J.J rna

""'"
Exercise 2.e
L-

+-.,

A Transcribe the following words into Tibetan script and find their meaning in a Tibetan English dictionary:
skye-ba snga-phyi khyu-mchog 'khrungs-rabs 'greng-po ngu-'bod che-ba rjen-pa rta-mchog rnam-dbye phye-ma smon-lam zhing-khams dkar-po mkhyen-brtse mgon-pb mngon-shes ngang-pa cha-shas snye-ma rten-'grel spyang-ki phru-gu rtsa-ri zang-zing, klu-sgrub khrom-pa 'gyod-pa sngon-po bco-brgad rje-btsun smyu-gu bden-pa-bzhi sprin-pa dmyal-ba tshul-khrims zil-gnon khrungs-pa 'khor-ba sgrung lnga mchin-pa brjod-pa nyon-mongs 'tire-goon 'tire-gdon phyag-'tshal smyon-pa zhing-pa yangskyar

k:~,

u~~ fl~~

ft3'

Exercise -2.r Drill -2.r

~M;-

~ Iq~tII'~'J.J<f> Qj'Qj~J.J' ~ lq~"II'''II' J.JiQj'Qj~J.J'~ J.J' ~ :x.: ~Qj'Qc'6(1j' q~l ~Qjo.c6(lr q~1

100Qj'''II'7~' J.J'7Cl.!' ~ "'" .I:IOl' Cl.!' ~"'" q'~~l I(1jQj'tII'7~' J.J'7CJ.1' L.,J~' ~(1j' CJ.I' ~~'

Iq~tII'~t:..'Q~'~~. ~"II' ;jq' ~tII'L:J"'" "9 til q~"II'~t:.. '0. ~'1~' ~Qj' ~"II' ~~'-9"11
l.l:lq~r~t:.. "9~' ~q' ~t:..'Q~til' ~.q' L.,J~'-9"11 I~q~'~t:..' -9~r ""q' ~t:..'o.~ "II' .I:IQ' L:J"'" "9 til
~

..,.,

co.. eo..

co.. eo..

.""

-~ ~

&.$"

1l'l0l'CJ.I'~' qo.'''II~''II'?'~':x; q'~~l I~nl'Cl.!'~'qQ'tII~tII'?'~"'"q'~~1

-~ ~ 11'l0l' Cl.!' m~' Cl.!c'6Cl.!~'~ ::JOl' q.J:,' ~"'" q'~~1 CJ.Ie6CJ.1~'~ ::J(1j'q",,' ~~' q'~~l I~nl' CJ.I'
.""co.. ... .

...... co.. ..,-e-... eo.. ..,-c-...

"-

co..

!f.l. Qj' CJ.I~' ~tIIQ'I1i~tII~~'~' q~~' L:J"'" "9t11 L.,J.J:,'-9"11 lr.l. Cl.!~' ~"IIo.'I1i~'''II~~'~' 1~~'~~r~tII';jq'~Cl.!~'~~. ~tII L:J ""."9t11 1~~'~~r~"II' ;jq'l'lCJ.I~' ~~' ~"II' L.,J~'-9"11
C'\;,.. C'\.,c....

..,. .""

.co.. eo..

. ", , " ,

c....

co.. eo..

I ~nl' Cl.!' Cl.!~~' tJr.l. ~~. 'S. ~"". q'~~1 I.I:IOl' CJ.I' CJ.I~~' L.,Jo.'l'l~' ~.J:,' q'~~l
l~nlCl.!'~t:..flQ'~~''S'~",,'q~~I. Il'lOl' CJ.I'~t:..'flo.'l'l~''S'~~' q'~~l.
co.. eo..

.....

co.... c....

......'

co.. eo..

It:..tII'Qj' ~"II';jq'l'lCJ.I~' ~~' ~tII L:J ""."9t11 It:.."II'Qj' ~tII';jq' ~Cl.!~' ~"II' L.,J~' -9"11
1~~~'~tII;jq~Cl.!~o~~tII' L:J""'-9t11 1~~'~!r~"II';jq'.I:IJ.J~' o~'~"II' L.,J~'-9"11
co.. eo.. " " _ ...... _ e-,.. eo.,.

co.." eo.."

co.. C'o...

."" .""

_eo _eo..:.

eo.. co..

"-

e-.. "c-...c...

co.. c-...

..."

......

..,. .""

l~nl' Cl.!'~"'" q'~'~.J:,'~' Il'lOl' CJ.I'~.J:,' q'~'~",,'~' q'~~1

l>Tjt:..'Qj'7~' ::!~' J.J'~'(1j' q~Qj~' r.J~Z'ii l>Tjt:..Qj'7~' ::!~. J.J'~'Ol' q~Qj~' r.r~Z'ii

1"ll:9~'~'Qj'7~'~'o.~'~~' 5l~' L.,J~'-9t!J Itll:9~'~:rQj'7~'~'Q~'~~'51~' L:J"'" "9t!]

c....
~

.""

c...

......

lq~'9ol:lj'':J~''5'Q",'~'~' s:jq'-99 lq~'9ol:lj'':J~''5'Q",'~' ~'l'lq'-99 ...,

'0

31

Exercise 2.g fOl/owing: Romanize the following:

lQ8'~~ El~:.2 J,JEl~' ~Q()'~.El~~~1 lQ8'~~ El~:.2 J.JEl~ ~Q()'~.El~~~1

.....
~

...... .......

_ "-_ ....... "e-..........

oyi_eo... .." . ....... eo...

1<Q~I:lj'riP'1:lj7' ~I:l!' ~~. 1.Q~I:l!riP1:l!7 ~I:lj' ~a:,' ~r ~Q' <Q~rlf ~~l .Q~nr ~~I
eoo...
~

_c-... _e-...
_

e:....

.."

_-'

eo...
~

IQ7JP' ~~. Q'ij~' Q'5~'I:ljI'F~I:lj~' i)1:l!~'I;J'UiI lQ7JP' Q~~'I:l!(1F~I:l!~' i)1:lj~'I;J'UiI

ltil~~ ~Q~'I;J()" ~~. Q'~'7'1:l!~l"lJll Q'~'7'1:lj~l'lJll lm'~~' ~Q~'I;J()"

IRREGULAR PRONUNCIATIONS
2.53.a. When the first syllable ends in a da and if it is followed by a rna prefixed syllable, then ma it is sometimes changed into that of na sound ego ".:i.r:;,J.Jr:;,p'qRed-mda'-ba is pronounced Ren-da'.:i.r:;,J.Jr:;,p"Cj'Red-mda'-ba wa, a reknownedscholar of Sakyapa tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. reknowned .scholar
i

. 2.53.b When the first syllable end in a na and if it is followed by a syllable whose root consonant is pa without prefix letter, it is sometimt;S pronounced into that of rna ego '
~~'tr kyin-pa is pronounced kyim-pa, a loan ~"I'tr

J.Jj'l"l'<r rnkhan-po is pronounced khem-po, an abbot J.Jj'l~'<r mlchan-po '?"I'tj. nyan-pa is pronounced nyem-pa, to listen ,?~tr nyempa, Cj~"I.tj. q~~'Q' bden-pa is pronounced dem-pa, truth
~"I'<l' ~~'<J' mon-po, is pronounced nom-po, sharp
~"I.tj. ~~'Q' sbyin pa is pronounced jim-pa, generosity

1iI"1'<r Blun-po is pronounced lum-po, a fool Iil~'<r lii"l:<l'Blon-po is pronounced 10m-po, minister [;j~:<J'Blon-po
~

. 2.53.c When the first syllable ends in a ba whether it is followed by a post-suffix or not, if the . succeeding syllable begins with a rna prefix, it is pronounced as the suffix of the preceding syllable ma ego ~q~.J.J~~' Skyabs-rngon is pronounced kyam-ghon, the protector. ~Cj~'J.J~"I' Skyabs-mgon 2.53.d When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if the following syllable begins with ga, ba or rna prefix, the latter is sometimes pronounced as the suffix of the first syllable without losing its effect to the succeeding syllable ego "l~'''I~~' bcu-gnyis is pronounced choog.nyee, twelve. q~'''I~~' cboog-nyee,

"I'''l'lp'' ~'q"p"
flJ.J~ flJ.J~

a-bza' is pronounced nab-zah, cloth (hon.) nab-zab,

Ma-mchu is pronounced kham-chn, court case. kham-chu,

~'J.Ja;.

gya-rntsho is pronounced gyam tsho, ocean. gya-mtsho

~'J.I;r;"l' ~'J.J;r;~'

C;:'J.I;r;.>;' C::'J.J;r;.>;'

rgyu-mtshan is pronounced gyum-tsben, reason. reason, ngo-mlshar is pronounced ngom-tsbar, wondorous, ngo-mtshar

?'J.I~"l' Hayagriva. ?'J.J~~' rta-mgrin is pronounced Tam-din, a horse necked deity called Hayagriva,

;.:

2.53.e When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if the succeeding syllable's root consonant is 2.S3.e ba subjoined witb ra, then the ra is pronounced as the preceeding syllable's suffix while the ra-bags is pronounced as the second syllable's root consonant which parts the relationship between the ba and ra-btags. IlfQ'" lha-bri-pa is pronounced Ibab ri pa, Thanka painter, an artist. ij'Q'=pho-brang is pronounced pbob-rang, palace, ij'Qr=.pho-brang 2.53.f When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if it is followed by a prefix 'a it produces the 2.S3.f sound of suffix na for the preceding syllable while preserving its direct effect to the second syllable,

t~.
I'

J.Jflt:l' t:l) J.lflr.l'r.l)

t,- .

~-'-

,,~'ro.'55 "~'''''55
~'r.lQ~' ~'t:lQ~'
~

t:l),t:l~'" r.l)'r.l~'"

mkha'-'gro is pronounced kban-dro, goddess, space dweller. dge-'dun is pronounced gen-dun, a monk, one who is intent on virtue, rgyu-'bras is pronounced gyun-W!cause and effect. 'gro-'dod is pronounced dron-do, desire to go. go,

~~-

~t~:

:J:'f ;J:t

,,'--!

:-'-.

I I

b.ln.tJl<;r.b3tJ.ff.b3tJ.~~ b.ln.tl!';r.b3tl.ff.b3tl.~~

~2.l<;rb~tJ ~2.!';rb~tl t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff

\ \
( (

ff
~ ~

11>!l.f..ItJ.-r.tJ.tlI 11>!l.f..ltJ.'r.tl.tlI Ii::.@ 11ii.!i1 Ii::.@ I:i' .~.~.~.:I. 'i'."::l.b.l1I I:i' .~.~.~.:I. 'i'.'::l.b.!1I lIili.lii.til 1/1>.S.fi.b.lk lIili.lii.til 1/1>.S.!:;.b./k Iff .t1.b.1u Iff.t1.b.Lt
1l<;r.6-.1n.1;".'eJ.~.~.~.~.~.2 1!';r.6-.ln.I;".'eJ.~.~.~.~.~.2

. ~2.!';rb~tl . ~2.l<;rb~tJ
t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff

t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff ~2.l<;rb~tJ ~2.!';rb~tl t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff t1.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff

b
tJ tl

~2.l<;rb~t: ~2.!';rb~t:
~2.l<;rb~tJ ~2.!';rb~tl

Iflk.lll.~.jl; Iflk.l1l.~.1};

1!;.1;.~.1i;.1iI IS.P;";:.@ 11;.1;.~.Ii;.lil IS.P;'!;:.@ 1:;J.:i' .t:.~ .~.lo. 'i'.b.!1I .t:h~.tO. 'i'.b.l1I I~.~ IH I~.~ lfir.Iii.til Ii::./k l!lr.Iii.til Ii::.lk

~.~.r:.It..n.I';.~ l?o.~ ~.~.r:.It..n.I';.~ 1?O.~

l);l.~.'f.~.r..! .il.~.!l.z.'" l);l.~.'f.~.r..! :i1:~.Itz.'" 1l<;r.6-.I;".'eJ.~.~.f..2.b.1u 1!';r.6-.I;".'eJ.~.~.f..2.b.Lt

~2.b!1' ~2.b!1'

t: t: .
b3tJ.~~ b3tl.~~

t1."::l~.'eJb."::lff &.'::l~.'eJb.'::lff

b.ln.ib.ltJin.b 3"eJ b.ln.ib.ltJin.b3'cJ

SNOI.LVNIWON3U 'lV.LNVNOSNOJ SflOrnVA "3:0.>1 U3Sfl SNOI.LVNIWON3U 'lV.LNVNOSNOJ SflOrnVA 'HO.>l U3Sfl S3XUffiId .>10 .LUVHJ S3XU3'Hd .>10 .L'HVHJ
!:,SZ I>S'Z
~ P" ~ po. ;;"tJ ;;"tJ ~ fir bi'' 'tJ"r .1l:dtJIn. ;; ;;'tJ ~ fir bi'''tJ'r .Il:!. ttJIn. b~ 'tJ ..b~ ..1_", ...., -......, -......,
".,;)

3 '
"

CHAPTER THREE
3.55 ARTICLES In Tibetan, articles are not used as commonly as in English, but in order to fully understand Tibetan grammar we will briefly discuss the two types of particles:
L_~

!1"i'''It1iJi'''i<lt:::''iJi 1. !1"i'''It1iJi'''iq t::.'''iJi Dependent Particles

2, !1"i'"'"-"i'lt::.'''iJi !1"i'"'t::."i<!t::.'''iJi Independent particles

l' . . ~~ %' ~~
/

Indefinite articles are dependent particles since the applicability of an article is determined by the suffix of the preceding syllable. Hence articles are post-positions in the Tibetan grammar. The three indefinite articles are: i5"1 cig, ~"1 zhig, and"1"1 shig signify a, an, any, certain, ~"I some, someone, somewhere, and sometime, There are no definite articles in Tibetan, These sometime. Tibetan. three are also used as imperative particles, (See 14.4). 14.4), particles. 3.56 The form i5"1 cig is used aftet a syllabe ending in "I ga, "i da, and <I ba and thus: q
I

~.

~'.-,~

'2l'IJ'i5"1 '2l"l'i5"1

" ~;A-~
rd~.

'11"1' i5'IJ 'iI"I'i5"1

lug cig lugcig stag dg 'brug cig bya rgad cig byargad snod cig 'ad dg khab cig,
deb dg cig

a sheep a tiger a dragon an eagle a vessel

r.>.~'IJ'i5"1 r.>.!j"l'i5"1 S'~"i'i5"1 S,~",'i5"1

rr"i'i5 "I r'r",'i5"1

1'l':ri5 'IJ I'lq'i5"1
~<I'i5"1 ~q'i5"1
i!lQ'i5"1 /!lq'i5"1

~\i5"1

a light
a neddle aneddle a book a shield

khrab cig

~(:~-"-

3.57 The form ~"1 zhig is used after syllable ending in t::. nga, iJi na, i<J rna, r.>. a', .>; ~ ~"I ~

ra,

C1l ell la and vowel ending syllables thus: .qq' ~t::.'~"1 .qQ' ~~'~"I

thab tshang zhig slOd thUl zhig thUi mga mang zhig
gdanzhig gtlan zhig thunzhig !hun zhig spunzhig spun zhig sgam zhzg sgamzhzg

a kitchen a shirt a camel a mattress a session a relative .or a brother (sister) or a box a glass bottle a road

~",'~c.'~"1 ~"i'~c.'~"1
i!.'Jic..~"I ~'J:ic.'~"1 'IJ"iiJi~"I "I"'iJi'~"1 ~iJi'~"1 ~iJi'~"I ~iJi'~"I ~iJi'~"1 ~<>ri'i\'IJ ~<>r~"1 4ell'''i ..r~''I 4C1l'''ii>l'~''1 elli<J'~"I C1li>l'~"1
~

she! dam zhig lam zhig lamzhig

~~.,}.

"I~'~'IJ "F~"1
g;~'LJ'r.>."Ir.>.'~"I a:;c.'LJ'r.>."Ir:>.'~"1 ~'i<J'r.>."Ir.>.'~"I ~'i<J'r.>."Ir:>.'~"1

~3-

gangzhig gang zhig whoever (whatever) tshang pa 'ga' zhig some merchants tshong nyi ma 'ga' zhig some days

3:>
.jj..>J"P"~"1

~ .... ~"1

.>Jfl ...~"1
".>J"I'~""I'\"1
~

me mda'zhig gur zhig mkharzhig dmag sgar zhig mdel zhig khal zhig dkar gyol zhig mizhig rizhig su zhig khe zhig lee zhig so zhig

a gun (fire arm) a tent a castle a garrison a bullet akhal a porcelin a man a hill whoever a profit a tongue a tooth
(."

.>J"Cll~"1 FCll'~"1

"\"] ...'''IUlCll'~ "I .>J'I'\"1 ....1'\"1

~ ~ ~ ~

'!l.~"1

jii'~"1
~~

~'I'\"1 ~'I'\"1

--

bu mozhig a girl ~ ..>J'I'\"1 lhamozhig a goddess 3.58 The form.l:i"l shig is used after a syllable ending in a"l sa and thus: ~~'4"1 sras shig apnnce spas shig ii~'4"1 an incense 5~.l:i"l dus shig at a time

SJj~"1

--

~~.p.~"1 ~~'r:>.~"1

"'I "I
~ "I

[;;. ~ .>J r:>. ... [1J (and all Vowels) ~ .>J P. ... nJ
-

"

"\

~"1

1'\"1

4"1 .l:i"l
3.59

tlj JJt::: tlJ

NOUN

Tibetan substantives appear very frequently inmonosyllabic words which are formed of two or more letters and consist of one morpheme and this will be called a simple noun stem. This . includes nouns in single consonant, nouns in one or more consonants followed by a vowel and nouns in one or more consonants ending in either of the ten finals or ending in a vowel. Jl~. Jl~'

ming denotes the meaning of a word which nominates either a label (q')"1~'.;j~ btags-ming) an (q')"1~'~~ object or an actual name (,,\(~.~[;;. dngos-ming) of an object; common or proper name of an ("("I'.<i~ dngas-ming) animate or inanimate object. A noun must have at least two letters to nominate an object whether it is an actual name or a labelled name. An actual name is given to an object which has a relevant function denoted by the actual name; for instance an object which is hot and burning is called 'fire', and a creature who is dignified and proud like a king and who does not mix with other beasts is called 'a lion'. Btags-ming is a name given to an object which resembles an object that has an actual name and therefore labelled after it eg., a small fly which has a mere fire-like appearance in the night is called 'firefly' , and a Brahmin's son who has big eyes, flat nose and with a big mouth is also called 'lion' (faced).

There is also complex noun stems which are composed of a noun root and a formative or additive particle affixed as a suffix thus making the complex noun stems polymorphemic with two or more syllables. Tibetan relies heavily on combinations of morphemes as a means of creating words and has a large number of compound noun stems which are constituted of at ., least two morphemes where each constituent is attested as a free form and can occur as a simple noun stem and as well as complex if a formative particle is added to it. It is not to be confused with the nominal compounds as we shall see their differences in the examples.

;<

A derivational suffix is affixed to a simple noun stem to form a derived noun stem which expresses the meaning connected with a person's occupation or what he does with himself. There are also nominal compounds in Tibetan which are composed of noun stems standing in a specific relationship which can be in cO-<Jrdinate relationship or in sub-ordinate relationship. There are synonym and abstract nominal compounds too.

-. -.,

-. --'"

3.60 EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE NOUNS

fl !Xl
E::
Q

A. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS IN SINGLE CONSONANTS a; I:;. t:. mouth kha nga cha I pair
ja ba tea cow nettle hill
,;j .;J
Ul "l

'?

nya rna ya sha

fish mother an odd meat

l.j '4

pha

father fox goat land

.'ll

>1 >l

za
la

...
'>l

wa ra sa

~~"

OJ

'1

B. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS COMBINED WITH VOWELS

f,r
/

khu juice co brother pho male me fire zo eat 10 year

F
~

khe profit chriwater bu mo son she

[ii fii
[

kho he jo mi rni brother person

ngo face

~
l.j '4

51 tho list
~

jj JJ
~

mu together zho curd

,;j

Ji

tshe life ro corpse su who

<1l <1i

...
~

ri

OJ rli

hill ~ sho dice

'>l
~

Ii bell-metal <ii so tooth

C. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS ENDING IN THE TEN SUFFIXES

1:;."1 ngag speech 'lI"I t:."1

stag tiger phug inside

:ii"l thig line li"l phog ration

il9 zug pain
~t:. ~"

5"1
~"1 ~"I

dug poison

"i"l nog hump

~"1

jj"l JJ"I mig eye

zog cattle

.f;"I tshig word ~"1 tsheg dot !2!"1 12!"1 lug sheep -9"1 shig louse
~t:. ~"

J!lt:. rkyang wild donkey 1:1" khyung eagle

gyong loss mdung spear rndung

gong price pnce

I

5t:. 5"
J.l5t:.

J.l5"

,;j,i;c rnchong "I3't:. gcong chronic desease .;Jlc mchong gem "13'" phing vermicelli '\::'"i::'- dpung strength I4C

Q~C. btsong onion

~

a:;c., ;;;c.,

tsang nest commodity wood

tic.

rdzong

fortress

""c.
~c.

field zhing lung handle

:k zong ~c.
4C. shing
~

if~"i ~"i ~" 'iI~

Q~

rlung wind

Q~,,\

beud bend essence "l,,\ "l"\ yid mind 5"\ >lj~ palate >fJ~ rkan thun Session sman Medicine rdzun Lie

"1~"\ "1'?,,\ gnyid sleep

nad sickness Iud manure stan seat bran servant mtshan name (hon.) (han.)

rud avalanche
5~ 5~ !I~ !I~

gun

loss

~~ ~~

spyan eye

~~ ~~

QiI'~ Q;;'~
"1,,~ "1-'"~

btsan a spirit gzan upper robe khab needle

"l;;;~ i'la:;~

s:~ 5~
rll~

~~ rin Price

an answer

j'lQ j'lQ

I!lQ I!!" khrab shield

armour a;q a;" tshab representative r:>.~"l r:>.~i'l 'jim clay
~"l ~i'l ~Q phub ~"phub

<E,Q
"lQ UlQ

chab water (hon. i)Q deb book (han. ~Q yab father ~Q srab bridle
<E,"l <E,i'l

~"l ~i'l khyim house

"1']"l "1']i'l gtam talk

cham ritual dance oil r::'" r:;'" khur load

~'"

Q~"l bsnum Q~i'l bsn~m

rlli'l rll"l

lam road

yum mother (hon.) (han.) "lj'l'" mkhar palace i'lj'l'" rug

1lI'" sgar camp :lj'"

q",

"1~'" gter treasure

thur downhill slope

"1-'"'" "1"'" gzar "lrll i'lrll

par photograph "l'" mar butter i'l'" j'lCll 4'" shar east j'lC1l khal load
"li)rll i'l~rll Qrll bal wool mdel bullet a;rll tshil fat ""rll zhal face (hon) (han)

mal bed
~rll

sbrul snake

3.61 EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX NOUNS

A complex noun can be formed by adding a formative suffix to a simple noun stem, otherwise it will remain as a simple noun stem. The root of a complex noun is always the first syllable and the formative suffix can be dropped when assimilating in general context of a sentence without losing the meaning of the nominal root. Most complex nouns are free forms of simple nouns if nOuns the formative suffixes are not added to form complex noun stems. However, there are number of complex nouns whose last member of the stem also cannot be elided unless compounded with another complex noun stem.
PA,~ 3.62 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE ~ PA,.e.J PO AND ~ PU
j'lc.'q

....

>ljc.'" >fJc.'"

rkang pa khang pa house leg

"\"\.q ~,,\"q nad pa patient
2]"1'"

,,\,,\.q ,,\,,"q ~"1"" ngang pa thag pa thig pa dad pa swan drop faith rope
c.c.".. c.c.""
~"1." ~"1""

!:l"l"q

~,,\"q ~"i"q

"l"1' q
mag pa groom

~"\.,, ~"i""

Ipag lpag pa skin

phrag pa sbyin pa shoulder gift

smyon pa mad man

~" ..;:j ..;:j rgad mo rno old lady

/

~or.;:j

rgyal mo rno queen

'll'.;:j

'ltad mo lI'" .;:j rno

show
~ ..;:j ~ ..;:j

.Il"r.;:j .Il"l".;:j

<r.;:j <1".;:j

~ ..;:j ~'.;:j

rno rno thab mo ba mo dew quarrel

1lI'~ IJI'~ "I~t:..~

rtse mo rno peak

"1~t:.:~ <l;)t:.:~

<;Ja;",..;:j i;Ja;",'.;:j
';'

rntshan rno rno mtshan mo va mo vIxen night vixen

bzang mo zhwa mo Iha rno rno rno lha mo gcung mo rno hat goddess younger sis. a female name hat 3.65 ENDING IN SPECIAL SUFFIXES

Generally nouns ending in the following special suffixes serve to differentiate the meaning of noun stems otherwise somewhat similarly spelt and pronounced. There are several such formative particles which perform the function of dimunitive nouns as will be. exemplified below. The special suffix in complex nouns are determined by the final of the preceding syllable.
b_,_ b<

'\s,,'' 1 s,,"!
dpyid ka spring

"I,\t:. "I,\t:. 'If"!

gdengs ka hood
Ulor"l "lor"l

~",'j'l

K.. _ K...__

"I~'>:"j'l "I~"'j'l "\S'>:"j'l "\S"'j'l g~er ston kha dbyar kha gter kha mme mine summer autumn

'11.>:.'' 1 'l!"'''1
star ga walnut
'\~"5 '\~:5

1"."1 1.>:.'' 1
~>

ber ga stick
/',

yal ga branch

ok:"1 0it:."1 long ga belly i'i::

iiit:. iiit:. go nga collar

~.~

~.t:.

sgo nga egg

~.~

dbyu gu the 9th month

~"a;

i~;.,_

.,

~t:."~ >l1t:."~

seng ge lion
~

~~ mu ge rnu famine
Q"I'a, Q"I'a; brag cha echo

ku co cho nge lamentation noise

ora; or a,

Twa co horn
j'l"~ F'~

gla cha wages

,\"1' a; '\"1' a,
dag cha spelling

f1.I"I" a, "-1"1' a;
lag cha tool
~':3

"113 "1'3
Gau amulet box
cJ;.r1j a;'f1.I cho 10 dice

:'.:::., :"':'-;,'

la cha seal wax

~":3 ~':3

kha che Muslim

.q~. ::Q~'::-

itf,;:" it"'!;;:.

1ll":3 8'l":3 a ru myrobalan

"1':3 '1':3
ba ru myrobalan

--

skyu ru olive

byu ru coral

bse ru rhinoceros

i"~~

3.66 DIMUNITIVE NOUNS

Br:
i,c~_ it"'~-

khye'u infant

~f3 ~'3 sge'u ginger

'le: <1'3 he'u be'u calf

l?J"~ 1?J'5

~e: ~'3 rte'u foul

~f3 ~'3
rde'u . pebble

~e: ~'3 dre'u mule

~ ri'u goat

Se: S~ byi'u bird

"I~",'~ gzhon nu youth

rile: iilr:
le'u chapter
~f~ ~f5

.<jr: -'1e:
she'u lamb
~iQ';:J"I

lu gu lamb

>l1e: ~'3 se u pomegranate

l

'';'~~.~ .""~~-

phru gu child

i9"~"1 khyi phrug puppy

S'3, '14"1" ;:J"I 4"1';:J"I -~ I.j'' ' zhim phrug stag phrug phu nu brothers cub kitten

:0:';'> ~"'>~

,
c_~:"_ ;:~~" -

i "\' <.i "\.

rtsod pa dispute

~c::..<.i ~e::.'<.i

1l..r<.i 1l..

tshong pa merchant
~,,\.Q ~"\'Q skyid po happiness
~~.Q ~il\'Q

'2!c::.. <.i !e::.'<.i zarn pa lungpa valley bridge

v v v

~c::..<.i !'Ie::.'<.i zhing pa farmer

~

~~.<.i ~"l'<.i

sprin pa cloud

"\"1-",. Q "\"1"'-'Q dkar pa white

""\'lJ'Q ""\''I"Q bdag po owner
~",. Q ~'lj' Q

",~c::..Q ~c::..Q ~e::.'Q Gj,,\.Q ~~.Q 'lJ~e::.'<.i Gj,,\'<.i ~il\' <.i rgad po sngon po gcung po sprang po younger bro, beggar bro. old man blue

. ",;;g.Q . " ..g'Q

",~c::..Q 'lj~e::.'Q

rlJ Q 5rll'Q

",~-",.Q "I~"'-'Q

blon po minister

drnar po

red

gtsang po river

rgyal po king

gyar po loan

Iii",Q Iii'lj'Q sog po og po Mongolian crow

~".~ ~"'~

rtsid pu sgyid pu young goat oven

~".~ ~"'~

3.63 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE L:l BA,S BU ANDL:l BO PARTICLEL:l BA, S AND L:l

... ""

"1." "I'"
Irn-ba ka-ba pillar
",~r.>.. " 'ljil\r.>.'" gna' ba antelop

1'1." 1'1'"
kha ba snow
Z:F'l sc::." bung ba butterfly
~c::.9 ~e::.''3
I

ij'" <>l"\ -",. " lj." '~"'-'" rngar ba tho ba phyu ba black smith hammer gown
~." ~'"
~.q ~''l
~c::..<i ~e::.''l ~
~

sq S'"
du ba smoke
~.Q '!l'Q
v

srne ba mole

yung ba tumeric

nic::. <i nie::.''l long ba blindness

~c::..q ~F'3 ~ ......

so ba unhusked grain

l''3 !'ls

gro bu belly
~{1rs ~{'lrs

gling bu flute
,,~ri:i "\~rl:i

<>Ja;"." "'<>J." .>Ja;"l''3 ll!.>J' '3 -1_ "'...... rnchan bu snam bu felt footnote
~.l:i ~'i:i

QC:S Qc::.." ......

sprang bu bong bu beggar-boy donkey

~.Q ~'i:i
~.Q ~'.i:j

",~.Q 'lj~'i:i

ril bu pill

dgra bo enemy

chu bo river

gte bo gang leader

do bo load

nu bo younger brother

3.64 ENDING IN FORMATIVE PARTICLE ~ MA AND ~ MO

~"'-'<>J
~-",.,;J

... -

skra rna star

"I~-",..>/ 'lj~"'-'ilI

[!l.<>J [!l'.>J khra rna spite

.lj"'. <>J .ll'" .>J
~

~"I ..>/ ~"I'ilI

grog rna ant

~"'ilI ~"'.>/

5<>J ~.<>J ~'.>J 5'.>J rgya rna rnga rna tail scale S<>J S'.>J dri rna smell
~.,;J ~'<>J

... .>/ "'ilI

snye rna fern

gter rna treasure

~~ ill ~'!l' .>/

thur rna spoon

S<>J S'.>J bye rna sand

sderrna . plate
m<>J 1ll'.>J bla rna bJa teacher

nu rna breast

,;J~r.>. .>/ <>Jil\r.>.'.ill rnna' mna' rna bride

snas rna yarn

.... <>J Il'l.'>/ ll'l'ilI ,,'.>J a rna rama ama ra rna goat (she) mother

is is' .iJ
khyi mo rno dog (she)

3.67 DISYLLABLE NOUN STEMS

There are several notable differences between complex noun stems and disyllabic noun stems in the following ways: In the disyllable noun stem, the bare root of the simple noun need not to be the first constituent but can be either the first or the last without definite reasons provided. The dropping of non-noun root will not maintain the meaning of the disyllable stems of the noun but will often modify it into an unrelated simple noun. Disyllable noun stems are generally bound and are not free:

L
/

""J-,"-'Ilj"in< ""J-'"-'~"ir>l
dkar gyol porcelain

&q'~Ilj &"'~ll!

"~'IlJ~ "~'IiJ~
dge rgan tutor
-,"-OJ'~

~t:..~-,"~t:.'~-'"-

.
[,

skub steg chair

v

~n<'~ ~r>l'~ grong khyer rgyal sgo town gate

t-< .

q'",! et"'!'-' ct"'l' -'""''''I chos ra ba so monastic class ivory

UlOJ'''l "lOJ'''l

'5'''lt:.
ha yang aluminium

ral gri sword

yal ga branch

to.--

3.68 DERIVED NOUN STEMS

Derived noun stems are connected with animate nouns who are nominated by the things they do, and most appropriately by their occupation. The 'doer' noun derives from verbs and is formed by adding a derivational suffix to the simple noun stem which expresses the meaning 'connected with .>Ij'l~' mkhan or belonging to '" pa. There are number of categories of derived noun stems which are added to the distinctive simple noun stems as we shall discuss here, There is also derived noun stems from verb stems by adding an agentive suffix either to simple or compound verb or noun stems:

[:It:~.,<:,~e;\

.-

fju

"}' .>I1'l~ "1' .>If'l~ rku mkhan thief

r:>.~' a:Jl'lili .>Jf'l~

~'.>II'la:, ~'.>If'la:,

S.>II'l~ S.>If'l~

q~n<' .>If'l~ "~r>l' .>I1'l~

~' .>I1'l~ .>If'l~

gru mkhan boatman

ngu mkhan cner

~'.>Il'lili ~'.>If'l~

beol mkhan investor

q~'a:Jl'lili "~'.>Jf'l~

nyo mkhan buyer

"l t:.'a:J1'l ili ''It:.' .>Jf'l~
v

It:.'a:Jl'lili ,k.>Jf'l~

~;;""'

'bri mkhan author

thsong khang rdza mkhan seller potter

bzo mkhan manufacturer

yong mkhan comer

i:,'"

to,:
"

q-:ra:Jl'lili "-:r .>Jf'l~

bshu mkhan copier

a:J1'l"'!'" .>Jf'l"'l'" r150m mkhan mkhas pa rtsom composer scholar

8'.>1' a:Jl'lili .>Jf'l~

~-'"-'" sger pa private

'l},\,gj'q 'l},\'.li'q

rnga pa drummer

f{;.

Ilj~"'" gcod pa Chad student Chod

~~"'"

'?''' 'f"
nya pa fisherman

1'l'r1J'" f'l'r1J' "

kha 10 pa driver
~n<'r:>.S-'"-'" ~r>l'r:>.S-'"-' " rnal 'byor pa Yogi

i i

ltad mOjba mOiba spectator

Q"I~'" Q"I"'l'"

et"'!'" ct"'l' " chos pa religious person j'la:J'Ij'" j'l.>J'Il' " khams pa Khampa

.l'l'a:Jn<'" .l'j'.>Jr>l'" tha mal pa ordinary

<:I,,'" <:I,,' "

bod pa Tibetan

sbrags pa postman

f:_';


3.69 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS
In Tibetan nominal compounds are formed by a juxtaposition of one or more noun stems and each of its constituents are meaningful in themselves unlike the disyllable noun stems where the formative particles have no separate meaning of their own. Tibetan has a largely developed

jjl:;.'l!("i. q compounds of nouns, verbs, adjectives and as well as adverbs. Generally the Jll::.'l!("i'q mingsdud-pa (co-ordimltive nominal compounds) consist of two nouns and when there are more than two nouns compounded together they are followed by the number of the nouns listed. It is the first syllables of disyllabic or polysyllabic ,nouns which are compounded, hence the Tibetan nominal compounds are difficult to follow if one does not know the forms of the root noun stems of the compounded.
~",'ft;, ~",'flt;,

"iSr'lJ'f1t;, ''is''ff1t;,
dnguI khang money house =bank

a;t;,'ff11::. <,t;,'11:;.
chang khang alcohol house = tavern

sman khang medicine house= hospital

~"I~'f1t;,

e.'f11:;. 11::.
ja khang tea house
~r'lJ'~", ~"rlil'" rgyaI blon rgyal bIon king and ministers
~

J,J.i:"i' 11::. J,J.:"i'f11:;.

mchod khang shrine room
~'fi1 ~'fil nyi zla slln and moon
~F~J,J~

tshogs khang assembly hall.=hall

~'''lfll ~''''r'lJ

rgya bal India and Nepal

"i9'~"1 dge sdig virtue and non-virtue

n:;'Q",

10 pan Lotsawa l.otsawa and Pandita

byang sems Enlightenment thought

"l,\J,J.i:"I"I~t;,r.>.5.~r.>.~"IS'i"I~<>I is compounded as Cl'\"I~t;,'r.>.~"I'''I~J,J bde-gsang- JigCl'\"I~t;,r.>.~"I"I~J,J "''\'J,J.:''I'''I~t;,'r.>.5.~'r.>.~''I'S'i'''I~J,J gsum Cakrasamvara, Guhyasamaja and Yamantaka.

'lI"I'~I::.'9't;,"I~J,J 'lI"I~1:;.91;!t;,"I~J,J is compounded as 'lI"I'~t;,'I::.'''I~J,J stag-seng-khyung-gsllm tiger, lion & 'lI"I.~t;,'I;!I:;.'''I~J,J stag-seng-khyung-gsum

eagle.
?'J,J~"'eI"I,,,,,~ti;!I::."I~J,J ?eI'ljI::.''lj~J,J ?J,J~"'eI"I",~tl;!l:;."I~J,J is compounded as ?eI'ljI;!I:;.'lj~J,J rta-phyag-khyung-gsum

Hayagriva, Vajrapani and Garuda.

~~r"i912i"l'!l<:!"jr.>.<:!~"i~I:;.J.I' is compounded as ~"i9<:!"Ir.>.~t;,<:!f.\ ~'~r"i9!2i"l'!fCl"jr.>.'Cl~"i'~I::.'J.I" ~"i9Cl"lr.>.'~t;,Clf.\ sa-dge-bka'-rnyingbzhi Sakya, Geluk, Kagyud and Nyingma, the four Tibetan Buddhist traditions.

ubordinate nominal compounds are formed by disyllabic nouns where the genitive case suffix of the former and last particle of the latter are dropped in its process of compounding. The first constituent of the compound stands as an attribute of the last and, it depends on the last to determine its meaning.
~['lJ'i:ir..:.~~ ~flli:ir..:~~

<1'lr..:'jj"l Il'lr..:'jj"l
ci:~.~.~ ci:~.~.~

rgyaI po'i sras, king's prince = rgyal chu'i mig, water's eye = chos kyi sde, religious community

~r'lJ'~~ !5ifll'~~

rgyal sras = prince rgyaJ ~'jj"l ~.jj"l chu mig =spring chos sde=monastery

= ci:~'~ ci:~.~

~'<>Ji'.i'~<:. ~'<>Ji'.l'~<:'

nyi ma'i gung, sun's middle

~a:,'~<:' Dyin dgung ~a:,'~<:. nyin

= mid day

SYNONYMOUS COMPOUND

,.
, <

Synonymous compounds are also used.in Tibetan in a definite mode of expression in which two syllables either nouns or adjectives of similar meaning are grouped together to simplify in explaining the either meaning of the two words by its usage:

"inja:,'<>Ji"I "inja:,' <>Ji"I

"j..~ t.s

dkon mchog jewel

"i<Jr:l.'<>JE(<:,~ "i<Jr.l.'<>JE(<:,~

~a:,'!!I"I glen lkug dumb

l:lia:,'t:l,~~ l:lia:,'r.l.~~

W'''I'"J~ W'''I~~

~a:,'~"'1~ ~a:,'~"'1~

r:l."i<>J'~l:l r.l."i<>J'~l:l

glu gzhas song

~nr~<>J~ ~nr~<>J~

snyan grags fame

ga:,'<>J~"1 ga:,'<>J~"ll

'dam rdzab mud

~.~<:. ~'~<:'

-,;., .. -,;'.

;',' ;0"

.,/' ""-,it.; "$i..:

dpa'mdzangs brtson 'grus bravery diligence

~~r"l"~~'''ll''' zlos gar drama
-9~'''-l:l -9~''''l:l
~

tshul khrims tshon mdog morality colour

"I11'Q~"i "ll:1l'Q~"i
I

zhe sdang hatred

L<l" Lf <>J

~~~'~"1 ~~~'!i"l

shes rab wisdom

gzibrjid glory

mdzes sdug beauty

<>J

pha rna parent

3.71 ABSTRACT NOUN COMPOUND

[<

Abstract nouns are formed by grouping together two adjectives with opposite meaning:
~

"1"-' ru "ll""1ij
~i>f~a:,

gar-sla skam-slon skyid-sdug khe-gun

i

(thick-thin) thickness of liquid (dry-wet) dampness or dryness (pleasure-sorrow) condition of life (profit-loss) price of goods (good-bad) quality of things (enemy-friend) relationship between people (old-young) age (early-late) time (big-small) size (smooth-rough) texture (high-low) height (clear-muddy) cleanliess of water (benefit-harm) effect (thin-thick) size of thread, rope etc (coarse-fine) fineness of flour (hot-cold) temperature

~'\'~"1 ~"i'!i"l
~'~a:,

"i"lr.l.'!i"l "i"llr:l.'~"1
"i~'''I~a:, "i~r"l~a:,

dga'-sdug dgra-gnyen rgas-gzhon snga-phyi che-chung 'jam-rtsub tho-dman dwang-snyog phan-gnod phra-sbom rtsing zhib rsha-grang

,. ,t,.;. l;,

4j~'''Ii>;a:,
~

'1('::/

~'~c:.
r.l.g<>J'~Q r:l.g<>J'~Q

<>J~'''i<>Ja:,

"ic:.'~"1 'ic:.'~"1

<la:,'''ll~''i <la:,'''I~''i
::j'~<>J :nj<>J
~

~c:.'~Q
a;'~c:.

i<l~<:'"f@,,\

mdzangs-blun mdzangs-bJun bzang-ngan ring-thung brJan-gsher brlan-gsher gsar-rnying

(wise-fool) intelligence (good-evil) quality of a person (long-short) distance, length (wet-fluidity) moisture (new-old) new.
3.72 ~t::.' 1lI 3. 72 c>Jt::.. ll! NUMBER

<1.'0<:"<:',,\ "1.'1<:''<:'"\

~'g<:.

q~'4'"
llj~""f<:' llj~""f<:'

Tibetan nouns and adjectives have grammatically three numbers although dual is seldom used in practice. "I;sllj'"1 gcig-tshig, singular; "I,~r"1 gnyis-tshig, dual; and i<l<:.'"1 mang"I iSllj'"1 i<l<:""1 tshig, plural are the three numbers. There are several dual and plural suffixes: .0"1 cag, ;g i5"1 ii tsho and j,i<l~ rnams which are attached to nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the sigular number to express plurality. They are independent of the suffix of the preceding syllable. The grammatical dual suffix is '1"1 dag but it is also used for plurals and ''1 nyid is used for singular.

3.73 COLLECTIVE NOUN SUFFIX There are number of collective noun suffixes '1"\ kun, ib<:.:i<l tshang rna, '15 dgu, "C!
brgya, ~'lj cog, .lji<l~r.o'1 thams-cad, i<l.lj~''1''l mtha'-dag, ;g tsho, ;g"l~ tshogs, Ui<:.~' .lji<l~ri5'1 ~llj i<l.lj~''1''l ii ii"l~
ti'''I~ yongs rdzogs,::I<:. phung, and khyu which all signifies many, all, collection, rdzogs,::I<:' kbyu everything, and everyone, These terminations are more common in classical Tibetan than in

modem spoken language where the appropriate enumerative numerals or the word j', tsho or

....

i<l<:.'l.l mang-po are used to express plural. Collective nouns are formed when the appropriate i<l<:"l.l lexical plurals are affixed to the correct animate an inanimate nouns.

3.74 EXAMPLES
i5.Ji''J''\ ~i<l~' .o.Ji''J''\ sems can kun all living beings
J'lj~'ibli<l~'i5'1 Jllj~' ij' .!li<l~' .0'1
~q'ib<:'li<l ~q'ib<:'li<l

deb tshang rna all the books

'1~'q'i<llilr:r,,\"1 '1~'q'i<l.lj~'''i''l

~~'1''15 Ui'1'~'~'lj Ui'1'~' ~llj cog: 'dod dgu yod do cog' everything desirable everything

<:.' j', nga tsho we

4<:,'~c:. 4<:"~<:'

p'~,;g ~~'ii

grogs po thams cad all the friends

jj' ;g'lj~ ii"l~

dge ba mtha' dag all the virtues

~,,\'~c:. ~"\'~c:. sprin phung cluster of clouds
~

'di tsho these nJ'lj'e! ~"I'1;l lug khyu Jug kbyu flock of sheep

mi thsogs gathering

GENDER In the Sanskrit, French and other languages, every noun is of the masculine, feminine or the neutar gender. It is difficult to see the logic of applying the term 'gender' to things and substances which are destitute of sexual properties, This however is not the case with Tibetan, which, in this respect, has followed the order of nature, The names of males are of the

3, 14'c>Jr:l.'?ll!~ 3. 75 I.4'JJf.l.'?llI~

shing phung heap of wood

--

........""-

masculine gender; the names of females are of the feminine gender; and all other nouns are of neutar gender. gender,
/

In spite of the gender division in the Tibetan alphabet, there is no grammatical gender ?"1~ rtags in Tibetan language. However animate nouns have either seperate word for masculine language, and feminine or if they share the same stem then the feminine is formed by adding suffixes such
.<.
_~

as Jl rna or J:j rno to simple or complex animate noun stems, Complex masculine noun stems or.;j stems. ending in .Q ba, Q pa, Q po and i;i pho are substituted by Jl .<:l Q

,,~---

...

rna or J:j rno to form or.;j

feminine, and simple animate nouns also take either Jl rna or Jl rno if there is no seperate
"-,,,-~

word, feminine word.

3.76 EXAMPLES 3,76

1.,.~-1._.~--

is
khyi kbyi dog
'\iiI'~1'.I "ilJ' ~O,i

;:
'i,,~-" ."",~~"

~ jS"Ji IS""-l khyi rno bitch

~."I ~'''I

~~,\Jl", ~~"Jl",

khyo ga husband
"i"l'~e:. "iilJ~e.

skyes drnan wife

'\iiI' ~e.' ill "ilJ' me:: ilJ

"i~'~1'.I"ilJ "i~' ~O,i' ill

--

~,.,-."'--

dge tshul novice

~'Q ~'Q

dge tshul rna novice nun

Il'l.~ Il'l'~

dge slong fully ordained monk

.Q~""Q .<:l~""Q

dge slong rna fully ordained nun

.Q~"".ill .<:l~""ilJ

grva pa monk
~,,-.., ~",..,

a ne nun
f'qii'",'ill f'qil","ilJ

btsun pa monk
'i/"I 'l/"I stag tiger

btsun rna nun

.. ..

=<.",'Q'~ =<.",'Q'~

rin po che Venerable

~\;;d-

rje btsun rna sister

"iQ~'Jj "iQ~'Ji

'l/"1'Jj 'i/"I'Jl stag rno tigeress

~"i'Jl <iI"i'Jl rgod rna mare

/
tt"":tt""--

,\q",'q "iQ",'Q

'7
rta

dpon po chief
~O,i'Q ~1'.I"q

dpon rno ladyship

~O,i'J:j ~1'.I"Ji

horse
"iqr:>:'l ,\Qr:>:<5 dpa' bo hero
I

~..f'

rgyal po king
>,,",$'

rgyal rno queen

~r,ij ~rJj

I I

'\Q(:l..Ji "iQr.>.'Jj dpa'rno heroine

I

~rij ~r?'.i

Q,\'Q 'l"i'q

'",.;-

bya pho rooster

me:. me. glang ox

bya rno hen

q"(~"I~) Ji q'(~"l~) Jj

bod pa Tibetan man

2j 21 va fox
t..!"l'q "'l"l"Q phag pa

Q"i',ij 'l"i'Jj bod rno Tibetan lady 2j'Jl 21' J:j va rno vIxen
t..!"l'Jj "'lQr Ji phag rno

ba (phyugs) rno (Phyugs) cow

..<:j'J:j 4'.;j

';;;;:-, \;,...

"l'q ' '1' '1 sha ba

sha rno

l":;'-<: l"-;'-<:

J', /:
~j;':~j,':-

buck

doe
o.~ t>.~

pIg

sow
~riJ bu mo girl (daughter)

"I"l"l
gyag yak

':J ':l
bu boy (son)

'bri female yak

3.77

6'\' a;~

..,..

ADJECTIVES

An adjective is used to indicate a specific attribute. connected with a noun. With exceptions attribute noun, TilJetan most adjectives in Tibetan frequently appear after the noun followed by either of the additional J,J J,J particle e.g, Q Zi J.l ,ij etc. Please note that ~ Zi J.l ,ij also occur as the last syllable of some e.g. noun. nouns as we have seen, In some cases there are adjeCtives which are put before the noun" seen. Declension of one, two or more adjectives take place after the additional particle of the last adjective, pronoun or after the article if there is one. Majority of classical Tibetan adjectives are formed from substantives by adding q,,'ll'Q ,,'" Il!'" J,Jc.o.'q Gi"'Q or by adding either of the five q"~"Q ""1 2!"1 J.lc.t>."q Gi,,"Q genitives, These represent English adjectives ending in ate, en!, ish, Jul, ive, ious, eous, ive, genitives. etc. Negatives are formed either by prefixing or suffixing J.l ~ ~"1 .j:j" "I'll Srll ~c. and "q", J,J ~'" .jl" "I~ which correspond in their use to dis, less, ii, im, and un prefixed adjectives in English. The English, latter two can be used as adjectives as well as verbs, verbs.
C.","Q c.""Q evil
"I~",.<:j "I~","<:j

" '.

._J

J.lfl~"Q J,Jfl'll'Q learned

3.78 EXAMPLES ~"I~"Q ~"I'll'Q fat

"I41","<:j "I41di"<:j dead "C."<:j "c.'<:j first
~~"J;ili ~~'J:ili

""-"l"Q """I' Q coarse

~c.li ~c."Ii clever
~q'li ~q"Ii

"I~",,-"Lj "I'll"'" Ll new

..tJ ..tJ

~c..<:j ~C."<:j

long

antidote
~"I'li ~"I"Ii rich
~

clever
~.>lli ~J.l"Ii

".>lli "J.l"Ii
tight
~~",,"1 ~'ll'''",

rough
~q'll'Il!~ ~<:J~"2!"1

round
~~f2!~ ~'ll'Il!~

iii"ri!"""I ill'ri!'"'"
lazy
~rll"2!~ ~rll'Il!'"

corporal

precious
~~f2!~ ~~'Il!~

powerful

strong

"i"lt>."2!"1 "i"I0.'Il!'"
joyous
"I~""-'5'!l""-" .>l "I~"""5'!l"""J.l golden spoon
.;.rO:~"Q .;.r 0:'ll"Q

fortunate
~"J.lD."O:" ~" .>lD.'rs:" sun's rays
JJ'~'LJ ~":::F" <:J

intelligent
'iI"I'~''1j''l'll"Ll 'iI"I"~"'1l"l~" Q

rs:"'Il!~ O:""2!~ bright light

q""~"<:Jrll q"'~'qr>.i

.j:j'U;j'<b'q .jl"U;j""'"<:J
fire's heat
.>liF"l~ J.lilr.\""I~

tiger skin
~"I~'.j:j" ~"l~".jl" unobstructive

Tibetan wool

"," ~"1 ~.~~

meaningless

unsuitable
~"Srll ~'SI1l

unsuitable
~"I"Qrll ~""Qrll

boundless

stainless

faultless

"I1'\~'~c. "I1'\"I"~c. empty of other

~~'"q", ~~""q"l physical isolation

I
I
I

3.79 REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVES 3,79

There are also various semi-reduplicated forms of adjectives which are used either by duplicating the first adjective or by adding some particles, These are more colloquially used than COlloquially literary:
;fjc:.';fjc:.' 'c:."c:.' Concave .t"l'.t"l hasty
~'q'~'q' ~'q'~'q'
~F~c:.' ~F~,F

~-".'~-".' ~""~""

~h"I
crooked (1jq'(1jq iihiljq flat
~"I'~"I
~

ic:.'ic:. rough
~"I'~"I :2"1':2"1

straight
'?"I.~"I '?"I'~"I

.:.;;.' .:;;.'

roundish ~"I.;t"l ""I';t"l

miscellenou~ miscellenou~

problematic
~.ij.~.ij ~'ij'~'q

fl/de flIde
~

"'1"1'''-1''1 "-1"1' 1'

better

"I~c:.'''I~c:. "I"q"c:.

Very early

very late

worse

very clean

3.80 DEGREE OF COMPARISON 3,80

~

In some Tibetan dialects the adjectives of comparative degree is expressed bye:: more than,

/-

thus ~'J.lll = higher and the superlative by "'''I', most, thus ",q'J.lll' =highest. However the most ~J.lll -".q', -".qJ.lll common degrees of comparison in Tibetan, are expressed by "l"l' q"l' and <:J"l' meaning "than" (1j"l' which are put in between the name of the person or a thing to which comparison is made and the adjective. In spoken Tibetan the comparative is formed either by reduplicating the final of the adjective, root stem of the adjective as shown in the examples, Adjectival suffixes are dropped in all examples. comparative and superlatives, Similarly superlative is formed by adding.i'j"l but this is more superlatives. frequently usSd in the spoken language than in classical. Adjective
Comparative

Superlative Colloquial
,\"1-".' .i'j"l '\"1""

Superlative Classical
.L'If,\"1-".q .L'If '\"1"" q x .L"l' J.I"I~' <:J' .L "l' J.J"I~'

.. j

,\"1-".' q '\"1""

,\"1-".'-".' (q.) '\"1"""" ("I')

white J.Ii"l"l'ij fast

~J.I,q ~J.I.q

whiter J.J"l"l'''I J.I"l"l'''I faster ~.>j'.>j' ~J.J' J.J' <:J' tastier

whitest J.I"I"l'.i'j"l J.I"I"l' .i'j"l fastest

~.>j' ~J.J' .i'j"l

x
.L"l'~.>j' .L"l'~J.J' <:J

tasty
~c:.,q ~c:..q

clever "-I"I. q "-I"I'q

/, /'t

(q) ("I) cleverer : "l"l'''I "-1"1'' 1

~c:.'c:.'

-'

good P.E.J.I.q rJ.E.J.I' ii smooth "IIW<J "IIW<:J young c:.,q rough ,\<:Jr.>.,q ,\<:JI<'q brave

better P.E..>j' .>j' rJ.E.J.J'J.J' smoother "I~d)'a; "I~d\'a; younger ic:'c:. rougher ,\<:Jr.>.'q ,\<:JI<'q braver

<:J'

tastiest ~c:.".i'j"l cleverest Ul"l".i'j"l "-I"I".i'j"l best rJ.E.Jf.i'j"l P.E.Jf .i'j"l SmOO(des( smootdest "I~a;".i'j"l youngest c:.".i'j"l roughest ,\<:Jr.>.".i'j"l ,\<:JI<".i'j"l bravest

x
.L"l'~c:.' q'

x .J;"l'''-I''I'''I ~"l'Ul"l'''I x .L"l'P.E..>j' <:J .L"l'r.>.E.J.J'<J

--

x
a;"l'''I~a;'<:J .L"l'''I~a;'<:J

x .L"l'ic:.'c:. a;"l'ic:.'c:. x .L"l',\<:Jp"q , .L"l',\<:JrJ.'q

x

!: A

3.81 ADVERBIAL SUPERLATIVES

There are adjectives which are formed inyto comparative and superlative by puttinmg number of adverbial particles before the positive. They can be rendered into Enmglish coparative and suprelatives which are formed by putting more and most. There are several choice of superlative forms for one comparative form ...q. ...q.
Adje~tive Adje~;tive

Compa~tive Compa~tive

I
'1"i"~" '1"'i'~'

q"c:l.l "l"c.'q good_ "Il\ln.j" q "I2\I(lj"l.l

...q"~q"C"l.l q~"q"C"q very good ...q"~'''12\1(lj"(j q'~'''Il\ln.j"(j

Clear

Very clear

J;2\I' J;l\1" x -9"i"~" x -9"'i"~" extremely x eminently x J;2\I" J;l\l' x -9"l"~" -9~'~' x extremely x eminently x

UlC.l\j'l\j' x "ic'\I"2\1" ~ entirely x UlCl\j'l\j' x "ic~r~r ~ entirely x

x completely x '1"l"~" '1~'~' x completely x

3.82 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES

'j"\ 'j"'i
all 'ljC' ~.>l2\l qF~.>ll\l those who r.>."I0."~"1 Cl."II>.' ~"I some r.>.qo."~"1 Cl. <ll>.' ~"I only
(lj"(lj"~"1 Cll"(lj"~"1

f'l.~"1 ['l'~"1

someone "IC''\''I "Ic.",\"1 whatever o."lo."UlC o."Io."UlC. some also "1t'\"'i "It'\"\ other
~""1C"'\"l ~f"lC.',\"I

"1C"UlC "IC.'UlC whatever "Id"t"l "Id "t"1 whosoever

~"UlC ~'UlC.

"1C"UlC'~'q "IC.'Ulc":~r::<l

0."10.

whichever ~"'\"I whatsoever

~"UlC'::::C'q ~'UlC."~C."<l

whatever

anything
"1t'\"l"~""lC "It'\~'~'''IC

''It'\''l"~''1 "It'\~'~"1 another thing

1t.~".~"r'\"1 1t"~'\'~.r'\"1 however many ~2\I'''l ~l\l'~ therefore
o.~"~,\ o.~'~,\

whosoever ~"q~"l'5 ~'q~~'5 ~.~,\ accordingly upto o.~"~", ~"~ o.~''l!'" ~''l!'" in this way likewise -...... ...... .... ,\sq(W"i '\S<lt'\~'"'i ~'.>l'i1"l"~ ~.>l'iI"I"~ immediately that is so

someone

...

thus
~"~"'""'l<:' ~''l!'''''';c.

whosoever 1t.~ ... 1t"~ just as ~.~, q2\l""'i ~.~" <ll\l'"\ therefore ~"~'\ ~'~'\ thus
~"~o.c ~''l!o.c

some 0.~",\"1 I>.~''\''I these Q"t'\"l Q't'\"1 any (lj"(lj n.rCll someone

--

1t,~,\ 1t.~,\

>-'

until ~'''l2\l ~'~l\l thereupon

~""l<:' ~'''I<:'

even so

however

with regard to ~"q1\"'\ ~'<l1i''\ similarly

~

<

3.83 '1It:...l:;l NUMERALS '1It:..~ Numerals occur in the same position as number suffixes in a noun phrase. Tibetsn numerals : can be sub-classified follows: a) .>l<:''7<:,"Qr~C2\I cardinals, b) i;j-:~. ;rj"~<:'l\l ordinals, c) i"llll"qr.l: i;j"4r)'~<:'2\1 l"1l1ll.la .>lc.'7c.'Qr~c.l\l . ~c.l\j aggregatives, d) ~C.'\I"5"J"4'\1 fractionals, e) 0.~"'1li<l multiplicatives f) .t,\o.~"l"l.la"~c.'\I ~c.l\l'5"'4l\l J~\o.g:~.qf.('~c.l\j ~c.'\I o.~"'"lliq

is as

approximatives and g) fJ.e:.(lj"~'\"5"~<:. 2\1 mea~urements. 0.e:N~'\5'~<:'l\l mea~urements.

3.84 J.lt:...,?t:.. Qr~t:...l:;l CARDINAL NUMERALS aK"'?t:.."l:r:F~

~

The Tibetan cardinal numbers are simple to count with the exception of some spelling

<l;S'~ q;S'<l!;j'\ irregularities. Fifteen and eighteen do not share Q~ but are said and written q;S"~ and q;s.q::J'\
.Ij.>l'l.l respectively. The tens are also suffixed with .Ij.>l'q to denote a decade. There are other suffixes decade,
~"l ~"I

and.t which are put after all tens, hundreds and thousands, Generally the prefiX 9 is thousands. and a; prefix "1 when it is used to count higher

dropped and also the root letter Q is changed into a; from "l~"l Q into'" "I~"I

numbers above one hundred. The elision of prefix "I applies to "I~~ and "I~"l for higher hundred, numbers. Each scores of ten has a separate particle corresponding to ty in English which is put numbers, nine. between the ten and the units upto ninety nine,

,
t

"I~"I
"I~'ll "I~'Il
"I~"l "I~"l

1 one 2 two 3 three

~

11 eleven

'I

12 twelve
13 thirteen

"
''I
p~ P'I

qil'''I~''I 'lil'''I~''I qil'''I~'Il 'lil'''I~'ll

qil'''I~''l 'lil'''I~''l

''-""
~:

e
e

'I

qil'ql'j 'lil''ll'j
~

4 four 5 five 6six 7 seven 8 eight eight' 9 nine 10 ten

14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty

'"

"
... ""
I' <'

/ I'
~:f" ft:f"

'"

pJ

"I q,\"i 'l'\"i

~

,e p"" p"'" p"

''''
,~

qil'q~ 'lil''l~ q~'~ 'l~'~

,pJ

'" '"" '"

~

q,,'!'i"l 'l,,'!'i"l
~~

qil'q~"i 'lil''l~"i

q~,\ 'l~,\

q~'q~,\ 'l~''l~,\

'\~

po '0
t,,," L,
'I'

q:fJq<>f<l 'l:fJqM<I

qil',\"1 'lil''\''1 ~':l'Jq"l'<1 '?':I' Jq"l' <I

~

8, llij'
~..; ~~

~':r~'''I~''1 ~':r ~'''I~''1

~"l'
~

" q~'q~..~'''I~''I e, 'l~'qil'~'''I~''I "'"

"" ~'qil't:.'~"1 ~''lil'c:.~''1

il''ll'''I''''I il''Il'''I''''I

21 twenty one 31 thirty one 41 forty one 51 fifty one 61 sixty one 71 seventy one 81 eighty one 91 ninety one 100 one hundred

etc, 22 twenty two etc. 32 thirty two etc, etc. 42 forty two etc. etc, 52 fifty two etc. etc, 62 sixty two etc. etc, 72 seventy two etc etc, 82 eighty two etc.. 92 ninety two etc, etc.

'1'1 '1'1 ~'1

~':l'~'''I~''i ~':1'~'''I~'>i

~"l'il'<;i'''I~Z;; ~"l'il'<;i'''I~Z;;

q q~'qil'~'''1~~ eo 'l~''lil'~'''1~~ "'I ~qil'c:."I~'ll "-'I ~'qilt:.'''I~'Il "'I

"''I

~' iiW'

'" "I'il':<""I~"I 5i"l'''':<''''I~''I ~ pJp 'l~"i'ir~"i'''I~''I "" q~"i'il"~"i'''I~''I ..., 'l~,\'il'~'''I''''I "'" q~,\'il'S'''I''''I
~

"I'il':<""I~'ll "I'il':<""I~'Il

q,\"i''''~"i'''I~'Il 'l~"i'il'~"i'''I~'ll
~ ~

,,~ 'l~,\'il'~'''I~'ll ~'I q~,\'il'~'''I~'Il

I'~ ,\~'qil'''I'''I'?'Il <''I ,\~''lil'''I'''I~'ll

<', 1"

'\5'qil'~'''I~''I '\"I''l'''~'''I~''I ~

,00 q~'Jq"l'<I '00 q~'Jq"l'<1

~-

pop po p p(J!JJ. P(llJJ.

q~',\t:.."1~"1 q~'''c:.'''1~''1

101 One hundred and one etc, etc.

1>::':;

,,-,->

q~,\t:.q~"i'il~"i'~ 175 One Hundred and seventy five, Q~i'"c:.''l''"i'il'~"i~ five.

~

pooo ~c:.'::I"I'''I~''1 or ~c:..a;."I~"I or "r~c:. ~t:.'::j"l'''I~''1 ~t:..a;."I~"I "r~t:.

<\000 '\000

thousartd, 1000 One thousartd. 2000 Two thousand etc. 10000 Ten thousand.

~~) ~u

Wt:.'::j"l"I~'Il or ~c:..a;."I~"l or ~'ll'~c:. ~t:..a;,"I~"l ~'Il.~t:. Wc:.'::I"I'''I~'ll

~'a;'''I~''I "I.~ poooo ~'::j"l'''I~''1 or ~'a;'''I~''I or "I'~ ~'::I"I'''I~''1

W.J
I' /

pooooo r:>.S"l::I"I"I~"I or "II'l.S"l 100000 One hundred thousand. "Ir:>.S"l I'l.S"l::j"l'''I~''I

p(llJJ.~(ll'l "II'l.S"l QW~' ~'~c:.'''''I''l~' q'\il\'il'~"i'''I~''l1 P(J!JJ.~(J!'1 "Ir:>.S"l qw~' ~'~t:.',\"I'q~' 'l'\il\'il'~"i'''I~''l1
~
~ ~

~~ ~.%

175973 One hundred and seventy five thousand nine hundred seventy three.

'll'''l a million. S'Q ten millions. 'Il'''l S'Q 'Sc:..;:t..., 'St:..;:t..., a hundred million. ij...r:>.8a:J a thousand millions. ij .... I'l.',:a:J
~,!: ~-:.

4Y
ij,,'o.SilJ''!;Oj,q, ten thousand million, ~QriS9' ij,,o.Si<J,i;Ojq million. '!;OJ'l;J, billion, ~9'iS9' ,i;Oj'<J, a billion.
3.85 9'..,J.j'::!1'::!t::.~ 9...,J.I::!l~t::.~
~ ~ ~

ORDINAL NUMERALS
except the first,

All ordinals are formed from the cardinals by adding to them the particle l<J ;J

which is ,,\e:::q instead of "I~"I'l;J ~',,\r:;,'q' ~'''I~~'l;J' The "I~"I'<J ~',,\r:;..q. ~'''I~~'<J' ordinals from twenty one onwards are somewhat abbreviated and modified form of the cardinals. The volume number of books on Buddhist canon or collected works of great scholars 30, are expressed by the thirty letters of the alphabet from "I to ll'l, denote the numerals from 1 to 30. ll'I, Volumes from 31 to '60 are expressed by th thirty letters added with the vowel i thr
I , .....

volumes from 61 to 90 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel u ("I to!!3 ), volumes to f!3 from 91 to 120 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel e ("I to
~ ~

("i

to I1i ), l1i

ll'l ) ll'I

and lastly
ll'l ll'I ). ),

volumes from 121 to 150 are expressed by the letters added with the vowel 0 ("j to instance the volume number 78 will be marked ~ since with the vowel u of the third cycle, cycle.

For

:1
".(

a::;

is the 18th letter of the alphabet

,,\r:;..q ,,\r:;,'q
~

1st

"I~~'l;J "I~~'<J

2nd

"I~ilJ'l;J "I~i<J'<J

3rd

"l~'l;J q~'<J r:;,'''I~''I'l;J r:;.'''I~''I' <J

4rth etc, etc. 51st 91st etc, etc.

~"'''I~''I'l;J 2l:st ~"'''I~''I'<J 21:st

~'''I~''I'l;J 31st ~'''I~''I' <J

~'''I~''I'l;J 41st ~'''I~''I'<J :'r"l~"I'l;J 81st :,r"l~"I'<J

"'''I0''l'l;J 61st "'''I0''l'<J

~ili'''I~''I'l;J 7lst ~ili'''I~''I'<J 71st

~'''I~''I'l;J ~'''I~''I' <J

3.86 a;9~.c:.]~':!jI:.~ AGGREGATIVE NUMERALS 3,86 a;9~.z:.]~':!Il:.~

In order to express the meaning both, all five of them etc, either "I or a; is used after the cardinal numerals, though the latter is used more frequently in spoken language, This form of aggregative numerals or distributive adjectives apply only from unit 2 to 10,

"I~~'''I both
~"I'''I
~

"I~i<J'''I "I~ilJ'''I all three

~

q~."1 all four "l~'''1

all six

"I~"I' Salone

q"\il)'''1 q~,,\'''1 all eight "l"\"i'''I all seven "l~,,\'''1 "I~~' q."Ir:;.' ~r:;. "I~~'<i'''Ir:;,''5r:;, either of the two
3.87

'I!.'''l all five "\5'''1 all nine :<,.:<, :<.':<. each

!jt::. ~'~'a;'4~ ':!It::. ~'~'a;'4~

FRACTIONAL NUMERALS

Tibetan fractional numerals are formed by adding~" and a; which correspond to a fraction a. Or percentage,

"\'''l ,,\'''l

half one fourth

"l~'~"'9~"1 q~'~"'9~"1

,\',,\r:;,'''1~~ two and a half ,\',,\r:;.'''1~~ "l~'a;'9~9 a quarter q~'a;'9~9

,,\',,\r:;,'''l5ili six and a half ,,\',,\r:;.q5ili

Two nineth

"I~"I,,\r:;.q~a;"I~9 One and one quarter "\5'a;'''1~~ "I~"I',,\r:;,'''l~'a;'''I~9 "\"I'a;'''1~~ "l:Jj'a;'''\5 9 % Q:!i'a;'''l~''I!. 15% Q:Jj'a;'Q~'.ljJ.f<J 100% Q:Jj'a;'Q~'11J.fl;J q:Jj'a;',,\5 Q:li'a;'q~''I!.

.,.
3.88 D.~-".'~q
~

MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERALS

There are several multiplicative suffixes in Tibetan, ~q corresponds to 'times' and 'fold'. rll~ rl1~ Tibetan.

5ij~ ~.>; and ib"" also can be rendered to times, However none of them are used when learning ib.>; times. 'iij~ ~""
how to multiply.

~"r~q

two times, double

~"I'~q ~"I.~q

six times etc. fllili'''I~d'I'q~,\ fllili"I~il'Iq~,\

repeat three times.

~e:.'$'

"I'>;'.i"5ij~"I~~I;jq"lq"-,\1 He went to India twice. '1!."I"lA~~e:.~.>;sr.q~e:.,\iij"ll One should repeat "I""".i"'iij~'''I~''f'4q''lC,J'=<-'\1 '1!."I"l'A~'~e:.'~""srq~e:.,\iij"ll this mantra nine rounds of the prayer bead. ~~'~"l'~e:.'ib",,'~'q1'\'q4,\'''I~~'q' <-'\1 He had told that = ~~'~"l'~e:.' ib~~.q1'\.q4,\"'1~~.q "-'\1
story four times, times.

l".'I".'~'-:!'8'I".'1 1".1".~-:!81".1
3.89

Five times five is

~enty five, five.

"'o.g-,il\' qf.l:~c.. ~ "'o.g:il\' q[l:~c..

Approximative Numerals
it forms

t./_.. 1.'..--__ _
_~

When cardinal numerals are suffixed with;>d'I and indefinite article 1'\"1 with;>il'I 1'\"1

":~-.

approximate numeral in Tipetan. When a speaker is uncertain of the approximate, ;>d'I'1'\"I can be ;>il'I'1'i"l augmented by '4rl1'.t"" (almost) before the numeral. '4rll.t.>;

~>c..-

Examples
iii'~"I' ;>il'IAiij.>;~ "-,\1 iii'~"I';>d'I'Aiij""'~'=<-'\1

It will take about six years, years.

He will be returning home from work at about 5 o'clock, o'clock_ I have money to buy about four sheep. sheep_

fie:.' ~. J:,\'I".'C,J';>d'I'fll'fll"l'''l'ili "lni"ltilc:~ "-,\1 ~e:.' ~' J;',\'I".' q' ;>il'I'fll'fll"l'''r ili "l'ni"l'''ic;~' =<-'\1
.::: ""c__
.q~' il'I-~' .t,\-q,\-4"1' A,\"1 e:. wr:J"I' q~' d'I'~' .t'\'C,J,\'4"1'A,\"1

~~--

i?

q mq ~"I''\' J;'-~- il'I'il'I- 4~-;>il'I-rll'I1"r~-Uiilil m' ~"I-"- J:'~' d'I'd'I'4"'" ;>d'I'rl1'I1"r~'Ulilil

e:.' J;'Sj";>J,f il'I~il'I-:i'fl~-q-~"I-IlI-~-Uiilil e:.'J:sr;>J.f d'I~d'I':i'fl~'C,J'1'i"l'IlI'''rUlilil

~-J:l"if,.>;q-il'Iq.q-;>il'IW~il'I,>;P.-~e:.wA5"1 ~'J:l' '\' J,"'" C,J'd'I'qq' ;>d'I'fll'~d'I'""p., ~e:.'fll'r:>,5"1

I will meet those students approximately before sun rise_ rise, About nine of us will be renting a house together, together.
The cat was in the garden just before it rained_ rained,

'4rl1',j;"","),C,J'q$';>d'I'1'i"r"i,\'''l'=<-'\1 '4rll' a;.>;.")-q' q~j" ;>il'I-~"rtil'\'''l- "-,\1

It appears that there were about 100 cavalries, cavalries.

e:.AE!:"i-1 d'I'~rl1' ;>.>J'Ol'.>Jiij'ili'q'=<-'\1 il'I-~rll' ;>.>l-Oj" .>liij-ili.q-"-,\1 e:.'r:>,E!:

01'1

I had a headache just before the class finished.

,
~.~-

3.90 D.E.().j'"~~F~ D.E.(lr"~~F~

MEASUREMENTS

Measurement of length, height, width and distance were carried out with small and large units of the body. The following terms were used by traditional artists for the study of Tibetan Buddhist iconometry and architecture as well as by common people to measure things. The things_ preferred term for one measurement is "Ie:. although the cardinal "I~"1 is also used.

~.>;-JJ ~",,'JJ

~.>; ~""

finger-width leg one-fourth of a ~.>;-JJ is called a leg ~",,'JJ grain A half of a leg,J,'-lie:. a smaller unit (Generally a finger width is one smaller unit) leg_if,-<lie:. large unit = 12 small units (Generally one face measure is one large unit) face measure = 12 finger-widths one span (The distance from the end of the extended thumb to the tip of middle finger), finger)_ a cubit (fhe distance from the elbow to the extended middle finger approx. 24 finger-widths), firtger approx_ finger-widths)_ (rhe

"ie:.'C,J "F"

"i"l"i"r J,'.tili if,' .tili

~rll- ib'\ ~rl1' ib,\

il'I~-"Ie:. d'I~'''Ie:.
;:-",I_,

-"Ie:. '''Ie:.

body span, a fathom (approximately 6 ft.) ([he distance from the tip of the middle finger of one to the another of both anIlS spread horizontal!y, This is (rhe horizontally, about four cubits and is also the height of one's body)

~~"r"l<::' ~~"r"l<=-

$<::.':'1"1'" $<=-':'1"1'"

$<::.':'1"1'" distant of an ear-shot, one $<=-':'1"1'" is 500 fathoms or body spans,

Abhidharma a geographical mile (According to Abhidhanna tradition ofBuddhist cosmolgy one "l:J"I'a;" of Buddhist "l:J"I' a;"

"l:J"I'a;"
is eight

$<::.':'1"1'" $<=-':'1"1'" which is equivalent to 4, 00 fathoms),

/
\

..

JL

~-

CHAPTER FOUR
4.91
-

~dr,, THE CASES ~dr",

~L

;'

Case is a grammatical category in which a noun and its relationship with another noun, adjective and verb are established, and express the distinctive form before the use of the case signs. A noun remains as a noun unless it takes case signs. The use of the case signs aI"l'''iSD:' a,.;:r"iSD:
~ili between words and clauses strings together the words in the correct order to express the meaning of a sentence. Since there are more than one case signs for most cases in Tibetan, it is ~. important to identify the appropriate cas~signs or particles allocated for each of the ten suffixes ~ and vowel ending syllables. Except for instrumental, locative and genitive cases', other cases in Tibetan share same case signs. As the applicability of the case signs are determined by the suffix or post suffix of the preceding syllable, the case signs belong to the dependent particles. 'if1t.l ( The Tibetan case particles are placed after the syllables they refer to and not before as in some 'lf1t" ~i.e1 other languages. This will be shown below as we discuss the cases respectively. ~i.e1

",.: :

~;.

"

-t~~ OJ'>~s,'t::; OJ>~s,'t::;

4.92

~.<h'"l~iliq ~?MI~ATIVE ~.Qi>',>rWiliq

j,<.

__

wei'c We&'c"-~-.

~ The subject of the sentence or a clause is called ~'q~r'1!ili'q' nominative. ~'<r~"l''1!ili'q simply ~'qi>'a:r'1!ili'q' ~'q'i>'JJ''1!ili'q simply' nominates the subject of a sentence. The nominative is used more frequently in spoken Tibetan than in classical Tibetan. A nominative case can be a noun, pronoun or adjective of a sentence. Nominative takes no case suffix e.g.? = horse, .il = man, fi = he, ~q book etc. When no ~'1 e.g,? subject is given it is implied, so one has to comprehend the meaning of the sentence in the correct context. For instance, in the sentence 1"i\i~ta;"I"l~r~iJ<Ii~q<i:iilil = (1, we) came early 1"i\i~t>;"I"l~r~iJ<Ii~q<i:iilil

morning yeste'rday. The subject "lor we" is implied by the auxiliary verb <i:iili. But all sentences
,

ending with <i:iili without an obvious subject does !lot necessarily imply the subject. Forr instance, in the sentence 1"i\i~ta;"I"lZ'l~iJiij~qiijiliq"Jl = did (you) come early morning yesterday?, 1"i\i~t>;"I"lz'r~iJ<Ii~":riijOiq"ll the interrogative particle q"J implies the subject. <I"l

4.93 l1.l~'~rs.q (lj'~r~r~r.q

ACCUSATIVE

The accusative expresses the object of transitive verb, and are also used for expressing: (a) the subject of the intransitive verb (b) the subject of the transitive verb (c) duration of time and extension oI ~pace (d) the object of desiderative adjectives. The Five accusative case signs are ~pace used to express the goal with verbs of motion are as follows: . ~"Jr:>.s"l ~"lr.>.s"l "I ' q '1
~

"l~r.>.s"l "l~r:>.s"l

O1~'~;r '1' O1~r~;rs'q'

S'

"i ili
"J "l r:>. r.>.

"l JJ

...

"i
"1 01
~ "l

'i
'5.

(and all vowel endings)

...
:3

...
4.93.a EXAMPLES
::i;

fi~'ei'''i''l'1'~''r"ili'~'''1'~''i'<I fi~'e)'''i''l'1'~''r "ili'~'''1'~''i' I.J ~"I ei01' iJi'(f'lq?Zi'?~"Iq?~ q' ~"I e)01' iJi":Rq'?'Zi''?'~''I'q?~'
..-----">

He (she) went to China to buy brocade(s). A messenger was sent [0 Rajgriha . to -

-------

(;",-.

)j

QfF''=-' aF 5,' ~'=-'<11'~' Ds'ri"ll IlfF''=-' 5.' ~'=-'{1r~'

t<'l'l"J'=-'~'~'~' 4'" "l""5."':>'~'~'~':i.'il r~,=-'~'~'~' "I""5."':>'~'~'~'

Go into the shrine and look who is there, Uncle will not go until the sun rise, I wish to go to your house. house,

t;:S'i',,'=- '~'F'c.' q,,'o. ~'o.~'i'ai'il t:.:S'i' ,,'=<.1-"'0. ~'o. ~ 'i'~'il

jiic." '1"l~'''I''l' '~f ~<l)' q':i.'il Q"l~'''I''l' <.I':i.'il

t;: g' '1<11'~<11'5'o. ~'~' Ji<l)1 r;: g, Qfll'~fll'5'D.
I:. D.",' Ul<l)1 I:. "l' ~k'~ -<: ~ q 0."" ~'i'~' Uj<l)1
~'1'o.~' 'i~'<1i<l) '<11"1"l'~' ~<111 ~ Q'D.~' 'fll"l"l'~' ~flll

Samye, He went to Samye.

We will not go to Nepal. I will give this book to Senge. Senge, Deliver this book to the teacher.

4.94

s,,"rq INSTRUMENTAL S,,"rq

~ ~

The instrumental expresses the agent, the doer, or the instrument through which an action is . performed, The five instrumental case signs ~"l ~"l ~"l fJ."l Ul"l may be rendered to the iJ."l Uj"l perfonned, following English phrases: on account of, by, through, because of, in conformity with, by means of, in, in respect of, with, the manner in which etc,

~ih"" V"~f.b
~I Ilfo.E."I' I\fD.E. "I' ~
.

JiJe., d J;;e"
~c.

Wu<- i~ Wu<.
S'i'~'
~"l

GJU..R GfU..R

'

'D.S "I'
"l (';'''l R"l

"I

C.
<:J
.~ '~

'I

"l

'I
<11 ClJ

:!"l
~"l

, <l)) <l
0. D.

-" "

(and all vowel endings)

iil"l

4.94.a EXAMPLES
~'Ji'~''i!''I'~''I'~''l'1"l'i''-r:i.'il ~'Ji'~''i!''I'~''I'~'\f 'Q"l'i' '-f :i.'il

The cat was killed by a tiger, He hit me with a chair. Owing to his crime, the thief was impris The price of the wood varies according to its we The sun's rays dispelled the darkness,

fl"l'1:. 'rlr'!l'1':'J"I'~"l' '1SC. "f ~c.'I fi"l'I:. W'!lQ':'l"l'~"l' QSI:. 'If >lj<l)' .>I'~"l'q"l',,\ '1C.'!li"l' '1~<l)S ~'il >li<l)' ~'~"l'<.I"l',,\ QC. '''i''l' Q~<l) S
~ ~

4C. '~'''Ic. '~"l'~c.',1;' ~c.Oi "\'q':i.'il '~"l'~c.',1;' ~c.tii "\' <.I' :i.'il
~'.>IfJ.A\~"f ~<l)'q' '1"lClJ'"l':i.'il ~'~iJ.'A\~"l' ~<l)'<.I' <I"lfll' "I' :i.'il iil'~'o.~'iilQj"l' '14"\'~"l:Q"l' q' :<'' \1 iil'~'D.~'iil'lj"l' Q4"\'~"l:Q"l' <.I' ~,,\I

leiter This letter was written by Lekshe,

The Buddha knew it through (his) clairvoy Sherab heard the airoplane noise. noise, Because of that, he (1, we) was unable to g (I, He did not know that he was mistaken. mistaken, Apply (your) body with some oil.

"ll:. "l'~"l'5' .>I~<l)' 4"l'~"l'Qj!lQj"l' ~I "lI:. "l'~"l'5' ~~<l)' 4"l'~"l''lj!l'lj''l' 4"l' "q'~"l'Qj<l).>I'~fJ.'~' j"l'q' :<'' \1 I -"q'~"l''lj<l)~'~iJ.'~' Ij"l'<.I' ~"\I
~fJ.'~"i'~"l'r:>.~'.>I' ~q'q' :<''11 ~iJ.'~"i'~"l'D.~'~' ~q'<.I' ~'il
~<l)'~"l' '1!ll"\'q'"r4"l'q' :<''11 ~<l)'~"l' Q!ll"\'<.I' i/.J' 4"l'<.I' ~'il

f2j"lW ~i<f S"l' ~Qj"ll ~'lj"ll '1'i!<l) ''I "'S"l'~1:.'~"r "l4'i1 Q'i!<l) "'S"l'~I:. '~"I' "14'11

story, Tendar told a story.

Choephel painted the drawing,

a;"l'o.i;j<11'~"l~' Ji' ~"ll a;"l'o.i;jfll'~"l~'

J'+
~('

4.95 ~~~ ..~. 4,95 ~~~'.~' DATIVE

t,-

I' "-

Dative expresses the purpose of an action either ~ith transitive or inta!1?itive verbs, It mainly intaI1?itive verbs. expresses the purpose, harm or benefit of an action to the object or to an indirect object whether the subject is mentioned or not. However it need not to be benefit to the object alone since the purpose of performing an action may either be intended to benefit or harm the subject, object, or for the sake of the action itself. Therefore dative denotes the person or thing for whom or which the object of an action is intended; the purpose for which an action is performed. The case sign of this case is same as with the accusative case. case,

4.95.a Examples
'<C,'

F~'.Jl'~"Ii~~'A~I F~.Jl~"Ii~ ~(.J.~I

c:. ~'''S!ll' L,jW ~"i' L,j'''I')c:.'I ~'''SnJ' L.lW ~"i. L.I"I,)c:."1 ~c:.~' ~~W J.I.r;",L,j"ASflll ~~"!ll' J.lJ;". L.I"ASflll (.J.g "I~' L,j'~Q'Z'IiI' J.I'':i"i1 Ag L.I~QZIil J.I''5i"i' .jj~j;j(.J.Q.:z;14c:.Q~<'>:1 ,jj~' j;j'AQ.:z;'1'.i.jc:.' Q~<'5:1 c:.'.r;~'5"S"~"i' L,j.:z;'A ~<'5:1 c:.' J;~'5"S"~"i' L.I.:z;(.J.~<'>:1
c:.~'~' a;.:z;'~"I~' ~'''Iiii''l'~1 c:.~"~" a;.:z;'~"I~' ~'''Iiii''l'~1

He waters the flower. I r give to the poor. (I) make offerings to the Buddha. One remembers the Guru to protect from fear.. fear She fetches wood to lit fire. I r go to the monaStery to practice Dharma. monastery I put a fence on the land, land. One shoud know how to associate a teacher. Did you dedicate the merit for the benefit of others. Will you go to India to see the teacher. He gave an advice to his (spiritual) son.

~,"'"

E"' .

';;'-'-',

8''!-8''!-'

;' I'

IiI'J.I.:z;' Iil' J.I.:z;' Q~"i' 4~' 9<'5>:1 :' "I1'l"i' ~"i '1' "~' Q' Q~~. ~J.l1 "I1'\"i' ~"i ,,~. Q~~' ~J.l1 ~"I.:z;11il J.I'J.lE;.t'r1'A ~AJ.l1 ~'''I.:z;1'IiI' J.I' J.lE:.fll"1(.J. ~(.J.J.l1 ~"I~' 'Jj~'~' '1,,"lA'mQ 'Jj~f~' 'l,,"l(.J."ruQ"I"iC.1 '''I"ic:.'I

~ ~ ~"',,"

...

4.96 QSc:. '~c:. ~ r:l.SC::~c:.

~
,~

ABLATIVE

Ablative expresses the source or direction from what place, time or object anything happens or proceeds. The ablative case signs "i"f !ll"l' can be rendered to from, amongst, through, on' "i~' nJ~' on" account of because of, through and amidst. As independent particles !:!'\'.:z;c.'"Qc.'<5"i these two !:l,\'.:z;c:.'''Qc:.'<5"i particles can be used after all suffixes and vowel endings" endings,

liP.':'"' !il?'"'

4.96.a Examples
~,,,

~c:.~'~~'~'l'\nJ'"i~'.r;~,~c:.'1 ~c. ~'~~'~'I'l!ll""i "I.J;~' ~c.',

The teachings came from the Buddha's mouth. It is 15 miles from here. It takes five minutes from town to the momnastery. Smoke arises from fire" fire, city. Thereupon they saw a city" The friend fell off the horse. horse" Rain comes from the sky. Wool comes from sheep. Horse is faster than donkey. donkey" I r could not come because of tha t.

A~'"i~'J.I.iij' Q~~iii,, L.I' ~'\I (.J.~'"i~'J.I'iij' Q~'~'iii", L,j' ~,\I

.,,;-

.... ";-.,.',

ijjc...:z;'"i ~'''~"i' qr.;.. Q~'Jlj.:z;' J.I'~rrl ijjc:...:z;'"i "I."~"i' <Jr.;" ~'ll!.:z;' J.I~rrl
.Jl'nJ~'1'Q'(.J.~f'e:1 .Jl!ll~"1 Q(.J.~fe:1

". "i~"~C.el.:z;~"I J.I:i:jc.", '" "i~'~c:.el.:z;'~"I' J.I:i:jc:.'1 ijj"l~' ;;h,)"!ll"l2!,c. 'e:, ;;h7"nJ~'2!.c:. '1::, "IJiJ.l'!ll~'a;.:z;' q" QQ'L,j' ~"i "IJiJ.l'nJ~a;.:z;' <J' QQ.L.I' ~')
~"I'"i"l'Qfll' ~c:.'1 ~"I""i"l'Qfll" ~C."'

"WQ~"i'"i~"iiic."J.I"~QI
"WQ~"i"i~'iiic:."J.I" ~QI
~,,>.

ik S'!ll"l''')" J.I"I~I .Qc:.SnJ~''7'

/'f'" /i'

JJ

Ablative also expresses time after which anything takes place and reason; e.g. ~'J.l'~"I"O\~O\~'''\' ~'J.l'~"I'"i~"i~'''\' nJ"I'iij He returned home after six days. The ablative vn- expresses comparison; e.g. d'>.f'l~L.ltll"l d'>.[Q~L.rtlj"r nl"l'iij
~ ~

!'i~~"I~iijt;:.J;r.\1 His dzi (stone) is more expensive than my house. fi~~"I~iijl:;.&r.l1

4.97 (:l.Q{1.j'~ GENITIVE (:l,Qt1.I.~ Genitive is quasi-adjectival, since it expresses the connectedness of the possessed and possessor. It may generally be expressed in English by the preposition 'of or apostrophe. The 1l:l!liO\:)ta;J.l,,\s case signs of genitive and instrumental are known as !l:i!li"iSJ\J.l,,\S (cases marked by i). The difference between the two is that an additionallll which is added to the instrumental as we saw additional 'Il above. Genitive in Tibetan refer to the possessor and to the thing possessed. The genitive particle is put between the possessor and the possessed. Either of the five genitive case signs 4~'~"I'~'e'q 41:;.~"I'e"q may be dropped in the process of nominal compounds i.e. 4~~"I~r;q = 4t;.~"Ir;q Fruit juice.
~ lIlr.>.~ ~'Il'r.>.~ "I
Ul~r.>.~"1 Ul~r.>.~"1

r.>.Qtll~ r.>.Qnr~
~.

"I

,
:".

"\ 0\ "i J.l r.>.

-_.

q q

'Il III
(and all vowel endings)

"\

'Il III
D-

"'"

Ol
.--.

~ S 5
Uj eli
----

.-. ~~.tliJ,'~'~'J.la;iJ,';;;J.lW%'\" tl' ~'\I t;.~. L.liJ..~.t;.' J.la;iJ.r.>.~J.lw%,\L.l ~,\I ';;d'>. '3' ';;iJ.j"llll';; ~'\I ';;'~iJ.' JliJ,'j"l'll'';;' ~,\I

4.91.a Examples r.>.~' i'i"\'~'J:i'~"I'~'~'''I' ~,,\I r.>.~'i'i"\'~'J:i'~"I'~'~'''I'~"\I

....-

This is a Tibetan man's pen.

The swan egg was found at the sea shore.

r.>. ~',\~~ 'Il'''O\ ~"",' Cl"~'~"i' L.l~"il r.>.~,\:lt;.lIl iI""i '~'~"",' "15cr~' ~O\' tl'ti:lO\I This is the price of Yangchen's ring. ring. . q:l"llll~"-J.liJ. 8' Jl'~'i'i'r.>.,\"1 q';j"l'll'~'''''J.liJ.' ';;'~'i'i'r.>.'\"1 ~'''I"",'S' &1:;.',\ <lO\'~' &~. ~'''I"",'~' ,k,\<1"i'S' J;"~' ~"I'Ul"l' -9l1l' ~'\I -9'1l' ~,\I kf'lt;. .~. ~'~"IlIl'~'i!!' 51"1"'1'q'''i,\1 k[Q~ '~'~'~"I'Il'~'i!!' J:i"l"'I" qcJi'\l qtll~Ol~Ol <1iJ.~J.l"SI1Ol &<>l"l' ~'\I qtlj'~Ol'~Ol' <liJ.~J.l'S'I"IOl' .J;<>l"l' ~,\I !'i'eli'G'jJ'~'12f5iJ.2J"I"l' lr ~'\I fi'ti:l'G' jJ'~'12;!'5~'2J"I"l' tl' ~,\I
~
~

She is my daughter's girl friend. The tip of the cow's tail is sharp, sharp. The Indian merchant's goods are the best. Where is the key for the shop's lock?
It is the will of the Nepalese king's mother.

His hat is made of lamb skin.

~

4.98 tljil) ~rZlj~ Zlji!) ~rtlj~ Locative shares the same case signs with dative. Locative denotes the place or location where an action occurs or is directed to, Either of the seven case signs ~ :3 "'" 5 "i (1j 1 can be 0\ fll to. rendered by on, at, ip, into, among, by and upon. But they are not prepositions to the noun or no! pronoun as in English. They always follow, the noun or pronoun to which the sign indicate the location, location. Locatives denotes the locality of the agent or object of an action; the place where or near which anything is, or where it is placed; where it happened; the time or occassion when or the circumstances under which, anything takes place.

/'-

~ Z\l'(:).~"I ~Z\rro.~"1

uK'r:<~"I uK'r:<~"I

"I3jZ\l'''I~ "I"iZ\l'''I~ i

"I r::. Z\l r.>.

q Q

'\
3j "i

'\

i/.j iI-I

1
'.1 5
~

~ ~I ~ ~;
I

"

Z\l

~ ~.

(and all vowel endings)

"
~

"

4.98.a Examples
is'\'''I~Z\l'~iI-I'(ll' S"i'!.I' ~'\I S3j'q' ~,\I is'\'''I~~r~i/.j'r>1'

r::. '''I~Z\l' QZ\lJ.rU/Z\l' ~'r.>. ~,,'q' ~"'!.I' qZ\lJ,fU/Z\l' "i "IZ\l' "I~ Q' ~' r.>." Q' l' r::.r>1' Q~Z\l'!.I' Ul"iI ." r::. (ll' Q~Z\l'q' Ul3j ii' ~"I'')'(lr ~r.t',,\iij"i 'q' iI-Ir::.'q,r.>.,,\"1 '!.I'i/.jr::.'q,r.>.,,\"1 ~"I'?'(fl' ['Ir::. 'qr.t, "i r::. w~' ql'i"'(:).'S"I fir::.'!.Ir.t,"ir::. '(ll'l~f ql'i"'ro. 5"1 f!jJ.r<f,,' [!jJ,f<f ,,' -li' ~r.>.,,"1
~
~

"""I "'' I

You two went to the market. We two met in Samye, We (I) took a rest near by the forest. There were many nunneries in Lhodrak. Lhodrak, Who is staying at home? There was no water in the well. Do not go to the garrison, There are Buddhist monasteries in Bhutan, There is paper under your hand,

- "i/.I''f:ll,,' 'S"i/.!"r.>.~ "Jl''f:lj'''5wr.>.~

~ ~

(:).2"1'~r>1''S' il)r::. 'qr.t, "9i1)'q'iii", '-I" ~,\I ro.2"1'~(ll'5' iljr::.'!.Ii'>.'"9ilj'!.I'iii", Q' :<''\1
I"

is,,,"r::. '~'r>1llj'!.Ir.t'o: "Iw 4"1's'r.>.'.1"1 is,,' "r::. '~'(ll"l'qr.t'o:"IW -9"1' ~rr.>. 5"1

Locative also expresses 'with'; e,g, <lri/.l~'~'r.>.~'r::.r'\'i/.j~i/.j'5.'I!fZ\l'ilj"l'iiir::.'Q'''"''1 This Amdowa (man) (fl'Jl~'~'r.>.~'r::.r'\iI-I~iI-I5.'I!f'wil)Z\l'iiir::.'q''''''1 came with me from Lhasa, ,

4.99 ~'itlq~

..D UA;A Trot>( u.<;A

,.
I"

Locative of time denotes the time, period or duration when a action takes place, It takes all the case signs of locative, In order to use the locative of time case signs some notion of time in Tibetan will prove useful. Tibetan lunar calendar has a technical name for each month which are only used in literary works but most commoners identify the twelve months in their ordinals, Not long ago the twelve months were simply called cij'q'"r::.'Q etc, but since the ci!'Q'"r::.'!.I etc. Tibetans became exposed to the Euopean calendar, it has been prefixed and abbreviated into i'l,,\' i'i,,\' ci!'"r::.,q cij'"r::.,q for the first Tibetan month and ~'ci!'"r::.,q for January, Hence the case sign for. the loe;ative ~'cij'"r::.,q for loc;ative of time is suffixed to the ordinals of month and hour, and cardinals for other notions of time, If one were to use the tes;hnical ,names of the month instead of the ordinals then the case sign is ci!'.q, suffixed to cij'q, the month, thus it will be i/.j-li'ci!'Q" (in Magha), Location of time is not always iI-I-li'cij'Q" (iii expressed with the above case signs, For instance when mentioning date it takes ~ilj after the ~iI) date.

4,99.a NAMES OF THE 12 LUNAR MONTHS

Tibetan
Sanskrit

COJloquial

Translation

.<J-li'cij'Q .<J-li'ci!'Q ,,<1' x "ei' iljllj'!.I x iI)"I' q

Magha Phalguna PhalgulIa Caitra Vaisakha

<1'1'cij'"r::..q ei'1'ci!'"r::.,q
x "I~Z\l'Q "I~Z\l'!.I x "I~.<J'q "I~.<J'!.I Q~'q x Q~'!.I

Ist Tibetan month 2nd 3rd 4rth

x

x x

,.
I"

"l'llj Z\l'''I

~a;'

x ~'~"i x
~'''1~il) ~'<l~il)
"i~''j

x x

Jyestha Asada Shravana

'1'.'<1

x ~"I'<I x "1'Sa;'<I <l'Sa;' <I x

"1~"i'<I <l~"i'<I

5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

X
X

x
X

1.<>1 '\f ~"i x I:,J '\,.

~a;'~"1 x
<>1~ J.J~
~"1' ~ClJ'

Bhadra Asauja Kartika Mrgasrah

x "i5'<1

x x x

<l,,' ~ x "1,,'<1
"1~'''I~''I' x <l~'''I~''I' <I
"1;r"l~'\I'<I' <l~'''I~~'<I'

la' "1'Ul"::c Ia' <l'Ul"::c waxing moon "i~"i'''1 "i~"'''1 spring

"I.':l~'~' J.J "I-'"~'~' <>1

la' "1'<>1,<:C 1a<lJ.J ...c

1a<l'?"Ic:.<l 1a'''1''?'''Ie:.'''1
full moon ~a:.. "l autumn
"I.':l~' ,1)"I'''iJ.J'''' ,,\-'"0.',1)"I''',;J""

"Iil)J,J'''Ic:. "\il)J.I'''Ie:.
new moon

waning moon

"i9...j'I "9""'j'l
summer ,,\-,"0.'la' "1 'P~'Ia'<l Monday
"1-,"~'t.l''\Ie:. "I.':l~t.r~c:.~

"i'jil)'j'l "i'jil)'j'I
winter
r,-
~,--

,,\-,"o.'Ill"l't.l "I.':lr:>.'Ill"l' Q
Wednesday

Sunday
"I.':l~'::l"'S "I-'"~''::l'''''S

Tuesday

'\I

"1-,"o.'iija;'<1 "I.':lr:>.' ja;'

Saturday
~.~ ~'~

ii'.<,t:.
dawn

Thursday

Friday
~a;',,'je:. ~a;'''i'jc:.

'1!."~ '1!.'~
morning

~"i
dusk
~'a;"i

midday
,

afternoon
~il)'~

<>1a;il)' J.Ja;il)' ~
Jij.... J.I Jij"'" J,J

J.Ja;il)'''i'jc:. <>1a;il)''''je:.
midnight

night minutes
~c:.'i:i"i '\Ie:.'i:i"

daytime
'\Ie:.'~a; "lc:.'~a;

hour

i)'"-e:. '\' "'c:.

today "Iil)e:.'\I'i:i"i "Iil)c:.~'i:i"i year after next

"Iil)e:.'\I' ~ il) "Iil)c:. ~'~il)

day after tomorrow

tomorrow

next Year

. 4.99.b Examples jilt::,' 3,J.I>\l'I.<>1>\l'~"i' la' "1",,'Qj'j'Il"'" J.lE."11 jiic:.' J,J>\l'~J,J>\l'~"i' Ia' <l""' J,JE.ClJI
They met in Lhokha in Bhadra month, month.

,\c:.'~c:.' ...... a;"i''!i''l' <I""'~'J.I' 4"'" i)e:.''\It::,' if,' a;,,''!i''\' <I .... ~'J,J' "9"'" Q' :i:"il
These days the sUllTise at six. sunTise six,
~
.

- -

c:.' a;' <l"i' a;>\l"l'Sil)<I ...'jc:.ii:!c:."l"il e:.'a;'21,,'a;>\l'<l'Sil)'<I""''je:.'ii:le:.'''l''i1

We have a holiday on the Tibetan 7th. 7th,

"il)'ClJ"I"l'~' 1a''1'.'<Ii>:a;>\l' "1~' <l~"i'~il)' '4<l"l'~' :i:"il "il)'''1''1''r~' 1a' ' <Ii>: a;>\l' <l~' '4<l"r~'
Honourable teacher will come on the 18th of May, May.
4.100 Oq,,\'~' Oq,,\'~'
~

Vocative Case is grammatically counted as the eighth case, There are number of vocatives case. used in Tibetan to express joy, lamentation, surprise, anger and adoration which are commonly used with the nominative. They are generally put at the beginning of a sentence but in poetry nominative, they are put also at the end of a line or a verse, They are independent of their preceding finals verse.

and their use is determined by the context of a sentence, and are used to express spriritual joy and devotion and they usually begin number of devotinal prayers,
",.~

""(1rrlr~ ""(1r(1j'~
""~

i<i'Jl'~ i.j'Jl'~

''.I'iij 'liij 'I 1. H I,

5
'I I, H 1.

5'Jl
Alas

lJ1,iij lJ1'iij
hey

",'(1j'(1j ",'(Jj'(1j
wondrous!

Oh

i.j'Jl'~ i<i'Jl'~ wondrous!

4.100.a Examples' "l'iij''l\''i''\'~'l\'~'l\~'Q''\''l "l'iij''l\''i''\'~'l\'~'l\~'Q'''i''l .... .... -- "" ..... J.I'l\"\'l.l'Q"i'l\'(1j'''i'l\!:.~'4''f::J1 J.I'l\"\'l.j'Q'\'l\'(1j''\'l\I:.~'4''f::l1

Hey! Freinds listenhere, listenhere. Oh! Master please think of me. me,

5' Jl'~'l\' Q~(1j'5"'l' Jl,,\:r.: l.lO: :<'''l~'~'l\'llj' ~Jl"l' ;sa:,'3,J.I"l1 Q~(1j'5"'r l.jO: :<'''l~'~'l\'lij' ;sa:,' 3,J.I"l1
Alas! Sentient beings of six realms who are inflicted by the sufferings! lJ1'iij Q"l',\Q"\1 Hey! Master grooml Q"'f"iQ,,\1

"'. ~i)''\'l\a'''il.l(1j'a:ia:,' ~"i'~'l\' 3,(1jr.>.""'SQ'.;:i\ "" ~~'''i'l\a''\ l.j(1j'Uia:,' ~'\'~'l\' 3,(1j'r.>..J:.'S'l.\'.;J1

/;.

Alas! Yogis and Yoginis, please enjoy the glory and quality of bliss and joy 1

PERSONAL
Case
Nom, Nom.

PRONOUNS
Third
Noun

First

Second

!:.' 1:.'
I:..J:. !:."'I

6'\'
6'\"(11" 6\(11'
6"i'~"l' 6'\'~"l'

F!:.' FI:.' F!:.W FI:.W F!:.'lij"l' Fl:.'llj"l' F!:.W FI:.W F!:.lij' FI:.'llj' F!:. <l\"I' FI:.'<Ii~'
F~'''\'

'1' '7"
i)"Clf '1'flf i)"l' "7"l'

../..: .L-

Accus, Accus. Erg./lnstr, Dat, Dat.

Gen.

I!:.~' I:.~'

, 1:.'(1j ' !:.'(1j

I

6"i'(lj' 6'\'(1j'
6"i'~' 6'\'~'

i).J:.' "7"'"
i)a' "70-' i)' <l\"l' '1' <Ii
")'''\' i)'''\'

c::..n: c::.n:
~'a:,~' ~'a:,~'

'.
'c

Abl.

6,\',,\"l' 6"i'''\''l'
6'\',,\'

Loc,

'~,

/;1\
-,,_.-J'

/ , ,// C ,. i / \,

J! c ,,~I \.' ~I
{

/ ~ r/~ I...~ \

..

J:-, J:-. ~....-_' ',.-;-L;. 0'~' 1<)7J(".<>\ ~.....-, .~L,. 0'~' i<" ~,. ,,,,'. I '."" v.i, b,. 'L~ " J?' , '. ;', b ~ y! . ' ~,,";'

-, - '"

'0,

j ./

"".,: "',,:

>,,;>,J-

PART TWO
:,; :,;,

,
,"",,,: 0';-

A TEXT BOOK OF THE TIBETAN

LANGUAGE
-i'f., -~--,

GW

I'

q~'~~'~F~r~ql q~'~~'~F~r~ql

'V".

'V"

"'"

~.']i, 'i%..S,

-,\,..;, -~"'.-'

(;l;j (;!;j

t<:;~. l<::".

'..,;;1.

'ii,'.0 'i<:.'.:

/ I'

"'"
-:;.'.0" '::".0-

~{L-D ':iLD

1;;.!l 1;.,;i

vv

.."

A TEXT BOOK OF THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE

q~Y~~YdjqY~ql q~Y~~YdjqY~ql
-v'
-v' -v'

''""" """

.[., ,-f,--

LESSSON ONE
~j1;;r eb ill' ~jI;;r cb
f: B: '-.
~

"c:...t.ll "c:..
~

1.1 Consonant Drill

~"" ~-

Engish pillar snow where Ghapa leg

Tibetan "I'.q' "r"!" I'l'.q' I'l" cr "I'.q' "I'Q'

~'<.i' ~''-I'

Translit. ka-ba

Pronunciation

(Ka-wa)
(Kha-wa)

kha-ba ga-ba sgapa rkang-pa khang-pa gangs-n ngangpa ko-ba kho go-ba bgoba go-nga sgo-nga nga nga-tsho nga'i nga-tsho'i " ngu-ba dngul lnga ngas ca-Iag chen-po chell-po bcu chu
JQ

1;c~- 1;c~-'

(Ga-wa) (Gha-pa) (Kang-pa)

(Khang-pa)

I'
~,',,~".

"ir:,'<.i' "ir:.''-I' flr:,'<.i' I'lr:.''-I'

house
~-

mountain goose

"Ie:. "f:i: "l':i.' r:,r:,'!l' e:.e:.''-I'

~'.q' ~'Q'

(Gang-ri)
(Ngang-pa)

hide boat
\~~:,( \~}~

(Ko-wa) (kho) (Gocwa) (Go-wa) (Gho-wa) (Go-nga) (Gho-nga) (Nga) (Nga-tsho) (Ngay) (Nga-tshoy) (Ngu-wa) (Ngoo) (Ngaa) (Ngay)
(Cha-Ia) (Cha-la) 1

he to hear to divide collar

F'
OJ'l!Or OJ' ;r
.q"l'.q' Q"I'Q'
ilj'r:,' ilj'e:.'
~

~,i';"

egg
I

~'r:,' ~'e:.'
r:,' e:.'

fb.,fo'-

we my our to cry five byrne

r:.,g;, r:,'g;'

r:,o: r:.o: d';i,: <;:&0:

S'.q' S'Q' (silver)'\S"l' money (silver)"iS nr

'1[

e:. "l' r:, "f

,,'(1j"l' ,,'''l''l' J;<!i'q' .qil' Qil'
i' iii'

~;sr tsr

things big ten

(Chern-po) (Chu)
(Chao) (Choo) (Ja)

~",,'

water
lea tea
0'f ~r

eo'

~;iit' ;;:;4'

01

rainbow sun old near to find horse list bear armspan arms pan now arrow smoke to fetch pain ink last year bride when woolen father parent

ru,.o: rJ.f'.o:
~'''l'
~'::(r
I

Ja'
nYl-rna rnying-pa nye-ba nye-bo rnyed-pa
rta

(Jaah) (Nyima) (Nying,pa) ,(Nying,pa) (Nye-wo) (Nyet-pa) (fa) (Tho) (Dom) (Dhom) (Da-13) (Da-ta) (Dhaah) (Du-wa) (Thu-wa)
(Na~tsha) (Na-tsha)

~'q'
t,,'Q t"'Q

'1'

Ii' li'
~"l'

tha tho dam 'dam da-ita da-Ita mda'a du-ba thu-ba na-tsha snag-tsha na-nmg

r:<""l' r.\" "l'

"'ll{ "'Il{

"l"r:<' "l"r.\'
5'<1'

8'.cr 8'<r iI)' a;' "\'a;'

'." ll!"I.a;. ~"I'a;'

,,\.~t:: iI).~t::

(Naak-tsha) (Na-ning) (Naa-ma) (Narn) (Naam-bu) (Pa-pha) (Pha-rna) (Po-wo) (Mo-mo) (Bu) (Bu-mo) (BHhuk) (Ba-chuk) (Bay-pa) (Beu) (Bhar-wa) (Pha-wu) (pha-lam) (Boo-wa) . (Va-mo) (Wang) (Ook) (Yook-pa) (Mi-mang) (Mi-lam)

"l<!ir:<w "lOir.\w
iI)"l: "\"l:
~"l'S'

mna'-ma
nam snam-bu pa-pha pha-rna spa-ba spo-ba sma-sma smo-sma bu bu-ma bu-mo ba-phyugs sbal-pa be'u 'bar-ba pha-bu phalam lbu-ba /bu-ba va-ma va-mo dbang dbugs dbyug-pa ml-mang rmi-lam

<J'r.j' .cr'r r.j' "l' 'r"l'

grand-father ii'q' grand-mother ~'ij' S' son (boy) daughter cow frog calf
to

~JciJ' ~J~'
.cr~"I~f <r~"I~'

nrQ anrQ'
Q~'

blaze r.j'S father & son "l'S' r.j'[lJ"l' "l'OJ"l' diamond bubble vixen power breath stick crowd dream
~'<I' ~'<r

r:<.Cj.....Cj. r.\.q .....q.

'1.l' Ji' IJ,j'Ji'

,\<le: ,\Qc:
'\S"l~' '\S"l"f

"~"l'.cr "~"l'<J'

"l'"le: "l' ''It:: J.j'[lJJ.J" J.i 'OJ J.J'

62
to plough visualization root all
", '"
.

ij.q
" ,<)"! ~r<r ,<)"1 ~r<.r

rmo-ba dmigs-pa rtsa-ba tshang-rna rtsod-pa tshad-pa tsi-tsi tsha-lo-rna rdza-nw rdza-ma rdzong mba zaba 'dzer bzungba gsungspa bzangpo gsangba zhva-mo sha-ba zhing-kha shing-tog zhi-rni shi-ba zho sho gzhanpa gshanpa zhuba shuba zo so zo-ba so-ba
la fa

(Mowa) (Mik-pa) (Tsa-wa) (Tshang-ma) (Tsot-pa) (Tshe-pa) (Tsi-tsi) (Tsha-lo-ma) (Dza-ma) (Dzong) (Za-wa) (Dzer) (Zoong-wa) (Soong-pa) (Zang-po) (Sang-wa) (Zhaa-mo) (Sha-wa)
(Zhing-kha) (Zhing -kha)

,,'q-

a;~'i<j' a;~'i<J'

dispute

heat
~[,; ~['<.

i,,"r a;,,t.r a;",t.r

i5'i\" i5'i5'
a;'Ojw a;'Oiw

rat orange earthen ware

f!:' i<j' i<J'

(~.

,,-',' "-,'

fortress
to eat

.;j'q' "l'q'
~~'>;' ~~",,'
q.;j~":r q"l~":r
~

~:;

nail to hold to say (hon) good secret hat

/
\'4'i. I'-'>'i.

"I~~ ,!f <r "!~F'!r<r q.;j~.q. q"l~'q'

"I~~'q' "I~~'q'

lj','

~'Ji'
.,<=r q "'1''1''

deer
~~'"-'

field

~q:r
~

fruit
",0:;; !/"$;

"<:F'1"1' ':F')"!'

(Shing-to) (Zhi-mi) (Shi-wa) (Zho) (Show) (Zhen-pa) (Shen-pa) (Zhu-wa) . (Shu-wa) (Zo) (So) (Zo-wa) (So-wa) (la) (Lhaa) (Loong) (Loo) (Laa-ma)
(La-rna) (La-ma)

cat to die

~.j). ~'j)'

.)'1"'1' 4''1'

trii'"' tr,:i"

yogurt dice
others butcher to request

c..;. r..;.

4'
,,!C'ji!i'<r "Ifijili'<r
"I"<W'l" "I'1i!i"'r C'j' qfij'
~

1f.~7f.;:;~~

peel to p~l off

eat (imp) tooth bucket spy pass (Mt)

"'1''1'
~

r. /.

~.

or
\Ii' Ili'

~.

,,'''1'

Fi-;' 1'\';:'

~'q'

~~i;i;

deity (god)
handle serpent

lha
lung

r;j~'

d,

ill'
IJ i<j' i<J' Oii/.J OJ'ill'

klu bla-nw bla-ma lo-rna

teacher

leaf
-h:t

'--;'ii ";'ii

OJ b5

alluminium hook milk chin

'? '''le.' Cfl'rk Cflrilc."

o:J.,f

ha-yang a-long

(Ha-yang) (A-long) (Ho-ma) (Ok-rna)

'a-rna 'o-rna
og-ma

Cfl"l' "r

1.2 Pronouns a:;Q' A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. In Tibetan it is called Jle.' a:;"f ming tshab meaning "substitute noun". Instead of saying the girl (a noun), we may convey its identical meaning by susbtituting she (a personal pronoun). Usually a pronoun comes after the subject of the sentence in Tibetan. ATibetan pronoun does not shOw the gender of the noun it stands for except the exceptthe show fi' klw ,jj' personal pronoun of the third person singular (e.g. f' kho and .jj. rno respectively for he and she) in the non-honorific form. Pronouns show number, person and take case endings. In the honorific form, fic' khong is used for both genders. Singular and plural are clearly distinguished by the klwng plural suffix, i; tsho which is added to the pronoun or to the noun when there is no pronoun.. The pronoun. plural suffix tsho replaces gi for pronouns which have gi as their second syllable in the singular form. Only pronouns take the plural suffix tsho and nouns related to the pronouns do not have to be marked with plural suffixes. All case endings come after the pronoun, not after the noun except when there is no pronoun. 1.2.a Personal Pronouns: Words which substitute for nouns refering to persons: Singular
C' c

nga (l) (I) gus (1, han.) kho (he) rno (she) khong (he, she) khyod (you) khyed (you)

,:!Z\f

f' fi'
.jj. ,jj'

rK ' fic'
~

s,, S,,'
Cl,, Cl'"

cg ,:!,~r g. fig, fg fg fig fd' fid' S\g S"i"g Cl,, g. Cl'"

Plural nga tsho (we) gus tsho (we) (han.) kho tsho (they) kho tsho (they) khong tsho (they) (han.) khyod tsho (you) khyed tsho (you) (han.)

1.2.b Possessive pronouns Better known as A!j,I1l';;J' 'brei sgra (drel-dra) meaning "expression of connectedness", it is A!tI1l'!!j' 'breI the Latin equavalent of gentive case, Possessive pronouns like any other Tibetan possessive are case. pronoun. usually marked by the allowable possessive endings governed by the suffix of the pronoun, However it appears that there are more flexibility in spoken Tibetan than the following chart of the classical grammatical rule would allow us: 1.2.c Possessive Case Signs
A'If.(rr <1.l~"I' A'I(:('F' J.l~"I'
"(:('~"i'<1.lJ;,,' "f.(' ~"i' J.lJ;".
!4'Qj(:('~Q'~' !4'iljf.('~Q'~'

Singular 'di'i kha rndog de'i spun rnched pha gi'i grib so ya gi'i gtsang po rna gi'i

( the colour of this) (his! her relative) (its shadow) (the river up there) (family of down there)

"liljf.("I iKQ' "l'Qj(:('''I iKQ

<1.lQj(:('~c J.l' iljf.(. ~c' !J'

b4

r::.i:\. OJ'f r:.~OJ'f

/

nga'imgo kho'i dpung pa mo'i rgyug shad khong gi sku dpar khyod kyi deb khyed kyi gsung
Suffix Snffix

(my head) (his ann) (her comb) (hislher photograph han.) (his!her hon.) (your book) (your saying han.) hon.)
5 Genitive signs

(iii:\. "i:F q fi~'''i:Fq Jii:\"14\ Ji~'"1'4"i" (iir::. .OJ.~.r q.<: fir:. 'OJ'~.r "\ q.",'
6,,\~~.c:r

~,"

is,,\~''I~F is,,\'~'''I~F
';'.
~

"I. "I' ga
,.:
'

r::.. r:.' nga

Post suffix

OJ. gi OJ' gi

.cr ~. sa ". da q' ba ~'sa <!i'na OJ'ma :.c,' ra OJ'la "ina OJma ". nr la
~. fa r.>.' 'a

I ".

da ~ sa

~. ~' kyi
~. gyi

;:;",i-'

(and vowel endings) 1.2.d Plural 'di tsho'i ljid khog de tsho'i lhag rna pha gi tsho'i ca lag ya gi tsho'i skud pa

a Ii 0: 'i

iij. iij'

yl

r.>.~. ~~iM."\fi'lJ r.>.~'~~iM."\fl"l

(the weight of these) (remainder of those) (luggage of those) (thread of those up there) (parent of those down there) (our restaurant) (their vegetables) (their horse han.) (your motor car) (your relatives han.)

it~i~:~"Iw ~~~~'lJw
r.fOj ~~. '5'Oj"l' i5Cll"l
/

'Jr"r~~~,,<r 'Jrlif~~'~"'<r
OJOj~f.(<IJl OJ'Oj~f.('r.fOJ'

0;;.;>]--. <,;.;>J-.

ma gi tsha'i pha ma nga tsho'i za khang kho tsho'i sngo tskal khong tsko'i ckibs pa khyod tsho'i mokra khyed tsho'i sku mched

r::.~~JlFr::. r:.' ~f.(' "'Fr:.'

~,~ -

..

fi ~i'i..~. ~ClJ fl' ~f.('~' ~ClJ'

iiir:.' ~f.('q~'!J ik~i'i.q~!J ,

is,, ~f.('Ji':'l' is,,~i'i.Ji:'l

fucT fu.T

~i'i..~.Jl.i"i. is') ~f.(~OJ.i,,\'

!'
'e~

1.2.e Demonstrative Pronouns. Words which substitute for nouns and also function to Demon~trative point out: Singular 'di (this) 'di ru (here) pha ru (there) de (that)
~,~. ~.~.

i:\::r i:i::r

Plural
r.>.~.~. r.>.~'~'

r.>.~. r.>.~'
r.>.~.:3. r.>.~':3'
~''3'

'di tsho (these)

~. ~'

de tsho (those) tsho

<I.Oj. r.fOj' UfOj UfOj' OJOj OJ'Oj'

pha gi (that) ya gi (that up there) ma gi (that down there)

ir.f~' i'f~

pha tsho (those)

i I

"IX OJ'~' "d

ya tsho (those up there) ma tsho (those down

~,,;t.

"""
/
>" ....

0.)

1.2. Relative Pronouns Words which relate to, and substitute for, previously mentioned
.>;c,' nouns, This is formed by adding .>;c: rang meaning "self" to other forms of pronouns, In the

plurals, rang is added between the pronoun and plural.suffix: Singular nga rhng (myself)

c,' .>;c,' e.'.>;e.'

e.'.>;e.,g, c,' .>;c,''

I

.>;e.' .>;c,' [ii' .>;e.'

~, .>;c,' ~'~'

::I~' .>;c,'

is,, is,,'

[iic,',>;c, , [iie.'.>;e.'

gus rang (myself) kho rang (himslef) rno rang (herself) khang khong rang (he, she polite) khyod rang (yourself) khyad khyed{you, polite) khyed (you,

,a;[ii'.>;e. g;[ii',>;c,',a;[ii,~,g;' [ii'.>;c,'l'

::I~' .>;e. .>;c,'g.

i,,'~' El'" -';c,'

.>;e.' .>;c,'

fc.' .>;e.,g;, fc.'.>;c,'l' i"'.>:.r:,,g;, is,,' ,.:.r:: l' is,,' .>;c,' , 6",,>;!:.'l'

Plural nga rang tsho (ourselves) tsha gus rang tsho (ourselves) kho rang tsho (themsleves) kho rang tsho (themselves) khong rang tsho (themselves) khyod rang tsho (you) khyed rang tsho (you, pI) pi)
.;>

1.3 Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb assists the main verb of the sentence. Verbs and auxiliary verbs come at the end of the sentence, Simple sentences with the auxiliary verb to be :<-", red (ray) "to be" represent is, are, :<.,,' may, will and did in spoken Tibetan, Red is mainly used in the 3rd person but is also used for second and third persons, 1.3.a Examples F:<-", :<.,,' 1.
$

2.

. ~,:<-", ~' :<.,,'

~,:<-", ~':<'",

3.
4, 4.

[iic.,g;, :<-'\' fiic,'l' :<.,,'

khored khared tiered de red IrW red khong tsho red tsha

.~

He is that is She is They are

1.4 The Infinitive

.-.--;. ~.

nann All An infinitive is a form of verb that may be used either as a noun or as a verb. AIl spoken Tibetan infinitives end in t:rr ba (pronounced va) or q'pa which are the equivalent of the English infinitive 'O word "to". Thus ba and pa sometimes described as nominal particles can b.e dropped leaving the "to", b,e verb stem in the process of forming different tenses, In the past tense they are retained in addition to whatever changes the verb stem has undergone. However ba and pa also occur as second syllables of disyllable nouns and adjectives as will be seen in the following lessons. lessons, 1.4.a Examples Tibetan ;l"r ;l":r 1.
2, 2. 3, 3.
q'1r q ' q'1!'q'

~,\'q' ~,,'q'
~c,'q' ~c.'q'
p,~'q'
q"1' q ' q"1'q'

4.
5. 6,

7.

q~,,".r q~,,".r

Translit. zaba blta ba sprodpa yongba yangba 'gro ba 'gra bshuba bgodpa

Pronunciation

za-va ta-va tro-pa yong-va dro-va shoe-va goe-pa

English to eat to look to give to carne to go to copy to laugh

66
1.5 Word Order -

The basic rule of the word order in Tibetan is subject, object and verb (5-0-V). For example: (S-O-V).

~" ~.

ffi.>l{1ro.~"~Uj"i1 nga khrom la 'gro gi yin (I market to go will); I will go to the market. Word or words ffi.>J{1ro.~~Uj"i1

which qualify other word or words always follow that which is being qualified. Thus, the word i'i,," i'i". bod is a noun meaning "Tibet". Coming before another noun, it qualifies it and fulfills the role of an adjective:
1.5.a Examples Tibetan i'i,,e:: i'i".e:.. 1Translit.
Pronunciation

~: ~:

2.
~,/ ~j

i'i". "I".-

3. 4. 5.

-Q". :il". <l"lil" ~Pl"l !1Pl"l

~

~. .>I.

~"l.~. ~"I.~.

bodja bodmi bodskad rgya thug sogzhva

boe-ja boe-mi boe-ke gya-took sog-zha

English Tibetan tea

A Tibetan

Tibetan language Chinese soup (Noodle) Mongolian hat

jc;"c'

1.6 Vocabulary Tibetan ~ollF~ ~ol\F~ 1-

Translit.

PronunCiation

2.
r.;.7i'
~

~qF~ ~<lF~

3. 4. 5.

~<l.~ ruq~

,,9olioll ,,9o1iol\
'll~.~"i. 'lI~.~"i.
o.~.-Q. r:\~.<l"

smankhang men-khang debkhang dep-khang slob grva lob-clra lob-dra dgergan ge-ken sangnyin sang-nyin 'gro-ba nyima tshongpa zhingpa nya-ba mangpo tshangma bzhi de ring khaseng ljidkhog Uzagma calag skudpa chibspa mokra zakhang sngo tshal
dro-wa nyi-rna tshong-pa zhing-pa nya-wa niang-po tshang-rna zhi de-ring kha-seng jee-coke lhak-ma Ihak-ma cha-luck cha-Iuck kue-pa chip-pa mo-tra za-khang ngo-tshay

English hospital

bookstore school teacher tomorrow togo sun businessman fanner farmer fishennan fisherman many

;i>:';

6.
b.'~:;

7. 8. 9. 10. 11II. 12.

~"r
ik"E.J
~~.E.J. ~~.E.J.

"611 ti.'f

,?q. ,?<l.
.>J~.4' .>I~.4'
O;~ .>I"

!b-,", lb.'

.>J.

all
four today yesterday weight remainder luggage thread horse (hon.) (han.) motorcar restaurant vegetable

13. 14.
15. 16.

<l~. -Q~.

~~c:
F~~

"iM,,F"l iM,,F"I
I?!"f.>l" I?!"f<>l" "fll"l ".l1l "l" :il,\.E.J. lil" E.J. q'll. E.J. "I'll. E.J"
~

\:2h

17. 18. 19. 20. 2l. 21. 22. 23.

Ji~r
"./'l~ "fl~

"

~.a;l1l. ~a;fll

V4i

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

~'J,j~,\' ~rJ.l~,\
'4' J,j' J.I'

sku mched phama tsha loma STUlg- tsha

rta

kum-che pha-ma tsha-Io-ma nak-tsha tah sha-wa zhing-pa

(han,) relative (han.) parent orange ink horse

i6'~"J,j" i6'~w ~"I'i6'

<;' '7' 4''1'

~c:;:<r ~c;,'<r

shaba zhingpa

deer
farmer

1.7 Examples There are two choices of sentence structure; one by prefixing the demonstrative pronoun to the subject and another by postpositioning the demonstrative pronoun to the subject. In either way the auxiliary verb comes last:
l.r:>.~'c;,i:\'~"fi6':"'" 'di nga'i snag tsha red 1.r.>.~r.:i:\~"fi6:""1 dhi ngay naak tsha re This is my ink,

2. ~"Ia;'r.>.~r.:i:\:""1 ~"I'a;'r:>.~'c;,i:\':<''''

'di nga'i snag tsha 'dinga'i red naak tsha dhi ngay re This ink is mine.
4.~'jfr:>.~c;,i:\ 4.~'jfr.>.~'t::.i:\:""1

3. r.>.~r.:i:\'~5l:""1 r:>.~c;,i:\'~5l':""1
dhi ngay zhi mi re

'di nga'i zhi mi red This is my cat. is. 'di nga'i rta red This is my horse, 'di nga'i a rna red ma This is my mother, mother.

:<.",

zhi mi dhi ngay re

zhi mi 'di nga'i red This cat is mine.

5. r.>.~r.:i:\er:""1 r:>.~c;,i:\'7:<'''1
dhi ngay ta re ,

6.r:>.~'c;,f.l'1'~"I'1l:<'''1'di nga'i ba phyugs red 6.r.>.~'t::.f.\z;r~"I'\f:""1 dhi ngay ba cb,ook re This is my cow.
8.r:>.~c;,f.l,;pr 8.r.>.~t::.f.\>ljt::.'q':""1

7.r:>.~'c;,i:\'(l'.l'l' :""1 r.>.~'r.:i:\'(l'.l'l'

dhi ngay ama re

:<.",

dhi ngay kang pa re

1O."'c;,f.l'~':<'", . 1O."'t::.f.\'~'~"1 de ngay so re

rkangpa 'di nga'i rkang pa red This is my leg.

de nga'i so red That is my tooth.

/chang de nga'i khang pa red de ngay khang pa re That is my house.

9.,,\'c;,i:\'flc;,<.I' :<'''1 9.,,'r.:i:\'flt::.<.j':""1

11. "d'~w:""1 ,,\d'~'.l'l':<''''

de ngay 10 rna re

de nga'i to ma red That is my leaf.

12.~'c:A"i''1' :<'''1 12.~'c;,f.l'"i''1':i,"1 de ngay ko va re

/co de nga'i ko ba red That is my boat.

de khong gi bu mo red de khong gi bu mo ie That is his daughter,

13."'Fc;,"i's'gj':<'", 13,"'Fr.:ili's'GJ':""1

. 14,~'rk'''i'i5'Ol''l':<'''' 14,~'rkili'i50l"l':""1
L L ;;., "-!...,-..... ;,."...!..........

de khong gi ca lag red dekhong gi cha lak re That is his luggage.. Iu.ggage..

15K ,a;'c;,i:\' 4:1"'1' :<.", lsKa;r.:i:\'4'Q:""1

de tsho nga'i sha ba red

16.r:>.,,'a;flc;,"I"I"l"l'''''I'di 16.r.>.,,'a;flr.:"I"I"I"I'''''I'di tsho khong gi gyag red

dhi tsho khong gi yaak re These are his Yaks.

....

de stho ngay sha va re Those are my deer.

17-'" ~r.:'''I-'lr.>:5l''l'''J.I.,,: :""1 17A'~r::."I-'lr.>:5l"l'''J,j''::<'''1

de ring zaah mi mar re

de ring gza' mig dmarred dmar red Today is Tuesday.

ls.ri'ru'1'~Qr:""1 kho slob phrug red Is.F'm'1'~"I':<'''1 kho lob took re He is (a) student.

19.('lc;, q.~'t::.' a;f.l' :<''''khang pa de nga tsho'i red 20.~t::. a;f.l'/'lr::.' q' :<.", de nga tsho'i khTUlg pa red 20.~'t:.a;f.\Ft::.' Q' ~"I 19.('lt::. Q'~'r;: a;f.\' :""Ikhang
khang pa de nga tshoi re That is our house. de nga tshoi khang pa re That house is our's.

uu

,.. /

1.8 Exercises of Lesson One 1.8.a Transliterate the following into Tibetan characters: nya, sa, za, ka, ha, la, mu, tho, ca, tsa, ya, sha, go, nga, kha, pha, va, shu, 'a, tsha, ra, dza 1.8.b Seven days of the week in Tibetan correspond to the seven days of the week in English and are named after seven planets. The word for day "I-"r:>: gza' comes before the name of the day as "1-"(:>: the word gza' literally means 'planet'. The Seven Days of the Week Translit.
Pronunciation

i:.. -

English Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Planets (Sun) (Moon) (Mars) (Mercury) (Jupiter) (Venus) (Saturn)

,~

"I'1Q.~'J.r 1. "I'1r:l'~'J,j'

2. "I'1r:>:,jr<r
-1\'::-,. -il'';'.

3. "I'1Q'Jj"l' 'i.>J'" "I'1r:l'''J''I''iJ,j,,' 4. "1'1(:('21"1''1' "1'1(:('111"1'<.1' 5."I"r:lS"S S . "I-'lQ'S"'S'

6."I'1(:(<.I~!::.~. 6."I'1(:(<J~!:;' ~.

7. "I'1(:('~a:.'<J. "I'1(:('~a;..<.I'

gza' nyima gza'zla ba gza' mig limar dmar gza'lhagpa gza' phur-bu gza'pa SOllgS gza' pa songs gza'spenpa

zaah-nyi-ma zaah-da-wa zaah mig-mar zaah-Ihak-pa zaah-lhak-pa zaah-pur-bu zaah-pa-sung zaah-pem-pa

1.8.c Translate the following into Tibetan and write in Roman characters and express:
~

H.';:,

&<1'

1. This is my school. 2. That is a bookstore. 3. Those are his oranges. 4. This is my ink. 5. Those are our horses. S. 6. These are four deers. 7. Today is Monday. 8. He is a farmer.

~.'-h:

;'

1.8.d Write down the correct possesive (genitive) case signs according to the above chart:
1. 'i!"I........ 2j"l~<.I. 'l!"I........ 2j"l~<J.
I stag......lpags pa stag...... lpags tsha 10 rna...... khu ba rna ......

1;b_~ 1;&_~

tiger skin orange juice ink colour book price one's mind her hair my mother whose house road corner deer's horn

2. ,;:;OiJ,j......e;G ,;:;Oi.>J.. ..c; q' 3.

~"I' ,;:;....... J,j~"I. ,;:;....... .>J~"I.

,-~.;;

4. ~G ........ :<."i ~q""''''':<'a:.' 5. ,,!::........ i;:jJ,j~. S. ,,!:;,....... ~.>J~.

snag tsha......mdog tsha ...... mdog deb ...... rin ......rin rang .... sems rna ..... skra nga ..... a rna su .... khang pa ...... zur lam ......zur sha ba ..... ra co

6. Ji........~ k ......
!:;,......Il'l'Jf 7. !::.....ll'lW 8. ~"""f!:;,'<J' ~"""f!::.<.1 9 . (11J,j' ...... -'1-<.' tl1J,f -'1-<:
~

10. 4G....,,~ 4q...... "~

-(1,'i-

.,.."r:>-:-;
J

0';/

1.8.e Memorize the following cardinal numbers in Tibetan:

No.
Pronunciation
~

Spelling

Transliteration

I.
2.

chik nyee soom shi ngaa drook doon gyay ghoo choo choo-chik

"lil"l'
"l~~r
"l~"r

gag gnyls gsum bzhi lnga drug bdun brgyad dgu bcu bcugcig bcudgu nyi shu tham pa nyi shu rtsa gcig nyi shu rtsa dgu sum bcu thain pa sum bcu so gcig sum bcu so dgu bzhi bcu tham pa bzhi bcu zhe gcig bzhi bcu zhe dgu lnga bcu !ham pa lnga bcu nga gcig lnga bcu nga dgu drug bcu {ham pa drug bcu re gcig

"I
~

3.
4. 5. 6.

<::::.

"1~'

....
'<>
rJJ
J.,

I'!.'
~"l'
"15~'

7.
8.
9. 10

"1$'"

~o

"~r
"1~'

II.
19. 20. 2I. 29. 30. 3I. 39. 40. 4l. 49. 50, 5I. 59, 60. 6I.

~~ ~

"1~'''Iil''l'
"1~Sj"

choo-ghoo nyee-shoe tham-pa nyee-shoe tsa-chik nyee-shoe tsa-ghoo soom-choo tham-pa soom-choo sochik

"10
"I~

~""j' .IjJ"l.J

~""j" ~""lil"l"

"1 ':10
':I~

~""I'~"""l"
~ ~

~J'~'

.IjJ"l.J

~J'~" ~""lil"l"

':1 <::::'0
<=..~

soom-choo so-ghoo ~J"~"~SI zhib-choo tham-pa zhib-choo zhe-chik

"1~" "1~' .IjJ"l.J"

"1~""1~"~""Iil"l"

<=.. '-'-0

zhib-choo zhe-ghoo "1~""1~"~s:r ngab-choo tham-pa

1'!.""1~'.IjJ"l.J'

.... ~
.... '<>0
'<>P

ngab-choo nga-chik I'!." <I~"c::"lil"l" ngab-choo nga-ghoo drook-choo tham-pa drook-choo re-chik
1'!:<I~r:.SI
~"I""1~".IjJ".r

~"l" <l~" "'""Iil"l

I U
~

69, 70, 71.

'"~ '-\_'.. < ;-'
...

'-'I"
(lJ0
pJ~

drook-choo re-ghoo ~"I'qil':<'"')':r ~"I'qil-:':')~r doon-choo tham-pa

drug bcu re dgu bdun bcu tham pa beu bdun bcu don gcig beu bdun bcu don dgu beu brgyad bcu !ham pa beu brgyad bcu gya gcig beu geig bgyad bcu gya dgu beu dgu bcu tham pa beu dgu beu go gcig geig dgu bdu go dgu brgya tham pa

q"i"i' "I,,'.I1"'r<J' q"id\' .11,.1" If

~ ~

doon-choo don-chik q'5.d\'Qil'~d\'''Ii5''1' q'5."i'Qil'~"i'''Ii5''1'

q'5."i'qil'~"i''),:r doon-choo don-ghoo q'5.d\'qil'~d\''''j

79, 80, 81. 89, 90,

pJl"
.1,0
.I,~

gyay-choo tham-pa

Q~,\' Q~'"

Qil' .I1J.J'r,r Qil'.I1J,J'<r

I

gyay-choo gye-chik' Q~"'Qil'~IJ"Ii5"1 Q~,\'Qil'!'J"Ii5"1 gyay-choo gye-ghoo

q~,\'qil'!r'\5' q~"i'qil'~''''j'

.1,1" 1"0
I"~

'\5'qil'IjJ.J'r.j' ghoob-choo tham-pa "'j'qil'IjJ,J'<r

ghoob-choo go-chik ,,!qil'i;j'''I3' 1' ,\!qil'iij'''Ii5 ghoob-choo go-ghoo Q'5."i'Qil'iij''\5' Q'5.d\'Qil'iij'''5' gya-tham-pa
Q~'

t;;;,j~ !h,_,r

91. 99,

(Z(Z
~oo

-tt,J~ -tt,;1-

100,

Ij.>r<r IjJ.J' <r

1.9 Some Useful Expressions

Tibetan
~;g.

Transliteration

Pronunciation

English Hello! Thank you, See you tomorrow,

1. Q~,'r4~rQ~'ii)I5j~1 Q~'4~rQ~'ii)I\j~1
2. 8"1~'~.L1 2, 8"1~'~'.L1
~c:.'~d\'J.JE<OJ'c lc:.' 3, ~c:.'~"i'"!E<OJ'Uilc:.'1 4, ~~' J.J'JJE<OJ'cilc:.'1 ~~'.>r"'E<OJ'Ulc:.'J 5..ij~' 5,.ij~' ~c:. 'c:. ~I

bkra shis bde legs thugs rje ehe sang nyin mjal yong rjes ma mjal yang shes song ngas bzhugs rags gnang galephebs gakbzhugs ga le ga Ie

ta-shi de-Iek thook-jay-chay sung-nyee jay-yong jay ma jay-yong shay-song-ngay shook-ro-nang ga-lay-pheb ga-Iay-pheb
ga~lay-shook ga-Iay-shook ga-Iay ga-Iay

.'.,.~< ,.~<

~"'.,.').~",.:>-

/,"

later, See you later...

Did you understand Please take a seat. Go slowly, Stay in peace. peace,

~L::'

Qt.1"1~'';;:''I~''I<Ilc:.'1 6, Qt.1"1~'';::''I~'''IiI)c:.'1 7, "I'iij' i;jQ~1 I;jQ~1

ti.<-ti.<#'

8, "I'iij'Q~"I~1 8. "I'iij'Q~"I~1 . 9, "rii)'''I'iij'! 10, ~~'~'q~"I~1 v

~

Slowly, slowly, slOWly, here, please sit here.

'di ru bzhugs

dhi-ru -shook dhi -ru

~3:i,

/i /.
}~~,~ }t~

~"i~1

/ 1
f'

if,"'' iI'.""
>

LESSON TWO
iljq' a:;~'Qj,?~'J:.l1 ct;~ 'Qj,?~' J:.!I 2.1 Vowel Drill
Tibetan
C>.~. Cl.~.
~ ~

Translit. 'di
'dis

Pronunciation

(dhi) (dhee) (Nga) (Ngay) (Kho) (Khoe) (Su) (Sue) (poe) (Toe)
,

English this by this

I

C>.~~f Cl.~~f
t;.. c;:
f.:-.~

nga ngas kho khos su sus spos

~~. t;.~r

'~;,:

by me He by him who by whom mcense look (imp) that by that seasame eye mind weight cotton prince action right (side) tent downhill groove this way snake money country trace body gold treasure

[ii'
fii~r fii~'
'll'
~.
~

~~. ~'ll'
1l'~,

g;t: g;i:

2!'ll' 2i~' ijJ'll" iiJ~'

1<,;,'i ~,:" ~

,,~. "'ll'
1<"':

".

~nr
,i)"l" .il"l' UI,, UI"i'

'6:&-

ltos de , des til mzg yid

ljid

(De) (Day) (Tee) (Meek) (Yee) (Ieet) (Jeet) (Ray) (Say) (Lay) (Yay) (Gu) (Thu) (Shu) (Tshu) (Doo) (Ngoo) (Yoo) . (Shoo)

!
I

Elf-

..
;0:::: ;0::::-

... "''ll'
~.

~S

ras sras

i-

~~. ~'ll"

Ol'll'
[1J~'
0<'1

las
gyas gur guT

"'...
'i;#

"l"l'll'. "l"l~' tlj.... 'lj ....

~

~ .::'S

... ....
,

t;1

::J.... ::!....

<6.... <6 ....

g .31
k~ ~~

~[1J' ~Ol'

''is[1J' "SOl'
.:.,; ~
~. ~

'!j[1J' '!jOl' ::![1J' ::JOl"

thur shur ShUT tshur sbrul dngul yul

shul Ius gsa gter

:2
~.J ~..!

'?:!'ll'
tlj~ .... 'lj~""

'?:!~.

(Loa) (Say)
(Tay)

'lj~ ..." tlj~ ....

'.'_':r '.'-~

I L

~nr

r:>.E:,," r:>.E:".
~. ~"

drel 'dzer Ice me khe 'dre 'dres

(Day) (Dzay) (ehe) (Che) (Me) (Khe) (Dre) (Dray)

mule nail
to~ue to~ue

,11. ,11"

fire profit demon mixed

jil. fl"
r:>.~. r:>.~" r:>.~'ll. r:>.~'ll"

2.2 Nouns A noun refers to a name of a person, place, thing, idea, concept, or activity. We have noticed from the words in the drills we have practised that Tibetan nouns are generally monosyllabic words which may be formed of one or more letters. Nouns also occur in disyllables and polysyllables as it is shown in a separate section containing list of simple, complex as well as derived noun stems (See Part One). Nouns with two or more syllables can be of either bound or free morphemes. Asingle syllable word may be composed of one Or more morphemes: or
one morpheme two morphemes

''Ii"'. W'r
6j. 6j"

tiger mind

'Ii"'.o;",. 'Ii"r 0;<:: tiger nest

6j.~~. 6j"~~" intelligence

three morphemes 'Ii"'.~. 0;",. 'Ii"r~'o;~. tiger's nest

6j~~iSOi 6j'~~'i5ili' intelligent

four morphemes
"~'lrl1(ili'<I' intelligent "~'lll1(Oi<I

'Ii"'. 6j. From the above examples, we can see that the morphemes 'Ii"l' and 6j' can constitute words by
themselves. They are called free morphemes. The bOund morphemes are such as i5ili' and l1(ili'Q' iSOi l1(Oiq morphemes_The bound which are never words by themselves and are always parts of other words. It should be noted paris .that both adjective and noun share similar second syllables such as <I"pa, i:j" po, ~" rna and g;. mo. . that <I.pa, i:i. ~. Unlike English, Tibetan nouns are prefixed to the adjectives, adjectives. 2.3 Vocabulary Tihetan

I. 1.
2. 3_ 3.

<:1,,'<1. <:1"'<1'

Translit. bodpa

Pronunc.

boe-pa in-ji gya-gar-wa bay-po ke-gyur me-pa nyi-ma nga-<lro bhoe-pa khye-rang dro-wa drang-mo tshay-pa Ishay-pa dru-pa

English Tibetan English Indian Nepalese Interpreter not to have sun moming to call yourself to go cold date boatman
;:), ,:;;\

"90i-g"9ili' g'
~r",,,-cr ~'''I""cr

4_ 4,

"lnr<l"lnr<l'
~"."l~""~"'''l~'''''

dhyinji rgyagarba halpo balpo skadsgyur medpa nyima sngadro 'bodpa khyedrang 'groba grangmo tshespa grupa

5_ 5. 6_ 6. 7_ 7.
8_ 8. 9_ 9.

,11,,-<1,11,,'<1'
~-,;f ~',;f

'1(-g(.g,
r:>.i':i,,-<Ir:>.i':i,,'cr

10, 10_

II. 12_ 12. 13_ 13. 14_ 14.

~"'''~" r:>.~."l. r:>.~'''l"

~,,-,,~.

:>Fg;~.<I. ~'<I'

:>j~,g;,

~"N

73
15.

qW,,'<J' qW,,r
4~q~q 4~'q~'q' ~.>J'q"r._~.>Jq'r ....
Q"I~'<J' Q"I~'q'

16. 17. 18.

/~ /-

to praise bstodpa toe-pa shing.bzo ba shing-w-wa carpenter shingbzo tshem bu ba tshem-bu-wa tailor ,

sbragspa yodpa
thagpa

drak-pa yoe-pa thag-pa nye-wo gong-dak de-pa khye-tsho tong-pa tsha-wo doon-trak par-wa bay-yoo. kang-pa su

postman
to have

19. 20. 21. 2l. 22. 24. 25. 26.

Ui,, <J' Ui", q'

ll"lq .ll"l'<J'

rope

~'i;j' ~'q'

"".q.
W~'q' W~'<J'

"~~''\''1

W<J'

nyebo dgongdag dadpa /chyed khyed tsho stongba tsha bo bdunphrag

near evening faith

you (pI.)

B"''
.,;. q' .,;'i;j'
qSJ)'!':j"l' qS'Y:J"I' q .... q <J....
qOj'~Oj' >lj~'<J' >lj~'q'
~. ~'

27. 28.
29. 30. 31. 3132. 33. 34.
/

empty hot, nephew week photographer Nepal leg who road king
SIze

parpa
balyul rkangpa su lam rgyalpo chechung gribma bu bumo
;

OJ.>J'
~Oj'i:i' ~Oj'ii'

35. 36. 37. 38.

.i'~F .i~F
~q'.>J' ~r

lam gyalpo che-chung drib-rna bu

bu-mo
I

shadow son, boy daughter, girl colour mountairt dog name

house

q'Jj. q'Jj'
~

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

J)'.>J~'l/ ili.>J~'l/
"I~~r:<: "I~~r:<:

mtshon mdag tshon-dok gangs- ri gangs-ri khyi mUlg mmg khangpa palags su
kang"ri kang-ri khyi ming khang-pa
pa-Iak

is'
Jj~' Ji~'

p:l':.' <J' fl'.'q'

q'Oj"l~r ,rOj"l~'
~. ~'
~

father who

su

2.4 The Auxiliary Verb tila;,' ym Ulili' Another important auxiliary verb is tila;,' yin, It represents am, are, will, did etc. but does not Ulili' rnostly,used indicate number. It is mostly,used in the first person and present habitual and future tenses as shown below and is also used in the second person interrogatives. It is not used for the third person. However yin can be used when the first person is speaking on behalf of a third person and r.>.~'fii~~UjJ)' representing him so to speak. For instance r.>.~jii~~Ujili' 'di khong gi yin meaning "this is from /chong himlher" is considered much nicer than sayingr.>.~'fiir;,'<ir:<''\1 'di khong gi red although difference is sayingr.>.~jiir;.<ir:<''\' not a matter of being polite or impolite. By saying 'di khong gi yin the person listening will feel /chong obliged to respond to the speaker if he has to, where as by saying 'di khong gi red, he would nol feel /chong not

74
obliged, As will be discussed later interrogatives in spoken Tibetan are formed by adding (J"l' pas, obliged. q"l.

Q"l' bas, 9"l' gas etc. to the auxiliary verb yin or red Q~. 9"l
2.4.a Examples Singular
1. !'i.~t:.. (J' ~"i' !'i'~t:.' q. ~". 2. t:..",t:..q."l",. t:.'aF (J'''lili'
3. !9"..;j['l"l. q:<S 19"i'.>J['l"l'(J':<S

kho zhingpa red zhing pa nga nangpa ym nang pa khyod mkhas pa red denyimared
'di shing tog red 'di nga'i yin

kho-zhing pa re nga-nang-pa nga-nang -pa yin

khyo-khay-pa re de-nyi-ma re

He is farmer.
I am Buddhist.

You are learned. That is Nyima. This is fruit.

This is (from) me.

4. ~~w~,, ~'~w~"i'

5. r:>.~~r::.~9~" r:>.~~r::.~9~"i' 6. r:>.~t:.aUj", r:>.~,t:.aUlili'

dhi-shing-to dhi -shing-to re

dhi -ngay-yin -ngay -yin

Plural
1. !'it::li5,,q:i.,, !'it.'l'Q"i'(J':<'''i'

khong tsho tbod pa red nga tsho skyo bo yin khyod tsho yag po red de tsho rna he red
'di tsho stag red 'di tsho nga tsho'i yin

khong-tsho bod-pa re They are Tibbetan. nga-tsho-kyo-wo yin We are poor. khye-tsho-yak-po re You are good. de-tsho-ma-he re dhi-tsho-stag re those are buffaloes. These are tigers.

di5Uj", 2. d''Q'Ulili' !9,,lUj9i:j :i.". 3. 19"i'l'Uj9'i:j':<'''i'

~l.;j~:i.,, 4. ~'l'.>J'~':<'''i'

5. r:>.~l'i;'9:i.,, r:>.~'l''i;'9':<'''i 6. r:>.~l[:: la'Ulili' r:>.~'l::: laUj",

dhi-tsho-nga-tshoi-yin These are from us.

2.4.b Examples of the use of red and yin auxiliary verbs in sentences:
1. c:i5,,qaIfj.;jUj"'1 c.Q"i'(JaIfj.>J''Ulilil nga bo pay em chi yin

nga bod pa'i em chi yin I am(a) Tibetan doctor. am(a) nga shing bzo ba yin I am (a) carpenter. khyed rang dbyin ji yin pas Are you English? khong nga'i dge rgan red He is my teacher. phrug gu 'di tsho su'i red Whose children are these? lags phru gu 'di tsho nga'i red Yes, these are my children.
'di khyod kyi smyu gu red pas Is this your pen?

2. c:~t:.Q~QUl"'1 c.~t:.'Q~Q'Ulilil nga shing zo va yin

3. 6" -<J::."9",~"l,,,q"ll 6"i' .<J::."i9ili~'''lili'(J''l1 khye rang in j i yim pay 4. !'it:.t:.a"i9"W:<'''i1 !'it:.t:.a,,9'ij"\":i."1 khong ngay ge ghen re

5. ~9'5'r:>.~'l'~a'~"i1 ~95r:>.~l~a~"1 phi took gu I:!hi tsho sui re

6. !ll"l"l~9'jr:>." g'c.a:<'''il 11l"l"l'~9"r:>." gt:.a :i."1 laa took gu dhi tsho ngay re

7. r:>.~'~"i'~~9'5:<'''i'(J''l1 r:>.~~"~~95 :i.,,q"ll dhi khyo kyI nyu ku re pay kyT

,
8. nJ~~r:i."il ~t:f.\~~5 :i."il ~t:f.\~~5 laa re de ngay nyu 1m re 9. "Qr.>.~~f.\:i."il deb dhi sui re
10.nJ~~'"Q"CJ.~.t:f.\' :i."il nJ~~'" Q"CJ.~.t:f.\' 1M deb dhi ngay re laa 11. [iit:.t:f.\',\~'~"i'~"il.l~1 [iit:.t:f.\',\~'~"i' ~"il.l~1 khong ngay ge ghen re pay

,..

lags red de nga'i smyug gu red that Yes, ~hat is my pen.

deb 'di su'l reb su 'f Whose book is this?

lags deb 'di nga'i red Yes, this is my book. khong nga'i 'dge rgan redpas red pas Is he my teacher? khyed tsho dbyinji yin pas Are you (PI) English? lags yinnga tsho dbyin ji yin Yes, We are English. khong tshang pa redpas red pas Is he (a) businessman? .lags red khong !Shang pa red , lags !shang Yes, he is a businessman. businessman, spyi zla bdun pa grang rno red mo July is (a) cold (month).
'.

."".., .",,'

12. a"i~'\S"i~Uj"il.l~1 khye tsho in ji yim pay

13. nJ~~Uj"it:~"iS"iN"i1 nJ~~Uj"it: ~'''iS''i'~'Uj''i1

laa yin nga tsho in ji yin

14. [iid;c::l.l :i."il.l~1 [iit:.r;c::l.l:i."il.l~1

,..

khong tshong pa re pay

15. ~~. :i.'\'[iit:. ~t:.l.l' :i.'\1 ~~' :i.,\'[iit:' ~t:'l.l' :i.,\1 laa re khong tshong pa re

16. ~~Q5."il.l:lFJi:i.'\1 ~~Q5."i'l.l':'FJi':i.,\1 chin dha doon pa drang rna re mo

17: ,,~q"i~~~<>rl.l:i."il 17, "'~'l'j"i'~'~~<>rl.l':i."il de ring bon dha soom pa re
"", n<'

de ring bod zla gsum pa red Today is 3rd Tibetan month.

2.5 Exercises of Lesson Two

~";.-, ~

..-'

(a) Copy out ten words with suffixes in Tibetan script from the above vocabulary. from '(b) Transliterate the following.into Roman characters and translate five words into English. (b)
~'Jl' SJi ~'Jr S'Ji'

,\t:.lj. nJ~l.l ~"i'l.l' ,\t:'Q' nJ~l.l'

r::~'

t:.~. t:'~'

~'Jl' ~:Jr

~.i'i' ~,i'i'

''r'''f ''r-l'f
~ ~

~.~. 3j.~. ~'~' 3i'~'

(c) Render the following into Tibetan with possessive case signs:
.~,o .~;;

,,"';'< ,,";f>f.

,..."

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Nepal's king Tibet's mountains Leg's size Whose house My daughter His father Their dog . Road's name Son's pen

"., ",,'

,.. /
"'' ' '

76
10. Hand's shadow

(d) Memorise the following The ordinal numbers from [lISt ",,'il' (dang po) to twelfth 'lil'''I~~r<r (bcu gnyis pay are fITSt ",,,'<:I' Qil'''I~~r<r '<i' prefixed with '.i' spyi zia (Chin-dha), signifying the twelve European months. Likewise the zla
lunar or Tibetan months are prefixed with Q"i'<i'bodzIa (Bon-dha) to the ordinal numbers, Q":.ibodzla numbers. Tibetan use their own dating system called ~""~"J'ni bod rgyallo (Tibetan king year) since the Q"'~"l'ni
'lj~o.'~'qi5"",'<i' ~q'~,,' [lISt king "I~o.'~'qi5"~'<i' gnya' khri btsan po but since 1027 AD. ~q'~'" rab byung, the fITSt sexagenary cycle was introduced. 1995 is the nineth year of the seventeenth rab byung. AD. in Tibetan is ~'ni' spyi 10 (chi-lo) meaning general year and century is called :i~r~q' dus rabs (doo-rab). Memorize the following:

The 12 General Months

Tibetan Transliteration
Pronunciation

Months

1.

2. 3.
4. 4,

~.i,,"il ~'<i'''i'''<:I' ~ ..i'''I~~' <r ~'<i'''I~~'l.l'

~.i"I~<>Jl.r ~'<i'''I~<>J'l.l'
filQ~q 'fil''l~'l.l'
'.i.~.q '<i'~'l.l

spyi zla dang po spyi zlil gnyis pa spyi zIa gsum pa zia spyi zia bzhi pa spyi zlilingapa zlillngapa spyi zia drug pa zla spyi zlil bdun pa spyi zla brgyad pa brgyadpa spyi zla dgu pa zia spyi zla bcu pa zia spyi zia bcu gcig pa zla spyi zia bcu gnyis pa

chin-dha dang-po chin-dha nyee-pa chin-dha soom-pa chin -dha chin-dha zhi -pa chin-dha nga-pa chin-dha drook-pa chin-dha doon-pa chin-dha gye-pa chin-dha ghoo-pa chin-dha choo-pa chin -dha chin-dha choo-ehik-pa choo-ehik-pa chin-dha choog-nyee-pa

January
February

March

5. 6. 7.
8. 9.

~:.i'"I.q. ~:<i'"I'l.l'
~'.i.q:s~.q. ~'<i'q:s",'l.l'

April May June July

August September

~'.i.q~".q. ~'<i'q~"i'l.l'

~'.i''''j.q. ~'<i"'i'j'l.l'

10. ~riqilq ~'ri'qil'l.l

October
November

11. ~riqil"I~"Iq ~'fil'qil"I~"Il.l'

12. ~riqil"I~~q ~'riqil'''I~~'l.l

December

The 12 Tibetan MOnths

1. q"i'<i'''i,,'<i' q"'.i''''''<i' 2. q"i'ri'''I~~'l.l q"'ri'''I~~'q' 3. q"i' ri'''I~<>J' q' q,,' ri"I~<>J'l.l'
4. Q"'ri'q~'q' Q""ri'q~'l.l bodzlil dangpo bod zlilgnyis pa bod zlil gsum pa bod zlil bzhi pa
I

bon-dha dang-po bon-dha nyee-pa bon-dha soom-pa bon-dha zhi-pa bon-dha nga-pa bon-dha drook-pa drook -pa bon-dha doon-pa bon-dha gye-pa bon-dha ghoo-pa bon-dha choo-pa bon-dha choo-chik-pa

Ist 1st Tibetan month

2nd 3rd
4th

5. 6. 7. 8.

q"'fil'~'q q"i'fil'~'l.l

bodzlilinga pa bodzlillnga bod zlil drug pa bod zlil bdun pa bod zlil brgyad pa brgyadpa bod zlil dgu pa bod zlil bcu pa bod zia bcu gcig pa zla

5th
6th 7th

q,,\'fij''lj'l.l' q"'fij'"I' q'

q"'fij.q'S~.q. q"i'fij'q'S",'l.l'

q"'fij'q~"'q. q,,\'fij'q~"i'l.l'

8th

9, Q"'fij''''j'q' 9. Q"i'fijS:j'l.l' 10. q,,\'<i'qil'l.l' q".iqil q

11. Q"\fijqil'lj~"Il.l Q"'fij'qil'''I~''I'q'

9th
10th

11th

77
/

12. Ci'\'ri'Q~'''I~~rQ' i:i'\'ri'Q~'''I~~r<J'

bod zIa bcu gnyis pa zla

bon-<lha choo-nyee-pa choon

12th

t<:

(e) Transl ate into English:

W"

1.
2.

r1'" 1'"

3.
. 4. .4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

fie:. .~. Q' ~'\I <J' ~,\I jiie:.'g,r>.Q"I'<J' ~,\I fie:.' g.r>.Q"I' Q' ~'\I ~,g'B'\' ~. g'a,\' -'J:..~. ~,\'<J~I ~,\'Q~I
e:.<i,\ ri'Q~<Jwr>.~'~a:ilil e:.<l'\riQ~Qwr>.~~a:ilil

~.:-. ~.;.'

Zl"f ll"f <rr>.~' ~i'.i.' ~'\I ~;:.;: ~,\I

<l'\ri'Q~'\'<J' <i,\ri'Q~'\'Q'

t',,",, t""'"

~'ri'\l!:<J ~'ri'\l!:Q'
""~'ll'i'~'Ol"l~'~,\'<J~1 ""~'Il'i'~'Oj"l~'~,\'Q~1 ur~'e:.i'.i.?~'\1 ur~'d';:?'~,\1
~~"IElr>.riQ~,\1 ~'~"IElr>.ri'Q'~'\1

w;~ '*~

khong gru pa red khong tsho 'brog pa red de tsho khyed rang gi redpas red pas nga bod zIa bzhipa la 'gro gi yin zla bzhi pa Ia thag pa 'di su'i red bodzla brgyadpa bod zla d pa spyi zIa Inga pa zla pha gi a rna lags red pas redpa s ya gi nga'i rta red de ring gza'a zia ba red

~:, ~:o

(f) Expre ss the following numbe rs in Tibetan:

/ /'

P
f.1':~1 f.\''".

PpJ
?,pJ ?'pJ

?,

cg

'?( ?l

?,?l ~'?( ?l?, V,

c <::.

'4

pJ pJ P?'
PpJ

gC

A, .t,
p~ P~

C' pc P<::'

"c c"
,,<::. <::."

g g

?,C' ?'C' C'?,

po

~'! :r.~

PP
P'4

pJP

p.t, PA.
c

PC'
J.,C'

"0
pp

pg
?,O ~o

"C'
gg

?,?,

p", p.t,

PC'

2.7 Some Usefu l Expre ssion s:

t'!'.;r, ~,r

1. "I~~'''l''I'.ti'IT'r~e:.'e:.~1 "I~~'''I''l'li'IT'r ~e:.'e:. ~I zim yag po khoog song nyay

gzim yag po khug song ngas Did you sleep well ? lags gnyid yag po khug byung Yes, I slept well. 'dzin grwa tshug ran song
The class is about to start.

r_o,~ {.O',~

2. Ol"l~'''I~,~'\''l''lli~''I~~e:.1 OJ''l~''I \''I''I.ti'~''I' e:.1 lak nyee yag po khoog chung 3. r>.~ili~<ll"l'~"i'~e:.'1 r>.~iIi~<ll"l~"i~e:.1
dzin dra !Shook ren song tshook

""~-

<rf'

4. "I"fl:i' S~'''I~"i' :l;"I~"Iilie:.1 "l"fl:j. S~'''I~''i' ;';"I~"I"ie:.'1

~

yag po jay sen rok nang

yagpo byas gsan rogs gnang yag po Please listen carefully, lly. nga fa rjes zlos gnang rogs gnang la Please repeat after me. yang skyar gcig gsung rogs gnang Please repeat it once again (for me).

5. e:.Ol~~'~~"Iilie:.';:"I~"Iilie:.1 e:.w~~~~"Ii1ie:.;';"I~"I"ie:.1
"',::;:,-' ::::.,

nga la jay dhoe nang rok nang

6. "Ie:.'~~'''I~''I'''I~F :l;"I~'''I"ie:.'1 "le:.~~"I~"I"I~F ;';"I~"I"ie:.1

yang kyar chik soong rok nang
/

77
12. <:i,\'~'Qil'''I~~rLr <:i"~Qil"I~~rLr

,
<

bod zla bcu gnyis pa

bon-<lha choo-n yee-pa bon -<lha

12th

(e) Transl ate into Englis h:

1.
/
'1.: 0 ' '1.'".'

fi"'~LJ ~'" fi"- .~. "I'~,\1

jkg.r.>.Q"ILJ~,\1 jkg.r.>.Q"ILJ~'\1
~. ~g,\",",~~,\LJ~J .:q;:~. ~'\. LJ~I

2.
3.
4.

giS,,

"-q,\~Q~LJwr.>.~~Ujilil ",q,\~ Q~LJwr.>.~~Uj3i1

;g:.):

5.
6.

~"ILJr.>.~~t"i~,\1 >.~~t"l~'\1 q"~QS '\'LJ' q'\'~'QS,\LJ ~~~LJ ~'~'~'LJ'

"'~Qr<>Jfll"l~ ~,\LJ~I ""~'Q'r<>l'Oj"l~' ~'\'LJ~1
ur~",t"i? ~,\I ur~"-t"l? ~'\I ~~"I.er.>.~Q~'\1 ~~"I.er.>.~Q~,\1

",f" ",f"'

7. 8.

~-:;";

9. 10.

klwng gru pa red khong tsho 'brog pa red de tsho khyed rang gi red pas nga bod zla bzhi pa la 'gro gi yin thag pa 'di su'i red bodzla brgyadpa bod zla d pa spyi zla Inga pa pha gi a rna lags redpa s red pas ya gi nga'i rta red de ring gza'a zla ba red

I:t';"

(I:) Expre ss the follow ing numbe rs in Ti betan:

) P

)[lJ PflJ ">[lJ ">flJ [lJ) flJP

">
[lJ flJ )"> P"> )[lJ PflJ

cJ,.{ c)..{

'I
"

1'1 '1'1 '11 '1'1

P(> p
,,~

c:.

I;c:. c:.1; 1;0

J,.{ )..{

">(> (>1 (>'1

1;(> J-lJ,.{ J-l)..{

~"'.
~>;

I; '4

J,.{c:.

)..{c:.

-'I

(>
pc:.
P(z p

po )0
pJ,.{ p)..{

";".~ ";".~

pp PP
pI; )'4

)-'1 P"
c:.

)'1 P'I
)-'1 P"

">">

-'1

p) PP

'10 10

2.7 Some Useful Expre ssion s:

""

%.

1. "I:il<>l'~"I';:i"j~"I'~"-'"-~J 1lJ:ii<>J~"I ;:h~"I~"'"' ~I zim yag po khoog song nyay

fll"l~"I~'\'~''I'iJ'~''I":FI 2. OJ''l~'''I~,\~"I;:j~''r:FI
~

gzim yag po khug song ngas

Did you sleep well ?

f"C.>' f"'""

lak nyee yag po khoog chung

'!t-'," i'i-'>c

lags gnyid yag po khug byung

Yes, I slept well.

3. r.>.f!3i'~~~"I"'~~"'1 r.>.f!ili '~"I' "'3i'~"-'1 dzin dra tshook ren song

fiQ:'i.;r..-

'dzin grwa tshug ran song

The class is about to start.

~"I;:j '''I~''i'~''I~'''I3i"-'1 4. ~"I'iJ'S~S~"I~"i~"I~"Iili"'1

&IT' E'IT'

yag po jay sen rok nang

yag po byas gsan rogs gnang

Please listen carefully.

1)."" 1)."'

5. "-W~~'~~"IaF ~"1~'''I''i"-'1 ",W~~'~~"IaF ~"I~"I"i"'1 nga la jay dhoe nang rok nang 6. ~"-'~"""I%"I'''I~""I~F ~"I~'''I''i",'1 ~"'~"'"I%"I-'~''1~'''I''i"-'1
yang kyar chik soong rok nang

nga la rjes zlos gnang rogs gnang

Please repeat after me.

yang skyar gcig gsung rogs gnang

Please repeat it once again (for me).

-,:-, .c'-'

>1/

7. '5'~""i"-'"- "l"1 ha go song ngay

i,l! PUelS1QPUn nOh P!G sv:iiu :iiuos o:ii /J1f

8. Ol"l'll','ilj""r"i"-'! lag ha go rna song

b~oti'o~o~olllb!tJ 08
1.&'J0'J~0~0f, L

pUelSlQPUn 1.Up!P I 'oN :iiuos /JUI o:ii vlJ s:ii1J[

llUOS llW 08 eq gill

ha go song ngas Did you understand it?

11)

lags ha go rna song No, I didn't understand.

hellU llUOS 08 elj

LES SON THREE

q a:;c3i'l:lj~,;j' m' a:;e3i'I:!j~,;j' ~r

3.1 The Surm ounte d and Subjo ined Conso nants Drill
Tibeta n
"i~~'l.l "i~~'l.l
~

Trans lit.

Pronu nciatio n ProDu

1J.'lf'l.l Il."'l.l' "i~llrl.l "i~llrl.l'

j.,~l.j" j'lf~l,f

<l~4~'
/

j!3ill' j!3i1J'
;j'

I!l' J!l'
~'l.l'

;J'~"i'
~. ~'
~

;Jr:;.'

~ ~"i'l.l'

&"i"S' &"i"s"
c<~...'<r C<~""<r
~ .... q. ~ ...'q'

~q. ~q'

i'''f 6""f
~"i''J'
;;.
(j'2jt:;'

~...'Ji' ~""Ji'

.rik 'r'5r:;.
~~''J'

<l~"i'

~r:;.'"i'

~'lf'l:i' ~"'i:i' SiIJ~l.j" Sill'll'l,f IJ.l<ill'ij' Il.l<iIJ'ij

,.to

Q'lf'!1'lf' Q"'!1'"
~f'S'

"i'Kij "i'K'ij' "iSr:;.~ "iSr:;.'ll'

dkrugspa 'khrugpa dkrogpa sgrogspa bkrashis khrom skra khra grvapa sgrasnyan gru sgrung skyid po sgyed bu 'khyer ba skyer ba skyo ba khyo ga skyur mo rgyidpa pivan g phabo ng rgyaspa brgyad spyan gki phyug po byams pa 'iamp o bragphug sbrangbu dbangpo dbyangs

Englis h

Trook-pa Took-pa Trok-pa Drok-pa Tra-shi Tom Tra Thra Dra-pa Dram-nyen

to shake
to quarrel
to rattle

to announce auspicious market

hair hawk monk guimr guitar

boat

Dru Droong kyeet-po gyet-pu

khyer-wa kyer-wa kyo-wa khyo-ga kyoor-mo gyit-pa pi-wang pha-wong gyay-pa gyet chang-ki chyook-pa jam-pa jaam-po drak-phook drang-bn ang-po
yIang

story
happy

oven

to take mke
a wood

to be sad husband sour tendon lute boulde r to increase eight jackal

rich

love soft cave

bees senses

tune

81
de ISho nyi rna me tog yin gyi re tsho I think those are sun flowers.

11. fic::fJ.e:. ... .;r~"\~Ul"\c:~r.:<."i1 fic::r:>.E:.....;J'~'"\~'<il"\'1;:~' ':<'' \1 khongjer rna ni nay yin ngey re

khong 'jar ma ni nas yin nges red He must be from Germany. ya tsho glang gog yin nges red Those up there must be oxes. khong tsho sang nyin 'gro nges red They must be going tomorrow. zhi mi '0 rna thung nges red The cat must drink milk.
de ring charpa bah nges red char pa It must rain today.

-f

12."1 12."1' lme. 'ilf'lj'<il"\'1;: ~. ':<'' \'i1l 'iifllJ' Ul"\'C: tsho ya ISho lang gok yin ngey re 13. fie.l~e.~"\fJ.~C:~':<'''i1 fie.l~e.~"\r:>.~1;:~':<'''\1 khong ISho sang nyin dro ngey re tsho
~9rrs:.;J~d~':<'''\1 14. ~9rrs:.;r~e.C:~':<'''i1 shi mi ho rna thoong ngey re

;'. ;'

--;

15. ~~c:.r,"''.r"ltrC:~':<'''i1 ~~.r,,,,r.P'lr.r1;:~':<'''\1 de ring char pa bab ngey re

fi~e.Uj'ljUj"\qir:>.5'lj 16. fi~c:.UjllJUj"\"IifJ.51lJ kho drung yig yin w dook

kho drung yig yin bzo 'dug It appears that he is the secretary.
do dgong char pa bab bzo 'dug It appears that it will rain tonight.

_J

"""\ilfe..r,...<IQQ"I~fJ.51lJ 17. """iiife..r, ...t.jqQQ~r:>.5'lj

do gong char pa bab zo dook

18. r:>.~'lj~ ...t.j<il"\QHm5'lj fJ.~IlJ~ ...<IUl"\"Il~fJ.51lJ dhi sar pa yin zo mi dook

3.4 Tibetan Verb

'di gsar pa yin bzo mi 'dug 'ill It appears that this is not new.

;'. ;'

A verb shows action or denotes a state of being. In Tibetan to comprehend the meaning of a sentence, one must be able to recognize the verb. As a monosyllabic language, a Tibetan verb comes with a single syllable verb stem which can have various verbal affixes to suit the context, tense and mood of the sentence. Tibetan verbs are not marked with number, gender and person of the subject or the object which considerably makes it an easy language. There are honorific verbs as there are honorific nouns in Tibetan which will be dealt in a separate lesson. Tibetan verbs occur with or without verbal affixes. Most verb stems chal]ge their spelling by prefixing an allowable prefix change consonant or suffixing (usually sa) to change their tense and moods. Infinitive form of Tibetan verbs come with additive particles pa and ba ego 3.4.a Vocabulary
Tibetan
~e..q' ~e. '''1'
~

Verbs
pronunciation

Transliteration

English

thungba groba gyugpa btsugspa 'bri ba bstanpa 'khridpa

thoongwa drowa yookpa tsook-pa lSook-pa dri wa tern pa tree pa

to drink togo to throw to pierce to write to show to guide

r:>.~'q' fJ.~'Q'
-""

"~'fr.r "~'ftr
q~~'t.j. "I~~'<r

r:>.Q.q. fJ.Q'''I' Q'i!"\'t.j. "I'i!"\. <1' r:>.~,,\.t.j. fJ.~"i. <I'

__0"

....... ........'

82
"J')q' <l' "J,)q' <r
~

gtubpa 'demspa dga'ba gyarOO yalOO

toob pa dempa ghawa yaarwa yal wa

to chop

P.~"l'L1' P.~"l'<,J'
"i"Jp.'q' "i"Jp.' q'
"I"I~'q'

to elect to like to lend, borrow to vanish

"I(1J'q' "Irll' q'

In spoken Tibetan, the verbal affix 5' gy~ q~"\' bzhin, ~' kyi or~' gi etc, are commonly used in participle present and future tenses, Action can happen at various times, namely present"past and tenses. present"pastand future, Tibetan verbs are generally expressed in three tenses called '.l'll'''J~''l' "dus gsum" which are "i'
'Irqm:k,'Il'L1' tense. 'Irq' da lta ba, present, P."i'll'L1' das pa, past and m:k,'Il'<,J' ma 'ongs pa, future tense, If one says [;,'1;,' Ita P."i'll'<,J' ~'!;,'

!j[;,'i<j'Ui"i1 ngaja thung gi yod, (nga ja thoong gi yoe) it could either mean "1 drink tea" (present !l~'arUi"i1 habitual) or it could mean "} am drinking tea" (progressive present). However the prefered "1 present), progressive present form in modern Tibetan would be [;,'I;,'!j[;,'q~"\'Ui"i1 nga ja thung bzhin yod. We ~'!;,'!l~'q~"\'Ui"i1 will have a detailed lesson on tenses later, later.
~

.ll[;,'q' ll~'q'

thungba nga thung gi yod nga thung gi yin zaOO zaba khoza ba red khozagired blaOO blaba khyod blta ba red khyod blta gi red

(to drink) (I drink) (I'll drink) (to eat) (He eats) (he will eat) (to look) (You look) (You will look)

Infinitive Present habitual Future Infinitive Present Future

Infinitive

[;,'!j[;,'~'cJ:i"i' ~'!l~'~'cl:i"i'
q~,~,tlj"\' q[;,'~'Uj"\'
~

]l'q' Jl'q'
fl'Jl'q' ~"i' fl']l'q' fl' ]l'~' ~"i' Jl'~'
q'lr q '

i9"i'q~'q'~"i

Present habitual Future

i9"i'q~'~'~"i

3.5 Vocabulary
1. 2, 2. 3, 3.
4,
~"J'4"i' ~"J'4"i'
l'lJ"J'~q' 1'1J"J'~q'

Nouns
comb hand gloves scissors watch (time) pocket knife torch road singer bedroom kitchen table
chair

rgyugshad lag shub jam rtse chu tshod ltebgri glog gzhu
lamkha

gyookshe lagshoob cham tse chu tsho teb dri 10k shu lam kha glu tong khen zimchoong thab tshang chog tse koob kyak

<'"1' ~' ~'

~

~'l"i'
~q'~'

5. 6, 6. 7, 7.
8,

mlll'''J!j' m'lI'''Jlj' l'lJ'"I'j'l' 1'1J'"I'j'l'

~'''li5[;,' "lj'lOi ~lr''1i5~' "lj'l"i
~ ~

glu gtong mkhan gzim chung thabtshang lcog rtse skub skyag

"I~'"I'~[;,' 9. "J]l'"l'~~' 10, llq' a:;~' 10. .llq' 0:;[;,'

\MIlj'~' 11. ~"l'~'

12, 12.

&q'~"J' liJ<r~"J'

13. !:j,;:"F"1' Q,;:"F"1' 14. ~'ll'.ij. ~'ll'.ij' 15. ili'""!' iii'",!' 16. ~..ij. ~'.ij' 17. i5".~". i5",~", 18. ,,9~e.~~,\ ,,9~'e.~~,\

branggog pusmo rla sha grumo bodskad dbyin ji'i skad

drang khog poomo laa sha drumo poke injee ke

chest khee thigh elbow Tibetan language English language

Location
/'/

i9. 19.

ilit:::nr ili c: nr

nangla phyi log la steng la shodla gyas phyogs la gyon phyogs la La sgangla ogla yarla marla fa 'khris la mdunla rgyabla rgyab logs la
Verbs

nangla chi log la teng la shot la yay chog la yon chog la ghang la hog la yarla marla ttee la doon la gyabla gyab log la

inside outside above, upstairs below, downstairs right left on top underneath upward downward nearby in front behind behind

20. ~'rll"1'nr ~'rli"1'(1j'

21. ~c.'(1j' ~t:::1'r

-",; -",.

22. 2j,,'1'r 2j"'(1j' 23. ZlJUl'll,g"1'll'nr ZlJUI'll'g"1'll'nr

ilig"1'llnr 24. ZlJ Jiili'g"1'llW

25. ~I::nr ~c.'(1j' 26. r;:Ilj'(lj' 0:llj'(1j'

27. Ul"W UI.o;.W 28. "J.o;,W "J.o;.W
29. o.~'llW 30. .>J)ili W 30. .>l)iliW 31.
~qW

~crrll"1'll"(lj" 32. ~crrli"1'llW

/\
---.;-

1.

q~'q'

blta ba zaba mba nyanpa sdodpa bzhugspa bzungba 'bri ba zhuba bzhagpa bsampa 'darba yongba gcodpa klogpa

ta wa zawa nyem pa doepa shookpa zoongwa dri wa zhu wa zhakpa sampa dharwa yongwa cho pa 10k pa

to look
to eat

2. =l'cr -'I'cr
-~

3. 'ili"4" '~'l,J' ii,,l,J' 4. ii,,'<r

<:l13~'ll'l,J' 5. <:l13~'ll'<r 6. <:l~c.'q' <:l~I:.'q' o.!'fq. 7. o.!'fq'

to listen to sit to sit (hon)

to hold

.,.j

to write to request to place

to think

8. l3'q' l3 q 9. <:It'\''1'l,J' <:l~"1".r

10. <:l'llM <r 1O. <:l'llMl,J' 11. o.",,'q' o.".o;.'q'

to shiver to corne to cut to read

12. ciic.q' ciil:.q 13, ZlJ~"'lJ' 13. ZlJ~"'l,J' 14. ffillj'l,J' ffillj'lJ'

.,-"'

~4

15. :l"l.c.r ':i~.c.r 16. O1"1'.c.r O1~'!.J'

17. .>lie;,q 17. .>lic;,q'

dranpa lenpa mchongba 'thungba slobpa 'byor ba

drempa lempa chongwa thoongwa lob pa Jorwa

to remember to take to jump to drink to learn to arrive, receive

18. P..IFq P.1Fq

~

19. mq.c.r ruq!.J' 20. P.9....q P.9....

3.6 Expressions on the notion of time

1. jj'~'

2. ~~.
,\'~c;,''i!'~' 3. '\'''Iqd' ~,~,c:;~'\~r;;: 4. ~'~';"I''\:jr::.'

thorangs sngadro
da nang snga dro

tho rang nga dro da nang nga dro nyin goong chi dro gongdak do gong zhok key tshen !Shen mo tshen goong !Shen gOQng dhanggong sang nyin naang nyin khesa khey nyin ga na ning nyima doon trak dha wa dhalhak dha nak sang phoe
10 ngonma

dawn morning this morning noon afternoon evening tonight morning night time midnight last night tomorrow day after tomorrow yesterday day before last year day week month extra month bad month (astral) mextyear last year hour minutes, star half to (as in time) past (as in time) what (as in time)
~

de ring nyin dgung

de ring nying goong this noon

5. ;"I''\:jr::.' ;~''\~f' 6. ~,~.

7. ,\ij[r::.''\''I' ,\il[<:.''\''I' 8. 'i",\~r::.' ~,\~<:.' 9. ~"I'''I~' 10. .>l~"I.gj. 10, .>l~~.gj'
.>l~~'\5<:' 11. .>l~"I''\:jr::.'

nyindgung phyidro dgongdag dadgong zhog kils mtshanmo mtshan dgwlg mdangdgong sang nyin gnangs nyin khesa khasnyinga naning nyima bdunphrag zlaba zla lhag zlanag sangphod 10 sngon nul nUl chu tshod skilr nul skar nUl phyedkil zinpaln zinpa/n yol nos ga tshod

12. .>l,\r::.',\~r::.' 12, .>l,\<:",\~<:" 13. ~e;,';"I' ~<:..;~,

14. "I"1e;, ~'~"I' "I~<:'~'~~'

jil'~' 15~ F'~' 16. fl~';"I'''I' fI~';~'''I'

17. "I'~r::.' ~'~<:.'

;~. 18. ;"1'
q5~'~"I' 19. q5"1'~"I' 20. Ii'q' <i'q'

;';;;'.,

21. .ij'll!"I' ,jj'll!"I'

22. .ij"I"I 22.,jj'~"I' 23. ~r::.'i4". ~<:"i4". 24. nifi"l.>l nifi~.>l'

25. ~'l'". 26. lij.>;',;r 26.lij~',;r

27. ~"'''I'

chu !Shoe tshoe karma cheka zim pa la yolnay ga !shoe tshoe

28. :il"l.c.rnr :ii~'!.J'nr

29. Uinr"l~' Uinr~~'

"I'l'", 30. "I'l'".

85
31. "t.;fS<\j. ",.; fs;<\r 32. ,)S,);';' ,,\S,,\; 33. "\'j"t'f1' ')':1",'[''l' 34. ,):1,,'f1' ''is "'[''l' 35. Wili'j'I" li'j'l
1. t::mq-~''''rr:>.j'~'UiiliJ t::ruq-~"'rr:>.j~UiiliJ ng a lo b dr a la dr o gi yin

nam dus dp yid ka dg un kh a

na m doo ch ee ka ghoon kha ya ar kha ton kha

se as on sp rin g wi nt er su mm er au tum n

dbyarkha sta ston kha

2. t:'~q-1liIlJ'''l'di,)J q-ffillJ'iirdi"il ng a lo b de b lo g gi yo e

nga slob grva 1a 'gra gi sla la o yin I wi ll go to th e scho ol. o!. (Fu nga deb Jdog gi yo d ya I go to the sc ho o! . ol (present

(Future)

",,-;.

3. t:'e .~t.ij"r:>.~t:Q~ilid'dir:;1 t:e~t: :..ij"r:>.~t:. Q~ili i"il ng a ch u th oo ng zh in yo e .... ........ .... 4. t:,,o."i(,,:~ "A')(

nt habitual)

":~t:t:flJo.~urU/ilil fllr:>.~rurU/iliJ

nga ch u gr an g mo 'thung ma bzhin yo d hin ya I am dr in ki ng co ld water. (present Progressive)

~.-: ~--.:

.V'." . .'---

ng a ri dh ee gh an g la dr o ya yin

/
'I),." "'" ....
:~.~., . :~"~; ..

<'"~

!lit>') !lit"";

"'

"'"

.,ff>.

...,.. ,"
,;d.

'-fd

5. t:. g'ffll~reC::fllr>.j~Q"ldi'\ a; lJ'lret: 'flJ't>,j'~Q"l' di,\1 l nga tslw las kh un g la 'gr ISl o grabs yo d nga sth o lay kh oo ng la ya dro dr ab yo e We are ab ou t to go to the office. (Future) 6. fii~r ~t: ""I~r:;'~' ~"il fii~r "'I~"i'~' khas sh in g gc od kyi re os ad d kh oe sh in g ch o ky i re He will cu t th e wood. (Fu ture) 7. fiilll'Uj'~'t>,Q'Q'~",)1 fii~rUj~r>.QQ~ \1 khos yi ge 'bri ba red kh oe yi ge dri wa re He wr ite s let ter s. (pr esent Habitual) 8. fii"l4t:~Q~",r:>.S"l Q~ilio.S"l khas sh in g thu bzhin 'du os lh u hin kh oe ch u th oo ng zh in g do ok He is fet ching wo od . (Pr esent Progressive) 9. ,jJ<"lQ"~IlJ'A~~'UI'~"\1I ,jJ \j' q-~ llJo. 'U/' ~,) ma mos ba ph yu g 10 ya re 1a mo e ba ch oo k jo ya re d She'll be mi lk in g cow. Iking (Future Perfect) 10. fit:a;dit:~Q~rr>.S;SIl fiit:gdit:~Q"lr: :>. llJJ kh ang tslw yo ng gr abs on ISl kh on g tsh o ya ng dr ab 'dug do ok They are about to come . (Future) 11. ~'~'r:>.~<\j'..cr~'~'~,)J ~~r:>.~"l..er~~'~"\1 zh i mi 'dis sh a za gi re d zhi mi dh ee sh a za gi re This ca t will ea t meat. (Fu ture) 12. 'II1lJ~"lt;!IlJQ~i\t.l ~,) 'IIl "lc;jll i\t.l~"\I I stad des lug bs od pa re d taa g de y lo ok so e pa re The tig er kills sh ee p. (pr esent Habitual)

nga ri di'i sg ang la 'gra o ya yin I'll be go in g on top of the hilL (Future Perfect)

Ie""

1,_; ">;

,,~:: ,,~:.

86
13. .>;'r>. ~~. ,!. ;l"':J~~'r>.'S"I ",r>.~~'!;P'l~~r>.'S"I
ra dhee tsa za zhin dook

ra 'dis rtsa za 'bzhin 'dug rlsa This goat is eating grass. fa kho bod la 'gro ya red He will be going to Tibet. chu 'Iii khol grabs 'dug This water isabaut to boil.

14. jili5"i"Clfr>.~"I~"i1 jii'i5"i"Ofr>.~'''l~''i1

kho poe la dro ya re

15. <li'r>.~'jil"l.~q~.r>.'S"I <1lr>.~jii"r~q~'r>.'S"I chu dhi khol drab dook

16.r:..1;~r:..;~~r>.~~~~''ill~1 16.e:.l~e:.;~~r>.~~~~ilj~1 'plzrin nga tsho sang nyin rlung 'phrin nyan gyi yin nga tsho sang nyin loong trin nyen gyi yin We will listen to the radio tomorrow, tomorrow.

17. e:.' ct i5"i~"i~e:.~u:j"i1 d';i5"i'~"i~r:..'~Ui"i1

nga Isho poe ke jang gi yoe ISho
18.e:."I~e:. q'r>.1[ q~~ 'u:j"il 18. r:.."I~r:..<.I'r>.l[q~~'Ui"i1

nga tsho bod skad sbyang gi yod We study Tibetan language. nga gdong pa 'khru bzhin yod I am washing face. nga ISho gzhas btang ya yin ts/zo We will be singing. nga tsho mar bsdod grabs yod We are about to sit down. khong gzim ehung nang la 'dug chung fa He is in the bedroom. tsi tsi khang pa'i steng la 'dug fa The rat is on the roof, roof. nga gnyis mgyogs po yong gi yin Two of us will come quickly. khong tsho kha lag za bzhin 'dug They are eating food. nga tsho do dgong tshag par /dog gi yin Tonight we will read newspaper. spre 'u de mar mehong gi red The monkey will jump down. ra de khang pa'i thog kha la 'dug The goat is on the roof of the house. smyu gu khong gi kOl pa'i 'og la 'dug kLl! My pen is under his foot.

nga dong pa tm zhin yoe

19. e:.-"II1~q'5e:.""I"ilj~1 r:..g-"II1~q'5r:..""l"ill~1

nga Isho zhay tang ya yin ISho

20.

r:..g'OJ,>;qii"i~q~'Ui"i1 e:.ct.;J",qii"i~q~u:j"i1

nga Isho mar doe drab yoe ISho

21. jile:. '''I!lJ.l" <lie:.' ~e:."Clfr>. 'S"I jiir:..'''I!lJ.l" <1lr:..'~r:..'nm'S"I khong zim choong nang la dook
~~Fe:.qf.i~e:.nir>.'S"I 22. ~'~Fr:..'<.If.i~r:..'rli'r>.'S"I

lsi lsi khang pai teng la dook lSi lSi

23. e:.'lJ;~.;J~"I~<:iu:je:.~Uj~1 r:.."I;~OJ~"I~'iJ'Uir:..~'Uj~1

nga nyee gyok po yong gi yin

jilt:.. ct'F'''l''l' !l.q~~'r>."i"l 24. jiir:..'g'F'''l''l' !l'q~~'r>."i"l

~

khog tsho kha lag za zhin dook

'-,'-:, '-,'"

25. r:..' ct~"iiije:. a;"I'<.I.>;'ffi"l'~'ill~1 25, e:.' g'~'''iiijr:..' a;"Iq"'ru'lJ~ilj~1

nga Isho do ghong !shag par log gi yin ISho tshag

_.,:

26. ~6~.;J",.;J,kilj~"i1 ~6'~'OJ'>;'OJ,kii(""i1

tre'u de mar chong gi re

27. "'~Ft:.qi:i. ii"fF"Ofr>.'S"I '>;~Fr:..'<.Ir.;: ii"fF"Clfr>.'S"I

ra de khang pai thog kha la dook

28. ~''Ijile:. '~'>lJe:.' qr'l.'i5:"I"Clfr>."i"l ~''Ijiir:..'~'>lF<.Ir'J:i5:''I'"m''i''l

nyoog gu khonggi kang p;i hog la dook

29. ~<::'~$l'lf"iiii"i50i1'Ir.>.~~ ~"\I ~c;:~$nr nrOf"iiii"i50iI'lo.~~ ~,,\I

khong chi gyalla da 10 goon kha dro gi re

khong phyi rgyalf a da 10 dgun kha 'gro gi red He will go abroad this winter .
tho rang grang mo red

30. .lj.>;C~t:.J[~,,\1 30. .lj' .>;t;,.~<::..J[ ~"\I tho rang drang mo re

'<f."-~". '<f. '-~".

It is cold in the dawn.

31. ~t:.g~g,,\q~l.lC'lJUi<::'~~"\1 ~<::.gi; g,,\q~l.lnrUit:.~~,,\1 khong tsho chu tshoe chu pa la yang gi re yong
32. ~<::.'g"i'1io.~~(),5'lJ ~t:.. g"i'1rr.>.~~rl.5'lJ

khong tsho chu tshod bcu pa la yang gi red Ia yong They will come at ten o'cloc k. khong tsho 'da Ita gro gi 'dug They are going now. nga mgo na gi 'dug I have a headache.

,,;-, ,,;-,

khong tsho tha ta dro gi doak dook

';-C,

,.
\;c.; \;'-.

33. C":..,iij0i~r.>.5'lJJ <::...,iij0i~O'5'l nga gho na gi dook

-

34. S'I'l'C'lllJ~q~Oi"rl."i'lJ SI'ICll''lJ'~'q~Oi'(),"i'lJ bu kha lag za zhin dook

~

bu kha lag za bzhin 'dug The son is eating food. bu mo 'di ru yong gi 'dug The girl is comin g here. nga tsho fa zhi mi lnga 'dug I Inga We have got five cats. .

-\i:"

-!i:,',

SJ[o.~~Ui<::'~(),5'lJ 35. SJ[r.>.~~Uit:.~rl.5'lJ bu mo dhi ru yang gi dook rna

tt.o;i ti-.";i

...
f4
i:"<"c'-: ~~~

36. <::.' g'C'll'~.Jj'1!.(),5'lJ c;: g"Cll"~.jj'1!.rl.5'lJ nga tsho la zhi mi nga dook
3.7 Exerc ises of Lesso n Three

;;,,~

(a) Write the subjoined and surmounted consonants which are prono unced same as: ca cha jl nya tta tra tha dra (b) Write the four labial consonants which take the subjoined ya. (c) Write down the suffixes which modifies the sound of the root letter. (d) Write down the consonants which can not be modified by prefix es or surmounted letters and explai n why. _ . (e) Write down the consonants which take subjoined la. lao (1) Trans late into Tibetan:

>;0;: ;;0;:

"
K'.i K~

;'.{' ,--~:'

Gt;."i~':G-

~;fl.

,.:
fuN

1. We have seven dogs. 2. He has one deer. 3. They are eating food. 4. I will be going there. 5. My book is on the table. 6. Yester day was Tuesday. 7. She will go tomorrow. 8. I will read this book tonight. 9, The girl has a headache. 10. I am learnin g Tibetan.
(g) Expre ss and memorize the following Tibetan names:

1. Tashi Tsheri ng 2. Dondr up Gyatsh o

:;.>4"1'",' .>;t;,. ",'.>;C' ;;;Oi '(),~<r$' JIg. 'rl.~q'$'

q~' q~'4"l'
~

bkra shis tshe ring (m.) dan 'grub rgya mtsho (m.)

ISIS

3. Kunga Khedrup 4. Nyatri Tsernpo 5. Songtsen Garnpo 6. Perna lungnay Jungnay 7. llamo Dolkar 8. Ngodrup Wangmo 9. Migrnar Dolrna 10. Yangchen Butree

'j"i"""Ir.>." o>JF'\r~(r 'j"i"""Ir:>." "Jfl'\r~(r

"I,?r:>.'~"q;5""i,q. "I,?r.>..~"q;5""i"q.
~c..q;5""i'~o>J.q. ~c.' q;5""i'llI"J'q' Q"'''J'r:>.~c. '''I''iZ\j' Q""o>J'r.>.~C.'''I''i~'

kung dga' mkhas grub (m,) (m.) gnya' khri btshan po (m.) srong btsan sgam po (m.) blsan pad ma 'byung gnas (m.) iha mo sgroi dkar (f) (f.) Iha lingos grub dbang mo (f) (f.) mig dmar sgrolma (f) (f.) dbyangs can bu 'khrid (f) (f.)

"e:

~'~'~n.r""I",' ~'~'~n.r""1"" ~'~.Q' Z\j'~-Q' "qc.',;f

~"j"" <lJ.... ~n.r "J" ~"1""J""~n.r "f

"9C. ~';"iSr.>.~,, "9C.Z\j',;"i'S'f).~"

3.8 Useful Expressions

1. c.'a;. a:;c."J'''J,?''J,q'ili''l'~1 c..a;. a:;c.o>Jo>J,?o>Jqili"l"~' nga tsho tshang rna nyam po 10k tho
6,,-<..c;."I~"I ::ili"l""I"ic."c., 2. 6",-<..c;."I~"I'::'ili"l'''I''ic.'"c.1 khye rang chik pu 10k nang dang kbye

nga tsho tshang ma mnyam po !dog do klog Let us all read it together. khyed rang gcig pu !dog gnang dang klog Please say it alone by yourself. dgongdag I am sorry. (purify your thoughts) ga ye byed kyi rna red It does not matter. ga ie !dog gnang dang Ie klog Please read slowly.
:". :'"

3. "i~c. '''''1 gongdak

"I"iil' S,,~ o>J" 4. "j"Ul' S"'~' "J" ~'" ga ye je kyi rna re

"Iii:lili"l"I"ic."c., 5. "I'ii:l'ili"l"I"ic.'"c.1 ga Ie 10k nang dang
r.>.~",~ili"l"I"ic."c., 6. r:>.~"\Z\j'ili"l"I"ic.'"c.1 dhi nay 10k nang dang

'til tzasklog gtzang dang 'di nas!dog gnang Please read from here.
gsan gnang ma song ngas Didn't you hear me (han,)? (han.)? ngas yang skyar kiog chog klog I can read it again (for you), you).

7. "I'll"i'''I''ic.'"J' ~c.'c. Z\jl "I~"i'''I''ic.'o>J'~c.'c.~, sen nang rna song ngey

8. c.Z\j'Ulc.~",ilj"l'i"l c. ~UlC. '~","ilj"l'i"l ngey yang kyar 10k chok

~y

"

LESSON FOUR m .:6 ~ .L;j!C\ 'I;,JI 1:::)" mQ' .:6~' Q!C\'.t.I!

~
i.'<-.-;. i~-"

4. 1 Substitution Drills
1. ~~I"I"1"1~~.;j :0:.", ~~I"I"I"I~~.;j

di tsho gyag gi rnga rna red ma

lug gi lpags pa !pags sha ba'i ra co balpo'i sbrang rtsi bal po'i
lag pa'i grib ma grw

These are Yak tails. sheep skin deer horn Nepalese honey hand's shadow

~: ."

"

~"I'~'l1:I"I'!r<J' ~"I'~'l1:I"I'!r<J'

"9'q~''''''~' '9'q~''''''~'
qnrij~~~~ qrlf<:jA'~~~'

~-.-

ClJ"I<JA~Q.;j Cll"l<J~~Q.;j
.

~,,::

2. c;: 1'Cll'''''l....''Id'iCll''I~''fd'i,,' 2. ~'I'C1J'''''l'''''''IrilC1J'''I~Mril",

~q..;jc;..ij. ~q'.;j~.q.

nga tsho la dkar gyol gsum yod We have three porcelain bowls. debmangpo grogs pa kha shas Ide mig bdun sta re dgu khong la zhi mi mi 'dug rta gnyis khabmangpo lham gog gcig pad shag

many books some friends seven keys nine axes He does not have cats. two horses many needles one pair of boot money

/,;~>J1,;:".

~"I~'I' q'F'"9'!l' ~"I~' ii'F''9~'

~"I.q,,"t. ~. ~"I'q,,"t'
~

j),IXc

'iI'~Sj 'II'~Sj

3.
~

f~nr~';r~~5"1 fc;.W~';j'~~5"1

i)'''I~'!l' 'i'''l~~'

f'l"l'.;jc;.'ij. fl"l" "It:.'<:j'

1>*,' 1>*'

l1i.;j"~"I'''Ii5''1 !1i"f~"I'''Ii5<lJ

,.
:;s~j: :;s~l:

<J,,'4<lJ <J"'"9"1

4. ~Ol51jJ.;j~qjJ"l c;.wSjJ.;jc;.ij'jJ",
.?!l{i .?tt{'

nga la bya mo mang po med I do not have many chicken. shog gu lteb gri zhasmyug zha smyug tirel rtsigpa

-9"1" 4"1"
~Q'~ ~'~"1 ~'~"I

paper pocket-knives pencil mule wall

!i;.~ !i.,~

~nf

~"I'<J'
~

~'j

~~~ ~~*

:;:,;.~ :;:,,~

Oi,,~S 4.2 The Combined Auxiliary Verb Ui,,~,, yod red The compound auxiliary verb ril,,~,, yod red represents there is, there are, there will be, there d'i".~". were, they have, he has etc. to express existence. It is mainly used for present habitual as we have already seen in the previous lesson. ril,, YO,d signifies existence and mainly possession meaning "to Oi,, yO,d have" ego ~'nr~'lJ"a"l'ril", nga la lug drug yod; I havq six sheep (I to sheep six there are) and red as we c;.W~"la"ld'i", have already seen means it is, he is, she is, they are, they were etc. When the subject is affixed with la .......yod can be used to express what there is in the speaker's possession ego ~'nr~'ril", nga la c;.'Cll'~'d'i"i. so yod, I have teeth (to me teeth/tooth there is/are), To express what a third person has red is is/are).

"
\;ti;

t@ ~

90
suffixed to the yod ego ~I;;.OJ"~"Ul,, ~"I khong la so yad red, he has teeth yo<! ~I::. Clj<\lUi,, yod (he to tooth/teeth there is/are) Unless it is explicitly expressed, <\l'''Ii5 ' 1 so gcig one tooth, it is usually ~""Ii5"1 considered plural. 4.3 The Comb ined Auxil iary Verb' yod dug

But it is different with the second person. ~"'Clj'<\lr:t)"I khyad ia so 'dug ~""OJ~" .r:t)"I khyod la (you to tooth/teeth there tooth/teeth is/are), for instance means "You have teeth" when the speaker is certain that person he is speaking to has teeth. Yad'd ug can also be used as an auxilia he himse lf saw the Yod'd ry verbal compound mainly in third person to express a sense of discovery or finding out about something. This can also be used for the second person by suffixing "I ga to express what one knows about what the person II doing or w~lI b~ doing" It can be used for reportiv:..e.r~ent as well as for doing. reporti v:.,er~ent definite future. However by using r:t~""" "".r:t'5"1'''1 'gro ya red 'dug ga and r:t~'''I"''l''"r:t'5''1"''I 'gro gi yod r:t~'"'' ",,"r:t'5"1'''1 'gra r:t~'''I'''l'''r:t'5''1'''I 'dug ga both makes definite future. The tenses are usually indicated by the second syllable after the verb 'gro.

Ist perso n 2nd perso n 3rd perso n

4.3.a Exam ples

I;;.WUl"1 I::. wUi"1

~"iwr:t"i"l ~",wr:t"'''1 ~I::. wUi"i ~I;;. WUl"'" ~"I
~

ngaia ngala yod khyod la 'dug khong la yod red

I to have (I have)
You to there is (you have)

He to there is (He/she has)

~"i'~I::.. ~I::. wr:t~ ~'Ui"i'r:t )"1'''1 ~"'"~I;;." ~I;;.wr:t~"~"Ul"'"r:t )"1""1 khyo goong seng la dro gi yoe doog ga Ia
~""~I;;.' ~I;;."rlrr:t~'''l'~"'"r:t ~"i'~I::.' ~I::. 'rlrr:t~'''l' ~"i'r:t '5"1'''1 khyo goong seng la dro ya re doog ga ~"l" "fl.'"iI::."OJ' jJ'i5"1'""l,," Zi'Ul"'" ~"il ~"l. "r.,., <1)I;;."OJ"jJ'i5"1"""l,,' Zi'Ui"i' ~"'I dhoom ray nang la me tok maar po yoe re

khyod gung seng la 'gro gi yod 'dug ga fa I realize that you are going away for holiday, y. khyod gung seng la 'gro ya red 'dug ga I found out that you are going away for a holiday. ldum ra'i nang la me tog dmar po yod red There are red flowers in the garden, .

JilQ" "i1::. riJ'jJ-Ui,,' ~"il lil<:t <1)1;;."riJ"j)-Ul"" ~"'I thab nang la me yoe re
~1::.'Clj. !;l'''I~'' 'Ui,," ~I;;.OJ" !:l'''I~''ll'Ui", ~"I

thab nang ia me yad red la yod There is fire in the stove.

khong la bu soom yoe re

Ji~"i~I::.r:t~'~Ui"i Ji"~"'~I;;.r:t~"~"Ul", ~"I mo do ghong dro gi yoe re rna

khong la bu gsum yod red He has three sons" sons. rno do dgong 'gro gi yodre d She is leaving tonight. nga ia deb mangp o yod la I have many books. bstan 'dzin la lag pa gnyis 'dug Tenzin has two houses. nga la gos thWIg mang po yod fa thung I have many trousers.

I;;. 'OJ"~ "r"lC; 'Zi'Ui"i1 I::.nf~ q""lc;" Zi"Ul"'1

nga la deb mang po yoe
q'll<1)~<1)Nfll;;."<r"l~z;rr:t'5"1 "'II"i'~ "iw!'ll::. Q""I~z;r r:t'5"1

ten dzin la khang pa nyee doog

I::.w~z;r~l::. <>II::.' Zi'Ui,,1 I;;.W~l;l"~I;;." <>II;;."Zi"Ul"1

nga la goe thoong mang po yoe

91
~c: Of"l"l"l\!!'" "1~r~r.:; ~r.:;1 ~e.''or"l"l"l'\!!.'''1~r~r.:;'~r.:;,

,.. /
'"

khong tsho la yak nga gya yoe re

~",~c;~"i~c;9~r.:;~r.:;1 ~,,,,, ~e. '~"i '~e. '9'~r.:;' ~r.:;,

khong tsho la gyag lnga brgya yod red La Lnga They have five hundred Yaks. Yaks, nyi ma sang nyin yang gi yod red yong Nyima is coming tomorrow. tomorrow, gnam la skar rna kha shas 'dug La There are some stars in the sky. khyod la sor gdub lnga 'dug khyodLasorgdublnga'dug You, have five rings. rings, khyod la dngul sil ma 'dug gas Do you have some change?
'di La gLa mi 'til la gla rtsi yod 'dug It seems that this man has (some) musk. thai musk,

nyi rna sang nyin yong gi yoe re

"I"i"'OjllI...,;j'f'l' "'1"l'r>.5"1 "I"i",'or:;f-".'.JJ'f'l' ",,!"rr>. 5"1

5,

naam la kar rna kha shay doog

[r.:;'or ~-".'''I'i''1' 2r>. 5"1 [r.:;w ~"'"I5"1' 2r>.5"1

"f"

khyoe la sor doob nga doog

[r.:;'Oj'r.:;s OJ' ~Oj' ,;j'r>.5"1'''1"ll Br.:;'orr.:;sor~or ""r>.5"1'''I~'

KS/ -

khyoe la ngoo see rna doog gay

.Jir>.~w:Jr~~r.:;r>.5"1 .Ji'r>. ~'or:ll' ~'~r.:;'r>.5"1

l5.'i:

mi dhi la laa tsi yoe doog

~. "ic;.OJ' ~r.:;'r>. 5"1'"I"ll ~'''ie. 'or~r.:;'r>. 'i"l'''I~'

~(;:;,

kho nang la yoe doog gay

g 'r>.~. a;' ij' ~r.:;r>.5"1'''I''l1 EO 'r>.~' ~r.:;'r>.5"r"l~'

kho nang la yod 'dug gas Is he at home? ja 'til tsha po red 'dug gas 'di Is this tea hot?

,..:~ :,,:~

..-..-,.J-'" "",-,.J-'

ja dhi tsha po re doog gay

i:l~'.

4.4 Negation Known as r.:;"I"I'~ dgag sgra in Tibetan, there are mainly four negative particles used in Tibetan as oppossed to the four affirmative auxiliary verbs we have already discussed. There are two negatives ,;j ma and ~ mi that are prefixed to the auxiliary verbs or placed between the main verb and the .JJ auxiliary verb and the other two, j'j"i' min and .j)r.:;' med are postpositined to verbs. There are other ,j)r.:;' verbs, negatives but these four will suffice for the time being. being,
Affirmative Auxilaries

fl~

:is "'-'\'

Negative Auxiliaries J,f~r.:;' J.f~r.:;'

ii,';;

~,r

Ul"i' 1'1.5"1 A5"1

~r.:;'

.Ji"i' ~"i' Mr>.5"1 .j)r.:;' ,j)r.:;'

4.5 Examples of Affirmative and Negative Sentences

c;'~"1' ~"I'cij"i' e. 'ru"1' ~"I'Uj"i' nga lob took yin
c;'r.:;~''li"i' j'j"i' e.'r.:;~''li''i'.Ji''i'

nga slob phrug yin I am (a) student. nga dge rgan min I am not (a) teacher. nga la dus tshod yod La I have (some) time,

nga ge ghen min

cW5"llr.:;~r.:;I e.'I'll'5~'lr.:;'~r.:;,
E0

nga la due tshoe yoe

&;J,

7L7"-

"\

t:.'or'<:'lj"rt.j' .Jl,\1 t:. 'or '<:'lj"f r.r ~'\I

nga la rok pa me Ia
t:. 'or~'lj"l'ij'<>Jt:.'ij'Ul,\' "-'\1 'or~'lj"l' iJ <>It:.. iJ"i,\"',\1

nga ia rogs pa med I have no companion. companion, nga ia grogs po mang po yod red I have many friends. friends, ngaia ku shu yod ma red nga ia I do not have apples. nga la smyu guzhig 'dug
I have a pen.

nga la drok po mang po yoe re

t:.'OJ'lj'Ul,\'<>J'''-,\I t:.OJlj"i,\ <>1'''',\1

nga la ku shu yoe rna re

t:. 'OJ'~'J:.r~'lj'r:l.,\'lj t:.'OJ'~',:.r~'lj'r:l.,\'lj

nga la nyu

g;; zhig doog

~

t:.OJ 4t:.5'lj~r:l.,\'lj t:.'OJ' 4t:.'5'lj'~'r:l.,\'lj

nga la shing 10k mi doog

B'\'~'<>JQ'~'lj"l'ij' "',\1 B,\'~' <>IQ'~'lj"l' iJ "-'\1

nga la shing tog mi 'dug I do not have fruits. khyod nyi ma'i grogs po red You are Nyima's friend. khyod la zhi mi kha shas yod red You have some cats, cats. khyod la khang pa'i ide mig yod rna red Ide You do not have the house keyes). khyod khYOd la nga'i kha sbyang 'dug You have got my address, address. khyod la nga'i par chas mi 'dug I You do not have my camera. camera, khyod la deb gsum yod I have three books for you, you. khyod la gnas tshui med tshul I do n()t have (any) news for you. not khyod mo'i a ma yin pa red You must be her mother. khyod kho'i grogs mo yin pa ma red You mustn't be his girl friend. khyod la yi ge mang po yod 'dug fa

khoe nyi may drok po re

B'\'OJ'~'~fl'"'l"l'Ul,\' "',\1 B'\'OJ'~'~fl' "'l"l'''i,\' "-'\1

khyoe la zhi mi kha shay yoe re

B'\OJ!'lI:.l.If.;,~ ~'lj'''i,\'.;r "-'\1 B,\OJ'/'ll;.' t.jf.;,'~' ~'lj'Ul,\'.;r "',\1

khyoe la khang pay dhe mik yoe rna re

B,\OJ'I;.i'J.'fl'St:.'r:l.:i'lj B'\OJI:.i'J.fl St:.r:l.:i'lj

khyoe 1a ngay kha jang doog la

i,\nrt:.i'J.t.j,.:... "l~(.l,5'lj i'\nrt:.i'J.l.I ... "'''l'~r:l.,\'lj

khyoe fa ngay par chh mi doog la chay

i,\'nr ~q'lj~<>IUi'\1 i'\'nr ~q''lj~<>J'Ui'\I

khyoe la deb soom yoe

i,\'nr'lj~"l'~nr i,\'nr'lj~"l' ~nr .1),\1

khyoe la nay tshoo me

f,\' .ijf.i'IIl'<>J'<il~' t.j' "-'\1 .<if.i'lll'<>I'<il~'l.I' "',\1 khyoe moi a rna yim pa re
~'lj"l'.<i'<il~' t.j'.;r "-'\1 f,\'~' ~'lj"l' .ij'<il~'l.I'.;r "',\1

khyoe khoi drok mo yim pa rna re

f,\'OJ' <il'~' <>It:.. iJ"i,\(.l,,\'lj <>Jt:.'ij,"l,\'r:l.'\'lj
~.

93
/'

khyoe la yi ge mang po yoe doog

Ie'

It seems there are many letters for you.

khyod la brngan pa yod mi 'dug brngall It seems there is no gift for you, you. khong sol grva'i dge rgan red khOllg He is (a) school teacher. khong sol grva'i dge rgan gsar pa ma red He is not (a) new school teacher. khong la nga tsho'i par 'dug He has our photographs. khong la nga tsho'i par mi 'dug La He does not have our photographs, photographs.

6,\'(lfQtil\'.q'Ui,\'Jj'r:>.Sllj 6"'(lj' "til).<rUi,, Jjr:>.SIlj

khyoe la ngem pa yoe mi doog

f"-'mQ'~~''\~'''il\'~'\1 f"- 'ru"'~~'''~'''il)' ~"I

khong lob drai ge ghen re
:i;

f"-'mQ'~~'''i~'''il\'llj~~' <r6l' ~"I f"-'ru"'~~'''i~'''il)'Ilj~~' <r,;;' ~'\I khong lob drai ge ghen sar pa rna re

t;.

f"-'(lf"-' a;;~ ..q~'r:>.'Sllj f"-'(lj'"-' a;;~lJ~r:>.'S1lj

khong la nga tshoi par doog

ti

f"- '(If"-" a;;~'.q~'Jj'r:>.Sllj f"-W"-' a;;~ 'lJ~' Jjr:>.SIlj

khong la nga tshoi par mi doog

f"-W i5'(ljIlj'~"- .q'''lllj';:j'Ui''ir:>.Sllj f"-'[1J' i5'[1Jllj'~"-'lJ"lIlj;:jUi"ir:>.SIlj

khong la ca lag rnying pa yag po yod 'dug khong la cha lag nying pa yag po yoe doog It seems he has good quality antiques.

wifi
~~~
~

f"-'(lfi5'[1Jllj'~'.q'''l''l';:j'Ui,\jj-r:>.'S''I f"-'(lji5(ljIlj~lJUl"l;:jUi,\jj-r:>.'S"I khong ta ca lag rnyingpa yag po yod mi 'dug la rnying pa yagpo khong la cha lag nying pa yag po yoe mi doog It seems he doesn't have good quality antique, antique.
f"-'[1J'Il'ri~'Ui'\1 f"-r>.jIl'ri~Ui"1

khong la achor yoe

khong la a char yod La I have (a) towel for him. khong la bzhugs sa med I have no place for him (her) to stay, khong nga'i tsha bo red He is my nephew.

f"-'[1J' Q!3llj~'~' .ii"il f"-W "!3Ilj~'~' Ji"il

khong la zhook sa me
f"-'"-~'ih'<5'~'\1 f"-'"-~' ,:b'<5'~"1 khong ngai tsha vo re

iii,;;

f"-"-f.\ ,:b,,;:jJjil)1 f"-'"-f.\'ihQ';:jJjil\1

khong ngai tshap po min

khong nga'i tshab po min He is not my representative.

,khong 'khrungs sa khams nas yin pa red I gather /lis birth-place is Kham (region).
i

f"- 'r:>.C-~' ~'F6l~' il\~'Ulil\'.q' ~'\I 'r:>.C-~'~'f'l';;~'il)~'illil) 'lJ' ~"I

khong troong sa kham nay yim pa re

(4

f"- '5'1lj~'"'illil)'lJ' 6l' ~"il '5'llj~' Q'Ulil\'.q',;;'

khong gya gar wa yim pa rna re

khong rgya gar ba yin pa rna red He (she) mustn't be an Indian, Indian. khong la pad shag gyar ya yod'dug It seems he has the money to lend. khong la pad shag gyar ya yod mi 'dug It seems he does not have the money to lend.

f"-r>.jlJ,,4"1""IUl~' "lUi,, r: . 'S"I f"-'[1J' 4'lf"l"l~' "l'Ui,,r:>.'S"I

khong la pe shak yaar ya yoe doog
f"-WlJ"4"1"IUl~UlUi,,Jjr:>.S"I f"- W "I'" 4"1'''I''l~'''l'Ui,\' Jj'r:>.S"I

"I'"

khong la pe shak yaar ya yoe mi doog

~j

94

4,6 Participation Drills

-- ~z:;;., -.. t:l.z:;;.'a;' ~f'll' ~z:;;.l r:l. z:;;.' a;' -..1 -..1 z:;;.'I:lj Ooll:lj 'I:lj'e:: ar ~z:; .1 z:;;. 'lIjOolllj 'lIj' ~z:;;.,
Affirmative - . C'.. _-.
"_

c... _ Negative "'- ~r:l.~' a;'~f'll'a,j' ~~, t:l.~' a;'~f'll'a.l' ~~1

~_

.......

c...

Co..

~'I:ljUlI:lj'I:lje:.' a.lW ~z:;;.1 ~ 'lIjOolllj'lIj'e;.' a,j' a,j' ~z:;;.,

-... ~

c... ~

-... ~

C'.. c...

" ~ t::..'a.ll:lj' <3i 'I:lj't:l.z:;;.1:lj t::.. ' a,jllj' .3i 'lIj' r:l. z:;;.lIj
~

~'a.l' ~'f'llI:lj'l'lI't:l.z:;;.1:lj ~'a,j' ~'f'llllj'nmz:;;.lIj

c... eo...

...,;

t::..' a;Wz:;;.Sf'll'Ulz:;;.1
~

t::..' a;'~'~I:ljt::..'t:l.~'I:lj'Ul~1 a;'~' ~lIjt::.. 'r:l.~'lIj'Ool~'

a,j' ~''1j'.3i ~'Ool~' t::.. '@j' a.l' ~'1TJ' <3i ~'Ul<3il
_ _ co.... e-.... __
~

... - -_co..._ ~Wz:;;.Sf'll'~z:;;.,

"
__ Y'

~'Jj'S'fi'iI:ljW Jj.t:l.~1:lj ~' JJ' S't1'illjW JJ' r:l. ~lIj

t::..'a,jllj'~ 'lIj'a,j'r:l. ~I:!j t::..'a.lI:lj'<3i 'l:lj'a.l't:l.~1:lJ " --~ t::..' a;W~Sf'll' a.l~1 a;W~Sf'll' a,j~'
~...".

...".

C'\()

co... co...

"

_"'-_

__v

t::..' a;S~I:ljt::.. '(:l,~'I:lj' a.lz:;;.1 a;S~lIjt::.. '(:l,~'lIj' a,jz:;;., t::.. '@j' a.l' ~'1TJ' <3i~' a.l<3i1 a,j' ~''1j' ~~' a,j~'
~ ~ ~

_ _e-..-. _ _ c...-...

c... eo... C'...c....

z:;;.1:mz:;;.' a;'t::..t:l.'Ul<3il a;'t::..r:l.'Ool~' flt::..'<3iz:;;.'I;J' ~z:;;.'t:l.z:;;.1:lj jIlt::..' ~z:;;.'I:.I' ~z:;;.'r:l.z:;;.lIj " S' r:l. ~ (lj' 7Tj ::..'l;J'Ulz:;;.'t:l.z:;;.I:lj'1:lj z:;;.' S't:l.z:;;.W7Tjtt::.. '1:.1' Ool z:; . ,r:l. z:;;.lIj'lIj
~

... -

... -

... jIlt::..' ~~'I:.I' a,j'r:l.z:;;.lIj flt::..' <3i~'I;J' ~~' a.l't:l.z:;;.1:lj ... " S'r:l. z:;;.'f'll' 7Tj ::.. '1:.1' Ool z:;;.' a,j' r:l. S't:l.z:;;.'f'll'7Tjt::..'I;J'Ulz:;;.'a.l't:l.~I:lj'1:lj
...", _ c...
~ ~

z:;;. .Q't:l.~' a;'t::..t:l.'a.l<3i1 .Q'r:l.~' a; 't::..r:l.' a,j~'

~ ~

....... .......

C\.,.....-! C\.,.....-!

c... - " " """-

~ ~

~lIj'lIj
~

......

c... ....... -. " e-.... a;'f'll~' Sz:;;.'Ool~' L,r ~z:;;., z:;;.' a;'f'll~' Sz:;;.'Ul<3i'I;J' ~z:;;.1 ___
~

... 'nrmllj'lIj~' Ool~' ... "" ... flt::.. jIlt::..

'nrml:lj'l:lj~ 'Ul~l
.......
.......
~

t:l.z:;;.'I:lj~ ~'~'l;j~' a.l' ~z:;;.'t:l.~I:lj'1:lj r:l.z:;;. 'lIj ~ ~'!,<r 1;1 ~' a,j' ~z:; . ,r:l. ~lIj 'lIj

c... eo..

-..

e-.. c...

...... " -...

"

~ jIlt::.. 'nrflJlIj'lIj~' a,jz:;;., flt::.. 'nrr;]I:lj'I:lj~' a.lz:;;.\ " ~' g'f'll~'~'Uj<3i'I;JW ~z:;;.1 ~'~'f'll~'~'Uj~'I:.I'a.j' ~z:;;.,
~

... ... - -

t:l.~'I:lj~~'~' ~~' a.l' ~~' a,j't:l.~I:lj'1:lj r:l.~'lIj~~'~' a,j' .;,j'r:l.~lIj'lIj

""'-

......

eo...

......

eo...

"

"

Translation These are mules. mules, That is Yak tail. The cat is outside. r have a headache. We have money. We are going tonight. r am from America. These are my books. He is sick. This birds seem to have legs, legs. This spoon seems to be made of gOld. r have torch for him. I They are officials. 4,7 Vocabulary Nouns:

These are not mules. That is not Yak tail. The cat is not outside. outside, r do nbt have a headache. not We do not have money. We are not going tonight. r am not from America. These are not my books, He is not sick. sick, This bird does not seem to have legs. This spoon does not seem to be made of gold. r do not have torch for him I They are not officiaL official.

ldumra
thab

garden stove many sky

~;;j'"'""

.ilL<'
"J[;: <jaJ[;:i:j-

mangpo gnam

"I",;;j'

95
"----=----

,
,;;,

/
;;:.~ ;;:~

skarma gosthung mgama rngama dre1 dreZ shing tog skudpa gzugs po lortags 10khams lokhams tshespa bodtshes spyi 10 Zo bodrgya11o bodrgyaZlo zhingpa dpecha
Adjectives

star trousers tail mule fruit thread body year sign year element date Tibetan date

l\l"o6l
~

~,,06l0
O

ilj~r Ile:.0 ilj~r!le:. 0

E.W
~r~o

4e:.o~~
~"oLJo

'lJ~~~rlio <IJ~~~rlio

(lJ0? 'l)'If nJ"I')'l)'ll

tilj'l6l~o tilfl6l'll
~~oLJo ~~rLJo

k'

(l"o ~'ll0 (l"o~~o

~otilo ~til

Li.:

C.Eo C.E.
Tibetan year farmer prayer book

(l"o ~nJ"til ~nftil

~e:.LJo

L"c.-

,,'l0a;o

~--

"
t4- .' '"",;,

lasslapo khagpo rna po rnopo thungpo ringpo sbompo phrapo rtsubpo

Verbs

easy difficult sharp short long thick thin rough

(lJ~0!ll0l:i0 rll'll!ill:jo j'I'l)0 0 fl'l) t:i

~olio

~e:.ot:io !je:.ot:io

~'i:J.

fj6l 0 0 t:io :j0t:io :f t:i0

~ "f t:i "J"t:i

it:_ it._

1lJ~.1lJ~-"

~.~..

mgonaba so na ba r/wba r!wba bshuba gyarba brtsiba 'tshempa btsir ba 'dri ba skragpa
4.8 Interrogative Negatives

headache toothache to dig

.>Jiljo~oQo .;Jiljo~oQo

<\1-,,\0Qo <\1o"\oQo ;fjoQ_ ;vj0Qo Q1- Q Q1 Qo'l)"l"oQo 'l)"l"oQQ~oQo

to copy to borrow
to count

to sew to sqeeze
to ask to fear

p'~6loLJo P.~6loLJo

Q~"oQo
P'~oQo

;j'l)LJo

~:r{.--.

t~~~-

t:.. ~. g',?nj'j'.Jl",'<lZ\l1 t:: g'.,(ll'j'Ji",''l'lll

nga rang tsho nyal gyi min pay

nga rang tsho nyal gyi min pas Aren't we going to sleep? khong tsho slob phrug ma red pas Aren't they students? be'u de'i a ma ba phyug 'di ma red pas Isn't this cow the mother of that calf? khyed tsho gtsang gzhis ka rtse nas min pas nos Aren't you from Shigatse in Tsang? zam pa 'di gsar pa rna red pas Isn't this a new bridge? sngotshal 'di tsho khyed rang gi rna red pas Aren't these your vegetables? khyed tsho gsol ja bzhes kyi min pas Aren't you drinking the tea (han.)? (hon.)? khyed tsho ja 'thung gi min pas Aren't you drinking the tea? khyod 'dzin grva la 'gro gi min pas Aren't you going to the class? sgo 'di phye gi min pas Aren't you going to open this door?
-"

jilt:..g'ffiz:rfjllJ' J,f :<''i'<lZ\l1 jile:.' g'ruz:r fj'lj' :<''i' 'l'lll

khong tsho lob took rna re pay
q'3'~i:l.'Il'l'J.f q.~"l'r.l.,\''''':<''i'<lZ\l1 q'3~i:l.Ifl q.~"I'r.l."''''' ~'i''l'lll

beu dei a rna ba chook dhi rna re pay

~'i' g."lt:.."l~Z\l""f~' ~'ZIl' ,j)",. <lZ\l1 g."I"-'''I~ZIl"''f~' ~'ZIl'li",' 'l'lll

khye tsho tsang shi ka tse nay mim pay

-'lJ.f <l.r.l.'\.'lj'll.... 'l.r.l.".'lj"l ....

z:r,..'':<''i'z:J'Il1 z:r... :<'' 1'<J"ll

zarn pa dhi sar pa rna re pay zam

~. (l';nj'r.l.'\' g.~'i' ~ '9' J.f :<''i'<l'lll ~cr;(llr.l.,,g~'i~9"J.f:<''i'l''l1

ngo tshay dhi tsho khye rang gi rna re pay

~'i' g 'llJ~nj'!:' .q~'Il'~',j)~ .<lZ\l1 g''lj~(ll'E' q~"l'~'li~' 'l'lll

khye tsho sol ja shay kyi rnim pay mim

~'i' g.!:, 'r.l..14"-'9' Ji~' <lZ\l1 g'E .l..!;jt:. 9'.Jl~ 'l'lll
~

khye tsho ja tboong gi rnim pay thoong mim

~'i.r.l.~",.~-nrr.l.~'9',j)~'<l'lll ~'i'r.l.~",'~-nrr.l. ~'9'li~' 'l"ll

khyo tsho dzin dra la dro gi rnim pay mim

~'r.l.~' ~'9',j)",' <lZ\l1 ~r.l.~~9Ji",'l'll1

.~

gho dhi che gi mim pay

"l1l,..'~'r.l.~'~'q'''l~t:.'9',j)~' <:IZ\l1 "I11 ...~r.l.~~ q'''I~"- '9'li~' <:i'lll

zim gho dhi che wa nang gi mim pay

gzim sgo 'di phye ba gnanggi min pas Aren't you going to open this door (han.)?

4.9 Exercises of Lesson Foul' Four

(a) Translate into English:
1. di'i8t:.r.l.a;",~iil~1 di'i8"-r.l.a;"'~ill~1

nga stod thung 'tsem gyi yin slOd !hung nga fa gyag med la kun dga' (a name) a sa rko gi 'dug rfa rta de gzugs po ring po yod red khong tsho rgya gar ba rna red pha tsho nga'i lug rna red a zhang la khang pa rnang po yod rna red nga tsho shing tog btsir gyi yin

2. t:.'nr'lj"l"l'j:j'il "- 'nr"l"l"l' j:j'il

']",'i'ljr.l."l~9r.l.5."1 3. ']",'illJr.l.'Il~9r.l.5."l

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

?~."I~"I"l.<i' ~'<i'cii'i' :<'' 11 ?'~'''l~''l'll'<i' ~'<i'cii'i' :<''il

jilt:.g:!i'''l...qw:<.'il jil"-g:!j""I...q...~'i1 ':'1' g.t:.f.\'';j''l''''':<''il ':.r g."-f.\'';J''I''''' ~'il ll'l'l'\t:.'nj'!'lr:<l'.><t:..<icii",..:<''il lfl'l'\"-Will"-' 'l' ~. <icii" ...~'il t:.. g"iJt:.~"lq~",~'6l",1 "-' g.iJ"-~"Iq~"'~ill",l

99. (iic:il!~rt;:nrt:\~il!~" filc:lli~rc:nrl<~'lli' ~"i

"
"-

-'iCSr>l;j"llij -'i.t:\:i"l 10. ~. -'i'CS'()J';j"l'9'-'i'I<:i"l

(b) Transliterate into Tibetan:

khong gis nga la 'dri gi red zhi mi khyi fa skrag gi mi 'dug zhimikhyiwsbaggimi'dUg

0.;.._, '0;;.._"

'(,:",''ii:",'-

1. khong bba shis bsam gtan lags red bkra 2. pha gir bung bung dkarpo gsum 'dug krung krung dkar po 3. khong gi 'khrungs yullha sa nas red 4. khams dar rtse mdo 'di nas thag ring po red 5. nga'i a ma rgyang rtse dpal 'khar mchod rten la yod red w 6. tshong pa 'di tsho stod la dvagspa red 7. sa skya gong ma bod kyi bla ma chen po zhig red 8. nga tsho bod skad slob phrug yin 9. khong dbyin ji 'i yi ge 'bri klog shes kyi ma red 10. sku 'dra 'di rin thang bral ba red
(c) Fill the blanks and translate into English:

2;'.:: ~.:.'V

1. I<~'.,t"'r;J"I'2J"I~r J.j / t:\~ .t'r;J"I2l"l~r J.j1

"',,-,J-

B"i~e.'-I ......'-I'Il1 2. B"~t;.'-I'-I'Il1 3........~.'Il. "\'Il'Ul,,\''-I'Il/ "\ 'IlUl,,\'-I'Il1 3........

"
~.:;:,;

4. (iit;. .,t"()J~l;fUi"iJ.j , .t'r>l~l;f<1i"J.j1

file.'

'di tsho lug lpags ma ......... Ipags khyod zhing pa .............pas lho ............ lha sa nas yin pas khong tsho la deb yod ma ........ ...... ....... la pad shag gyar ya med nga tsho ri la 'gro gi .......... rgya leog 'di su'i .......... . Icog khong tsho bal yulla 'gro gi .. red ..........sgang la nga'i dpe cha yod ......... .......... sgang ....... ............. gza' nyi ma la 'gro ....... min

~,

5. ......r>l.'-I". "l"l'''I''' ...."'. Jl"il ...... ()J.'-I"i. "l"l."I'" Jl"1 6. t;..t'~nft:\~lij1 e.,t"~nrl<~9"""/

\:;"~

&.{

7. ~~"It:\~~~1 ~'~"I'I<~'llj~"'''''1 file.,t"q()J':j()JWI<~9"""~"ii 8. (iit;: .t'qr>l':jr>lWt:\~lij ~"I 9.......~e.()Je.~"i!)~Ui"i ......I 9. .. ~t;..r>l.t;.~." L).~ <1i,,1 1O:"I-'1t:\~ J.j.(lJ.t:\~........ &1ilil 1O:...... "I-'1I<~ J.j'(lJ'I<~"""" &!ilil
(d)

~-,"

I~'

Transform the following sentences into negatives:

1. rkw~llj~r2jJ.jt;.2j<1i"~"1 rkW~'lI~r2jJ.je.2jUi"i~"ii e.nr~l;f~qr:l.'5."1 2. t;.nrrul;f~qr:l.'5."1

3. r:l.~.Ilj'll"'.'-I. ~"I r:l.~''lI'Il'''''-I' ~"il 4. f,,rul;f~IlJ~"1 f"i'ml;f~llf'~"/ 5. !"t;..l.J~. ,,\e.w.;rJ.je.'i:/'r:l.:i'll 1"e.'l.J~' ,,\t;.w.;r J.jt;.. i:/.r:l.:illj 6. t;..t''Ilt;.~"it:\~il!Ul"i1 e.,t"'Ile.~iliI<~lliUlili/ (iit;..t',,~qlj"l'llr:l.S"l 7. file.' ,t"',,~qlj"l'llr:l.S"l 8. t;.aJ.jgq Jjr>l~ ..."I:iq<1i"1 e.AJ.jgqJj()J~"'"I:iqUi"I 9. e.',t"WI"e.''-1' JJC,' 2jiil"l t;...t'W!"t;..'-1.JJt;.. 2j'0l"i/ 10. ~ ..t't;.a~.;r ~"I ~.,t"e.A~.;r ~"l

~~

't~-,.

Wd' ~

khong la grogs po mang po yod red nga la slob deb 'dug w 'di gsar pa red khyod slob phrug red khang pa'i nang la mi mang po 'dug nga tsho sang nyin 'gro gi yin khong tsho da Ita bzhugs 'dug gdub nga'i mdzub mo la sor gdUb yod nga tsho la khang pa mang po yod de tsho nga'i zhi mi red

:&.: &.:

(e) Express and memorize the names of the 12 animal signs of Tibetan lunar calendar:

~il;'{' ~"'{'

"

70

Tibetan

Translit.

Pronunc.

English

l. 1.

S'Q' S"Q"

byiba glang stag yos 'brug sbrul

jeeva laang taak yoe drook drool

tab

mouse ox tiger rabbit dragon snake horse sheep monkey bird dog pig

2.

me:
'II'lj 'II'Ij "'I'll' "'I'll"
r:>.~'lj r>.~'Ij

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7" 8.
9. 10. 11. 12.

!4rll" !4rll'
'7' '7"
r:.!'lj r:.!'Ij
~. ~"
~r
i

rta
lug sprel bya khyi phag

look trey jab key paak

er I!f
~

"I'lj "I'1j

4.10 Useful Expl"essions

1. Q~'lj~'lj"ilir:>.E<'lj'll ~'lj~''ljili"-'I Q~'Ij'll"'Ij""i "r>.e< 'Ij'll" ~'Ij'll''Ij''i''"1 zhook dhen jaa rok nang
2. a;cw"'l""Q~c~' ~'Ij'll''ljilic'l a;cw"'l'""Q~C 'll" ~'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1

bzhugs goon Jags rogs gnang gdan Please take a seat. tshang ma yar bzhengs rogs gnang rna Everyone, please rise up. le phebs rogs gnang Ie Good bye (Expressed by one staying) ga le bzhugs rags gnang Ie rogs Good bye (Expressed by one leaving)

tshang ma yaa sheng rok nang rna

3. 'lj'iii'i;jQ~' ~'lj'll''lj~C'1 'Ij"iij"i;jQ'll".i;'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1

ga Ie phe rok nang

4. 'lj'iii'Q~'lj'll''<:'lj~''lj~"-'1 'Ij"iij" Q~'Ij'll' .i;'Ij'll"'Ij"i""1

ga Ie zhook ro nang
5. ,,c,,~"-~~t'r~Ujilil ""C""~"'ll'~"(ir~'Uj"i1
~

da nga gong pa zhu gi yin

6. ll'i'iil'I1i'~'~~' J.l'J.lE<nrliic1 l1i'iil"I!i"~"~~" J.l" J.le<nrUic"1

da nga dgongpa zhu gi yin dgong pa Now, may I be excused.

a Ie a ni rjes rna rnjal yang Okay I will see you later. ha rna go na dri rags gnang Please ask me if you did't understand.

a Ie anijey majay yang

7. 'J.l~'Y~~'lj'll'Ij~C1 'J.l"~""i"~.i;'Ij'll"'Ij"iC"1

ha rna go na dri rok nang

:,

LESSON FIVE
~!:I' J;~ .~. !:j' '~'

q\ ql

5.1 Interrogatives
'6.,,' '6."

Interrogatives are about questions. Spoken Tibetan has completely a different set of interrogatives 'lj~' from the classical Tibetan. When there are interrogative pronouns the interrogative particles 'lJ~" gas Tibetan, and Q~' pas are not used. The general interrogative particles gas and pas are put after selected Q~r auxiliary verbs and to the verbal sterns. No question mark is used in Tib6tan as questions are sterns, understood from the context of the sentence. Some modern writers have been introducing the use of the question mark and various punctuation marks in their Tibetan writing which are unacceptable" unacceptable. Tibetan interrogative sentences have either the interrogative pronoun at the beginning of the sentence or before the auxiliary verb. The non-pronoun interrogative particles are placed at the end of the sentence. For interrogative future gas is used and for interrogative past pas is used. Out of the ten suffixes ga, nga, da, na, ba, rna and sa all can invariably use gas or pas in making interrogative ma sentences. However 'a, ra and all vowel ending syllables use bas. instead ofpas in making interrogative past

f",.

:\,,-, t<;-.

'

ii,," 10;-."

;' J'
~i

5.2 General Interrogative Pronouns

<!;~;-

;,;,

''lj' qlJ"
"I"",~"

IJii IJ.i

"I"~'S~'",Z\r ""~'S~'",~'
~. ~"

"" '"'!l'

where gaba from where ganas ga re byas nas whylhow why/how

'lJ"'S~. 'lj''S~'

'lI.r.>.~"~" 'l!'r.>.~'~'
'lIe."S~""'~" 'l!e.'S~"'~

gadus ga'tirese ga 'tire se

when how

'lie." 'l!e.'
'itt;; 'iii:;

su gang gangnas gare

who what/who where from what

~a

"Ie."'S" ",e.''S'
~' ~"

gang byas nas whylhow why/how sufi whose gangdu where to

ci

"Ie.''''~" ",e.' '"'!l'

what where to

"r~'
th';;': th';.':

"I"~"

""~'

gam ga ru

5.3 Participation Drills of Interrogative Sentences

~;:W ~~

~t

/'.: /":

1. j'\"I"",~""ie."z:rUi"'1 j,\""",~'Uie.'z:rUi"'1 khyod ga nas yong ba yin khyoe ga nay yong va yin ga Where did you come from?

Questions

e."~"'lj"'"~"~''lJ"\,,,"",~""ie.""I" Ui"" e.'~' "'.... ~. ~''lj"\,,,' "''!lUie. "I' Ui",1 nga rgya gar rdo rje gdan nas yong ba yin nga gya gar dor je dhen nay yon va yin I came from Bodhgaya, India. India,

Answers

ti

2. file;.""I"'SZ\l"~"'Q"~"\1 2, fie;,"''S'!l~""l.I~"i1
khong ga dus phyin pa red khong ga due chim pa re When did he/she leave?
3.r.>.~r.>.5i"I"r.>.~~"~"\1 3.r.>.~r.>.5i'''Ir.>.~~~''i1

file;.' ~"~\ Q'S"," q.(1J. ~"," q" ~"\I fie;,' ~. ~\ Q'S",'l.I'(lJ' ~""l.I' ~"il
khong chu tshod bdun pa la phyin pa red La khong chu !shoe doom pa la chim pa re tshoe He/she left at 7 O'clock.
e;,,~~.<i"il e;.","~"~".<i"\1

m,~, m,~-

i2~1

to).~

\::O).t

'di 'tira ga 'tire se red dhin dra ga dre se re How did this happen?

nga ha go gi med nga ha gi ki me I do not know" know.

Ill' J,j(1J"i~S'I!" ~'" fIle."(1J" QIj'lj~""i"i" ~"\I Ill" J.I(lJ"i~S'1!~"'fle.'(lJ' QIj9~'''i''i' ~"il

4.1ll ilJ(1J"I~"'\"'~r"l Q" QIj'lJ~."i,,\. ~"\I 4.1Il iJJ'(lJ"I~'''i''~r''l' Q' QIj'lj~'Ui"i' ~,,\I
1ff ;i'-f'

;u,j

IUU

a ma lags da Ita ga ba bzhugs yod red a rna la tha ta ga va shook yoe re Where is mother staying now?

a rna lags da Ita sman khang la bzhugs yod red a rna laa tha ta men khang la shook yoe re Mother is now staying at the hospital.
.~"~'ll"S"I" t:i"l' ~~. .<)' q' ~'\I '~' ~Ill'S"I' t:i"l" ~ 'I{' ~,\I

5is'r:>,~' "I':':S~l"~~r,\~e:. 4' <r ~'\I "I'~' S~f ~ 'If,\'~e:.' cr ~,\I khyi 'eli ga re byas nas da nang shi ba red khyi dhi ga re jay nay tha nang shi va re How did this dog die this morning?
6. [!iS9~'''Ie:.'S'I{'~'I{'S'q'~,\1 6, [!iS9~"Ie:.s~r~~sq~'\1 kho da byin gang byas nas ngu ba red byill kho tha jin gang jay nay ngoo va re Why was he crying for, a little while ago?
7,"I~..t.,,~..t.' ..rr<~~~~'\1 7."I~ ...~ .....rr:>.~' ~~' ~,\I gser gyi thur rna 'eli su'i red ser gyi thoor rna dhi sui re Whose golden spoon is this?

4"

khyi de zas dug phog nas shi ba red khyi de zay dook phog nay shi va re The dog died of food poisoning.

C Ill' q"~.>I:lC1 e. '[!i'C'll' q'~'.>I':le.1 '[!i'e.

~

nga kho ngus pa go ma byung /cho nga kho ngoo pa go rna joong I did not hear him cry.
"I~..t.5'.ll..t.' .>I'~' J;e.'q'~~' ~'\I "I~"'5".ll"'.>I'~];Cq'~~' ~,\I
~

"

gser gyi thur rna 'eli tshong pa de'i red ma ser gyi thoor rna de tshong pa dei re This is the businessman's golden spoon.

8'&,\' ruq','r:>,~p:rucr ~'riil~' q'l{l 8.&'\' ffiq"'r:>,~p:ffi<r ~'rUl~' q~1

khyed slob grva 'eli'i slob phrug yill pas yin khye lob dra dhee lob took yim pay Are you student of this school?
9 fie:. 6,\..t.e:. '~'~,\'''Icli''l' ~,\'q~1 '6'\'..t.c:. '~'~,\'''Icli''r ~,\'q'l{l khong khyed rang gi nod gyog redpas red pas khong khye rang gi ne yak re pay Is he/she your nurse?
lO.9G~ a;e:.'~e:.'fll'~nmS"I'''I~1 lO.9G'~' a;e:.'~e:. 'ClJ'~nmS"I'''I'1{1

ClJ"I'I{' ~~I C'ffiCl","r:>,~~'ffiq'~"r~~I e. 'ruQ','r:>,~~'ruq' ~"I' ~~I fll"l'll"

lags min nga slob grva 'eli'i slob phrug min laa min ngalob dra dhee lob took min No, I am not a student of this school.
.~;.

fie:. .~~ fle:. .~"~ '\'"I cli"l' ~,\I 'fle:. '~' ~ '\' "I "l" ~'\I
khong sman khang gi nad gyog red /chong khong men khang gi ne yak re She is the hospital's nurse.

9'3 .~. a;e:.'~e:."C1J" .>Jilc.'''f ~"r:>, S"I ~e:. 'ClJ' .>J*'''l" ~'r:>,
byi'u de tshang nang la mthong ya mi 'dug jiu de tshang nang la thong ya mi doog I cannot see the bird in the nest.
ClJ"IIll'.>I'~,\1 C'];'fl'fll"l' ~'~'.>I' ~,\I fll"l'll.>I"~'\1 e.'J;fl'ClJ"I' ~'\I

byi'u de tshang nang la nyal 'dug gas jiu de tshang nang la nyal doog gay Is the bird sleeping in the nest?

11. c:: l'fl'ClJ"I' ~.~ ~,\'q~1 . t:: Ji'fl'fll"l' ~'~ ~,\'q'l{l nga tsho kha lag za gi redpas red pas nga tsho kha la za gire pay Will we be eating the meal? 12....~fie:.Ji~~~q.>IJ~'\q~1 12...t.~fie:. 'l'l{'~'I{'q'.>I' ~'\' q'l{l ra de khong tshosnyos pa ma redpas red pas
ra de khong tshoi nyoe pa rna re pay Didn't they buy that goat?
13.fic"I~fllI<.>Ii,\~~r:>,'\"I"I~1 13.fie. '''I~ClJ'1< ..>Ii,\'~' ~r:>, '\ "1'' 1'1{1 /chong gsol ja mchod kyi mi 'dug gas khong so ja cho kyi mi doog gay Isn't he/she drinking the tea?
~

lags rna red nga tsho kha lag za gi rna red laa rna re nga tsho kha la za gi rna re No, we will not eat food.

fll"l'll' ~'\I fll"llll'

..t.'~'fie. g'l{'~'I{.q' ~,\I ....~fic g~'~~'q'~'\1

lags red ra de /chong tshos nyos pa red laa re ra de khong tshoi nyoe pa re Yes, they bought the goat.

fll"l'll' ~'r<,\"1 [!ic '''I~nrl<' .>Ii,\~:~r:>,,\"1 fll"llll' [!ie. '''I~nrl<'.>Ii,,\'~:~'r<,,\"1

~ ~

lags mi 'dug khong gsol ja mchod kyi mi 'dug /chong laa mi doog khong so ja cho kyi mi doog No. he/she is not drinking the tea.

1. U .l

14.,\:q;,-9[;.~"I~l.ll~~~Q~' 14.,\'.:z:>:.'-9t::.'~"I'~'l.1l'~~:li<l~1

t1J"I~r ~:lil ~~,

~"I~'?'.i, ~"I~"?'.il

khyod rang shing tog de tsho za gi min pas khye rang shing tok de tsho za gi mim pay Aren't you eating those fruits?
~" ~'"

lags min thugs rje ehe laa min thook je che No, thank you.
t1J"I~'[;. w"l~"I~~ ->:"I~'''I~[;.., t1J"I~'t::.w"l~"I"~:li''>:"1~'''I:lit::../

;--

,--

15S"'nril,,r.>.~r.>.:i.ii,\ <l~1 15.B,)nr il')fl.~fl.:i.ii,\ Q~'

khyod La chu tshod 'di 'dra med pas khyoe la chu tsho dhin dra me pay Don't you have a watch like this?

lags nga la gcig stan rags gnang rogs laa nga la chik ton ro nang Could you please show it to me?
t1J'lJ~' jj-r.>.5"1 t1J'l!~' jj-fl.5"1 ~t::.'Q~"I~' jj-r.>.5"1 ~[;.'Q~"I~' jj-fl.5"1

16.o>J~ill' ;:j.~ .>J~i!) '1"[;.' ~[;.'(lJ' Q:t')' ~. fl. ,\"I'''I~' 16..>J~i!)' ;:j'~'.o>J~ill 'I"t::..J,t::.'t1J' Q:t". ~"r.>.'\"I'''I~I
,
",:/l
~

mgron po de mgron khang nang la bsdad mi 'dug gas dron po de dron khang nang la de mi doog gay Isn't the guest staying in the guest house?

lags mi 'dug khong bzhugs mi 'dug laa mi doog khong shook mi doog No, he is not there.

ii,;".;iii,';-

17~o>Jw ~r"l"Il,\r.>. '\"1 ~.>Jw ~r"l"Il,\fl. khrom la~spru gu g~ tshod 'dug tom la too gu ga tshoe doog Ia
How many children were there at the market?
;c{:Jj?;,:Jj-

~.>J"1lJ"~'Ilj' .>Jt::.. ;:j.~. ~'fl.')"1 ~o>J"t1J"~'''I' .>J[;.' ;:j'~' :i"l' ~'r.>.,,"1

khrom kz spru gu mangpo zhe drag 'dug tom la too gu mang pozhe drak mi doog There are not many children at the market.
~'\. ~[;. wi'\'~"I'"j"Oi'''I~~' ".>J'r.>. ~". J,t::. wi1\'~"I"'Oi'''I~~' ".>J'fl. ~"1 snod nang la zho gog lei 10 gnyis tsam 'dug La
noe nang la zho gok ki 10 nyee tsam doog There are approximately 2 kilos of potatoes in this pot. pOL
"I.llfl.'~' a:Ji:\ .~~. ~"I' ~ ~.ctji!)' "I.1lr.>.'~'a:Ji:l'~:li'~"I' ~~etjilll gza' nyi ma'i nyin dreg rtsis yin zaah nyi mai nyin drek tsee yin I am planning to mow it on Sunday.

~-

18.~,\r.>.~1>::lit::.-nri'\~"I"Il,,r.>.~"1 18.~,\fl.~1>: ~[;. -nri1\~IljIljl')fl.~"1 snod 'di'i nang La zho gog ga tshod 'dug noe dhee nang la zho gok ga tshoe doog How many potatoes are there in this pot? jXltatoes

19iFI"i:\.!Ilj~~r~Ilj~tili!)' 19iFI"i:l.!"I~~r~"I~'tililll

spang kha'i rtsa ga dus dreg kyi yin rlsa pang khai tsa ga due drek kyi yin When will you mow the lawn?
t{;; t</0!"
r

20.J;Oi"o>J"r.>.~l~i:l~'\1 20.J;0i".>J"fl.~l~i:\ ~,\I

!:;;..1'

tsha 10 ma 'di tsho su'i red tsha 10 rna dhi tsho sui re Whose oranges are these?
2Lil'\"Ig,)~,\1 21.il'\"Ig"~"1

1.r;0i.>ir.>.~l"t1J" Q'\"I';:j' ~'.r.>.,,"1 I .r;0i ..Jfl.~l-nrQ,\"I;:j~.fl.,\"1 , tsha 10 ma 'di tsho la bdag po mi 'dug La La tsha 10 rna dhi tsho la dak po mi dook . These oranges have no owner.
~

g,\,\'l!')[;.~')"r ~"I a;' g".,,'lJ'''t::..~,\,''I' :i.,)' ~ ~

~

~.'J

chu tshod ga tshod red chu tshoe ga tshoe re What is the time?

ehu tshod dgu dang phyed 1m red lea chu chu tshoe ghoo dang che ka re The time is 9.30. 9.30.

22.5'\:q;, 2.~"I~~tii[;. ~til~1 22.5'\' .:z:>:.2.~"I~~tilt::.~til:liJ

[;..2:~'i' ,t,\, Q~'" <l'tiit1J.ill'\l'll["'" .>J'I'!'!."1lJ" tii[;. .~.etj:li I t::..2."~. g". Q~,\' Q.tiit1J. i!) '\l'll! -'" o>J"l ."t1J"tilt::. .~.ctj~
nga snga dro chu tshod rgyad pa yoL nas skar rna Lnga la yang gi yin nga dro chu IShoe gye pa yow nay kar rna tshoe nga la yon gi yin I will come 8.05 in the morning, morning.
~t::.'i' g'), "~J 'I' ilill"<lW ~-'" a:J' .l;J~"I'!.r~" i;jQ'\l'~" :i.,\, g". '\~JQ'lli!)' QW ~",," a:Jl;J~''1!.'r~' i;jQ'\l'~' ~"1

,..
~1-:t>-

khyed rang snga dro ga dus yon gi yin

k,iye rang nga dro ga due yong gi yin

"J;-;:'

At what time will you come in the morning?

23.~[;."I5~ i;jQ~r~' :i.,)' 23.~t::."15~i;jQ~r~'~"I

,&,j. tiJ

102
khong ga dus pheb kyi red
khong ga due phe kyi re What time is he arriving?

khong ehu tshod dgu pa zin pa Ia skar ma beo fa lnga Ia phebs kyi red Inga fa khong chu tshoe ghoo pa zim pa la kar ma cho nga la phe kyi re He is arriving 8.45.

5.4 Vocabulary
;:'.Q. ;:"Q'

4 4'Q'
'lj'\'$'lj'<J' 'lj'\$'lj'r ~..jJ-r>.Q.Q. ~..jJ-r>.Q'Q'
~1"ll.Q. ~1'll'Q'

nguba shiba gadrgyagpa rimo 'briba rkolba rngoba rdzi ba gtubpa dregpa nyanpa thurma spangkha mgronpo mgronkhang gnyerpa rungylg rungYlg mabyan thabgyog khu ti Ii sderma
tshal rlang

ngoova shiva gegyakpa ri mo dri va kolva ngova dziva toop pa drekpa nyempa thoorma pang kha drom po dron khang nyerpa droong yi majen thab yok khu ti derma tsay laang kho lsi ja ngaar mo ko phi thookpa khoova laangpa laang pa ghonga phaksha laang sha nya sha look sha

to cry

to die to sweep to draw to boil to fry to knead to chop to mow to listen spoon meadow guest guest house manager secretary . cook kitchen hand kettle plate woke chop sticks sweet tea
~
~

E:.Q. E:'Q'
~.Q. ~'Q'

'lj"jQ.<.I. 'lj"jQ'<J'
~

~'lj.<.I. ~'lj'<J'
~ili<.I ~"i'<J'
~.z,.6J. ~.z,'6J'

~<:"f' ~':::f

6J:>.iili<.I 6J:'.I"i'<J'
'lj~.z,. <r 'lj~.z,. <.I.

--

'<,' .

6J~ilif~ 6J~"i'f<:" ~~.~"I ~<:"~"I

6J:1ili 6J':1"i'
.l'jQ''lj''l''l .l'lQ.'lj"l"l
/!!.~. /:!'~'
~.z,.6J. ~.z,'6J'

.:I"ll. !li~. <I'll'flj<:"

f~ f'~'
-~

kho rtsi jamngarmo kophi thugpa khuba rIangpa rgonga rganga phagsha gIang sho nyasha lug sha

1<. o>J~ .z,..ii' EO:.>J<:..z, .;:j.

"]

-~

....

coffee
soup sauce vapour egg pork beef fish mutton
'-"'"
~~

~'lj.<.I. ~'lj<r

/:!'Q' /!!'Q'
!li~.<.I. flj<:"<J'

~.t;.' ~'<:"

"'lj'''9' "'lj''''''

/iF...,' RF"9' ....,. ~'''9'

~

'2l'lj' ...,. '2l'lj' "9'

"v v ~

q,,\"r q' q,,\"]' Q'

~r::

bdagp o tsong

dag po , tsong

owner oman

s.s

Adj~ctives Adj~ctives

~i.

.'
"

t~

Adjectives modify nouns and they generally follow the nouns they qualify . Tibetan adjectives are , generally disyllabic and end either in l,f pa, q' po, JJ" ma and Jj' mo l.r Q' which are governed by the final consonant of the adjectival syllable. There are some adjectives that e, do not have to have affixes though in some contexts they have to be used with affixes. Comparative is forme d by dropping the adjectival suffIX i.e. pa and by reduplicating the suffix of the adjectival i.e, syllable. Those ending in ~' le, sa or ~'nt:l are added with r:r 'a. Superlative is formed by adding 4~' ~'na shos to the adjectival base, For example: "I~~'lJ'gsar pa, "new"; 'lj'll~'~'gsar ra, "newer"; 'lj~~"4'll'gsa 'lj'll~' ~'gsar r shos, "newest." "Than" ~ st," formed by prefIXing I'll'll' las of the ablative case, to the adjectival base: "I"1~I'll~Q.I.ij'''r gzhan las mtho "I"1~'ClJ~'O-I.ij'''r ba, "higher than others." By adding 5i'lj'lJ'dragpa to the adjectival base others, rag pa it forms the notion of "too" in English, i.e. ~'5itlj'q ring dragp a meaning "too long", i,e, ~'5i"'l

Engli sh
~tE-

Adjec tive
"I'lj'q' yag po "I"]'Q'
"I~'q' yang po "I~'Q'

Comp arativ e
"I'lj''lj' "I'lj''']'
"lC.'~ ~'~'

Supe rlativ e
"l"l"4'lll' "I"'I"4'l '
"IC:'4~' "I<:;'4~

Good light heavy rough soft loving red slow beautiful high sweet

fi
~~

W"\'q' /jid po W"\'Q' .!<r q' rtsub po

~

W,,\"'i" W"\"'i'
~<rq' ~<rq'

yagga yangn ga /jidda rtsubpa 'jam rna mdza' 'a

dmarra

yagsh os yangs hos ljid shos rtsub shos Jam shos mdza' shos dmars hos dal shos mdzes shos mthos hos mngar shos gtsang shos rnying shas

~,,\'..i'j'lf ~,,\'4'1f
~q'4'll' ~q'4'll'

().. 01' q. 'jam po (l.g 0-1' Q'

(l.g 0-1' 0-1' ().. 01' 01' O-IE!A(l. Q.II"A().'

"iQ.l~'~' 'iO-l~' ~'

(l.g 0-1' ().. 01' 4'll'

Q.IE:r.l:44~' 0-Ie:r.l:'ll' "i 01,,' 4'll' 'i 0-1,,' "i['lJ'4'll' 'i[1J'4'l Q.I?'ll'4'll' 0-I?'ll'4 Q.I.ij"4'll' O-I.ij"4'l
O-I~,,'..i ~' Q.I~"4'j~'

,.
t&%-

Q.IE!Aq'mdza' bo O-IE!A "iQ.l~.q, dmar po 'iO-l~'q' dalpo dal po Q.I?'ll,q,' mdzes po O-I?'ll'Q mthon po Q.I~~'Jf mngar rno O-I~~'Jf
'lj;5~W 'lj~~w

"i['lJ'q' 'i[1J' Q'

"iOfOf 'ioror .;i'll'().' .;i 'll' (l.'

dalla

~.

Q.I.ij~' :i' O-I.ij~'

JUj'q' O-I.ij' q'

~~'~' ~""~.

rndzes 'a mthob a mngarra gtsang nga rnyingnga

clean
ii~ ik-~

old

~~'lJ' f~'lJ'

gtsang gtsangma rnyingpa rnying

'lj;5~'~' "]~~'~'

'lj;5~' 4'll' "'I~~'..i'j'll'

~~.~' f~'~'

~C:'4'll'' f<:;'..i'j'll

5.6 Adjec tival Interr ogativ es

By suffixing ni"i' lod signifying 'how' to the basic adjectival syllable, nl'i' adjectival interrogative can be forme d in modem Tibetan without the use of any interrogative pronouns or interrogative particles,
"i"f,,'q' 'i"f,,'q' "iQ.l".q,' 'iO-l,,'q

.~~

dkarp o dmarp o serpo sngon po skamp o

white red yellow blue dry

'i"f,,'[1J "i"f"'['lJ"\' "i01,,'{ij,,\' 'iO-l,,'{ij,,\'

~,,'{ij'i ~"'{ij"i'

dkar lod

how white? how red? how yellow? how blue? how dry?

iii,,':i'
~~':i' JijQ.l' :i' lijO-l'

dmarl od serlod sngo lod skarn lad

~'{ij"i' ~'{ij'i'

JijQ.l'ni,,\' lijO-l'nl,,

IV'!

jIl"Zl' jIrZl' .>l a;'ti' a;'<i' r:>.e..>l',Q' r:>.e..>l'ii'

~e:: ~c:

khepo grang rna grangmo

cheap cold hot soft well

~'[ij,,'
~F[ij,,' ~c: '[ij,,'

khelod granglod

how cheap? how cold? how hot? how soft? how well? how fat? how big? how delicious? how light? how high? how low? how good? how stable? how clean? how clever? howcIever? how beautiful? how long? how fast?

tsha bo 'jam po
bde bo

a;'[ij,,' r:>.e.JJ'[ij,,'
Q~'iii",

tsha !od lod 'jam !od lod

bde!od bde !od rgyags lod lad che !od lod lad zhim lod yang lad yanglod mtho!od mtholod dma'lod

Q~'ti' Q~'<i'
4"~llj't,r 4'~'lj".r

sha rgyags pa fat sha skam po thin (body) chen po zhim po zhimpo yang po rnthobo dma'bo yagpo gtan po gtanpo gtsang rna thag ring po grung po grungpo mdzes po mdzespo ring po mgyogs po

.<j'JlI.>l",Q' ..<j'llI.Jfii'
.i;~',Q' .i;~'ii' ~.>l",Q' ~.Jfii'

.<j'~'lf'iii", ..<j'~'lf'iii", '4'llI JJ'[ij,,' /:'1' JlIJJ'[ij,,'

sha skam lad how thin?

big delicious light high low good stable clean far clever beautiful long fast

,i'iii", ,i'iii,,'
~JJ'iii",

Ole::,Q' Olc: ii'

JJ~ti' JJ~<i'

Oll:;.'iii", Oll:;.'iii,,'
JJ~'iii",

"iJJr:>.'ti' "iJJr:>.'<i' Ol'lf',Q' Ol'lf'ii'

'If'j~'Zl'

"JJr:>.' n1"i' "JJr:>.'cil,,' Olllj'iii"i' Ol'lf'iii,,' 'If'j~ 'iii",

'lf~I:;.'[ij,,'

yaglod yag lad

gtan!od gtanlod gtsang lad lod

'lj'I:;.'JJ' 1lj'I:;.'JJ' ll'lj' ~e::,Q' ll1lj'~'ii'

~I:;.',Q' ~I:;.'ii'
~

ll'lf' ~'[ij,,'
~I:;.'[ij,,' ~c:'[ij,,'
JJE~f[ij,,'

thag ring lad how far?

grunglod grung !od

mdzes lad lod ring lad lod mgyogs lad lod

JJE~rZl'

JlI"i'~~',Q' llI"i'~~' ii'

~',Q' ~'ii'

skad snyan po melodious

JlI,,'~~'iii"i' llI"'~~'iii,,,
~'iii", .>lllj~'[ij,,' .>l'lf~'[ij,,'

skad snyan lodhow melodious?

JJ'lj~',Q' JJ1lj~' ii'

5.7 Examples of Adjectival Interrogative Sentences

1."q' a;r:>.~,g,'lf~ "'nl'" ~'" 1."iq' a;r:>.~'l''lj~ "'n:i", ~"I

dpe cha 'di tsho gsar lad red lod How new are these books?

"iq'a;'o.~'l'.Q"i' "q'a; 'o.~' g',Q"i' "i~'[ij''lf~JJ' ~"I

~

dpe cha 'di tsho than nas 10 gsum red cfza thon It is 3 years since these books were published,

2jiil:;.'~'?'r:>.~' JJ'lf~'nl,,'<ii,\, ~"I JJllj~'n:i,,'a:i,\, ~'" khong gi rta 'di mgyogs lad yod red lod How fast is his horse? ti' '4'l'i~Sn:i"i'a:i", 3.~' <i' '4' g'i~Snl"'<ii,,, ~"I tkJ bo pha tsho ljid lod yod red lad How heavy are those luggage? 4.Ill'.Jf0l'lf ~:~'r<Ol'lf' ~.>l'[ij,,'r:>. "illj .>l"0l'lf ~:~'r<Olllj' ~.>l'[ij"'r:>.,, "I a rna lags kyi kha lqg zhim lad 'dug Zqg How delicious is mother's cooking?
~

(iiI:;.'~'?'o.~' .>l"I~''lf''lfi5''1'JJ' ~"I .>l"I~''lf''lf~''I' {iiI:;. khong gi rta 'di mgyog ga gcig rna red 'eli This horse of his is not a fast one. one,
~'<i' '4'gf;:UlI:;. i M.' "''l!' .Q'l!~' ,;J"I ~'ti' '4'lO:UlI:;. '1M.' "''1i' .Q'1i~'~"1 tkJ bo phatsho'i yang lji da Ita bltas med I haven't checked the weight of those luggage,
1l'I' .>l"Ol"l~'~'J'l'Ol"l'~JJ' ii'~'~"I'r:>.S'lf .JfOl"l~'~'fl'Ol"l'~JJ' ,Q'~'~"I'r:>.S'lf

a ma lags kyo kha lag zhim po zhe drag 'dug Mother's cooking is very delicious,

5'5"'~'''I'Q'r:>.~'l''lf'j~'[ij''i'o.Sllj 5,5"'~'''I' Q'r:>.~' g''lf'j~'[ij,,'o.S''l

gur gyi ka ba 'di tsho gtan lod'dug How stable are these poles of the tent?

~"i'.il'r:>.S'lf
skyon mi 'dug Not too bad,

,V J 'V

60 ,\0.:I;,C. o~olfle:. 0 "1''\~'''i;Y''lr,p'ii,,\'r.>.'S''I ~ ,\~oQjil)"l"liii,\r.>.'S"l 6. '\' ~'~'lflC;'~ "1 0 khyod rang gi ang rtsis dge rgan yag lad 'dug lod How good is your math teacher?
7.~~~r.>.~r.>.E.~iii"i'r.>.'S"I 70~~r~r.>.~r.>.E.Jioiii'i"r.>.'S"l grum rtse 'di 'jam lad 'dug lod

c:.i'i:~e:.0 ~ 'Ir,\~oQjil)0 ~"1"10 ,\.>l0 q0r.>. 'S"l d'i:~c::~ "1',,\~'''iil\'~"I~r"\JJ'q,r.>.)"l

nga'i ang rtsis dge rgan sgrigs dam po 'dug My math teacher is strict. ql1"1"1 0 r.>. ~o r.>.E..>l0 qOIfl~0 r.>. 'S"1 .>l0 ~o <;J~"I"1'J.I'r.>.~'r.>.E.~.q'\ll~'~'r.>.'S"I bzhugs grum 'di 'jam po a'u rtsi 'dug This carpet is quite soft, softo ij"1 0 .>lij,\.>lil)0 q~O$0.>l0 ~FI .ii"l'JJij,,\JJil\' <;J~'$' JJ'!FI ~ thog mtho timan Ita rgyu rna byung dman I did not check the height.

Bow soft is this carpet? How

t,,} ::;-,,-,

1/;:~";:-

8.,\iljil) 0 'Or.>. 'Sfle:. .~..ii"l' Jiijoiii,\or< 'S"I 8.,,\iljil\' ~B. r.>.'S'flC; o~o ij"l0 ~.ii'iii,\!<)"'1 ~r:>, dgon pa'i 'du khang de thog mtho lad 'dug lod How high is the monastery's assembly hall?
9.~0 gw ,hl"\~il\'iii,,\'r.>.,,\"1 9.~ g"'l' o~,\o~il)iii,\r.>.,\"1
~

.. '0 "",.,
,.>.C.;

ne tso ya tsho skad snyan lod 'dug lad How melodious are those parrots up there?

e:. "1 0 gr:>,'llI"\'''l'l\' qO~il)0 ,;J'\I ~o e;, "1'~' gB.lll'\"l'l! q'~il\' ,;J"\I ngas ne tso'i skad yag po nyan med I did not listen to their sound properly, properlyo

~0.

1Ooe:.B.Jio Ji~~~o lie:.'Ifc;':4:'iii,,\'!<'S"I e:.0 e;,' JJ~~r~'1je;,' Ifr::ilJijc;'0 ~e;,"01 .>l~"l0~o lie:.Iie:. o ilJije:. Jf Jf~e:. o.d'~'JJ'~~~~'1jc;Iie:.o:..c:. oiii"or<'S"I nga'i khyim mtshes kyi shing sdong ring lad 'dug khyim mtshes kyi shing sdong tnthong ma byunt; lod mthong byunf; I did not see the neigbour's tree. How tall is my neighbour's tree? treeo
5.8 S.S Exercises of Lesson Five

;'i&.'t ;';&.''''

~.J'

(a) Translate into Tibetan.:

1. I will chop the mutton. muttono 2. How hot is the sweet tea? 20 3, My math teacher is a clever man. 30 mano 4, These trees are not long. 40 longo 5. The fire in the stove is not hot. 50 6. Those parrots are beautiful. 60 7. How far is your neighbour? 70 8. My neighbour is not far from my house, 80 houseo 9. My mother has five new carpets, 90 carpetso 10. I do not have a new carpet. 100

/
tt~

[,;o...~ [>,o...

~ft

~..;. ~'J'

(b) Express and memorize

Tibetan
~,

Translit. Translito

Pronoun.

English east south west north north east south east south west north west

4:(.0 4:(.'
~'ri~ ~'rid
~o ~'
~

shar lho nub byang byangshar lhoshar lho nub byangnub

shar lho noob jang jang shar lho shar lho noob Iho jang noob

~qo ~<;J'

iB i2
/

SI;,: !:F
!F4:(.0 ~F4:(.'
~04:(.0 ~4:(.

is;;, is;;.

~o~qo ~'~<;J'
9C;'~z:r ~F~z:r

\'i.t.; "'i.t_;

IVU

~c:: ~C::

~"I" ~"I' ~"I~r"l~' ~"I~r"l~'

JJa;.>J~f "l~' JJa;o>J~f

steng 'og phyogs bcu phyogs bzhi mtshambzhi

teng hog chogchu chogzhi tsham ISham zhi

upward downward ten directions four directions four intennediate directions

(c) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate auxiliary verbs and translate: 1.
g~t:.I'lC'Jr:>.jilj""1 1;.' g~e:.i'lClJr:>.jilj"""",
~

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

t:.. jiie:.'gE./UFilj o>J.........., jiit::g'E,'/Ult:.'ilj'.>J.........., '11"1" ~"I.~. a::t:..~t:. 'ClJ''.fr.......... . 1"1' a::e:.'~e:. 'J .fr

nga tsho zhing kha la 'gro gi ...... ... . khong tsho ja 'thung gi ma ...... .. stag phrug de tshang nang la mi .... .. spu gu 'di 10 bcu gsum ........ . khyed rang ga nas yong ba ........ . smyu gu de su 1 ...... . t srnyu nga rkang pa na gi ....... ... pha gi bod kyi gyag .... .. . de nga'i gos thung ma ...... . 'dJ.lg drung yig lags da Ita bzhugs 'thlg .......
,.

~':Ir:>.~ni"l~"I~Jf .. 1 ~'j'r:>.~ni"l~"I~Jf......,

6,\.<.c:.'''1'~ ~rUie:. "l........, 6'\' -<.t:. ~~Uit:.

~rl~~~ ~rI~~~ 1 ~>Tpr~~ ........ ~>Tpr~~ ..........
,

........ ...... ,

"l.~.q'\'~'''I''1''1'''"''''''1 "I.~. q,\'~''''1''1'''1'''''''''''

!le:.' o>J.........( , :'~e:. '<il"l'C'J"I~' ,\''11' "l~"I~'r:>.,\"I""""'" i :'it:. '''l''l'ClJ''I~''\''Ii' "l~"I~r:>.'\"I"""""1 -.l ~
-.1_

~.t:.f.\'~~' ~'e:.f.\'~~' !It:...>J

(d) Write down the comparative and superlative fonns of the following adjectives: 1. 1. 2. 2.
o>Jg~'<:j' .>Jg~'<:j'

JJe:. ....Jj. JJt:.....Jj. JJjf.q. JJjf'q"

~c.'Q' ~t:.'<:j'
~ a;';"<J' i~<:j

mdzespo rndzespo mngarmo mthobo rnthobo rmgpo chen po chung po dmarpo dam po darn rnyingpa yangpo

3. 4.

5.
6. 7. 7. 8 8.. 9.
1O. 10.

~e:..<:j. ~t:.'<:j'

'\JJ.... <:j.. '\JJ....<:j ,\o>J' <:j. ,\.>J'<:j' te:.<J tt:.l.l "1"1' <:j. "1"1'<:j'
~

(e) Correct the following sentences if incorrect: 1. r:>.~' g.~"l'e:.f.\' ~'\, r:>.~'g.~"l't:.f.\'~'\I

'm 'di tsho deb nga'i red

pha gi ngai'i bu rno 'thlg mo 'dJ.lg khong la rni 'dug bu mi 'dJ.lg khong tsho yong gi yin pas de tsho zhi mi ma red rni rna nga 1a smyu gu rna 'thlg la srnyu ma 'dJ.lg

2. E,jilje:.f.\SJjr:>.,\"1 "iljt:.~SJjr:>.,\"1
3. jiie:.w~r:>.S"lS' fiit:.C'J~r:>.S"lSI 4. jiie:.gUie:.ilj"l';'<J~' fiit:.gUit:.ilj"<il~l.l~1

5. i).g.~..fro>J'~'\' i)g~.fr.>J~'\1
6.
t:.'C'J'~"Iwr:>.S"I e:.w~"I'Jfr:>.S"I

--

~~

7. ~c.Uj~r.>.Q~r.>.5"1"I~1 ~c:Uj'~r.>.Q~'r.>.5"1"I~1

khong yi ge 'dri gi 'dug gas mo chu thung gi min

8. Jf~r.>.~C.~~"'1 Jf~r.>.~C.~~"'1
/

(1) Transform the following statements into interrogative sentences:

<,-~-;,<--~-~-

1. c.gr.>.~~~"'1 d'r.>.~'~~"'1
2. "-"'l/!l~Uj"'1 C."'lf!l~Uj"'f

nga tsho 'gro gi min nga da lta za gi yin

'di bkra shis kyi lham gog red

t.

3. r.>.~Q~.ij~~~J.!~"I~"1 r.>.~Q~.ij~~~J.l~"I~"1
4. "-J.!~"i~r.>.5"1 l:.J.l~"i~r.>.5"1

nga mgo na gi 'dug khong deb !dog gi mi 'dug

5. ~"-~Qffi"l'~~r.>.5"1 ~l:.~Qffi"l~~r.>.5"1
'0;. '0:

5.9 Useful Expressions

~>

~.S"l"iJ.l"I.ij~"IC.r.>.:ir.>.5"1 ~. S"l"iJ.!"I.ij~'''I"-r.>.!'i'r.>.5''1

de ru naam shi gang dra doog

;;;:r 1:i:t

de ru gnam gshis gang 'dra 'dug How is the weather up there?

,w2c

~C':~. JrA5"1'''I~1 ~C:~JrA5"1'''I~1 drang gi mi doog gay

grang gi mi 'dug gas Don't you feel cold? khyed yig gzugs yag po 'dug You have a good hand writing. tog tsam bzhugs long yod pas Do you have some time to stay? nga mgyogs po 'gro dgos yod I have to go soon.

/
l;Hi ~Hi

,,'Uj"l'''I~ "I~'''l''l' q. r.>.5"1 "'Uj"l'''I~"I~'''l''l' . 5"1 khye yik zook yag po doog

tl;,~

ii'J.l' Q~"I~aiC. ~~I ~"I' ilJ.!' Q~"I~.a;c:. Gi,, 'l~1

tog tsam zhook long yoe pay

\i\',~; li\',~,

C.'J.l"I~1'iA~ ,,~~'Gi"1 "-'J.!"I~'1'iA~ "~~'Gi"1

~;fi

nga gyok po dro goe yoe

A~~"I~;j.I;"i1'i~!'i"l' A~~"I~';j.I;"i i:i'~' :i"l' ~"I dhi nyok dra chern po zhe drak re
~. ~ .,.J.l'''l''l'1'i' q~", .~. ~"I ',. J.!'''l''l'i:i' ~"il

t,:;i t,:i

'di snyogs sgra chen po zhe drag red This is a big problem.
de ring nyi rna yag po bstan sa red It is going to be nice day today.

"'..
t;,'
@,;} @,iY

de ring nyi yag po rna ten sa re

"
it,,,.;:, t..?'

~~s-

~:<-"

/
<ire';; <ire:;

LESSON SIX

mrcr;~'~Qrql
l:
~

,
6.1 The Seven La-don Particles
.-',
,"",'

There are number of ::I'i''ljl'\''i''iqt:.'i)''i' phrad gzhan dbang can dependent grammatical particles ::!'\''ljl'\''i',\qt:.'i)''i' which have the function of English prepositions ie. in, to, at, for, on, towards etc. but are put after ie, etc, the syllable they are associated with. They are called nr~"i 'q'S"i' "the seven la don particles" which
sUo consist of~f su,

/,
m.j ~

final and locative cases.' We shaH also see them used for adverbial expressions as well as many other uses cases,' shall of la-don in future lessons, However in modem spoken Tibetan there appears to be considerable flexibility of using mainly t1l'la and ~. ru in place of the allowed particles. The seven particles are tlJ'la ~'ru particles, used as follows: :sufiIx SufiIx l: I:llJ

'S' du,"i' no,tlJ' la and '2' tu. Their application is largely governed by the na,t1l' tu, (~~f~~l:lJ or Ult:.~~'lj ) of the previous syllable and are used for accusative, dative, durational (~~f~~1:lJ Ujt:.'~~'lj
~'ru, :t,. ra, :t,' ro,

I Post suffix 'i .>I

:t,

ladon

spoken

'i

i, 1,

t:.
~

'i '\

nt~--

"i 'll '!l

t1l tlJ
~

5
~

t1l tlJ t1l tlJ t1l tlJ t1l tlJ

I

(and all vowel endings

c;;c-

"

6.2 Examples of La-don Uses of Accussatives, Locatives, Datives and Durational 1. t:.'l''!lt:.'~''i'll'r ~ :<""ft1l'(:\~llfiJl"il t:.l''llt:.~''i'll'r :<""ftlJ'r:\~llfill"il nga tsho sang nyin a me ri ka la dro ki gi yin

,;U:

nga tsho sang nyin a me ri ka la 'gro gi yin La Tomorrow we will go to America. America,

2. '~'lj~~Ft:.<J~"it:. 'Cl!''?tlJ'5' ~,\I 2, '~'lj'~~'Ft:.'<J~'''it:. '(II"?t1l'5' ~'il

khyi phrug 'di khang pa'i nang la nyal gyi red khyi took dhi khang pai nang la nyal gyi re This puppy will sleep inside the house, gyire nga do Ita kri ka 'di yig lkag la sbyar gyi min 'di. da I will not affix this stamp on. the envelop now. on now, khang pa'i phyi log la mi mang lod'dug How many people are outside the house? khang pa'i phyi log la mi dgu 'dug There are nine people outside the house, house. me tog de tsho khong la 'bul gyi yin I will offer those flowers to himlher.
kyi

~.j ~d

3. t:..'i' ~'~' ")'(:\~'iijl:lJ'~I:lJ't1J' ~ '" 5' .iJ"i1 t:.' '\' ")' r:\~'iijl:lJ'~l:lJ"t1l' nga tha ta tri ka dhi yig kog la jar gyi min 4. Ft:.' <Ji'3: ~'r'ii'ljw.iJ'.>It:. 'r'ii'i'~)"1 4, Ft:.'<Ji' ~'r'ii'lj'tlJ'.iJ'.>It:. 'r'ii'i'~)"1
khang pai chi 10k la mi mang loe doog 5. <Ji'l.'~r'ii"lOl .iJ''i':j'~'S'lj 5, Ft:.' <Ji'3:~'r'ii"l'ClI' .iJ"i':j'~'S'lf khang pai chi 10k la mi ghoo doog

J."
:;:..,~t

6, ~~'lf'i)'l,~t:.'(1J'r:\StlJ'5'ill"il 6. ~~'lj'i)'l~t:.'t1l'(:\St1l'5'iJl"il
me tog de tsho khong la bool gyi yin
/
~-

7. i9::I'lj'~~lW~~"I'i'll:'("I'll'l.r'i~'~'i1 7, i9'::!'lf'~~'l't1J'~~f"r'i'!l':;:I:lJ~Fr'i'~'~'i1

'di. tsho la sus dus rags pa byed kyi red - dhi tsho la- ga due rok pa je kyikhyi phrug 'diwill anybodygalook after these puppies? khyi took sue re When

O'~

fi(,,-i f1;';;-i

109

8. Ei' t!'lj'r.>.~' g."l' ~'ljZ\rS,,\'i>lflil\'<Ji"\'i>l'~"\I Et;:t'lj'r.>.~,g'''l'~'ljZ\rS''\'<>Iflil\,a;''\'<>I'~,,\1 khyi phrug 'di tsho la rogs byed mkhan yod ma red puppies, khyi took dhi tsho la rok je khen yoe rna re There is no one to look after these puppies.

9. WI:IJ'~r.i:~t:.W~"'J.I''lj~<>I'.i:i'r.>.~'lj''lj~1 WI:lJ~r.l:~e:.W~"'J.I'lj~i>l.i:ir.>.~'lj'lj~1 lcog rtse'i sgang la thur ma gsum mi 'dug gas chok tsei gang la thoor rna soorn rni doog gay Aren't Aren'! there three spoons on the table? 10. ~'lj'~i:\'~t:.."l'~"'J.I''lj~'lI'~t:.'.i:i'r.>.~'lj ~'lj~i:\~e:.w~ ...J.I'lj~'lI~e:..;rr.>.~'lj lcog rtse'i sgang la thur rna gcig kyang mi 'dug chok ISei gang la thoor rna chik kyang rni doog tsei There isn't even one spoon on the table. e:. 11. c:.i:\$<:1w Q J.l"1:lJ~'lj.;rr:>.'i'lj'lj~1 c:.i:\'$<:1'''l'Qt:.. J.l'1:IJ~'lj'.i:i'P.'i'lj''lj~1
ngay gyab la drang rna chik rni doog gay nga'i rgyab la sbrang rna gcig mi 'dug gas Isn't there one bee on my back? lags mi 'dug sbrang rna rnthong ya rni 'dug No, I cannot see any bee (on your back). mig shel 'di lag pa la 'ius kyi yin I will hold this spectacle in my hand. khang pa'i gyas phyogs la shing rni 'dug There is no wood on the right side of the house. lag pa gyas pa la sor gdub rni 'dug hand. There is no ring on the right hand,
ku shu

12. nJ'lj~.;jr:>.'i'ljQe:.J.I ~e:.Uf .i:i'r:>.~'lj tll'lj~' .;j'P.'i'lj'Qt:..J.I' ~t:..~, .i:i'P.~'lj lag rni doog drang rna thong ya rni doog 13. ~'.i'j"l'r.>.~'''l'lj'<JWP'~ ~'~'Uj"1 ~.i'j"lr.>.~"l'ljtJwr:>.~ ~'~'Ujil\1 mig shey dhi lag pa la joo kyi yin
14. !'It:.' tJi:\'ljlJlZ\f~'lj~"l.ije:..;rr.>.'i'lj i'le:.' .!i:\''lj!JlZ\r~'lj~'''l'.ijt:..i:i'r.>.'i'lj khang pai yay chok la shing rni doog
15. "l'lj'.!'lj!Jl~'!w~"''lj,,\Q'.i:i'P.,,\'lj "l'ljtJ'ljlJl~tJw~"''lj,,\<:1.i:ir:>.,,\'lj lag pa yay pa la sor lioob rni doog \loob

- -

16. 'J'5'r.>.~,g'~','r.>.~,g'nr~,,\1 'l5r.>.~g'~',r.>.~gnJ~"\1 ku shu dhi tsho pu gu dhi ISho la re tsho

17. iiic:.' gSiii$'lj...'ir.>.~~ J.I' ~"\1 g,,\iii'$'lj"'ir.>.~'~ ~,,\I khong tsho da 10 gya gar du dro lei rna re

tsho spu gu 'di tsho la red These apples are for these children. children,

~di

khong tsho da 10 rgya gar du 'gro gi rna red They will not go to India this year.

18.1:IJ-'lr.>.'~J.I'''l',,\J.I'lj'~'''''l''lI,,\'a:i''lj'~P.~'lj 18. 1:lJ-'lr.>.'~'J.I'''l',,\J.I'lj'~''''''l''lI''\'a:i''lj'~'r:>.~'lj gza' nyi rna la dmag sgar la ltad mo ga re 'dug zah nyi rna la rnaag ghar la tey rna ga re doog What show was there at the garrison on Sunday? mo

19. e:.i:\~l:i"lI:lJ~~flil\e:.I'1l~.i:ir.>.~'lj . 19, t:.i:\~l:i"lI:lJ~~'flil\t:.W~.i:ir.>.~'lj ngai rna wo lag kyi kha nang la so mi doog rno
20. flil\' it...~ia<:1'iil\tJ ....,il\J.I'~e:.Ji ~"\I flil\' it "'~'Ia' Q~il\' ,!""il\J.I"~:'F Ji' ~,,\I can be ra chi dha doon par naam drang mo re rna

nga'i smo bo lags kyi kha nang la so rni 'dug There are no teeth in my grand-mother's mouth. khen be ra spyi zla bdun par gnam grang mo red Canberra is cold in July. dpyid lea chu tshod lnga pa la nyi rna shar ba red clut In spring, the sun rises at five o'clock. khong !dum ra'i nang la las lea byedpa red byed pa He works in the garden. 'di ru su'i las khung yod red Whose office is here?

21. ''is,,\'''!'~' g,,\,~ '!w~' <>I' 4'" Q' ~,,\I "\S,,\"T~' g,,\~tJ"l~i>l4"' z:j' ~"\I

chee ka chu tshoe nga pa la nyi rna shar va re 22. iiic:.'~J.I ...i:\'a:,e:. '''l'''l~'''I' S"\' .!' ~"\I "i:\'il\t:. '''l'''l~'''r S,,\'tJ ~,,\I khong dhoom rai nang la lay ka jey pa re
23. r.>.~' :!-'~i:\'''l~'r:t:..a;,,\, ~"\I ~'~i:\'''l~'r:e:.'<Ji,,\' ~,,\I

dhi ru sui lay khoong yoe re

24.6'i~~~nr"Ii5"Io.5"I ~~~'n 'o.5"I

khye rang gi ke la chik doog

~'t:.~. ~'Oj'~"i'l ,,!,~. 25.0.~.t:.~. ~'Oj'~"i'l"r~' ~'il

khyed rang gi ske la gcig 'dug There is something on your neck.

'di ngas su la stan chag gi red Who can I show this to?

dhi ngay su la ton chog gi re 6.3 Use of Hono rific Expre ssion

~,-'-

,.
~~,;

The use of honorific expression in spoken Tibetan has almost its own vocabulary. Know n as "zhe sa" in Tibetan, honorific is more widely used in 'iS~'dbus and "!~t:.' bus "I~t:.. gtsang provinces of Central Tibet than in other parts of Tibe!. There is a joke about people of use of honorific expressions that they even use when quarrelling. One gtsang makin g excessive form of honorific can be more polite than the other. The basic idea is that the speaker should use ordinary words and expressions when speaking of himself or of his property and concer ns, or when he addresses someo ne younger or junior and discusses his concerns and property. But the speaker uses polite words and expressions which may be of concern to his parents, teachers, seniors, ordain ed monks, nuns or to strangers. We will try to give the basic examples of Tibeta n honorifics and their formation. In Tibetan there is an exclusive honorific vocabulary for most nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns. 6.4 Hono rific Noun s
I i

....;.-

'l'r.~'

There appears to be at least some six general theories in explaining the iormation of Tibetan honorific nouns:

6.4.a Deriv ed honor ific

v,,-,. ~~

1';

'lX$

This is formed of one honorific word in its own right which is prefixe d to which there is otherwise no separate honorific word, For example to transfo an ordinary word for word. rm the ordina ry word for finger .>1;Q'Jj. mdzub rna into honorific, one prefixes the honorific <>1;Q'Jj' word of hand :1"1 phyag since finger is connected with hands. The final additive particle Jj' rna Jj. is dropped in forming ~"I' <>1!g' Q' ~'lj'.>1!g' phyag mdzub. Likewise:
Ordina ry Honor ific

;;,.;;

Englis h

'/;0-:;; '1;0-'"

!it:.' Q' -. ...... .>1"!'''9Oj' jj'lJ'-9O

phren gba rnigshel skra rna khrag

::I"I.~t:;' ~"I.~t:;'

"'"

~l

M
rl"! rl"l

~"i'Jj'

~"i'4nJ' 'is';j' ::I"I'~"i ~"I'~"i''

~

phyag phren g spyan shel dbusk ra phyag sen skukh rag skukJzrag

prayer beads spectacle hair fingernail blood

~:

~rrl"I ~rl!l"I
~

6.4.b Hono rific by Natur e

'!t.{

/
i:~

... This is formed mainly by focusing on the nature of the object for which an honorific is required by prefixing it with an honorific verb to express the use of the object:

',;::c ':",-",

~~'~Oj'

',OJ' a;~ OJ'

a;~

nyalchas skyes yul zampa wmpa

"I3J.>1' if,~ "I3l<>1'

o.&t:.~'~Oj o.&c:.~'~Oj

",.>1'''OJ'r ';;<>1' O

gzim chas 'khrungs yul phebs zam

bedding birth-place bridge

!.iQ<sr;j. ..r I.iQ'Sr;j>1'

,]:,(

1. 1. 1. .I. .1 .1

"1"\"1' "l"'~"
0l.;J" OlOl'

goon gda

.q11"1~r"l"\"I' .Q11"l'lr"l"'~"

lam

I4.q""r"l.I.;J" I4<1 "'rlIO l'

dzhugsgOOn dzh ugs gda phe bs lam

mattress road

6.4 .c Ho nor ific of Or igi nat ion

into ect to express how the object cam e ed by referring to the origin of the obj Thi s is form existence in the first place: letter phy agb ris '" :!'lQ"" yi ge j' Uj'ilj" OJ"i1

6.4 .d Re lat ive Ho nor ific

ary ress the relationship between the prim h two or mo re syllable word to exp the first syllable is changed into hon orif ic This is formed wit to it. In this case only object and the thing which is related its Ordinary form". ord inar form sy llab wh ile leaving the second syllable in

.Jill! .Jlllj' :tj0l"

'i'~' ?'~"
~':r~'lj" ~':r~'lr
~

:til'll'

mig shel rtasga sku b kyag

~",'.ijrll' ~"".ijr"l.l"
j;.q,""~" j;<I ,'~'
~.q~~"I' ~Q'lf~"I"

ans hel spyan she l ehibs sga zha bs kya g

spectacle saddle chair

6.4 .e Fu nct ion al Ho nor ific

ction of the obj This is formed by expressing the fun

ry form: ect wh ich is not explicit in the ordina

,'.--'.--

rr .q'5"1'" FQ'5"1""
~.g" \' ~'.t",.
~ !l~w

kha bta gs ehu Ifhod

fhu rma thu

.;JEN,\~ OlE N,\ ~'

:!"I.g "," :!''!".t'\'

.q~".~",' Q~"'!l~"

...w

~"1'"9'\' ~"l"-

rgy ugs had

'\S'"9"\' "'S"-9"'"

sca rf to greet wit h /da mjaldar phy agt sho d watch spo on bzhes thur comb ldb ush ad ,db

6.4 .f Su bst itu tio nal Ho nor ific

by disyllabic y form by a totally new word formed s is formed by substituting the ordinar . Thi honorific wo rds : student thugs sra s !l"l""~"" ~"I"'~'" dge phr ug ~"1' ,,\ilj' ~"l" ",ilj' mo nk sku zha bs aJ'~.q,,' aJ"~Q"" grw apa ~'Q' ~"Q" servant zha bsp hyi ~.q,'~" ~Q" ,'~' gyo gpo "1a:i"l"l:i' "la:i"l' Q' nep hew dbo npo "\<i"l:i' ",<i~"l'ij' tsha bo ' ~'<i" formed by prefixing the bles, cutleries and so forth may be Qi'i " es 'li'i''" fur the rmo re honorific nouns for edi feb Q'lj"i].q' wo rd for bread 'l'lj'iiijQ" bag leb becom the verb "to eat".. Thus the ordinary honorific for m of "to eat". Th e Q~" 'Q' the honorific verb .q~~"Q' bzhes pa hes bag " by prefixing the syllable of .<:1"1' "bz .t:I"I" honorifics. of the aforementioned six types of honOIifics owing hODOIifics belongs to either foll

6.5 Ex am ple s
~" 1. ~'

Ord ina ry

Ho nor ific

Eng lish

lee gdo ngp a

'li."I"
~rlI' ...,,' ~r"l.I"~""

"l~c:."Q" 2. "1~c:.'Q'

[jags /jag zha l ras

tongue face

~~L-

3. <>19 4. .J,'Q' 4.
i;; c

mga mgo maba kha lagpa rkangpa rkLlng snakh ug mig gzugs pa po chu mchu mdzub rna mo sor gdub /ham gog mig shel rkang sud khri gdan mgasm ga go

'I':!"
. '*JiIi.;j,t"l '*JiIi' <>Ii", t'\nJ' f'\rll'

dbu snyan lcog

zhal

head ear mouth hand leg nose eye body water lips finger ring shoe spectacle sock

5. r:r 6. nJ"l'LJ' rll"l'LJ'

7. >fJ~'LJ' >fJ~'LJ'
8. ~'IS"l

~'" t'\Q~' f'\Q~'

"F
~i1i' ~iIi'
al'''l~''~' ar"'~"Il~'

~"l

phyag zhobs zhabs shang spyan sku gzugs

chab

:t:~ :t:.

9. Jl"I Ji"I

10. "I~"l~'i:j'
11.
.'): ..~ }),

~.

a;'l" a;'r
t'\nJ.;j~ <>I~'

12. <>1~' <>I~' 13. <>1f[Q'.if <>IE<Q'

~

f'\rll'

~"l'.;jf[Q' ~""<>IE<Q'
~

l.-:: i.-::

14. ~"""l)" 15. ~Jl'9"l ~Jf9'" 16. Jl"l':q>l' Ji"l":q>l"

17. >fJ~' ~'i' 18. j!j'
19. "l'iili' 20. ~~'<>19 ~~'<>I9

~'f"l)Q' ~"I""I)Q'
t'\Q~'~Jl' f'\Q~'~Jf

~i1i'"1nJ'' ~iIi'"1rll
~Q~'~'i' ~Q~'~'i'

w,;~

zhal mchu zhalm chu phyag mdzub phyag gdub zhabs !ham spyan shel zhabs sud

i'f;}'

/:

QI.1"l~'i!i' QI.1"l~'i!i'
QI.1"l~"l'iili QI.1"1~"l'iili
"i't~~. "i't~~'

bzhugs khri throne gzhugs gdan mattress dbu mgas dbum gas pillow

~6

6.6 Some honorifics have more than one level:

Ordina ry r.>.~'Q' 'gra ba 'gro

,k'{;

'i4Q~'LJ'phebs pa "i4Q~'L J'phebs

Lower

~"i'
'&,i:}'

khyad khyod

6'1'
~

a;Q'll'Q~"'"lilil:. chibs sgyur gnang a;Q'!rQ~"'"lili!;.

Highe r

Englis h, h.

1iYi'

shi ba ~.;j~' sems ~<>I~' "I~l:.LJ gdong pa "I~~'LJ' chung rna ,!.;jLJ rstarn pa ,!<>I'LJ'
~l:.'.;j' ~~'<>I'

4''' 4""

khyed ~l:.LJ grongs pa ~~'LJ' grong spa thugs zhal ras lcam

al'~'i' ~ &'~'i'

sku nyid

to go you

'i9l:.~'LJlf"l'll 'i9!;'~LJlf"l'!j

.Ij"l~' .Ij"'~'

t'\nJ...~ f'\rll ... \li.;j' \li<>l'

.J,<>1'.;j6i1i .J,<>I<>I6i1i "liil...t'\nJ "Iiil ...f'\rll

"l'!j!;.'~Jf "l~l:.'~Jl'

~..;; 1:. ;

"l~nJ'~Q' gsal zhib "l~rll'~Q' gsol

dgangs pa rdzags pa ~ie dgongs rdzogs <;lie mam mkhyen mind gser zhal face gsang yum gsang wife [jags !jags smin
tsampa

'I!"l'll'~iIi' 'I!"l'!j'~i 1i'

6.7 Mono syllab ic Hono rific Verbs

~
/1
~

Ordina ry
;j'Q' ;j'Q' .Ij!;"Q' .ljl:.'Q'

Honor ific

Englis h

Ia
I

rilili'<J' rliili'<J' S"i'<J'

~'i'<J'

4'll'<J' 4~'<J' S'Q'

r;,S;

zaba mba thung ba lenpa byedp a sprad pa sprod shesp a nguba

Q~~'<r Q~~''l' Q~~'LJ Q~~'<J

bzhes pa bzhes pa bzhes (mchad) pa (mcho mdzad pa stsal ba I mkhye npa bshum spa

to eat to drink
to take/receive

Q~~'<J' Q~~'<J'

.;jf['i'LJ' <>IE<'i'LJ'
~'Q'

to do to give to know to 10 weep

.;j6i1i<J' <>I6i1i'<J'
Q4.;j~'<J Q4<>J~' <J
~

113
r.>.<:'''1' tj'
<>lE.flf q' illE.f1rq '
",<:.'q'
~

~Ilr<r ~I!r<r
~"I'tj' ~"I'tj'

skyes pa thugp a naba bzhon pa khyer ba blta ba mthon gba nyaba bsadp a

",'q'
ql'\~'tj' ql'\~'tj'
~

rkhrungs pa mjalba ' snyungba chibspa bsnam spa gzigsp a gzigsp a gzigsp a bkran gspa

to be bom to meet siek to be sick to ride to take to look to see to buy to kill

.;q"1'tj'
q~<>lI!f Q' q~illllfQ'

~",,'q' ~-".'''l'

q'lfq' "l'lf"l' illij<:.'q' <>lij<:.'''l

~'q' ~'''l'
q~"i'tj' qllol"i'tj'
~

'Ij~'Ij~'<l' 'lj~"IIlo1'tl'
'Ij~'Ij~'tj' "I~"IIlo1'tj'

'Ij~'Ij~'tj' "I~"IIlo1'tj' ~<:"tj' ~<:"tj'

6.8 Vocab ulary

'Ij<:" "1<:"
~~'~~' ~IloI'~IloI'
:>,~' tj'
~

Ill'<%>' Ill'",'

;j'rK '
"i'!ii' "i'iii' !ii' ,I;~'ij' iii'
tj"i'",!'lj
~'

gong skyes tshes rmpa gla cha zakha ng dala loche npo 10 chen po pad shag chu chu tshod tag tag dus chen lagsar gungs eng theng gsum tshar bzhi mdog nyesp o dug log nyal chas bdagp o gnasp o 'grulpa gnass korba gdan gsang spyod khrus khang mchod khang

gong tshe kye !she rim pa eha la cha zakha ng da 10 10 chern po pay shag chu tshoe due !shoe tag tag due chen 10 sar goong seng theng soom !shar zhi tshar dhogn yepo doogl o nyal chay dhakp o nay po drool pa nay kor va dhen sang cho sallg tookh ang choek hang

price birthday cost wages restaurant this year old (in age) money ( paisa) water time exactly festival new year holiday three times four times ugly clothes bedding owner: landlord traveller pilgrim mattress toilet showe r shrine room
~:.

~'~"i'
'j'lj' 'j'lj '5"1''5"1

I!j' 'Sill' ,I;~'

!ii'''I~-''.' iii'''I Ilo1 '''''

'jr:..'~<:" ':lr:.:~<:"
~<:"'lj~i>l' ~<:"'Ij~< ll'
a;",,'q~' a;-".'''l~

ill~"I'~Il~'ij' <>l~"I'~ oI'ij'

'S"I'!ii'lj 'S"I'iii"l
~nr",~' ~f1f <%>IloI'

q"i"l'L:j' "l"i'lj'L:j'
'Ij~~'tj' "I~IloI' tj'
r.>.~f1l' tj' r.>.~fll'
~

'lj~IloI'~'''l' 'Ij~~'~~ ",,'q'

'ljW "IW
'lj~<:"~"i' "I1lo1<:"~"i'
~

IloI'['l<:" ~'['l<:"

"li"i'f'l:.'' illiW< <:.

114 "l"l"l-fl"l"l"l'f1' 9!"l"l' ~' 9!"l"f ~ "iljil)'<l' "iljili -<l~-J'lt:: ~'J'lt::

.".>, ....... """,-"'
/'

gyabkha leags ri dgonpa

lhakhang

yaab kba chak ri gom pa lha khang mar me tsik pa patchay ping sho nyal tri ngay gho ameri ka key took yigko thoorma chog tse drangma sor doob ku shoo maagghar temo lay kboong ke
I

varendah bOlmdary monastery temple lamp wall camera fihn bed pillow America puppy envelop spoon table
bee

,;j.'::.;)' <>I":':" .;)~"f .r.r ~'f.r.r

<l.:r:a;~<l":':" J,"l'

mar me rtsigpa parchas parehas pingshog nyal/chri . nyal khri rngasmgo amerika khyiphrug yig lkog thurma lcog rtse leog sbrangma sor gdub
leu shu

i;];j: iX..;.

<l~.1j"l <l~:Jj"l

~nr~
'i;; (" ''t;/

e. "l'<>Iilj ~-,;jilj
Ill-.;)-"'-"\Ill'.;)'"""\'

r,"
I"

t,d t.1.

B"~"l B-~"l Dl"l-Qj"l Ul"l'Qj"l ij.:t.-,;j" ij":':"<>I' ,

~

W"l'~' W"l"~"
~e.W ~~W

K.~

<il.:t.""l)q" <ii"..:.:.'''l)''l'
1-j' 1-j" ""J"I':;j":':" ",;j"l":;j.:t."
~".,jJ' ~,,".jJ"

ring apple garrIson garnson show office neck

.,,;

dmagsgar
ltadmo

{:::~ ;'<,::>;

rll"lr;e.' ClI~"r:~"
~' ~"

las /chung khung ske

~~ ~t;

6.9 Examples
Ordinary

Honorific

fJij fJi;

L F'''I')''lr:>...:.:.'"l' ~"il 1. fi""I")~"r.>..:t.-"l"~"i1

Fe:.'ZlJ''S''l'i4"l'll' q' ~"il fi~ '''l's''ri4q"r '" ~"il

/chong ga dus phebs pa red khong
khong ga due pheb pa re When did he arrive?

w
/l /:

/cho ga dus 'byor ba red kho kho ga due jor va re

ti~ ti!4

2. F-"I'''l'A~'~'~"if F-"I""l"r.>.~"~' ~"il /cho ga ba 'gro gi red kho kho ga pa dro ki re

Fe. '''I""l'i4"l"l'"IiI)e:. '~' ~"if fi~ '.,. "l' i4Q"r "IiIi~ ~"il
/chong ga ba phebs gnang gi red khong khong ga va pheb nang gi re Where is he going?
~'~ili'''Je.rll'Uiq ~'~i!i',;je.nrUiq

-~ .~

3. "le.'~iI)'~"IUie. 'I 3, ~~ '~iIi' ~"I'Ui~

h',;;;";

sang nyin thug yong sang nyin thoo yong

4. "l..:.:.'fiie.'f 4, "I.:t.'fii~'1 yarlong yar long

mja/ sang nyin mjal yang sang nyin jay yong See you tomorrow. tomorrow,

t:t

"l":':" "l~e. "l':<:ZlJ<:"ZlJilie:.', "I.:t.' "l~~~' '<:"l<:'""li!i~ 'I yar bzhengs rogs gnang rags
yar zheng ro nang Stand up,

~,~'fi

115
5. is''iE.~"-''I''l1 is''i'E.'~",'''I''l1 kyod ja 'thung gas khyo ja thoong gay 6. "i",'t:>.~~Ulilil "i"-r:>.~~Ulilil da nga 'gro gi yin da nga dro ki yin

EJ"i"I.ijr,rE.. "l'"Iiii"' '''I"ll EJ"i'''I.ijr,rE. '';j~ "l'"Iili"-."I"ll khyed gsol ja bzhes gnang gas Will you drink some tea. khye sol ja zhay nang gay "i''j''l'.o:.t:. '''i~C::''l'I3'~'iililil '''i~C::'<J'13'~'illili' da gus rang dgong pa zhu gi yin
da gu rang gongpa zhu gi yin
l!r~"I'~.;J'';j139"l'nic::'j),,' <J~I ~r~"I' ~.;J' ';j13"1"l'nic::' j),,'

Now I will go. go,

7. ']"I~';j~,,ni",j)"'l"ll ,]"I'~'';j~'''ni"-'j)'''<J''l1 tog tsa bsdad long medpas med pas tog tsa day long me pay
8. i'ii':i:r>l"l'<J'::<.c.'tj.r:>.'1"1 i'ii':i:Cll"l''l':l<.c;.' <:j't:>.

sku khyug tsam bzhug long medpas med pas ku quook tsam zhug long me pay Can't you stay for a little while?
i'i",'~':i"l' :l<.c;..q.t:>.'i"l i'i"-'~':i"l'::<.c.'4'r:>.'i"l khong gi phyag lag ring po 'dug khong gi chak ring po doog

kho'i lag pa ring po 'dug khoi lag pa ring po doog

9. t:>.~",Clli'i"lEJ"i~C::1 r:>.~"-wi'i"lEJ"i~C::1 'di nga la khos sprad byung dhi nga la khoi trey joong

His hand is long.

t ~'''I''lwi'i",'~''l'''Ii1iC:: 'S"-'I r::>. ~'''I''lwi'i"-'~''l'''IiliC:: 'S",'I 'di gus la khong gis gnang byung
dhi gue la khong gi nang joong
~'i'ic::.~.j;';j~'~'~"il ~'i'ic::.~. j;';j~'~' ~"il

.-

He gave me this to me.

10. ~'i'ii!i'\7"~r~"i1 ~'i'ii!i'\7'~'~"i1 de kho'i rta sga red de khoi ta gha re

de khong gi chib sga red de khong gi chib gha re

?-o,

That is his horse saddle.

6.10 Exercises for Lesson six

(a) Translate into Tibetan
I

1. I have two long legs. 2.. He 2. 'He has no cows. 3. They have twenty seven pigs. 4. Who has a better camera? 5. I have the film for you. 6. This is the biggest dog in the shrine. 7. We will go to America in March. 8. She will show this photograph to my mother. 9. I will not go to China in December. 10. Where are the bigger oranges? (b) Fill the blanks of the sentences and transliterate into Tibetan:
l. 1.

2.
3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

............... khrom la 'gro gi min ........... .... khong kha lag za gi ma ........... .. nga la deb bzhi yod pa .............. . La khyod spyi zla dang por yang gi yin ....... . .. zLa Lags .. ........... nga'i a ma lags ma ............ khong tsho bal yuL la ......................... ... yul bod ......... gyag mang po .............. . ........... sang nyin mchong gi ............ . shog gu de khong gi yin ................ chu tshod 'di khyod rang ....... yin

110

II. 1112. 13. 14. 15.

zhva mo de da Ita ............. 'dug ......... ......... .yong gi 'dug gas .yong nyi ma'i mdun ........ su bsdad 'dug nga'i lag ......... sor gdub ...... . 'di ......... la ston gyi ............ . Ia

(c) Express and memorize the following Tibetan quotations:

r~~~.r 'S'Ule;'aJ' ~Tf1I::.1 r~Z<\'!J' ~'UlC;' ~Tf11::.
" "

aJ'

e...

c... c....

'I

I~~' .q'~5j '~aJ' a:;~~' q~'~~1 I~z<\' q'~5j a:;Z<\~' !J~'~~I

...... ",., c....'" 1~1::.<\'~aJ~' 5j'UlI::. ~'~'~~[lJ1 1~C;'Z ~~aJ~' ~'~'~~[lJ1

"'"

sdig pa ci yang mi byazh ing dge ba phun sunt tshogs par spyad rang gi sems ni yongs su 'dul 'di ni sangs rgyas btsan pa yin

" "

5j'UlI::.

"
/;

p~'

"- "-

ili '~I::. ~'~~...Q'i;l5j'!J'Ul5j1 iii '~C; ~'~~ -Q'i;l5j'q'Ul5j[

"-

/,

Q;.',' <;t;.",'

w_l

Do not commit any non-virtuous deeds And apply the perfect accumulation of virtues; Completely subdu e one's own mind This is the teaching of the Buddha. -----B uddha
""I~~. J:J' 5j1::..'!J~'~a, Ull::.-Q1lj-Q/ 1 ~Z<\'!J' 5j1::. q~'~a, 'UlC.: .qllj.ql

r~~~~ ~~' aJfI~' !J~' aJ'!:!!~'~1::. 1 aJfl~q~aJ~~~I::.['I ~'t:l.

rig pa nang par 'chi yang bslab tshe 'dir mkhas par rna gyur kyang ma skye ba phyi mar beol ba yis nor la rang nyid len pa 'dra

I~' -Q'~'aJ~' -Q'S[lJ' -Q'Ul[ q'~' aJ~' .q~[lJ'

"~

lili I ~'(1r ~I::. ',?-";'[lJili' q'~~1 ',?"'[lJiIi' m~1

Even if one is to die tomorrow One should study knowledge; For it is like claiming one's own Invest ed possessions in future rebirths.

iii

......

C'o...

.q'UlI

"

,..ii " ..

\,~

"

'C::~.

"IaJfl~' J:J' -Q~S "- aJ'~~'!J1 aJfI~'!J' .q~S 01::.' aJ'~~' qr

-.... c.... -.... "
~

I-";'Ul' .q~S~?I::.aJ-,,;q~~[ 1"'Ul' q~SZ<\?I::.'aJ'''!Jz<\~1

""
~

c... c....

e-.. c....

mkhas pa rtsad cing rna dris pa

de yi bar du gting rni dpogs mi

Ie:. 'nr -";S~'~~aJ' -Q~ili' ililI W"SZ<\'Z<\~' .Q~iIi' iii ......,

,,1-";'~-"<\f1i1i ''"I::. 'S-";' 'S'Ul"r 1"'~"'z ;'~f1ili-";1::.'6' " ~'Ul-";I
.......

"

-~

rlnga la dbyug gus rna bsmm na ma

de srid'gzhan dang khyad ci yod
I

The learned cannot be fathomed Until inquiring and questioning (his background) How is it different from . A drum not beaten by a drumstick etc.?
')::1

-------sakya Pandita -------Sakya

1 i

(d) Write the honorific forms of the following words:

1. Iljc:~r 1. >ljc:~r 2. "l"l' <.I' fll"l'

rkangpa lagpa mgo

5.
6. 7.

~.

Q"I'ii)z:r Q"I'ii)~r
g'

3.
,~.-.;,

"'iii

skra bagle b
p P

~t.-:: tt."

117
4. .;)"1 4, Ji"l

mlg

8, 8.

~Jl''<'

rtsampa

(e) Make ten sentences by using the following adjectives:

"I~""'<'

"I~"""" "I~""""

"I~"".ij~' "I~"".ij~'

ft:.'Ll" ft:."l" ft:. c:: ft:.'c::

fr~:.ij~'
~

ll"l'Zj' Il"l' Zl'

~"I'''1

Il"l'.ij~ ll"l'.ij~'
~

j;~'Zj: j;~'Zl:

j;'q'
~

a;'''1~'

Ilt:..\F llt:.',IF _.....

Il"-'t:.. llt;,'t:.' Ilt:. '.ij~' llt:.'.ij~' """I'll' . """I'Ll' """I',,! """I' .ij~'
~

Jl~~'Zj' Jl~~'Zl'
"I~'q'

"Ill' "1~'

-~

gsarpa gsarra gsar~a I gsarshos Igsarshos rnymgpa rnyingnga rnyingshos thug po thug ga thug shos chen po cheba cheshos thungthung thungnga thung shos yagpo yagga yag shos mthonpo mthoba mtho shos

new newer newest I old older oldest thick thicker thickest big bigger biggest short shorter shortest good better best high higher highest
.,
"

:-:~": :-~":

6.11 Useful Expressions

~q'Ul9'q'A~9 ,\Q'Ul9'Q'A'\9

...-

It is very good, Excellent.

---

r.l.~r.l.'~ '\ 9' 9' .:t,: .:t.,~l '"''\'"'''\ "i''~9'9'.:t.,' ~,\1 ",,_..... ""_..... ,",'\,",' '\ "i' '\9' q,\' ;):j,\'n.j'9' .:t.,'1l1 r.l.~r.l.'~"i' ~9' q~';):j~'fll'9' ~'1l1

C>...C>........ C>...c.........

"

What is the meaning of this?

What is the meaning of this in Tibetan? me), Please spell this (for me). Did you do your homework? homework, I did not have time to do my homework. How are those apples? good, TIley are very good. Excellent.

,,_..... r.l.~' ~.:t.,'1lI9' ~q' .:t.,9~' 9"iI:.'1

,",,\'~~'1lJ9'~q' ~9~'9"iI:.'1
_ _ e-.. C>... _ _ ~

~~' ~I:.'9~'''iI:.'~I:.' S~'Ul~'J;.j~l ~'\' .:t.,I:.'9~' "il:. '~I:.' S~'Ul,\'J;,j~1 ......6, I:.~' "iI:.' ~I:.' S'\'f'lll:.' J,j' ~I:. 'I I:.~'"iI:.'~I:.'S~'flll:.'

".r

7, 1Ij'-9S a;'9',",~'A'\9 7IJ''9'~' a;'9'r.l.~'A~9 " " " Ul9' q'I1'~9'r.l.~9 Q'I1'~9''"''\9

-.<

...

...-~ ~

"

1188 11

LE SS ON SE VE N LES SON SEV EN

m.::r ~(Y oQ,\ ' 'I;JI ru.::r ~(y .Q,\ ~~I;JI

'> '>

7.1 Te nse 7.1 Tense ss We hav lear nt tha there are thre We haveelearnt that tthere are threeemainntenses called 5l!r"l~iQ':r.:;"1 mai tenses called 5'!r"l~iQ':r J;"I "dus gsum bya tshig" in "dus gsum bya tshig" in Tib etan . As in Englis there are sub As in Eng lishthere are subtle variati Tibeta n. h tlevariations of timeewithin one tense. For examp le if ons of tim wit hin one tense. For exa mp le ifwe takee the ver to wri te r:>.Q-G"b ba, we we tak the verbbto write r:tQ-G"'bririba, we can easily form the fourrsimple (prese can easily form the fou sim ple (pre nt, past, future, sent, past, future, conditional) conditional) and the fou com pou nd (presen -pe and the fourrcompo und (presentt-perfect, past-perfect, future-perfec rfec t, and con diti ona l-pe rfec byusing variou ss aux ilia ry verbs and t, past-perfect, future-perfect, and condit ional-p erfect) tenses usi ng var iou auxilia t) tenses by ry verbs and adding verb compl ement s to express the add ing verb com ple me nts to exp pat tern of cha nge to the spelling cor rec tenses The pattern of chang ess to the spelling of the verb stem in forming differe ress thecorrec tttenses.. The of nt of ver bs pro vid ed at the end of this the ver b stem in forming different tenses can be see n fro m the lis! of verbs provid ed at the end of this manualll Tense in Tibeta n is largelytenses can be seen from the lis! manual Ten se in Tib etan is largelyexpres sed by the exp res sed by the verb phrase wh ich consis tss of the verb, added con sist of the verb, added compl ver b phrase which com ple me nt and f1uxiliary verb, ement and fluxiliary verb.

/, /,
,~

,~

i;SiO: i;SiO:

,;
~c<

7.2 Th e Sim ple Pre sen 7.2 The Simp le Prese ntt
The sim ple pre sen shows habitua The simple presen tt shows habituall action and expresses a general truth, action and expresses a general trut Gener ally the spellin h. Gen era lly the spe lling of the ver b stem rem ain unchanged for g of the verb stem remain unchanged for this tense, For firstt person, either this tense. For firs person, eith er of the particles~' S' of the particles~' ~' whict we wil call her e "ad ded verb com ~. wh ict we willl call here "added verb complement" substitutes the second syllab plement" substitutes second syll abl e of an infinitive verb. This le infinitive verb. This is then follow ed by the auxiliary ver the n foll ow ed by the is b ~"iyod. auxilia verb ~"i'yod. For second and third persons, an infmitive form second third person an infm itiv e form of of the verb is follow ed by ver b is foll owed by the auxilia verb the auxiliary verb ~S. to eat to eat tog o togo
Eng lish Englis h

'k~

'i,t::

'i,c:

to cut to cut
~;."

;):';;

to jum p to jump to smell to smell to hide to hide to milk to milk

-'l'G' -'l'G" r:>.j.q. r:tj'q' r:>.Q"I' q' r:tQ"I' <r iQa;C::'q iQa;C'q qgiQ'l,ff qgiQ'<,
~~rq' ~l!r<r

Inf init ive Infini tive

per son 1st person -'l'~'ilj"i' -'l'~'ilj"i'

2nd & 3rd pers on person -'l'q'~"i' -'l'q'~"i'

r:>.j'~'~"i' r:tj'~'~ "i'

r:tj'<r~ "i' r:>.j'q'~"i' r:tQ"I'<r ~"i' r:>.Q"I'<r~"i'

iQa;c'q'~"i' iQa;C::'q'~"i'
q~iQ'q'~"i' Q~iQ'<l'~"i'

r:>.!l"l'~'~"i' r:t!l"l'~ '~"i'

iQic::'~'~"i' iQ,k'~'~"i'

q~J.f3~"i q~J.f3'~"i' ~~~'~"i' ~l!f~'~"i' r:>.'~'~"i' r:t'~'~"i'

r:>.{.q' r:t{'q'

~l!r<r~"i' ~~r<r~"i'

r:t{' Q' ~"i' r:>.{'q'~"i'

~~ !i:o~

nga zho k kay tag par lob dra la dro nga zhok kay tag par lob dra la dro ki yoe ki yoe 2; fii"~"I'''l~';''I'<J",' Riq~rlfr:>. j' q' ~"il 2. fii"~"I'''Il1/';''I' <J'>;' ruq'~'rlfr:t j' Q' ~"il kho zho k kay tag par lob dra la dro kho zhok kay tag par lob dra la drova re va re

L ..C'~9""Il1/' ;"1'<J'<;ruq'~' >.j'~'ilj"il 1. C::~9"''I'~r;''I<J'''Riq~rlfr: j' ~'ilj"il (lfr:t

nga zho g leas rtag par slob grva la 'gro gi yod nga zhog kas rtag par slob grva la 'gro gi yod IIgo to sch ool eve ry morning. go to school every morning,
He goe s to sch ool eve ry morning. He goes to school every morning,
kho zho g leas rtag par slob grwa fa 'gro ba red kho zhog kas rtag par slob grwafa 'gro

ba red

t'f~

/t /t

\:i":i

,Sj

3. i"i~9""l~;"Iq"'RiG'~rlrn.jq~"i' 3. i"i'~ 9""Il!r;"I'<J.>;'ruG"~'ilrn.j' Q' ~"il khy od zho g kas rrag par slob grwa fa 'gro ba red khyod zhog kas rtag par slob grwafa 'gro ba red khy o zha g kay tag par lob dra la dro khyo zhag kay tag par lob dra la drova re Yo u go to school every va re You go to schooleve ry morning. morning,
4. is'r:>.~~cr.;:I'Il:::<Jq~fq~''i1 4. is"r:t~lI/'Cr.;:I'II:::<J' Q~f'q' ~"il khy i dhe e nga y kha ng pa soo ng wa khyi dhee ngay khang pa soong ware re

khy i 'dis nga'i khang pa bsrung ba red khyi 'dis nga'i khang pa bsrung bared This dog protects my house. This dog protects my house,

",~-,

~:'~

~:,~

5. c::l"I-'lr:>.<r~c ~';"f q..."i9"i<J"''().~~i 5, C'J;'''I-'lr:t'<rll/C lI/';9" <J'>;'''i9"i'<l.>;-n.j'~'ilj''il nga tsho gza' pa sangs lj''il nga tsho gza' pa gs rrag par dgon pa la 'gro gi yod rtag par dgon pala 'gro gi yod san nga !Sho zah pa san g tag par gam nga tsho zah pa sang tag par gampar dro ki yoe par dro ki yoe Eve ry Friday we go to the monas tery. Every Friday we go to the nas tery mo .

,;0

119

t:.g~<>J~5t:.nrSrii"lnr~-'l~"cJiz::;, 6. E::g~'.>Ji'.l'5c:.'orS'rii"l'or~'-'l'~'<Ji"i1 IIga tsho nyi ma'i gung la phyi logs la lIya za gi yod nga tsho nyi mai goong la chi 10k 1a nya za gi yoe We eat fish outside during the day. la

7.3 The Simple Past Tense

This tense expresses an action that has taken place in the historical past. This is formed by placing ~"i'i4",'pa ::<'Z::;" the syllable ~'i'i4",'pa yin for first person and ~. 't."i' pa red for the second and third person after the main verb. An infinitive verb which ends in~" pa remains unchanged. The verb stem itself may go in~' through some spelling changes allowed by the phonological rules governed by gender harmony of the consonants.
English Infinitive
Il.~.r A~'q'

to dig to purify to look to write

1st peI'Son person ~~f<ri'i4"," ~~'<ri'i4""

~1;.~f~"i'i4"," ~c:.~'~'i'i4"" q\y~'~'i'i4",' "\y1\r~"i'i4",'

2nd & 3rd peI'Son person ~'Il"~" ::<'Z::;" ~'11'~' 't."i'

~c:.~r<r't."i ~t:.'Il"<r::<'z::;
'l'lj'll" <r ::<.z::;' q'li~'<r't."i'

~c:.'q ~I;.""
q'I{q' 'l'lf""

1l.5j" .." AQ'q'

5j'll" <ri'i4"," Q~'<ri'i4",'

~'Il"~" ::<'Z::;" ~~'~''t.''i'

t:. ~rii"'~"'5'''i9''''~i'.l'~''i'~c:. '11' .cri'i4"" 1. c:. 'Il'rii""~""5"Z::;9'" "~~" ~Z::;"~I;.'Il' .Q'i'i4"'1

ngay Ion don du in jee ke jang pa yin
rk~~~'~,.::<i,,~"i~c:. 'Il"~" 't."1 2. rk~'Il"~"'Il"""<i,,"~z::;~t:. ~'.Q' ::<.,,' khong gee lha sal' bo ke jang pa re Iha sar

ngas Ion gron du dhyin ji'i skad sbyangs pa yin IIgas

I studied English in London.

k1wllg gis lha sar bod skad sbyangs pa red klwng

He studied Tibetan in Lhasa.

3. ~Z::;"~'Il"ru""~"""~"I" LJ~"~z::;"~t:.'Il',," ::<'z::;, ~"i'~~'m<:r~~'~"I'LJ~'~"i~c:.~r<r't."i1

khyo kyee lob drar sog poi ke jang pa re

khyod kyis slob grvar sog po'i skadsbyangs pa red

You studied Mongolian at school.

7.4 The Simple Future Tense

This tense express an action that will take place in the future. This is formed by pladng~' gi future" placing~' between the main v,erb and the auxiliary verb as we have seen with the simple present. The spelling The present of the verb remain unchanged. The. only difference between simple future and simple presell\ is the use of different auxiliary verb for the first'person.
English Infinitive
<>Jit:.~" .>Jic:..Q'

to jump to meet to suck

."" "" <>JJ,I;.""j"tll"," .>JJ,c:.'''l'Ul''''

~ ~
~
~

1st person

2nd & 3rd peI'Son person <>Jk"~'::<'Z::;" .>Jk'~''t.''i'

<>Jl<nr~j" ::<'Z::;" .>JI<OI'~t't."i'
Il.~ .."~. ::<'Z::;" A~q'~'t."i'

.>J!<OI' .." <>J!<tll" q'

A~q'.Q Il.~ .."".

<>Jl<rll"~tll", .>JI<or ~r Ul",'"

Il.~ lf~"i'i4~" A~<:r~'i'i4~'

1. c:. ti<>J"rll"Il.~"~"Uj~, t:. tl'.>J'rll'A~'~Uj~1

nga tom la dro lei yin

fa nga khrom la 'gro gi yin

I will go to the market.

2. ,;[~<>J"nrll.~"~" ::<.,,' ,;[~.>Jrll'A~~' 't.",

mo tom la dro ki re

mo khrom la 'gro gi red La She will go to the market. khyod tsho khrom fa 'gro gi red
You will go to the market.

3. ~"i' g'~.>J'rll'A~'~' 't."il ~z::;"g"~<>J"Ol"Il.~"~"::<'Z::;'

khyo tsho tom la dro lei re

7.5 Present - Perfect Tense

lLU
Thi s ten se ind ica tes action that star ted in the past and con tinu ed into, The imp lica tion oftthe illustration of he used is that I have jus t recently com or nearly into the present. ple ted writing, or is perhaps eve n now in the pro ces s of finishin g the writing. Thi s is formed by affi xin g the wo rd ib.o:.' tshar bet wee n the ma in ver b and the aux iliary ver b prefixed with the app rop sho wn for the sim ple pas t. riat e ver b com ple me nt as Eng llch to eat to stu dy to loo k
"
If"'"
t~
~~

-'1.,.' -'1'q.

Inf init ive

1st person -'1~ ib.o:.qUjilj .''J'Ulilj'

St:;~ib.o:.qUiilj St::~ib.o:.'J'Ulilj'
q'lJ~ ib-<-'qUlilj' ib"" qUiilj'

~t:;'q ~t::'q

2nd & 3rd person -'1~r ib.o:.''J' ~"i" .q~"i

~t:;~. ~t::~' ib.o:.'J' ~"i' .q q\\,~' ib.o:.'l.r ~"i' Q\\,~' ib", 'q'

q'1!'q' q'1!"Q' q'5''q'' q"'1 Q

to cop y

q'5~' ib.o:.'qUlilj' q"'1~' qUiilj'

q'5~' ib.o:.'J' ~'\' ib", 'q' ~'\.

r, 1',

t:: ~Q~' ib.o:.''J'Uliljl t:; ib"" q'Uiiljl . nga y dre e tsha r pa yin tsh ar
j'ii~~"i' ib-<-''J' ~"il i6~''~"i'ib"" q' kho i tre tsh ar pa re Ire
is''i'~ q'5~"f ib.o:.''J' ~'\I q"'1 ' q' ~,\I

nga s bris tshar pa yin I hav e written, . kho s spr ad tshar pa red He has given, en. khy od kyis bsh us tshar pa red bsfuts Yo u have copied.

~~~

khy o kye e sho o tsha r pa re Irye tsh ar

~q
r~

Thi s tense indicates an action that started at som e time in the pas t rem ote r tha n som e oth er pas t tim e me ntio ned . It is form ed by affI Xing the wo rd iijt::'myong (ha ve exp ifF my ong erie nce d) afte r the ma in verb. He re the aux ilia ry ver b is not use d for the first person. As for the sec ond and third per son , the infi niti ve form of iijt::'q' my ong ba tjt:;'Q' 'to experience'is affixed to the ver b stem plus the auxiliary ver b ~'\' red 'In the pas t per fec t tense, the ~'\. vow el end ing ver b stem s do not cha nge their spe llin g as wit h the sim ple past. pas l Eng lish to har ves t to sho ck
Inf init ive
<:,'q' e.'q

7.6 Past - Per fec t Ten se Pa st

~'-%

1st person e.'o@t;;. <:"iijt::'

'\t:;::~'iijt::' "it::tt:;~'~t:;'

,\t:;t:;.q ,\t::t::.Q'
~tIj ~''J' ~l:lj~'q'
t:l.~I'lJ'.q t:I.~nfq
~

2nd & 3rd person <:,'iijc.'q'~"i' e.'~'q'~,\'

"it:;t:; ~.~t:;'Q' "it::t:: ~'iijt::'q' :<.,,'
~tIj~.tjt:;'q.~"i' ~l:lj~'iijt::'q'~"i'

"
/

,,'"
W'"

to exc ava te
i

~l:lj~r!it:;' ~tIj~ 'iijt::'

r.\~nJ'~t:;' J'iijt::'

to roll

t:I.~ 'lJ'iijt::'q'~"i' t:l.~IflJ'tjt;;Q~"i

I

f~

t:;~15,\~Ol,~~t:l.Q~1 1. t::~l:'i"i~'nJ~~'t:l. ~l' iijc.'! nga y hoe kyi 10 gyo o dri nyo ng Iryi

nga s bod kyi 10 rgyus 'bri my ong I wro te (a) history of Tib et (a lon g wh

''4 l '-41

ile ago).

;:;

2. F~'~t::'l:lj~<>lt:l.Q'iijt::'.q:<'''i1 F~'~t:;tIj~"rr.>.Q-!it:;q:<'''i1 kho e dro ong soo m dri nyo ng va re

B'\~~''l!''l't:l.g~ -!it:;'Q' ~''il B"i'~~''li''l't:l.g~'iijt::'q'~,\I khy o kye e taa lkjo o nyo ng va re kby

kho s sgrung gsum 'bri my ong ba red He wro te three stor ies (a lon g wh ile ago). khy od kyis sta g 'ius my ong ba red You cau ght a tige r (a lon g wh ile ago ).

i-:' .:,

lLl

Futur e 7.7 Futu re Perfe ct Tense

concep ts of future and past. In This tense is a paradoxical weddi ng of the apparently contra dictory future, ete until Sunda y - a time in the future. But by one of the illustration used, the action will not be compl the deed will already have been the end of Sunday, the action will already have taken place, a;,,,;Ul' This is formed by adding a::...Uf , comsu mated . So there is an added concep t of the past in the idea.

verb, a;..,,~, tsOOr ya or a::.... ~. tsOOr rgyu after the main verb.
Englis h to hide to discus s to divide to wash

Ql!je:."l" "lJ!!e:.'Q' me:.Q Q ' Q"I' Q

~

Infini tive ,

1st person "l~e:.~' a::..."liil"i Q~e:.~' a;"""I'illOi'

2nd & 3rd erson Q~f~' a; """1' ..,,,. "l~f~' a::...."l....".

~~a;;'''l.ti.i"i' ~~'a::;'''Iti.j0i'

Qilj"f a;..,,~.tl:j')' Qilj"ra::"'-' ~.tlj').

Q~'" a;..,'~'tl:j0i' "l~"fa::"'-'~'Uj"i'

~'Q' ~'Q'

me:.'a::...."l.:i.". me:.' a;..,'''I' :i.". Qilj~' a;"":i!':i.", "lilj~' a::",-':!!':i.". Q~~' a;..,,~, :i.,,' Q~~'a::",-'~':i.".
~

ngas yi ge 'di gza'ny ima'i nyin bris tshar ya yin 1. c.~iililj~~"I"P.~.>Jf.i~"iQ~a;",-"liil"i1 c.~'illiij'~~'''I''~'~.>Jf.i'~Oi'Q~a;..,willOiI y, n this letter on Sunda y. In:ai ngay yi ge dhi zah nyi lll;ai nyin dree tshar ya yin I will have writte i rna'i nyin bzos tshar ya red 2. F~j'le:..''l'~~'''I''~'~'.>Jf.i'~Oi'Q~~'a;'>;''I:i.''1 2, pi~'J'le: 'l~~"I"P.~.>Jf.i~"iQ~~a::",-"l:i."1 khos khang pa 'di gza'ny built this house on Sunda y. khoi khang pa dhi zah nyi mai nyin zoe tshar ya re He will have khyod kyi bu 'dis sang nyin las ka tshar rgyu red ~~~e:.~Oi(lj~"Ia;"'~:i."1 3. ~"~S~~~~e:.~"i(lj~"Ia::",~:i."1 3, work. Your son will have finished the work tomorr ow. khyo kyee bu dhee sang nyin lay ka tshar gyu re
-Perfe 7.8 Cond itiona l Perfe ct Tense
in the past if the condit ion was As the name implies, this tense is used to show an action occurr ing Oi' ional phrase consis ting of "i' na ons, not affecte d by some other situations. This is formed by the condit verb, Q'~'" (if) ... and then adding "l'~'" ba yod (would have) after the main verb. '"

fa nga la snag tsha yod no ngas yi ge 'bri ba yod "Ia::~""ie:.~iililj~QQUi"1 e:.(lj~"Ia;~"Oie:.~illiij~QQUi"1 I would have writte n the letter if I had the ink. nga la naak tsha yoe na ngay yi ge dri va yoe
F(lj;J5'~,,')e:.W"l"l",-Q~"1 pi'(lj' ;J5~"'0ie:. w"I"I"" Q'~"I kho la iiyoo gu yoe na nga la yaar wa yoe

la kho fa smyu gu yod na nga la gyar ba yod He would have lent me if he had the pen.

nyo ba la khyod fa pad shag yod na khang pa 'di nyoba yod ~"(lj'l""9"1u:i""i'j'le:.'lp.~f"lUi"1 ~"'(lj''l''-9''1u:i''Oi"J'le:.'lp.~fQUi''1 1:>ought this house if you had the khyo la pe shak yoe na khang pa dhi nyo va yoe' You would have bough , money .
7.9 Table of Tense Term inatio ns differe nce is in the past and tenses, The follow ing table gives the terminations of all the tenses. The main particl eQ'ba and the media l particle "l'ba for a;""tsh future perfect, which is characterized by a::",-'tshar meaning "finish" s in the conditional perfect Ui,, condit ional perfect. The termination Ui", yod is used for all three person of present tense. While the but it canno t be used for the 2nd the 3rd as it is used in the 1st person media l particle are chiefly follow ing terminations can be used on the whole for all verbs, their nol ba (pronounced wa) as not all base, govern ed by the final of the verb base. The choice is betwee n po and n, classic al grammatical rules are observed in spoken Tibetan.

""-'" "" -"/

t{

Te ns es Ten ses

Pr sen t Pre es en t Past Past Fu tu re Fut ure Pr sen t Pe rfe t Prees en tPer fecct Pa t Pe fec t PasstPer rfe ct

1st pe rso 1st per son n ''j"Oj'i' "j"''l'i', .

2ndd&& 3rdd per son 2n 3r Derson <r~,,\ <1' ~"\. '

<ri... <1'iilil...
"jo,... "lu,...
l.J'Oj~' <J'''l~'
!i

r.r ~'i' ' <1' ~'i

'lj' ""i'
'I' ""\' ' l.J'"'''\

'lJ' "''''

'!:Ie '!:Ie:::: a:;""Oj'Oji\' .1)""f"l,\ qOj,\' l:f"l 'i' QI '''''i' <l'1~'W''l'i'

"''5 <:Ilf1,\'''l''\' "''5/,l'<:j~,\'Oj,,\'

ii

~e::<l''',,\' ~e:: <1'"'''\'

'1,',

Fu ure Pe fec t Fut tu rePerrfect O:mdition l Pe O:mditionaalPerrfe ct fec t Pr es enttPro gre ss iv e Pre sen Pr og re ssiv e Past Pro gre ssiv e Pr og re ss ive Past Fu Futtu re Pr re siv e ure Pr og

II

.1)"'''1''',\' a:;",'Ul'"' '\'

q" 'i' l:f"ll'i '
Q~ .... t:\ '\'lJ <l'1.... t:\'\'lj
'< '<

[0-

rr

'-';c

..,,'"
~'.

OJ'Oj.l\' ogresive_~_"l'''l~~~_ __._~~ "l' ~'\. ~~,\_._ _ ___ _ J

~

oli"'l'Q ::, \W i"l .l\" <:1::,\(.l,'i"1

'<

.l\'<:j' oli'<:I'

llr.; .... '\l.J .qc:.:...'\.<J.

t:lC "l' 'I' t:l.C!l"l'l.J'
)~-:;,

naba naba
thang ch ad thang cha d pa 'kh ya gp a 'kh yag pa tsha ba tshigpa ISha ba IShigpa

~e::Q' ~c:.'<l'

~P'lr.;:'.<l~(1J' ~'l'lc:. '.<j~(1J'l:fq '<

~

)~-:;,

~ ~

a:;'Q'"l'l. .1)'''1' "l'<J' J'

~. <:j~(1J'Q ~'q~(1J'q''

~f ';;'\' .!;1lj'1lj~c:.'Q' ';;'\' .!;99~c:. q'

'< ~

,"
~,.

~:\

~-:c

am a am a ap ha aph a 1/"'" ';;'Q' ' ';;'Q tsha ba ISha bo a:;'Ji'i' .;)'J tsh am a tsh am o ~.[. ~.[. ca ja coj o ll'i,j;';' Il'i,j a chi a chi a;j'E;Ilj"l'>li"i'q a;j'E;9"">li"i'q aajagssrgannpa jag rga pa "l~i\''ii' ii' cen pa "l~,\ cen po ~'Q' ~'Q' pa ba po bo ~,~. ~,~. ma sm ao mo sm

~'Ji' ~'Ji' a;j'Jf ll'i'Of

7.11 Kinship Te rm s 7.11 Kinship Te rm s a zhang a zhang ll'i'~'' an e Il'i'~ ane a;j'e' ak hu a;j'e' akh u
1l'rC<F 1l'rC<F

rny ung ba rn yu ng slat thang mn yel ba slat thang ye l slat bsil ba slat bsil slat slat tsh ad tshig gnang ba tshig gnang

to bec om e sic k to be co me sic k to be tired to be tired to bec om e co d to be co me col

ld

to feel hot to feel hot

so m o som o

uncle (rnaterna1) uncle (rna tem a I) auntt (paternal) aun (paternal) uncle (paternal) uncle (paternal) auntt (maternal) aun (maternal) mother mother father father nephew nephew

II"'"

nelcee nelc elder brotherr elder brothe sister sister

elder sister elder sister elder brother r elder brothe grannd-father gra d-father grand -rnot he r r grand -rno the son son daugghtr dau hte er

.,.~.,,-

'--'.

'<

Q'

"I'

Q.Ji.
~

q'Ji'

r~

uu um ao um

123
Q.'lD.'ii!' Q-'lD.'ii!'
za'zZa hyoga hungma
spouse husband wife brother in law sister in law elder sister younger brother younger sister a little (for a little while) than, karma to leave things behind picnic dishes to wash radio postman post office biscuit to pour (liquids) to rest

is''']
~r::.'.l'J'

lifE,"] ~'iS' lifE."]

"]'

jags khyo ga o jo'i bza' zZa zla gcenmo gcungpo gcungmo tog tsam las bzhagpa gling kha snodchas 'khru ba rlung 'phrin sbragspa sbrags khang tan shel blugpa ngaZ gso rgyag pa ngal

~'~A'Q;ar:>.'ii!' 'lj~,,\'J:i' 'lj~"i'J:i'

"l~r::.'ti' "l~r::.'.t.:i'
"l~r::.'.l'J'
~

~"I'~ilJ' ~"I'~i<J'
l>l~' I>l~'

Q~"Itl' Q~"I'tI'

~r::.rl'
~'Q'

~"'~~'
If-'r:>.~,,\' If-'r:>.~''i'

5l"l~tl' 5l"l~tI'

5l"l'r<r::.' '),,\':;'jr>r 'i"i'.:;'jr>r Iilllf tl' l"l'tI'

r::.r>r"l~'~"]'q'
~.;"

7.12 Exercises of Lesson Seven

(a) Repeat the following by substituting the last part of the sentence :

r::.'glfl5j ~'"l'l>l' r::.' g'lfl'5j' ~'''l'I>l'

r:>.j.~'t'il"\J r:>.j'~'til"il

r:>.j"rt'il,,\! r:>.j"'rtil"il r:>.j'.gr::.'1 flr::.'J

r:>.~'Q'Ui"1 r:>.~'Q'Ui"1
r:>.j'~'~"\1 r:>.j'~'~"il
2. is'''l>l'mQ'~'']' is'''I>l'ruQ'~'']'

ilJc:.q'Ui", q~1I i<JC:: q'Ui '" q~ "1"1'''1',,\' g;",Ui,\! "1"1'''1''']' g,,'Ui'\1 'lj~'" tl'J'jr:>. '1"1 'lj~"'Ll'Jl'r:>.'S"I
tl~'QS,,\l>l~'~'D.'S"I tI~'QS"i'I>l~'~'D.'S"I

"iljz;r tl~1 "iilj~' Ll~1

3, ""I'~r~ilJ'r..~,g, ""I'~i"~i<J'r:>.~,g,

~A'~"il ~A'~"il
c:.A'.l'J'~'i1 r::.A'.l'J'~'i1

'?l"i'ij'jj'r:>.'S,"I i!.,\' q' jj' r:>.rs,"I

"Ic:..q,r:>.'i'll "Ir::.,q'r:>.'i"l
v

r:>.~' '5' tl"l'll'~'<lj"l'q~1 tI"I"I'~'<lj~'q~1

4. [iic:."l~nr. [iic"l~nfl:''/

,;jl'i~ r< 'i"l l"il .;jl'i'~'r<~"l" "l"ll

~

r:

-CJ~. "l0\c:.'9r.>. '\"I"I"l1 "l"ic ' I"r.>.'\"I'''I''i1

-CJ~ "i' q- ~'\. <J"il "l. <J"ll
.;jl,\~ J:J.r<\"1 ,;jl,\'~' J:J'r<',\"1
~

-CJ~"i' ib";Ji.r.>."\"l l. ib ... .,,\"l

(b) Repeat the following sentences by filling

v,s-:

..

~ 1. I'Kg . ............... "''\1 "',\1 merchants Indian Nepalese students fishermen

2. ........... Q~i~?l~'\r Q~i~A~'\1 combs pocket knives hand gloves fruits prayer books
3. c~ .............. ~l see sleep bear read copy
4. l,f~.

"K' . .

in the Tibetan equivalents of the Eng lish

words.

~~'

..

~;1:: ~':1::

w;. ~i2

"f! ";;}

"I"l"'<J~,\1

Uf: t&

school hospital bookstore restaurant student (c) Transform the following senten ces into' negative.
1. c:..Jllj~~r.l."i"l cJli ilj.~.~.r.>."i"l
I
-,- ,.., ""......,

2. c:.' imc:.-rrnm~~~"'1 c ~~~1

3. m-CJ~''1"~iQe:~~l''lr.>.'5.''1 ~"I~iQe:~~lCljr.l.'5."l 4. i9'\;'[::9r;:j"lWr.>.j~~0i<J"i1 i!l'\~9r;:j"lWr.l.j~~"\<J"l1

5. ~ficc~"ll;j~"l<J~"i1 ~fi :.~"il;j~~r<J~"il

" (d) Tra nsl ate the following senten ces into Eng lish and transform them Tibetan. into sim ple past in
1. t:::i~llf ...nrr.l.~~Ui'\1 ~Zlf",nrr.>.~~Ui'\1 2. c:.'m~ i;1;rUj~1 c:~ ~'m~ i;9Uj~1 3. S"\"-c:. ~8c~'~'Jl'~"\1 B"\~~ 8c:. Jl ~"\l
f'';) !,-';)

~-

,....
(0"

~, ~,

~J

c. "'IffiQr~iija:,1 4. ,\z::rA~c. "fffi''r~'iija:,1

5. fii~'~,\\'a;"'I'A~' <fAll~' :<','\\1 fii"'l'~, 'a;~'A~' <fAll~' 1

(e) Translate the following into Tibetan:
1. He will come to the school tomorrow afternoon. L 2 He eats apple every Sunday. 3. I will listen to the radio at 7.00 am. 4. I sat under the tree this morning. 5. We go to the garden every evening. 6. I am eating two oranges. 7. This is the tallest cat. 8. Where is his uncle's hand gloves? 9. When did he write this letter? 10. We will not go to the bookstore on Friday.

7.13 Usefu l Expre ssion s

1. L

2, 3, 3.

C:i)9 ;:S'c..( lj9~~99r:<~~~"'1 c.. 'l)9'~I:.(lj'9 2:\f eJ9'9'r:l. ~r9'Ul"'1 ...Q9~'[Ilc I:."9.Q~" ""t;;;1 Q9~[Q..'t;;;'9'.Q'Ult;;;' "'''I
~ ~

_eo... e-....

I will go to rest for a while. Where is the post office? How far is it from here? Please do not put any milk in my tea. May I offer you some biscuits? We do not have good weather today.

4.

5.

r:l.t;;;' "\~. J:l9'"'I:. '(lj"'~'" ""t;;;1 r:<,,' Cl) ~'l:!9' "'c.. '(ljt;;;'Ult;;;' "'''I ......c..r:l.'~'~Wr:< J.l'J.l' fiJ9~' "'9~r9"'1:.1 1:.r:<(lj'r:l.' J.l' J.l' fil9~' ""9~'9",c..1 --. '" Q'4~'z:j(lj'9 Bt;;;'""c.. '(lj'l)Cl) B'" "'I:.'(lj'7"\ '4(lj'[Il'4~'z:j(lj'9
~...-

""~

c........ ....... ...... "-- -"" "

t;;;. "'1:.9,,\J.l94~~9 6. ". "'c..9"'J.l'94~'Ul9' q' J,j'r:l.t;;;1:lj

~

-..... e-.. -..... e-..

""-

_ _

"m"l:lj

c.... c....

12 6

L E S S O N E IG H T
""", """.

:lj.t:r cbil\ 'l;j~.c:;l:J:.JI l;j ~.c:;' .J1

8. 1 Pr og re ss iv e Ea ch of the eig ht ten co nt in ui ng ov er an extenses (we have studied in lesson 7) ca n be sli gh Th e pr og re ss iv e tenses ded period of time. Such continuity is indica tly changed to sh ow action ted by the progressive ten are formed by combinin be, ha s been, had been , will have been, would g some form of verb to be (is, was, will be, ses. wo writing, wa s writing etc .). This is known as pres have been) with th e -in g form of an ot he r verb uld oo ent participle. Present pa (i~ Q~"i' bzhin, iit"i'gin or rticiple on the whole ta ~"i' kyin as the added k~ ve rb complement. Th ey and auxiliary verb. ar e placed between verb stem 8. 2 Pr es en t Pr og re ss iv e Th e present progressive tense refers to an action or state of being that is mOment of speaking. Th m om en t actually in progress at the e auxiliary verbs "l'i' yo d and "S re d ar e us ed "''i' (third) person respective for first person and seco ly. ly. nd

....

f!;.'.':! f:<."!

,.
""
..,. .. ..,..'
~

",~.".~-

1. t;.'~'~~Jlj'r.>l.Q'q~~'''''l\1 c:.'~'~'~llj 't: .Q.q~,'i 'l' ,\! nga yi ge m ig dri zhin yo e

2. 6,\tIj"iJ.lnr'Q~'Q~"ir.>.'i" 6,\ tlj"iJ.l'flj Q~ q~"i'IJ.'i"l l khyoe naam la ta zhin do og
~

ng a yi ge zh ig 'br i bz hi n yo d I am writing a letter, . kh yo d gnam la bUa bzhin blt 'dug You are looking in the sk y, y. kh o ja tsha po 'th un g bz hi n 'dug He is drinking hot tea, . ng a tsh o rgan lags bs gu g bs da d )'od yo We are waiting for (our) teacher. sh a ba de tsho rtsa za bz hin 'dug The deer are eating gras s. bUa sk or ba de tsh o yo bl ta ng gi 'dug The tourists are coming .

T:"-

3. jii'E' a;'iij'f.l..Ilt:.. q~"i'r.>.'i"l a;' j'(.l,.llc:.'q~"i'IJ . '1"1 . kh o ja tsha po thoong zh Ish

~ ~

in daag doog

-""-

4. t;.'~"iIifll"l~f q~9' q~'i'' c:. ~'''iIi'flj''l'~f Q~' 'l'il i! v nga tsh o ghen lak gaok Ish go ak day yoe

'Jo ; , '''}:

5. .tjQ~~~.or q~d\r.>.'i9 5. -tj'Q'~'~'~-'l'q~.l\'1J.'i9 sha wa de tsho ts3 za zh tsa in daog iu do

~

.'''} .".~

6.Qllf~~ Q'~' i'''lc.'~1J.5' 'q'~' i"lc.~t:\5"1 '1 ta ko r wa de !sho ya ng Ish

gi daog do

e: ,'.'"
,;

,.

8.3 Pa st Pr og re ss iv e Th e pa st progressive. ten se is used to show what was happening 'at a sp Th is is formed by addi ecific time' in the past. ng iIi'!l'qll!'i' na s bs da d ilil!l'q~'i' between the past ten se auxiliary verb, verb and 'the appropria te
1. t;.' ~''i'\l'~'9~tIj Ql!l'iii''\I' c:.' '9'~'lr Q'! *1' q~'i'''l'\1 Q~'i'''l,\! v nga de du e yi ge zhig dr ee nay day yoe ya
~

'.',

2, 6'\Silic:.'Q~l!ll'''i'!lq~,\t 6'\Silic:.'q~'! '''il!l'q~,\'IJ. :\'i''l 'i''l

~

ng a de dus yi ge zh ig br is na s bs da d yo d At that time I was writing a letter. kh yo d da na ng bl ta s na s bs dn d 'dug

1 L I

khyoe da nang tay nay de doog

You were looking this morning.

khong tsho nyin dgung ja btung s nas bsdad

Q~,\r.>.5"1 r5c."l' flC" 3. flC:' .t~il\'\jc.E.J::r5c.><l il\~' Q~,\'r:>.5"1 'dug tsho khong !Sho nyin dgung ja tooog nay de doog

They were drinking tea in the afternoon.

8.4 Futur e Progr essive

be going on up to or at a The future progre ssive tense is used to express future actions that will betwe en the main verb and certain time in the future. This is formed by adding the word ~~. rtsis the appropriate auxiliary verb.
c.'~'~'r:>.~i'~~'~il\1 1. c.'~'~'r.>.~i" ~~'~il\1 tsee nga yi ge dri !See yin

nga yi ge 'bri rtsis yin I will be writing the letter. bIla khyod bila rtsis red You will be looking. kho ja 'thung rtsis red He will be drinking tea.

[9,\' Q'll" ><l' :<',\1 2. 19'\'Q'll' ~ "l':<''\1 khyoe ta !See re khybe tsee
jli'E.'r.>. c.' ><l':<',\1 3. jli'E.'r:>.~~c.' ~ "l':<',\1 tsee kho ja thoong !See re

8.5 Futur e Cond itiona l Progr essive

jl may happen in the future il shown The type of conditional clause showo below describe conditions that ill' nL the conditional particle il\' one condition is fulfilled. It is formed by keeping the last verb between i i . "I" and the particle "I' ya .
'-'.,

il\illiii r:>.Q"l~il\1 c.' 1. c.'il\r::.'~c.' ;t; .... il\iiltiir.>.Q"r~il\1

tshar nga nang jong !Shar na yi ge dri ya yin

tsha,. nga nang sbyong tshar na yi ge 'bri ya yin If I finish my homework I would be writing the letter.
'0 rna

[9'\il\r::.~r::..>J;t;"'~A r~c." ..r:<',\1 2. 19'\il\r::.~r::..>l ;t;...~A ..I'~c."lr ..I':<.'\1 khyod nang sbyong rna tshar na tshar khyoe nang jong rna !Shar na ho rna thoong ya rna re If you do not finish homework you would not be drinking milk.
;t;...~Q'l/"I~'\1 3. ['\'~c.'~c.' ;t; ...~Q'lI"l~'\1 tshar khyoe nang jong !Shar na blta ya re kbyoe

'thung ya rna red

khyod nang sbyon g tshar na bila ya red If you finish your homework yon wonld be watching.

pede 8.6 Prese nt Pede ct Progr essive

(red) added to the prgen1 S><l~><lQ~,\L.I"Iil\ ("''\")byas . This tense is formed with S"l~"lQ~,\L.I"lil\ ("''\)byas nas bsdad pa yin , I has not been interrupted at all. This tense i~ participle. It emphasizes the continuity of an action that . often used with a time expression:
1_

Q'/ljil\1 L.Ifllni~ .lj.>Jt.r"><l S><l'~><l 1. C.'\9~ L.InJni~ '1' .ll.>l'Q ''''l' S"l'~"l'' Q~,\' L.I/ljil\1 Ia nga dgon pa la 10 nyi su tham pa ehas sbyas nas bsdad pa yin nga gom pa la 10 nyi shu tham pa choe jay nay de pa yin I have been studying Dharma in the monastery for twenty years.

J..L.U ..lL.U

I'" /

2. 6'i' 'i;'l'i'''I~i'I'.....t::.. ~"riJl"l'aa:i"r q~,\" q' :<','\\1 'i;l""I~i<I .....t::.. ~qiil"l:,,"r q. 1

:'-,

6"

khyod chu tshad gsum ring deb 'di klog nas bsadp a red tshod gsurn bsad pa khyoe chu tshoe soom ring deb 10k nay de pa re You have been readin g this book for lhree hours. three
3. FsaF~~'la;t::.w4c::qi5'i~'''I"Q~'iq:<''i1 FsaF~ ~'l a;t::."i<I"4e:. qi5". ~ ~rq~'iq:<, 'il kho snga thag tshang rna shing bead nas bsdad pa red thog kho nga thok tshang rna shing che nay depa re He has been cuttin g wood the whole morning. g,

~-~

;t.'-' :!-'-

}.~-:;:' }.~-)

8.7 Past Perfe ct Progr essive

This tense is forme d by adding ~~'Q.:1I'i.~C::. ("1.:<'''") to thepa sl perfec ~~.q.:1l" '~e:::' (Q':<''i" the past t form to expres s an action compl eted by a certain time in the past. It empha sizes the contin uity of a p~l action for a certair p~t length of period:
c:::ni"I~"I~~~"I1fFc::iij" .\lq. a;c::."f~.J:,. ql~ -Q' C:: .~~.-Q~'i"~C::./ 1. e::::ni'''I~''I'~'~~"l1fFe:::'iit .ljQ' a;e.'''f~.J:,' q'l~' Q'jje::: '~~'Q~'i'~e:::'1 nga fa geig gi sngan la khong gi thab tshang gsar pa tshong btang nas fo sngon tshang bsdod rnyong myong nga 10 chik gi ngon la khong gi thab tshang sar pa tshon tang nay de nyong About a year ago I was painti ng his new kitchen.

- ..

~~:<'

i7 7
i

m; :2;;
L I.

~~;:-; ~~;:'i

2 i'i'(.),~':3.w cJ:ie.'Qf.\' ~ili'nl"~t::. 'q' S~'~'lI"Q.:1I'i'~e.' Q':<''il i".(.\~. :3 i<I.cJ:ic:::-Qf.\. ~ili nr~t::. .q. S~ ~'1rq.:1l" ~C::. -Q. :<'' 1 khyod 'di ru ma yang ba'i sngon la zhing pa byas nas bsdad myang yong myong ba red kJiyoe dhi ru rna yong way ngon la zhing pa jay nay de nyong va re kIiyoe you had been worki ng as a farmer before coming here.
Fc::lS~C:: 3. Fe.'lS~e:::' ~"f~r a;nr~f.\ ...... JJ.5i~.~~.q.:1l'i.cJ:i".q. :<.,,'l a;nr~f.\ ~'JJ'5i~'~~'q.:1l'i'cJ:i'i'q' =<-'i khong tsha da nang nags tshal de'i ri rno bris nas bsdad yodpa red tsho mo yod pa khong tsho tha nang naak tshal dei ri mo dree nay pe yoe pa re pe This morni ng they had been making a drawing of that forest.

,,-,
/

8.8 Futur e Perfe ct Progr essive

~'':' -

This tense is formed by adding ~~'Q:l!'i'''l'1ilili'q'cJ:i'i' (will have heen) ~~-Q:l!,,"r1lliliqcJ:i,, been) to the verb. It shows an actior actiO! that will happen in the future: future:
"f~(.\.~. i<Inrc:: ~e:::nr~e. Q4'i'~~rQ:l!'i'''l'~~' trcJ:i,,/ 1. "f~(.),'~' i'I'nre.' g. ~c:: rll~e:. -Q-9". ~~. -Q:l!""I0l~ trcJ:i'i" gza' nyi rna la nga tshonang fa sgrung bshad nas bsdad ya yin pa yod ma tshona ng zaah nyi rna la nga tsho nang la droong she nay de ya yim pa yoe On Sunday we will have been telling slories at home. stories

ft-, it-'

i,,l~e:. .~~. "f~"I~Q 'nrRie. yrQ'je:::' "i~. -Q:l!'\ urUl"i qcJ:i"1 2. i'i'l'~e::: .~~' "i "f~"I~QrllRie:."Fl" -Q'jC::. "i~' Q:l!'\urUl"i'q'cJ:i'i1 khyod tsho sang nyin nags gseb fa gling kha btang nas bsdad ya yin pa yod khyoe tsho sang nyin nag seb la ling kha lang nay de ya yim pa yoe tang You (PI) will have been picnic king tomorrow in the bush.

/t

Fe:. "f"it::.~. ~"i.. ~~ .\lC::. (.\l!f "i~. -Q.:1I'i""IUl~ q.cJ:i"., 3. Fe.' "f"ie.~' ~"i" ~~'..lje:::' (.),l!f "i'''I" Q.:1I'i'''lUl~ q'(;j""1 khang gangs nyin gos thung 'khru nas bsad ya yin pa yad khong bsady a yod khong naang nyin goe thoong too nay de ya yim pa yoe He will have been washi ng his trousers day after tomorrow.
~
~

129

8.9 Conditional Perfect Progressive This tense expresses what would have happened in the past if a certain condition were fulfilled. This is formed by placing the last verb between the conditional particle "I' na and~'"''\' ya red OJ and~'
~"l' "''\' rtsis red

"l' "',\1 1. c: l'F"l'~"i '''1' a; ....'l' <>/..q.q"l' "I'?'~"I' ~ "l'"''\1 l'F"l"~"i LJ' <>/ ,q,q"l' nga tsho khas nyin ga char pa ma babs na rta rgyug rt~is red charpa /(has nga ISho khay nyin ga char pa rna bab na ta gyook tsee re tsho We would have been racing horse if it had not rained day before yesterday.

2. S,\I1jp.~I1jUi,\"i4c:.~"Ip.~lp'"'"i"lI<~"r"',\1 S,\I1l'p.~Oj"i'\'''i4e.~''Ip.~lp''''''i''l't<~''r''''\1
khyod la ]0 fa yod na shing tog 'di tsho 'khyer nas 'gro ya red la khyoe la jo la yoe na shing tok dhi ISho khyer nay dro ya re tsho You would have been taking these fruits if you had a bag.
I

3. fie. "'i' "Ie.'aJ' "i' "i'~,q't<~. q-lj'''l'"''\1 fic:.,\"Ic:.<>J"i"i~.qI<~.q"lj"r "',\1 khong da nang ma na na deb'di bshu ya red khong tha nang rna na na deb dhi shu ya re He would have been copying this book this morning if he had not been sick.

8.10 Vocabulary
fiic:~rq'5e.'l;r fiic:~r.q'5c:..q

gling bu btang ba bang chen bulon btsogpa khadpar skaddpar khyagsphag bsam blo yige ]0 la ]ola byus tog tshab reba dwogspa khong khro gompa yalga loma maba gya'ma

to play flute

,qe.',i;i!i' .qc:.',i;"i'
~;p'iji!i' ~;p'ii"i'
,q~"I'LJ' .q~"I''l'

messenger debt dirty telephone radio ice block thought letter bag
interference representative

f'l'\LJ... fI'\'l ... :;j'\.'l .... :l!'\LJ... 6"1''''''1' .q"l"l'iii ,q"l"l'iii'

iij'~ iii'~
1<1;.'11j'

t<1;.'I1l'
~

S"l"~"1 S"l'~"1

a;q
"".q' "",q'

hope doubt anger walk branch

'i"l"l"LJ' 'i"l"l''l' flc:.rJ f'le.'rr ilj"l'LJ' iij"l''l'

~ ~

~11j'''f ~11l'''f

OJ. <>/. iii'<>/'

~',q' ~'.q'

leaf root
slate

, "I~p.' ilJ' iIJ'

~ ~

~ ~

.q; f"l 'r"r .Q ;f" .JJ'

"I~t:'
i'l'~OJ"l' '~OJ~'

fr:.:
.
~' OJ,r;OJ~f OJa-;OJ~'

~'~'

bt sa sm a gzong kha ch em s. rdzong sa mt sh am s sp as e dmigsbsal 'gar ba

ba r ch ad

halVes! est chisel : will fo rtr es s bo rd er , pa ss (visa) , special to take time

';;~J!Il'.Q"Irll'' ~J: "l"lCIJ

r.l.~.x.'q' ~.x.'q'
,'.-.'. i--\

.q," "''; ;' .Q','"' ';;'

"IiliOJ'~' "I"i.-r~' :i,j.q'lfCIJJl'CIJ' I.l.Q<\f(lj,;,rnr

llll j'tj '

~~-. ~~--

r.l.~'" ~"I"1' 'lr

fo1'.q' fo1'.Q'
~ ~

~<>l"1'<'1' ~llj' '1' ~<> l~'

"l1'r
r.l.6"'.Q' 6"' .q'

.i:'J"1''1' "l''1'
~ ~

.I1"l"l' "!"r

~J:1"r ~"Il"r

"I~c::'r "r
~,,'q ~,,'q

A .x. ,q, r.l..x.'q'

r.l.~aJ~'<.r r.l.~<>J"l''1'

"11"''1'

~di'q'
5" ti j' 5~1't'

aJ,fQ' !j.-rQ
~,,'Ji' l:l ~fQ' 'l~~~fQ'

obstacle gnamgru airoplane ph eb sla m la on th e wa y th og pa to take time 'gro rags travelling companion , zh ub a to ap pl y; request gantS pa rgyagpa go a. to go walking bs hu ba to ea py 'khyer ba to carry ca rry sh es pa to kn ow thugpa to meet, touch sb as pa to hide gt on gb a to send nyarba to mind, lo ok af ter 'byar ba or to arrive, receive 'd em sp a to select, elect bk od pa to appoint do ng rk ob a' to di g ground rgyaspo detail sb am po om th ick skyur mo So ur bsdus po br ief

8.11 Co un tin g ov er 100

W he n co un tin g mo re than 100, on e adds th e word ';;C:: do ng me an in ';;<:" added am ou nt , g 'an d' be tw ee n 100 an . d the 101 l:lS ,;;r:.'''I~''l 'lS''';;I:.'''I~''l 10 2 205 60 7
q5'''I:.'''I~~' ''r ~~'

~~''l~i''t:'~ ~"P'l~i"<:"~ :i"l' 'lS',\r:.'q"",' qS',\I

~ ~ ~ ~

brgya dang gcig brgya dang gnyis nyis brgya dang !nga drug brgya dang bdLm

l. '::lleb.&b'r.&bl'7.'rl'z .~!'' .~'f>.'r b,tu.!''tu.i>:zDl'7 ,Ie.'tJ I. '::lleb.&b'r .&bl'7 .'rl'z .~l'> b.tu.l'>tu.&bl'7.le.
'' - ;

-eJD- .'F.Ie.let;.tu.'::lie..du.l'> b~'tJ.ib.'r1; .~'r .b.!qt; .l'>~ .~<;l?'F. b~ 'tJ.ib.'r .~'r.b.lqB" .!''~ .' lr:r .~';I? Ie .let;.tu. '::lie du.!''O
.....,

I; '-

-~"... -~"...

.....,,,.. .....,,,...
'-

.....,

I .....,- '01

1&1'z.~'r .~m.I'z.~.bl:l.'r .&'::lb.&Ie.'::lle.~ l&l'z.~'r.~m.l'z.~.bB".'r.&'::lb.&Ie.'::lle.~ ........ ......... -

lle~.m.~tJ.b.&b~'tJ.'t.&':Jb.&'.'::lle.~.;!'.'::lIIe~.&btu lle~.m.~tJ.b.&b~'tJ.'t .&':Jb.&'.'::lle.~.;!' .'::llle~.&btu

'-

---.....,

'6

1&1'z .~m.b.tbtJ.b.fDD.~. '::l~.3? '::l'r .~h1 l&l'z .~m.b.tbtJ.b.fDb.~. -,...,.... .....,,.... ......,,.... ...... ...l'>.&.~m. I~'r- " , . . . '::lm.'::lb.&tu.b'eJ.l'z.''::l%. '::l~.tu. '::lle.~ .!''.&.~m. :lm. '::lb.&tu.b'el.I'z. '="..... ' ....., "'-",...
~.....

"-

'8

I~'r.~m,m.fDb.'r.b.tu&b.&b!''~.tu. "I~'r .~m.m.fDb.'r .b.tu&b.&bl'>~.tu. '::lle,~ '::lle.~ '_...... ""

1~'tJ.l'z.~,.........,........., 1~'tJ.1'z .~m.ib.'rb'tJ.b:b.bf;.Ie~b. Ie.tiI'tJ.& Ie .b~.l'z .&!''b.~.'r b.''::l Ie.~.';2 .''::l .L. m.ib.'r b'tJ.b:b.bPi.1e ~b. Ie.til'tJ.& le.b~.I'z .&l'>b.~.'rb. :lie .~.'iP. L ,....
..

"-

l~'r,ib.'rb'tJ.~tu.'::l'r.lefO.1e.tb'tJ.&Ie .l:7~.l'z .&I''b I~'r .ib.'rb'tJ.~tu. '::l'r. lefO.1e .lil'tJ.&Ie .l:7~.1'z --.....,... .... .....,...... ..... ,....
.

"-

"...

-~ -~

l~m.m.lil'tJ.&Ie .b~.1'z .&I''b.l~ ~ .&l' ';P!' .&-.tum.tub.';I? l~m.m,Iii'tJ.&Ie.b~.l'zJ>:Zl''b.l~~ .&!'>;Pl''>.& .tum.tub.<;l? ....., ,.... ,.....

"-

l. '::l11.!''.b. ~.&'::l:~!''.~m.b.IiitJ.Iii.!''leb :lG.l'>.b. ~.& '::l:~l'>.~m.b.liltJ.lil.l''leb ...... _-.....,....

l&b.b~tJ.b.Iii'tJ.Il;.!''~b.::l&. '::l~.& Ie.tufO .tub'~ l&b.b~ tJ.b.liltJ.lil.l'>~b. ''::l&. Ie .tufO .tub~
~~ ~~
~

"-

--

'::l

'9

"-

"-

"-

J~'r .&b~. 'el.tu.b;P. '::lblb. tJl'>.~.tufO.tub.&.~ J~'r.&b~.'eJ.tu.b;P.'::lbJb. tJ!''.~,tufO.tub.&.~ .....,....., '.....,.....,. ......
I~!'' . . . . , I~l'> .&b~b.!''.& ....., ~b.fD.~.l'> .&b'r .lil'tJ . . .&b~b.l'>.& ~b.fb.~.!'' .&b'r.1ii'tJ ......,.... .....,,....,.... .....,,....,...
"...

"-

"-

1~'r.&b~.bJ,b.b.&.r&.Ie.Il;tJ.tu.~b'v J~'r.&b~.bl.b.b.&.r&.Ie.!btJ.tu.~b -,.;.......,... ,.... -,.;.......

"-

ll'z.~m.~;p .b.l'>.&b .lil'tJ.tu.'::l'r . ll'z.~m.~;p.b.!''.&b'r,1l;'tJ.tu.'::l'r .~h1 'f:

I~'r.~m.l'z.bm.l'z.I''~,'::lIl;.3?.i>:zb-b.!''~b.&~.~ l~'r .~m.l'z.bm.I'z.I''~.'::l!b.3? .fub-b.l'>~b.& ~.~ -.- ..-,.... ."

'.

--

".. "...

I~'r .~m.~tJ.b.&b-b.l''leb.tu.~b . ' .&~.~ I~'r.~m.~'tJ.b.&b-b,l''leb.tu.~b &~.~ Z ,'....., ,--

Ilem.m.!b'tJ.tu.~b.tu. ' tJl'z.le~b.~ .~.<;l? llem.m.Il;'tJ.tu.~b.tu.::lie. tJl'z.Ie~b.~ .~.';I?, '::l .....,,... "..:>,.... ".,.. ....., ...... ,... "llem.m.lil'tJ.& .b.tu.~b.;p llem.m.lbtJ.& ~ .b.tu.~b.;p .~h1 ....., -"""

.....,

..-

'-

"-

'1

gV.1llt! gpg (mq 3v.1l(d wnq,) 3pg VA vs 201p) 2!:J2 gV.llJd lUnq, (umq, 2ol(: 2!:>2 gV.1lJd wnq, (vd WDl(l !J1[Jf 21l(: mq 2v.1lJdgu01s UlDlJl !.11pf 21lp) 2v.1lJd gu01s 2n.1p v2u mq v2Ul vtfiJ.1q S!AU guols g!lJ:> fJn.1p vtffJ.1q SJAU guo1s g!lJ:J fJuols 2l1p guOls 21l(:> ', gp2 gV.1lJd guols

.~b'.b~.rt't:tJ .~b'.b~.rt'tltJ
~ ~

b~b.tn.& b~b.tn.&'

.rt't:tJ.b'f b-b.b~.t>t;tJ .rt'tltJ.b'i' b-b.b~.rt'StJ

.h.rt'ts.~.b,!, .b'.bf;;.~~ .h.rt't!.~.b,!, .b'.b~.~~

b~.~.b' ./(,.~b' .&~.~If. .b'i' b~.~.b'./(,.~b'.&~.~If..b'f

~ ~ ~

.~~ ,b,!, b~b.bf.7. ~~

--

0000001 000001 00001 9~ZI 9~Z1 0001

TrT

IjL

(b) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the Tibetan equiva lents of the English phrases: 1. He would have been cI imbing the mountain yesterday morni ng if it had not rained. nOI he yester day morning rain not fall if mountain climb to . go would have f"" f'~"" ~,~. if,-';''-I' Pl"l<lf"i' a;-,;'q' l"l"l'! f"i' "l","r":(.l.~"l''j' "l"''!r'':Q~''l''j' (.l.~'''r3','1I Q~'''r3','\1
~

,.

(Conditional Perfect Progressive)

writting the letter, leller, meeting my uncle, sitting on this carpel. wearing this hal. will have been "i"r"l!!!'1'a:'UlJj''-I'U/'11 "i "r"l!!!,\'u:'!lj"i'q'U/'\1

2. We will have been singin glndia n songs on Monday. we Mond ay on Indian singing song ",.g. ",!,'1(.l.'iir"la' ""g. ",!,'1Q'iij'''la' ~"i' (lj'''l-';'Sj'' "ll'l<l/'''l'j'''' (lj'''l-';'!! "ll'l'!l'''l'j'''' (Future Perfect Progressive) eating pork. pork, hiding this old hat. copyin g his will. playing my new flute, flute.

3. I have been working as a secretary in the governement office for five I govern ment office in year five during secretary ofwork have been years. of work """II'l",'11j' 11J"/'B"" "i"" iii' 'l!.a, :>;"" """lI'l""1 flJ'!I'f!"" 'l!..a' :l;",' ~",'Uj"l'~'flJ'!I'''I' :,/'lI'Jj'll''''I!!!,\'q'!lj''i1 ~",'Uj"l'~ 'I1J<lf"l' !'j'!l'''i'!l Q!!!,\''-I'UlJjI
~
~

(Present Perfect ProgresSive)

,
"'""'

4. We were singing the Tibetan national anthem on the roof. we two house roof all Tibetan national anthem sing were <::' "I~'lI' flC:::''-Ia Il"l'fl-';' C:::' "l~'!I' fl<::'qi:\' i'i'\'!2'(lj"l'i!j'''I'j<:' q'\'~'(ljf1l'i!r"l5C::::' 'ji'!l'''l!!!,\'Ui'\1 'ji'll'''l!!!'1'Ui,\! reading this new book. book, (past Progressive) looking at the sun. sun, doing our math home work, doing minding our three nephews. s, (c) Transl ate into Tibetan:
1. He bough t fifty three horses, . 2. They have ninety nine pigs. 3. He has been drinki ng sweet tea for two hours. 3, 4. He is a clever tea merchant from Darjeeling, 5, I was cleaning this old English table this morning, 6, They will be copying the Tibetan national anthem, . 7. 7, We have been hiding those new socks under the door. door, 8. Sakya Pandita was born in 1182 AD, 9. I turned nineteen on the 6th of March, . 10. I will meet you at 10.45 tomorrow morning, I

digging the ground listening to this story drinking cow's milk wearing this old boot

", ~'*'
"j. ,:,

(d) Express the following into Tibetan: '

<,;;. <,;;

57 18

65 66

102 108

531 211

972 502

2531 46 1945 57

109 707

198 818

28 52

79 97

.L _, .J .L _' .J

8,13 Extracts from the Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita

~I::. 'llJ' ~iI)l Il::.iI)' [.r '4[1r if,~' ~I::.''lJ'~iI)r rF4nj"
~ ~

r'lJ1::. '~O) ''lJ~iI) '(1j' l;JllJ"\'!..I~ 51"\1 IllJl::. '~iI) 'llJ~iI) '[1r l;J'lJ"\'.C,j~' 51,,\1 1 ~''lJ~1::.'llJ~iI) '[1rD.l;J,,\' iI) ~'(:l.~"'1 ~'llJ~1::. 'llJ~iI) W(:l.l;J,,\'iI) ~'D.~"'I

f:1' I) "~r J)''lJ ~I::. ' ~~' !..Ir.1.' a:J ~ 1 r,If:1: a:.r~J r:r1)~' J1'llJ~I::.'

Wicked people usually blame others With whatever faults they are themselves responsible. The jackdaw diligently clean his beak With which he has eaten excrement, in a clean place.

FiI)'.C,j'E. '~~'.q;:S~'~~'~I::.1 FiI)' !..I'E. '~~'q;:S~'~~'~FI

~

e-.. c-..

_
~

C'... co....

C'... co....

I ~I::.' -Cl~iI)' -Cl.=::ll::.'.C,j'(:l.5!I::.' J.!' 1 -Cl~O)' -Cl.=::ll::.' !..I'D.SI::.' J.l' ~"'I

_ _ C'... co....

1~(1j' q' (:l. q,,\'"\' .q~~' I~('lj'.q' D. .q,,\' "\' q~~'iI) '~I::. 'I
~

c....

...,.-

1 "\llJSlJ~' -ClW ~ "\''"1 f!' Ifl' "\'lJSrr~'-Cl'J.j' "\' '" 1

However much one mends a wicked person, It is impossible for him to sustain a good nature, nature. Although one has assidiously washed charcoa4 Its colour cannot possibly become white.
~ I!lr~ I::. ''~I::.'.=::ll '" ' ~(1j' -Cl ~' I::. a:.r ~ 1 liil' ~I::. ~ I::. ' .=: "" ~('lj' -Cl~'1::. a:J~1

1~~W(:l.a;llJ~'0)'(:l.Jq-Cl' "";;]1::.'I 1~~WD.a;llJ~' iI) 'D..lq-Cl' ~ "";ill::. 'I

...-'

I
~

_....-

IllJr1j'I)' '4J.!' iI)'9'510)'(1j'(l.fll::.'I JllJ[1j'1)' zqJ.l' iI) '9,?iI) Wt:l.f!1::. 'I

IllJ~I::.'~~'51~'Cl)'\lillJ'Hjl IllJ~I::.' ~~' S~' iI) ')ljllJ"Hll

The small-witted is easily satisfied with minor victories. Ifhe is defeated, he quarrels with (his own) friends, If he When at meetings he instigate conflicts. If there are any confidentail matters he discourteously disclose.
_c... _c....
~

c... c....

-.... -...

c-.. _ e-.. _

_ ...,.,
~

-... -....

liilCl)'.q(:l. 'Ujil) ''50)'fl ~(:l.51O)'1)1 lliJiI)'!..ID. '~O) ''5i1) 'f! ~'D.51il)'1)1

_ c...-.... c....-...
~

Ii1-lfl~'.C,j(:l. '~iI) '1)iI)'f!I::.S W\I 1 J.!f!~'!..ID. '~O) '1)0)'fll::.S W,I 1 iI)~'~' ",'.q~ ICl)~'~' ~I::.' "" q~ llJ'~I::.' D.SI::. 'I D.5!I::."
~

l~llJ' a:J' ~ '~' a:.r'

'iF ""(:l.;jl ""D.;jl

Fools speak boastfully oftheir virtues; of their The wise hides his virtue inside. inside, The straw floats on the surface ofthe water; of the If One places a jewel on the surface, it sinks to the bottom. iJne

13 4
/'

LESSON NI NE
ffiq' ~~'~'lj' q! q\
~

9. Fo rm ati on of Ad ver b
:~~

/'

~:,~. ~:'~'

Ad ver bs are wo rds that are used adverbs, phr ase s or wh ole sentences to modify oLa dd to the me ani ng of ver bs, adj ect ive s, othel . As English adverbs are formed , by the add itio n of -y, ly, -il) and -ally, to adj ect ive s or nouns, Tib Iy, etan adverbs are formed by adding eith er of the sev en f1l'"a;' It: don particles. In Tib eta n, adverb f1l''\" Ie s are formed from nouns, adjectives and pro nou ns and they an placed mo stly before ver bs and adj ectives they qualify, The particles ",. . ",' ra, f1l1a, ~Jsu, 'J.tu etc. an frequently used for num ero us adv erbial expressions. The locatives are place, The re are som e loose forms ce. of adverbial expressions in spo ken no dif fer ent fro m adv erb 0: this lesson. But they do not presen Tib eta n wh ich we will deal if ir t Tibetan adverbs are placed. Negativany extra problems as they are placed exa ctly wh ere the c1assica cJa es of adverbs are formed with neg ative prefixes. Note: From here i there will be no tran bn m slilq at0n s as students are expected ems to be able to read and write the Twetan scri pt without having to rely tpan um the Rom aniz
ed transliteration.

'.,'.' "".'

9.1 Ad ver b of Pla ce

Adverbial expressions of place com e after its direct object:
1. q"f' S"l'')fl~,sQa;~ "fRE(f1l q ~'11 q.>J S"l')'f1~,,sQ' a;r:::f1l'RE(f1l' . The kitten entered the house.
,

.;""'"

,,~

kitten the hou se of inside ent er did ofinside my gloves the box of inside not are we China to go will not they that side to gow ill not

k,," k'-'

':";~'

~f.l f1l"l'4q'')'~.>J'~ra;~ '",'J j"S'j 2. ~f.\'f1l"l4q')~,;.r~ra;~ ",Jj'''S'! My gloves are not inside the box, .
~ ~ ~

/'

,."

3. ~''~"\"If1lRi~Jjil)1 ~a:; ~'''i9WRi'~'Jjil)1 We will not go to China.

4. 4, fi~' a:;''''''l''l'',:!"i4q''''!jj' <>I' ~'11 g''''''l''l''!:ri4q'~r!!lw

\l."'; \).>;,'.

They will not go that sid e.

9.2 Ad ver b of Ma nne r

'" '."

Adverbial expression of manner are usually placed after an adjective and bef ore a verb. In spoken Tib eta n the phr ase 9"1',,\"" 9"1'<3)"1' bya s nas is added between the adjective and ver b. We will see its usage in other grammatical expressions later.
1. ~. g'Q"."\"""I!Ol''9"" a; "I'ilj"r9'iij,,\! ~'g'Q ". <3)"I'''1'' iOl 9"1' "I'!ljQr9'!lj<3)1 We will read slowly from here, e.

we her e from slo wly rea d wil l

i""/ i',"'-

;~, ;~'"

..

'1~ili"\"I"I~~"'<f"'l''1,q'9''r''i 2. '1~'ili"i"I'''1~~''f<r'l"lq9~r,,\,,,~~JjP'S"l ''l'~'~'Jj'RS9 [teacher by said proper ,tea ly hea r not do I do not hear properly wh at the teacher is saying.

3. S'Jj'Q""I'''1l'\''r~'1'~''i'9''1',,,'','''Q')~ \''1 S'Jj'Q""I'''It'\''''~'1'~"\'q' q's''l'" fq')~'9'R, '~'R'\9 girl this by son g rt;elodiousv rtie sin g is This girl is singing the son g melod iously. sly,
/'

4. c..g. "'I"I""q'8"1'.3) ~rr:>.]~iil.3)1 c.lI"I"'rqs"r.3)"'rr:>.]~iil.3)1

,
we quickly go will

We will go quickly. 9.3 Adverb of Time Adverbial expressions of time are added to the adjective or noun before the verb. The la doll fa fa particle ra is usually suffixed to the last syllable of polysyllabic words otherwise any la dOll particles governed by the rule discussed above (see 6.1 lesson six) are applicable.
Noun I Adjective Adverb

"I-'Jr:>.'~'''-I' "I-'lr:>.'~' I'

'i!:~' 'I!:~'

Sunday early fifth

"I-'Jr:>.'~''''1''''' "I-'lr:>.'~'1"'"
'i!:~ ..... 'I!:~"".

"I-'lr>.'~'"'I'''l' "I;jr>.'~' I'r>!'

on Sunday in the morning at five late at regularly immediately prior to at that time immediately just befOre going before at one (first) at sunrise quickly slowly

'e','r.r re>:r.r
~'q'

1':,.<1..... I'!.rg
.
~::/.<I..... ::f q.<:

'i!:~N 'I!:~N l'!.qN 1':,'<lW

~qN ~'qN

'i"l.q. '1"1'<1' iijS.... iij'S"'" l.3)' 1l.3)'

~'5"1' ~'5'\l'
~ ..r.ll"l ..r.ll"l

late permanent
sudden before that time immediate

1)"1.<1..... 1)"I'q",,'

1)"1''1'

iij'S"'S l.3)S 1l.3)S

~''l",.~. ~'':i'\l'~'

iijS....w iij'S""w l.3)N 1l.3)N

~''l''1W ~'':i'\lW
~'i'Hl"J' ~i'r.ll"r

~. I'l!"I''1' ~''''I'J:f''l''1'

r:>.]fIl '\c..q. "c..q.

~''''I'4'''' ~'I'4-<"

,before going
first sunrise quick slow

r:>.]fIl... r:>.]fIl ... '\c..q.... "c..q....

~''''I'4''''rili' ~'I'4""rill'

r>.]fIlw ";c.-qW "rqW

"'I"J"1.q. I"I '\l' q' "J'iii' "I'iii'

"'I"J"'.q.... I"I'\l' q-<,' ."Iiii ... ."riii-<,'

L fiic."-'lfIlc.wl)"Iq ...Uic.crl "'''il 1. fiic.' -'JfIlc.wl)"Jq...Uic.CJ"'I' "''\1 he eat house in always come Ilot does He does not always come to the restaurant. corne 2
c..g."'c..~.3).~. q...~"l"'(1m]~iil.3)1 c.l'\lc.~.3)~ q-<,~r>!'\l(lm]~iil.3)1

we tomorrow early city to go will

We will go to the city early tomorrow.

3. 'l"'I)"Jq...51"-IW~CJ"1~f"'l~P:1 ':i'\l'I)"I' q...51 IW~q'\l"~f I~P:I

At all times I take refuge in the Guru.

time always guru to refuge in take ill

i

4. c.'r>.~' :3~q"'I"J~"J"'Uic.~ .<Jilil :3~qI"I~"I'\lUic.~ .<JilIl

I will not come here until very late.

I here at late except come will not willllot

dJ:]"I'\lqills...':ir:>."i~fl.r "',\1 5. d J:]"I"1qiljS...'lr:>.'\-"1 '-I' "''\1

Suddenly my friend died.

my friend suddenly die did

6. c.S'If -".<:.~<1i"Jwr:>.]~iil.3)1 C.S'lf .>:.c.~<1i"lwr:>.]~iil.3)1

At this very time I am going outside.

1 now very outside to go will do 111011'

~ '---

9.4 Vobaculary
"I~'''i' "I~'''i'

"I~'5.' "1"-'5,'
"i~'''i'

~~"l':i' ~~Qr:r
"i~'n:)"l'') "i,,-'n:)"1'')
~

where inside outside in front right side

above below

"i~'5.' "i~'5,'

~'''i'

~.~.

~'n:)"I':i' ~'n:)"I''l'
<Q)"i'n:)"I'~' a.J)"i'n:)"I'~'

~
~-

15,<Ii' 5,' <Q5.<I\'5.' "1"1"1'"i' "I"l"1' "i'

~~'''i'
W 01

Jj)"i'''i' a.J)"i'''i' "I"l"l' J~!, "l"l"l'~'

~~S ~"-S
~

"I"'''l' S"l"l'~' "1"'''1'

~~'~"I"l'~' ~"-'~"I"I'~' r'r"l'S"l"l'~'

r'r"l'''i'
~~'.t'
7"1'~'

ii:"I'~' ':;:"I'~'
"I~'.t'

"',

~'.

"1'5,"1' "1'5."l'
~"i'~'

at that time! when always immediately formerly occasionally city rich prayed was born bom to the ocean took time extremely youth to cohabit together to see each other
return wait thus said
I

7"1' q.o;'
~'a.J'lij"l ~'<Q'Jil"l

Jlj,\'~"I'~' JlI'\'~"I'~'
.;'
"",~-'

iii's.o;')'
~"i'~fll''S' ~"i'~I'>l''S'

~"i' 5,"l' 5,"l' 5."1'5."l' J~r

~'S"l"l' C3<Q' Q,\"I' C3<>f

~"i'.t'
JlIq"l'JlIQ"l'~' Jlj(J"l'~'

jij(J"l'

'i"l'JlIQ"l'f.>."1.0;' '5:"1'jijQ"l'P.
+-D"1Io" Cl,-tfY' +-,,"110', Cl,.tfY' ~~'6.o;' ~"-'6.o;'

Li<c-., l..i<_-.,

South
landlord

~"I'Q'

Pl' GI'lijQ' Jj'JilQ'

~'--'

god
wife , named

"I"ifll'Q'Q')q' "I"il'>l' Q' Q')(J' Q,,'lj' Q,,"l'

(J,,"f~"i' Q""f~"i'
;')'.>1.0;' ;,)'.>1.0;'

Q')"I"l'
S'Q~'~.o;' S'Q~'~.o;'

celebration of birth

in order to to fetch jewels until then force of growth ripen said happy wish about to arrive
"

:;:,~'

~.o;'f:rii1"i')' ~.o;'~riil"i')'
~~'Q.o;''S' ~~'Q.o;''S'

il"l"l' ll"l"l' 4"i':i' 4"i''Z' fll~'' I'>l"-''

p'~,\'n:)"1'~,\'q' f.>.~'\'n:)"1'~'\'q'

;'~:~" ;'~:~'.

&'\'~"I"l' <l"l' &'\'~"I"l' '-l"l'

~"i'
~"l'<l' ~"l''-l'
w;':<i: w;.:""

1!!"i'~"I''2' 2!"i'~"I''l'

,\"If.>.' '\"If.>.'
P.~,\'
-..
fij(r~',?' (ijQ'~',?'

P.5,'Q'' f.>.5.'Q (ij.o;'n:)"I"l' fij.o;'n:)"I"l'

~"I'

~";,

-.. <11/ ~/

Q"l'

"I~,\'~"I' "I~'\'~"I'

,:\,

~'(J~"i')' ~'Q~"i')'
~(J"l' ~Q"l'

kill accordingly
\lbout to torch to hold to find preparation icycle
sacrifical cake

is''I' is''l' Q~r'r' "I"l~ 1'>la.J' "I"l"-''fll<Q'

:]"1':::"1 :]"1' :::"1
~a.J,q, ~a.J,q,

..:~~:,

..,." f -r" ili"l'''I~' ili"l'''II~l

secret road cave tight danger hope depth

curtain

Q~~'Q' (J~~'Q'

~"i'fl' ~"i'I'"
~'Q'

f,\'(f f,\'<r
.<i

~'~"I"l' ~'~"I"j'
P.El"l' ~a.J'
"I~.o;' "f a.J'

"I~~: "I~c:.:

liifll' <I' "iI'>l'(J' "l' <li' "l' "1"lf.>.' <l"lP.' J:i(1J'

{-"

blessed water
discussion

c."i'<I( r:'."i'<I(
",,,'C:;;:';--

gift

ii0'.~' ic ".~'

c::.~"\. ;:::'~"\'

introductioo Classical Tibetan

9.5

Classical Tibetan refers to the literary Tibetan, however it should not be regarded as an unspoken book language. Literary Tibetan tij"l"lll\ yig skad or i"'l~~,,\' chos skad is the language of the learned tij"rJ~l\ language, and of the scriptures. The literary Tibetan follows a very strict grammatical rule set out by Thonmi scriptures, Sambhota in his ~~'i!'Q' sum cu pa and "!"I~r~to.~"IQ rtags kyi Jug pa. Here onwards we will discus: ~61'i!".r "!"I~r~to.~"I'<i' pa, some grammatical rules of the classical Tibetan which will complement our understanding of the previous lessons. lessons,

9.6 Verb To be in Classical Tibetan

There are eleven completive terminations in the literary Tibetan which are formed by adding the vowel sign a to the ten ir"'l'o.~"1 and 'J. iii ;::: ~ ~ q ~ i5, ;;;: !'ii "i and 0 ir"'lo.~"1 c:: <I i) are frequently Pi I used with the present, perfect and future tenses. The preceding syllable need not to be a verb, it can tenses, adjective, be either be a noun, pronoun or an adjective. By merely repudlicating the suffix and adding the vowel o sign it become the verb to be of a sentence. As they indicate the end of a sentence, they are called a sentence, ~"I"'l' ~"I"'l' ~"I"'1' "1 the final and completive terminations of a senten'ce. As a ~"I"'I' "1 tennination does not have te senten'ce, tc be formed from a verbal base, it minimizes the use of auxiliary verbs. A sentence which ends in 0. verbs, suffix is not reduplicated but the vowel sign '0' is added to signify the verb. All sentences which end verb, in a vowel should be understood as ending in 0.. Technically no sentence should end in a vowel

when~"I"l'~ except when~"I"l'~ terminations are used. Now -a-days sentences which end in "''' and ~ are used, "'"' reduplicated but in old orthography they are replaced by 'J' and the vowel sign '0' is added to form
the verb according to the ,\':i"l rule. (See the above section on post suffix). ,\':1"1 rule, suffix),
ir"'lo.~Q ir"'l'o.~

"I

c.
,

'\

~ 6l

"l

",

'"

" "'

0.& Vowels

~"I"r"I1 iii I ;c::: I ~ I ~"I'>r"I1 : ~

,\':1"1 1_ ,\':i"l I

ql <II

~l ~I

1/ "il

;;;:1 ~I
i)

!'iiI Pil
,--

i'i.

I 1
Termination

I o.',,\c.'J.l.ljo.'.i),\' l o.WJ.l.llo.-'l,\
-- ..
-~-

9.7 Examples of Completive

r:l.:;"lS"l.IlJ.l"'li5')Jj'''!''riii compounded all not permanent is f.l.:;"l'S"l'.ljJ.l"'l'i5,,\'Jj'''!''riii All compounded phenomena are impermanent. "Itl", '~' ':ii)' t:j'~' ir "l' ~'iij,\',>:,c. ';:::" "It'\",~q"<:r~ir"l~'iij,\~C.C::1 I (we) rejoice in others' virtues, virtues.
'\~4'''lC.Jjo.\~1 '\'~'4'''lc.'j:m\~,

other's happiness to after mind rejoice do

now as to die even l10t regret do not

I do not regret even if I die now, now.

FC.9"l'q'9,\Q'.\jJ.l"li5"i'q~""~1 p'ic.' 9"l' t:J'1,\' 'J' .ljJ.l"l' i5,\' t:J" ",'~'

he by said all truth is ali/rulh

Everything he (she) has said is true,

other's purpo se for virtue practi se do I (we) shall practis e virtue for the benetit of others, practi se
l'

"It'\"i'5''''''i''\',\~'q'@jq'ZiI '''''i',\,\~'q'@jq'ZiI

C\~'~ ''''11:;' '\"1' Qr.;:'C1l.<J'.;J1 t:\~' ~ '""e:;' qr.;:'t1l.<J'

This is the perfect path,

"1t'\"i'ii .<J"rij"r Qr.;:'.<Je:"i'ijq'.<Je:;f'l:1 "I1'I"i'iill.<J"rij~'qr.;:'.<Je:"i'ij~r.<Jl:;il:r
i

this as to perfec t ofpath is ofpath

other mind knowl edge offore -know ledge there is offore-kn owled ge He has the clairvoyance of reading other peoples' mind,
~q'''I~e:;'~''Jr.;:,~-''.,.'( ~~'''I~I:;ll''Jr.;:,~-''.,-,<:

(i]) ('7)

Since it has b~n said thus, been

<>.~,~'

thus said as it is

"i'''i'.<Ji''f''l~''J-nr S"I'C\i6oriii (i]) .<J-nrS"I,t:\,b oriii ('7) I (we) pay homage to the Triple Gem,

rare excellence three to homage do

C\~'l1l'\' ~"r~~' "il t:\~'~,\' ~'ll' ~'ll' It was said thus,

~'.<Jir.;:, "I' .'(C1l"),~"i' ~ ~'''Jir.;: '" -'<:t1l")'~"i'~
,,~: ",,:

thus say did

('7) (i])

(He, I etc,) went across the ocean,

~ ~

ocean other shore went did

"iiij'q'''I'I''i'~'''i'q~'q-''.'t:\!]-''.'-'<: (i]) "iiij.q'''I It'\''i'~'''i'q~'q.,::C\~-''.,.'( ('7) merit other purpo se ofdedicate becom e of dedicate The merit will be dedicated for the sake of others,

~.;, ~.",

-',c,;

',-,.

~'''I~I'1q 'J'll'~' "i 'll':':1"1't:\i!'Nt1l ~'''I~I'1q'J~'~'''i~':':!''I'C\i6C1l'C1l (7) door three respectfully homage do I shall prostrate respectfully from my three doors,

9.8 Class ical Tibet an Readi ng

-~
-...
I

'rr
_

_ ......

~'" '~'l:lj""<;!f ::1l:lj""'r:I.r~~ '6",'a;",' q":i;j'~' ",')""1' ~p:r "if ~"i '~'I:lJ""<;!f ::11:lJ" l':I.r~~ '6,'l::a;"i' q":l;j'~ "i'C')">l' ~p:J'
...,., c-... _ e-... .

..... _

...,.,"_ ....... ...,., .'.......

-_ . " , _ .". . ,

-...

" )""1' S'.q "" .ql)l:lj""l' ~l C')">l' .q71:lJ~' -"fl

-..... -...

e-... <1-1';;' '" ""I''e)l:lj' l)'g{Ofl:lj""lf1j'.Q' .Q7,q' q~' ~'.q'.q~''''''''1'6<1-1'~.q'f1rS')l:l "'I';;' "i ~'1)I:lJ' 7'grfll'l:lJ">lflj'.Q'.Q7,q'q" "l' ~'.q' .q~'''i~'6'''1' ~.q'fll
~
_~-

_~-

OJ''''l'O"'l' ~w .q~'l:lj,?""I' ~l:lj""l'''''I1 fll~'fll jJ,f' ~'fll' .q~'I:lJ,?">l' ~1:lJ~'''>lf

e-..."'" c-..."'"

_ ';;0.' .q~""I' ~",' ~""I' q",' S' .qO,' !j""L;j' ';;'~' J,fa; "" '" "" S'Oj",'';;' ""I~' .q' z;;r:r .q~">l' ~"i' ~~' q",' S' .qr:l:!j"" l;l' J,fa; "" "i "" S'fll "i' ';;' ">l~' .q'
_
_C'... _Co...

...... , , - . . . . ,,-

...... -.-'

c............. c...........

" ......._ ....... _ ' S'C')I:j'.q~""I'71 ';;0.' <1-1~ '~' a;",' q' lJ'.q~~'7f V.l.' "'I~ a;"i'
c-... ......... ........ _ ....... c.... ............... c...:'.

",r

'c-.,. 'e-...

6<1-1' .Q';;9' ::19'q' )l:ljW ~r 6"'1' .Q';;9' ::19' q'C')I:lJW

_ _ ......... -... _

...... "".............

....... -...

J,,', '-;.',

-'5""1' .q~0" \'S~' .q~r.{f

-..;:> -..;:.

o'",,,'rlil:lj'~';;' qW~9"5,9~' ~l r.{",,'rlil:lJ'~';;' q'fll'' "1' ~Q'~' <1-1""1' S'f1j' ~""I'ql "'I~' S'fll' ~~'qf S'"'~' ';;~'~'" '~l:lj'2.'''l:ljo'' ';;~ '~"i '~I:lJ'2'''I:lJr.{ ~~ 'O,,,'.q ""0. ~ '" '" 'i"'~'' l;l'~' <1-1 a; 'OJ""I,m..:l::rlil:lj""l''"""I'm.q'7'i .q""l'f1jJ,fS ~l:ljW 'r.{ ,,'.q ""r.{ "i 'i,,'~L;j'~' "'I 'fll~' (ij"::rlil:lJ~' "i~' m.q'7 ~'.q~'fllJ,fS ~1:lJ'fll' L;j'9~';;' ~l:lj' l;l'9~';;' ~I:lJ'
-.... -...

';;0.' .q",'~' "'4""2.'~'" ~9""1' q""l'Oj~' a;'~", '7' "'~ 'l:lj'a:.1W ';;r.{' "'4"i'2:~'" ~9~' q~'fll~' a;'~"i '1:lJ' a:.)'fll'

-...

e-....... ... c-... .......

: . . . .....-" - C'...

-...

-...

"e-... c-...

S""I'~~ S~'~ ~

.....S .q)",' ';;' S""I'7'''I''''I~'OjJ,f' ';;'L;j' .q""l';;' ';;1 .qC')"i' ';;' S~'7'''l~~'fll'''l' ';;'l;l' .q~,;;' ';;f

....... -...

"... .... ".......

"
~

, ' . .

........,

......,

..............

..............

"

Semi- Litera l Trans lation I Previously - India - South of- city big - Vamn a - so-called - at / landlo rd- rich-a to -son not having -always - god to - praying through - months -ten- (time) - wife to the- son - son - was born / its name - Mahadeva - was given, Its birth celebration - lavishly - in order to do- the father - to the sea - jewels bring - in order to - went -through- on the road - years -twelv e - it

".j

0-"

took. Until then - the boy - extremely - due to growing strong - youthfulness - ripened took, proposed. - to one's mother - to cohabit - he proposed, At that time - the mother - by - to the son - said son you - and 1- together - happily - wish to live - if - your father - sea -from the- returning I~ back - close by - to arriving - at a roadside I and - wait and - kill the father - thus instructed - the I son also - accordingly - having done - at a secret roadside - father kill- did. did, 9.10 Translation Once upon a time, in a big city called "Yaruna" in South India there lived a wealthy landlord, who did not have a son, By praying to the deities continuously, after ten months his wife gave birth to a boy who was named "Lha Chenpo," In order to lavishly celebrate the boy's birth, his father went to the sea to bring jewels but his joumey took twelve years, In the meantime the boy having reached his youthful age of puberty proposed to engage in sexual activity with his mother, At that time the mother said, " You my son, if you wish to live together happily with me, you should wait at a roadside before your father reaches home and kill him on his way when he returns from the sea," As instructed the son murdered his father at a secret roadside accordingly, 9.11 Exercises of Lesson Nine (a) On Visiting a Cave (participation Drills)
1. El~' ~~~r -o'C<ljGj'l)'r.<,;!r~Z;F~r S"":2'tl./~1 ,rC<'tGj'l)'r.<1;!r~q2~r S"":2'tl.l~r
~

....... ........

""

.".,

-,,~ -,,~

....... ........

r::..~'~~~rtl.l'Gjr.<' r::..~' ~~~rtl./'Gjr.<' 5JGj' ~Gj'C<'tGj'~'r.<~r~.q~'S~':2'tl.l~1 ~Gj'C<ljGj'~'r.<~'~.q~'S~':2'tl./~1

,,-...e-..e-... ,,-... e-.."
~

c...e-.. C'..."

" "

......

......" ......"

.".,

........ ........

2,

~r::..' ~Gj,,~p~rtl./"" qr.<'J,J''''' a:;'r::..~' ~'tl.lil)' 4~':2' ~'r.<~Gj ~'r.<~Gj ~Gj~'~'tl.l"" qr.<' J,J'",' cb'r::..~' ~'tl./il)'
~

_ ___

...,., ...,.,

" "__ ", , _ _

::JGj' ~Gj' a; Gj'E!r::.. 'tl./il)' ~r::.. r::.. ~''S'tl.ld\'~' ~I:lr::.. 'or::.. 'f d\Gj'E!r::..'tl.lil)''r::..'r::.. ~'-o'tl./a;'~' ~I:Ir::.. r::.. 'I
0

. cc..." ..."

_-vc

..".,

3,I'IlGj'GjC<lj'(1.JGj' q~'~J,J'l:.r 3\~' 3,I'IjGj'GjC<'t't11Gj' q~'~J,J'l:r S~' d\~' J,J' .q~r::..' a;' -"lIlj''?d\'tl.l~' ~~! d\' -"lIlj',?a;'tl./~' ~~l
~

......

-...

...,., ....... ............

r::..'nrfi]Gj'Iljr<j'Gjtl./ :r,,' J,JFa;'~Gj~' q'C<'tGj' ~S qr.<'~' q'tl.l~l qr.<'~' .q'tl./~! r::..'nrfijGj'Iljr<j'Gjtl.l~' J,JFil)':!IGj~' q'C<ljGj' ........ ....... -.-'........... .".".,-... -... ..... " .".,-... 4. El~' ~r::..'F'~r::.. 'r::..' o;'~' I:ld\'tlJr::..'il) ~':!I':!IGj~'tl.lGj' q' S~'~~'q~l 4, El~'~r::..'F'~r::..'r::..'cb'~'I:Ia;'tjFil)~'~r~Gj~'tl./Gj'q's~'~~'q~1
~

-_

...... .......

_ -

..;" .".,,,

-...

,,-...

r::..r.<'fijIlj'GjC<'tSF' ~r::.. 'tl.lr::.. 'F~'r.<El ~'tl.l'.qE.~' il)~' E. ~W~~' L:jC<'tGj r::..r.< 'fi]Ilj'GjC<lj SF' 'tl./r::.. F~'r.<El ~'tl./'.qE.~' ~w~~' L:lC<ljGj
~

"--

-... ......... ..,..., -................

.......

-... .......

........

5, ::JGj' ~Gj'~'Gj~r::..' ~r::..'r'ii""tlJ' g""u:i~' 5'1'~'u:i,\'q~lI ~Gj'~'Gj~t:' ~r::..'r'ii""Gj' g""u:j~', '1'~'u:j,\' q~1j c.... ,," -... " ,," ."., -...
.".,
~ ~ ~

~Ilj'Gjl)r::..' ::JGj' ~Ilj'Gjl)r::..' ~r::..' 4",r ,,\'(1.J'r~r L:lC<lj' L:j~'C<'t''E!.' ,J,J'tl.l,\'q' ~~I 4~'''''t11'r~rL:jC<'t' .q~'C<lj''E!.' ~J,J'tl./'\' q' ~~l
~

" ......." ".......

._ . ....... ......,-...

roGj'Gj'tl./~' a;1 6, 5JGj' ~Gj' a;r::.. W~Gja;''lj'D.El9' ~J,J' if>Gj'Gj'tl.l'\'d\! d\r::..W"'Gjd\'7!j'D.EltlJ'

~

....... ...... ......-... .............. a;r::..W~' 5JQj' ~Gj' d\r::..W~' J,J,\' q ..<:,:r.<EltlJ' ~J,J' roQj' ~.q'tl./'tl./'\' J.r ~~I q~r.<ElQ]' if>Qj' ~.q'tl.l'tl.l'\' J..!' .J;.~l

(b) Fill in the blanks of the following sentences:

f.l.~ili'~iJ.'ilic:.' 1. f.\~i!i'~il.'i!ic:.' , , , . ~~"I%"If.l.:nr"i(:: .., 'I , '~'~'''I%''I'f.\:nr''ic:.' ' '1

2,

Q'ijilif.l.~ilinj"l~m~c3 Q'iji!i'f.\~i!i'nj"l~m~'c3"

., .. T.lQ~rq'~,\1 , ' , ' T.lQ~q~'\1

3, c:.~'~Jif.l.~~c:.9'~"I . , , ... ~nr' .. 'I c:.~r~'Ji'f.\~'~c:.'9'~"I' ' , , , ~nr' " '1

4. ~c:.' ..... 4c:.;~c:.'C\~''ij' ~"l'''I~'\'~' ~'\'.. , I 4, ' , , , , 4c:.;~(J>'~'ij~"l'''I~'\'~'~'\ ,

r.+-'T

141

(c) Repeat the sentences by substituting Tibetan words for the main verbs:
~-<r ~- g"l-~- :i;c:'\5f1lPF"-f1l 1. ~'<r~' g"l'~' :i;c:,\5f1JPF"'flI

g,y q7c.'~' :<''\1 g,yq7"'~' :<',\1

jj'~"l-PSf1l-~:<',\1 jj'~"l'PSf1J'~:<''\1

iiif1l-q- "1~'>;'' Jj-:<',\1 iiif1J'q' q~.>;'' Jj':<''\1

Jj'PSf1l-~<!"ll "l~ '" Jj'PSfll'~':<.'\' '-l"ll

"l' ~'''I~.>;,, a:J':<''\1 ~' ~ '''I~.>;,, a:J- ~,\I

t::.i'\-g'rl'jt::.~"l-"lt::.-~"i-t::.W"l"rq-s~r"i~r 2. c.i'\'g'rl'jc.~"l'''lc.'~il)'c.W''l''rq's~ril)~r

~c.'~"I' <;)4'\'5)':<''\1 ~F~"I' "14,,'5)":<''\1

"i' <!,~~,~,~- :<',\1 e:il)' '-l'~~'~'~' :<''\1

Uj"l'''I~''I''l'~q:~- :<',\1 Uj"l'''I~''I''l'~q:~' :<''\1

3.

B'\' qa:J'~rc.i'\'['lc.'q.>;'~' q'S"l'il)"l' B"- qa:J'~rt::.i'\-I"t::.'q.>;'~' q'S"l'''i''l'

(~'\'''I''ic.'~' :i'.'\l (~"'''I''1'''~-~,\1 "1~"1"1- .0::"I"l'''I''1t::. " q~"I"1' .o::"I"l'''I''ic. 'I

"I~f1J'''' a:Jl,\'.o::"I"l'''I''ic.', "I~f1l-'" a:J,t'\' .o::"I"l'''I''1t::.',

q"jP'J:ifll'''Iil)c...0::"1 "l'''I''ic.', "1"IP' JiCll'''I''it::...0::"I ~-"I"1 t::.-, "I~Jj' .o::"I"l'''I''ic.'! .o::"I"l'''I''1q

(d) Repeat the sentences by substituting the Tibetan equivalents for the English:
1. fit::.' g' q,\' 4~'"I"l'~' jkg, 4~' "I~-~'

. p~flI'<r p~Cll'<r
farmers monks rich landlords nuns carpenters thieves photographers

:i'.'\1 ~,\I

(e) Translate into Tibetan:

1. There are five apples on the table, L table_ 2. He is a better Thanka painter from Lhasa, 3. I am the best student of my teacher. 4. She is my eldest sister. 5. I would have come to see you yesterday, yesterday_ 6. He ran quick!y towards the market. quick! y 7. There are sixty nine nuns in this nunnery, nunnery_ 8. How many dogs are there in your house? garden_ 9. My neighbour's house is nearest to my garden, 10. Once upon a time his grand -father was a school teacher.

'.,~

142
9,12 Extra cts from the Elega nt Sayin gs by Sakya Pandi ta

J'

,G:I"i'') 0)' ~"i' "i'~' q' ~"il lli:/"i '') e-... ........ _ I:i'~"i' ""1'')'=lJ" ~c:.' ->;c:.'Ulq l:i'~"i' J.!'')Q]'~F ~c:: 'C.t.jq
c-... ........ _
C'... C'-.

1""1' q~~r L:J->;'Ulc:.' ->;C?~r:l.~1 IJ.!' q~~r L:J~'C.t.jC::: ~c:: ',?~'Q~I

~

e-.. c-..

C'..."" C'>...""

ISc:.' q' ~"i ':;)' ib Q]~' ql'l"\' r:l.fl->;! ISC::' q'~"i':;J' ibQ]~' qi<1O)'Qfl~1

C'-.

;;. .. ,.,;,.

,,,-

If one has qualities, everyb ody will come (to you) by themselves, Even if one does not gather them together, Even though the fragrant flower is far away in the distance The bees will swarm aroun d it like cluster of clouds.
1rJ.lQ]~' q.J1~' S~' L:Jl"lJ'rJ.l~'~c:. 1n.jQ]~ L:J'l"IJ'n.j~':!JC::
~ ~

'I

lJ.!fl~' l""1fl~'L:J' il\""1~' J.!~'

~

L:J' ill

ili 'C.t.jc:: ~'.l~rn.l(f\r ili'UlI::. ~'.l~rrJ.j(f\1

~ ~

l:i'I'l""1'' ~F <3)' ->;' ~Q]~'~JI 1~'fcjJ.! St::.' ili'~' ~Q]~':! I

~

c.... c.... Co...

c...

eo...

~- <-

Iii;!' q'n.j~':!JC:: ~'n.j"il 1Q;l' q' rJ.l~'~I::. 'ill' ~ 'rJ.lilil

~,~L

Wise peopl e thoroughly accep t Elega nt saying s even from children, If it is ofgoo d fragrance of good . One takes musk even from the deer's navel,

q'lJ.!' L:J'~l'~~':!Jt::. 'I 1~'.q-l""1'L:J'~l'~->;'~q

~\-

@,

IJ.!' ili' 1""1'ili' ~ -"S fl' q'i}<3) 'Ulc:. '! q'i}ili 'C.t.jt::. 'I
~ ~

~~

--...C'>...

r~l' L:JQ'/S,,\'L:J->;'g,J"lJ'L:J ->;' a;j~ ~ I L:JQ.'/S,,\' L:J~'})d"IJ' L:J~' J.!~~I

la)'~'Jili SQq- >;' q' a;j.ijl::. 'f 1J.!'~':;<3) 'l'Q q~' q' J.!.I:lC:: 'r
~ ~

....... ....... ....... ..._

~l

ii.i-t !S1t
/

If a sublim e person experience misfortune, His continct will become exceptionally beautiful. Even ifone holds a fire downwards, if one One will see the flame blazing upwards.

t.

14 3

LE SS ON TE N ffi .cr a; il)...q . q! ili ~:r q)

10. Co nju nct ion s The re are num ber of imp orta nt gra mmatical particles wh ich are ind pre ced ing syl lab le. For ins tan ce, epe nde nt of the fina l of the _ syllable_ thE we Iwill disclJss con jun ctio n in this ~ uss ~. less on wh ich is ind epe nde nt I par ticl es E.~f.>.!>"Inr"'-\\- ,"r(Jr.>.~')"'C:' E.~r.l.!> nl l\\,"r(Jf.l.~')"'I::')ql::i5"i' )<lC:-i5o; wh ich do not hav e to adh ere to the fina l of the pre I sylllable. Co~uctions are use d to syl able. ced ing ions join words, phrases and sen ten ces . We wil l also inc lud e her e some co~unctions wh ich are dep ns end ent particles. es.
~ _ ~.

f,

. .
~"-

~,,,-,

10.1')C: is use d ma inly to join two 1 ')1::' or mo re words or stat em ent s:

1. fii')I::c."I~~~~~I"I~Ij"~~"l fii,)C:C"I~~-~~~"'-"I~"'~~" l4C"I~,,~Ujo;I 4C."I~,\'~Ul"i' Mt er three days he and I wil l cut wood.

he and I two by day thr ee afte r wo od cut wil l

~:'.~

.~~'":; '":;

~~ ~~~

..

*
flf: ~~l:
ft4 :4

2. ~'')e. '~'')I::j'''iC: .~. =l' qi5~' (J'Uj,,' -".1: ~'')C::~'')d 'Jj'''jc. -'l' <li5~l'\' -".I:.C:-I ..(, god and ser pen t and hum an and sme ll-eater along with min d rejoice did The gods, serpents, hum ans and inc luding the smell-eaters rejoiced . " 3. I''ie.'I'7d'J' 5.~,\d;-"'. <l"J'iJ "",\C:' "''7'';r5.'~,,a; I'q4'iJ she and together talk not do Do not spe ak wit h her.

J:~"'iC: -I ')iff.l.5."ia;d'J~'\"i"id'JJ:"I"I'3 Ji '~''jC.1 ')ifr.>. 5.0;- .l\"'~' ,,"io;'l'''I'''I 1JJ! '3'''' l Bud dha and Dh arm a and San gha are rare excellence three are . Bud dha , Dh arm a and San gha are the, three precious jewels.

4. ~I:: ~'~'')C:'I 4_ ~c: ~'~~ ~'WI

10. 2 'il::' used for cat ago rizi ng or ,\C:' distinguishing

~

one from oth er com pon ent s:

L;.;; L;\

,
,h\ ,t:.\

1. f.l.~q:<'''I'\r::i''l~r 21'')1::'' ~'d'J'Ul"i', r.>.~ q~"I'lr::i"l~r 21'')<::"1 ~'l'Ujo;-\I::" "C:'I J4.'\<::'/ ,\,\r.>.~,)C:I Ul~"I~')C.1 J4.,\<::'f ",,r .>.~')C.1 Uj'~"I~'')C:-' 'i:i(..r<: ,\:1(.r.(:r.l\I~~' ' r.l\"'~-~' livi ng bei ng rac es six as to gods,de s,deJni-godS, humans, animals, hun mis, gry gho Th e six realms of sen tien t bei ngs (co nsi sts of) gods, dem i-go ds, hum sts and hel l are nsists gho sts and hell beings: an bei ngs , ani ma ls, hun gry
~

:,'.

:, ';::

2. f.l.'4j"l~'''l.<j' q~"i' (J' qlii''~1 "I"if.l.~Fq~"i 2_ r.>.T,"1~'''ld'J' <l~o;' <l1ii ~' "Io;-r.>.~Fq ~o; (J',\I::'! ~"l'q~"l' "l~"i' (J'')1::'1 f.l.9" (J'"C:', ~""<l~"l' q~o; (J' ,)C:', r.>.9 l (Jr.t <l~o;' (J'",C:', nrl'~'q~o;'(JiJ:, ", (JI\' q~"i' (J,\t:;,'1 "ld'J'~'q~"i'(Jt>:, nob lep ath truth four as to ori gin trut le pat h h, suffering truth, cessation truth and The fou r nob le trut hs are: Th e trut pat h truth are h of the origin of all, the truth of ces sati on and the truth of the path the suf feri ng, the trut h of the ..
~ ~ ~

10. 3 'II::' wh ich sho w rea son : "C:' 1. 5.qd'J.ljc:<l"c::"I"i'\<J...4~i 5..c:rl.ljt:;,q'\I: -'l"i"<J -4~i smo ke see as soon as fire hav e kno wn On acc oun t ofs eei ng the sm oke , the of see ing existence of fire was known. 2. fl"l"l-'l~'J"je.IS"I~'ll"l~')E!"I 2.l'rnr"l-'l~<J"ic:"'s"I~~r"l ~')E foo d eaten as soon as mo the r sonlWO two sleep fell Hav ing eaten the meal, both the mo ther and the baby fell asleep_ ther asle ep. '

..l ......'"T

~r

lOA '\"'. which expresses the notion of time: '\""

teacher arrive as soon as meet scarfoffer did scarf offer I offered the scarf as soon as the Lama arrived, arrived.

iir iif'lq"l' <1",\'" .>JE'Df,\~ ::J[ljq"1<li1 1, !iliirqq",<r,\"'.>JE'(1r,\~::!r'rq"1<li1

2. a;~'<j'qq",'<r'\""~'''I'l''l',:!ql rainfall as soon as umbrella open a;~<lqq"l'r'\"'~"I'l"l,:!ql Use the umbrella as soon as it starts raining.

10.5 ,\1::: which expresses order or command: 1 0.5

1. "I~:Fq"1,\'iii"l"" <j~'~~' ,\""1 "I~:Fq4,\'iil"l"l' <l~'~~' Listen to the lecture carefully.
"r"'1'A~'~'~"l'''I')Q''\''''1 2. "r"1'A~'~'~"""I')q''\''''1 Cut this apple with that knife.

speech saidproperly listen do said properly

--

apple this knife the cut do

,
10.611l used simply to join words and ideas: 10.6 [lj
f"'~"'I"'(lf"l~",q~E.~Q~"l",w.iSq"I~"IAS."I 1. f"'~"'1'''''[lr''l~",'q~'E.~'<j'~'''l",was'q'''I~''I'AS.''I he by I to give that which present the light and big one is The present that he gave to me is light and big, big.

2. Cii"l""<j,,,:: "w')'f~w"1'\'[lr q~",'~"1 Cii"l"'l<l""q?f~w"1,\Wq~,,,~"I /'> properly carefidly listen and mind in bear do Listen carefully and bear it in your mind, mind.
10.7

Disjunctive Conjunctions

Conjunctions which show choice and imply inquiry are formed by reduplication of the ten suffixes and') which are added with .>J. "I.>J' "'.>J' ,\.>J', ~.>J' <l.>J' .>Jiij' ON ~.>J' 11l.>J' "/.>J', and ')iij' ,\.>J'. ~.>J'<l.>J' .>JiiJ" [lj.>J' "l.>J' ')"l' expresses 'or', 'or else', 'either..... or' and 'neither ..... nor'. They are used to enlist particulars oj 'either. .... a specific catagory, express a doubt and form interrogatives:
1, ,\q",'<:j'~'~1 J:l"l'''Iiij/ ~A.>JI.i,'qAiijl ~A.>JI ,?!",'q;;",'~/ 1. ,\q",<:j~~1 J:i"l'''I''l1 ~A.>JI.i,'qA.>J1 ,?!"l'q;;"l'~1

organ five there are lry!e, nose, ear, tongue and body together are lryie, There are five organs. ,They consist of eyeS, nose, ears, tongue and body.
~'''I~M~I C?l"'l'''l.>JI t:: "I"I.>JI "1,\' q'W~1 2. ~'''I~iil'~1 ,?!"""'.>JI "-"I,,/.>JI "1'\' q"""~1 door three there are body, speech and mind together are The three doors consist of body, speech and mind.
3. ~q'iij.ljA'~'q' Q~' 'iiI S' Q"/'~' qP,.>J1 iij~'~' <jP,.>J1 ~.>J"" ~iij' <jP,.>J/ '\3'iij' '-1' q"""~1 ~q' .>J.ljA'~ ~I S Q"I'~' qA.>JI .>J~'~' <lA.>J1 ~.>J"l' ~"l' <lA.>JI '\3' "l' Q' qi'i"'l'~1 doctrine exponent four there are particular exponder, Sutra group, mind only group and middlt together are The four (Buddhist) schools are: The Particularist, Sutra, Mind-Only and Middle way.
Q,\'fll' "l' Q,\'~'\'''l''l' <:j. 4"" ~t:: 4. '\' Q,\'I1l' q~,\' ~ "'. G,\'~'\'''l''l' <:j' 4"1' ~"- ''''.>JI you Tibet in lived having Tibetan language properly know did how Having lived in Tibet, did you learn to speak Tibetan well?

145
;: . ;-

-1-l

5. ~. a;Q~dT~''r~'f'l~' qQ' ~'Oi"l"r~fQ5,''r''l<>l1 a;Q~dT~''r~'f'l~' ~Oj"l"r~fQ5,''r''l<>l1

our cat baby the house ofoutside at is what of outside Is our killen qUlside the house? qutsid

6. "i"l'1lJ"I"r~"r~' ~~a;~r.rQQ~rb'ra;~~<<>l'''l':!F~'Q 5,"1 "i"'Ill"l"r~"r~~~. a;~' r.r QQ~rb'ra;~~ >l"l"!F~Q5,"I

teacher by today rainfall will it how say did 'The teacher is saying whether it will rain or not today.

k.

c-

10.8 Exam ples of conju nction s of contr ast and similarity

"'~. "'~' and Q~' signif y 'bu.t' , 'still' , 'yet'' . 'bu. t' 'howe ver' , 'too' , 'also' '. 'thoug h' , . 'in spitE spite ' 'any' , of, 'however' and 'nevertheless'. As they belong to the dependent partic les, the follow ing ruI~ rul~ apply: . '"~. '"~' ..J

{, {< .

"I
~

""I:

Q Q

Q Q "l "i'5;"1 "':;"1 JI III "l JJ " 1lJ JJfF,i)l" JlfP-,i"i

'"

"

~~'

"'~' QC:: QC::

(\J (\:

/ /.

";;

1. fi~'~'''''f~~'~'iii''l'''Ir~'<>l'''-'l''l'~~'a;''I'Jl'Q''i''l L fi~'~'<l'l'~~'~'ili"l'''Ir~'<>l'''-'l''l'~~'a;''I'Ji'Q''''I his uncle's torch the down fall although break not is His uncle's tor~h fell down but it did not break. tOfJ::h

-.

&~:.

my friend this as to knowledge span small but sincer ity great a have is This friend of mine knows very little, but he is a very sincere person.

2, ~i'i. 'j"l"l' ij'Q~' ~'4"l'~' 0S1~ ''''l~ '~"I' Q"lJJ' .!;-<:r"J~"fa;", "I, ~'4"l'~' '1lI"I' Q"lJl' .!;-<:r"l~"fa;", '"

i,; iii

3, ~"l'j!jJJ"i'~4"l'r..r~:f"'~' JJ.ij~' JJ'S~" 3. ~"l'j!jJJ'''~4''l'r..r~:f'''~'

[ by marke t at face know who ever see not did 1 did not see any body in the market who I know. I
4, jii~'~'~~""Q""I'~~'Q~"I"l'Oj~'.jj"']"''Q5,"I1 jii~'~' "lQ"i"l'~~'Q~"I"l'Oi~.jj"iil"''Q5,"I' his sponso r also stay time not have say did His sponsor also said that he has no time to stay.

l. l.i
rL", L.

5, S"l'q'p,' ~"l'''J' g,\,p'~ <:r~~'ii:' JJ" QQ"l'~' Jl.p'5,"1 "l'q'p ~"l'''I' g",p'~ <:r~~'n:' JJ' QQ"l'~' Jj'p.5,"1
baby this by how suck ever milk come not do In spite of how much this infant sucked, there is no milk forthcoming.

~hl ~u
/ /.

6. ~ "l':ij,\',!;"l'ij'S"l'''l"l' Q4'\'~~ 'ii'i:i"l'~' flQJl'P, "i"l "l':ij"'.r;,,,' ij. S"l'", "l' Q4"'~~ -'jQJin ""I
[ by voice loud doing by explain even then grand -fathe r hear able not is Even though I explained it loudly grand-father did not hear it. .

?}* ?/~

7. fi~,tOi'''Jg'\''"i"l'~c.' ''l'q,,'~~". "'1lJ'P,j'~'p,5,"J fi~' .tOj'''I g", 'i''l$'i <)"1' q '" ,, "wp. j'~'p. 5,"1
f~~'

they year how age even if always circumambulate to go do They are old people, yet they circumambulate (the stupa) every day.
8, '\'''~ '~'~' JJ,r;,\'j~ ''''~. Jl"l'<1i 'Q7~' "l"l' z:q"l'.ij"lf~'JI ~"I ,,'''~ JJ.r;,,' Ji"l'<1i 'Q'5~' ili "l' z:q",'.ij"'~'JJ ~'"

?i,'{ 6,'{

i.~.

<~v

your relative die even if eye water shed by benefit not there is Though your relative has died, it will not help by shedding tears,
9, <I'i!"i 'o.E:"i '<Alc"o.~' "I' Ji"i -:~ ,,''o.5"1 <I'i!<!i'(\E:<!i 'Ujt:.'(\~'''I'J:i<!i' ~""''(\5"1 Tenzin also go not say did Tenzin also said that he will not go,

10, ~<>I"r!.l' <I-"It:.'Ujt:.'3;"I"l''\'!3<1'Jri\it:.', 10. ~.>I"rJ:.l' <I-"Ic"Ujc,' ~"I"I' '\'!3<1' <>I'i\ic,', mind good even ifhelp do able not did if help In spite of his kind heart, he could not he!p, help.
11. rq'"!,,,,'(\~' "lfJ.'C1l.>I'Ujt:.'<1"1"1' "lt1"1'~,\' !.I'p,~, rq'''I'''o.~' "IfJ.'Cll<>I'<AlC,<1"1"1' <lt1"1'~,\' J:.I'p.~, there go place road a(so prevent do it seems It seems as if the road to there has also been,blocked. been.blocked,
I

C1l 'o.fi"Ujc,' a.JE'.Cll'fI1' "I'P,5"1 12, 12. ,\5Cll '(\fl"'Ujt:.'JJE'.C1l'fl'I1'"l'P.5"1 Mandala also see request there is One can also view the Mandala, Mandala.
~-~

13, j,f' ~"I':':jC1l'Ult:.' <I~ "I' a.Jf"i' j)- P.5"1 13. "I':':jCll'"lc', "l'JJfl<!i' P, 5"1 flower offer even ifaccept one who not there is if accept Even if I offered the flower there is no one to accept it.
14, flt:.'~F'I~'~'~"I'<!i"l''i!(\t:.'<I~''l'5'J:i'p.,\''1 14. fic' '~c, '''1~'~'~''I'"i "I'<1!o.c,' <I~"l'5' J:i'p''\"1 he siclatess hetlvy owing to food also ~at not does sicmess Because of the seriousness of his illness he cannot even eat food, food.

10.9 Vocabulary
,~" '~"

~<!i'''l,\''1 ~"i'<l,\"1 Qi'

sponsor gods serpents talk Buddha Dharma six realms of existence demi-gods hungry ghosts truth ceasation Tibetan greeting scarf lecture mind circumambulation illness

~"lW

after smell-eater to rejoice late suddenly Sangha Sall1adhi Samadhi animals hell beings SUffering, dissatisfaction suffering, infant umbrella speech one who accepts Mandala
-":.' -":'

5'-"1'
. iij,\'""t:.'''l' ' ill'\'''c''<l'
~'q' ~'<i'

@'
~'\. ~'\'

a:, a:,.

''It:."l':!i"" "lc' "l'!!i"" i"l'

ilj's""s ilj's"s
,\ilj'(\'\<!i' ,\ilj'o.'\"i' "l"l.>I'''I'5<!i' <l"l<>I'''I'5"i'
~

~"I"l'~"1 iii' a.J'ill"i' JJ'iij<!i'

iij'':i"l"l' ill' ':i"l"l'
"l~<!i'J:.I' <l~"i'!.I'

5,\'(\:') 5'\'o.~
,\~C1l'<I' ,\~Cll'<I'

~"I'"l~C1l' ~"I' <l~Cll'

(\~"I'J:.I' o.~"I'!.I'

S"l'J:.I' !J"l'!.I'

JJE'.[1J''\'" a.JE'.[1j' '\ '"

"I~FQ4,\' "I~FQ4'\'

~'''IS''i
t:."1 c'''I
q~"I' <>Ifi'\" q~"l' .>Ifl''\'

iij'\' ill,\'

~"'''''' ~"''''

,\5J[1j'p,fi'" '\5J[1J'P.fl"'"

~t:.'''I~' ~c""I~'

I'
',,:

147
q")'pr q"l'pr -"''r<'f -'l''j""r (4"f<.r (4"fq'
to block, prevent, stop to fall to recogn ize to help one with little knowledge

Ui')'[1f<!lJt:.'Q' Ui,)"f<!lJc:.q J;''j"''J' J;"l'q' J:j''r<B'''li)t:.'q' J:i"l'<B'''li)c:.'q'

to bear in mind to break

",
I'

.:t:"l"f 51,,' <,r <.J" 4"1'~' <Be:.' q' 4"1' :~j" <Be::.' <j'

to shed tears ~.>J"I' q'q",Ji' kind -hearted ~"l"l' q'q"e:.' <j'

~"l'q"l.>J,a;",'<i' Stncere ~"l' q"l"l' a;",' <:j. s lficere

10.10 Classical Tibetan Reading

..... _ _ _ __ c... __

'"" '"'\,

,
t

e-.... c-....

-...

~ 'II ~'11
e-.. c-.. _
.-\,-

~a;' 51L;. '~Il.J' P.fl:<" amg, "I' '5' ~1l.J'.q' til' P."\'i5 '~r 5p::me:: a:j' S' RJr::.w "\qr::.' cTj' ~J RJL;, '1l.J' "\ .qc, . 51L;, (J.fI.J:, a:m~ '5" ~Il.J' q' (J. "\' .:5
....... __
~

q'"I-o"l'u.j,,\'q'"\ .q' "I-o"l'U.j,,\' .q' "\ ~r ~"i '~'~' I.:l t)"I~p)' a;c,' cT!'iilO)'q',,\r::.' I.:j.:5 ~r.q' IjcT!~'.:5,,\' .q~~' a;~'.J:,c, '''I' ~Il.J' '!f~' I.:j t)"I~p)' 011:;: J.I' iiIa;'.q' "\c" I.:li5~' q' IjJ.l~' -0"\' I.:j~~r O)~':<,r::.
~ ~

e-.. c-..

.......

"'_

;;:p::mE::

51"\'

e-.. eo...

~"\'~cT!~' -00)' IjcT!~W\w5jr::.~' ~'~ill' q'fl~' iilr::.~'.J:F ,,\J.I' .qi5~'~l ~"\'~J.I~' -Oil)' IjJ.l~\'5,,\w5ic'~ ~f~il)' q'fI~' iiIL;,~'.J:F "\cT!' q.:5~'~1
&.&. :

L)O: ~.&,.q, I".lc'~' <)0: ~,&,.q, i'.lr::.~' q'

__
-...

IjcT!~''5'). q:g,~' :<,r::.'.o:,r::.' "It:.'(;\ ,,\,,\WIl.Jt:. ~' IjJ.l~' -3S .q:g,~' .J:,L;,' .o:,L;,' "Ir::.'(;1. ')')WIl.JL;.

.......

..",...., _ ......
co... eo...

!j"\'"1' illl q' il)1

~

_C'... _c-....

"\(;\'';'jil)' l;J(J.' UlO)''5O)' ill cT!~' flr::. ~' I~W';'jO)'l;JP" tl.lil)''5il)' J.I~' flc'
co... eo...

co... eo...

iL

~"I~' '50)' ~ill ' ~ill ';;J~' J:l~r Jq~r ~"I~'-0 ~iIi ~il)

-..

" q~' J.I"I' I.:j.J:,' ::'l~' q~' iiI'J.I~' ~J.I'~'''I~''I'5i,,\, q'~' cT!i,,\'~' q,,\9' trr::.O)'~~' ~il)'~c' '''I~,,\' D:~,,\' l;J~' cT!"I'I.:l:<" ~~' .q~' iil'cT!f.i: ~cT!'~'''I~''I'5j\ l;j'~' J.li,,\'~' q"\!:lj' t1'c'iIi'~~' ~O)'~r::. '''I~''\'
~
~
~

iii '

e-.. c-...

e-.... c....

e-..""" c-........

p:r ~"I'''\''I'''I ~'7T)il)' ill~' ,,\~"I~' .q~' :<,r::. '''I'~il\' .J:,c,' q' E.'9!.J:,' fl' ~"I',,\"I'''I ~'7T)ill' il)~' "\~"I~'l;J~' .J:,L;, '''I'~ili' :<,r::.'q'E.'9!:<"
e........,., e-......,.,

..".,

co.._e-.. eo.._eo...

:<':' :"-"

~r::.'J.I,,\' ,,\'B,,\'~~S~Il.J' ~o: .l:lq~' 4<11' ~J.I~' 4tlj1l.J1 ~c,' cT!')' O)'B"\'~~' "\' ~Il.J' fl(;1.' .l:j.q~' 4<l!' ~cT!~' 4tlj'Il.JI

-.... ........

...,., ......

............. -.... ..............

c-.. e-..

eo..._ co..._

~~ .

Semi-Literal Translation

,
Formerly happened - town - in Khormojik - king - Chandraprabha named - in the world - one who ruled - there was - by him - former - examined causes - family members - together with ministers - all - summoned - his - ruJership - to all sentient beings - completely - give away rulership promised and took a vow. At.thattime - people - all poor - were assembled - each of them At.that time whatever they so wished - enjoyed - at that time - his - popularity - qualities - arrogant - one with pride - Bhinsin - by heard - he - due to jealousy - thoroughly - disturbed by - his - for a long time - whatever - by desire - satisfied by - teacher's Brahmin - there was one - he was honoured - I - being saddened by misery - sleep also - do not have - by you - it - a means to have il remedy - think of, of. Translation

~:~'.'

!,~,

f;;.;~ f::..~

<.",",--. "",-,,--.

;\-:,,:L ;\A;L

Once upon a time in Ihetown of Khorm6jik there was a king named "Moon-Light", who ruled the town Khormojik world, the world. Having examined the former causes, (one day) he assem bled his (royal) family ass em members together with all the ministers and (before whom) he promised and vowed that he will give away the entire royal wealth to all sentient beings. At that time, while each and everyone of the poor, who had gathered there, were enjoying themselves with whatever they had popularity, wished, the arrogant and proud Bhinsin heard of his (Moon-Light's) popUlarity. Having been thoroughly disturbed by his jealousy, he bowed to his Brahmin teacher, who he had made him happy by providing everything he so desired for a long time, and said, " As I am suffering from depression I have had no sleep, please think of a remedy to dispell this.

b;~i_ iiii.

10.n Exercises of Lesson Ten IO.n

(a) Repeat the following sentences by substituting the appropriate phrase and translate:
L ik g 'Ol "1"'1' '" "I' "1"-.~'" . 1. Fd;C1J"I")''''''I'''Ie:.'~",'
~.<:j"",. ~'<i,",'

..,.-;. "..-;.

tkjr:Oj',>J' :<''\'1 tkir:Oj'N

",,"'i g,""i

14',1 14'01

j/

Jl q"r S '1'',"'\''lf), ."l~Jl. .~"i.Jl,I;,\. :<',\1 4. ~. Jj ...... "1"1' S'" .... '1'',"'\''If), '''I~Jj' ~& '~"i' Jj,I;,\' :<''\1 S fir::. 5 . fir::.' '\~f '.r1i. q~' qil\lJ.nf "1"1' Jj'Fq' 2' q~~,"' ....., OJ' q~. qil'i'.f1j q"l. JlFq 2 q~~,". 1

, (d) Translate into Tibetan:

1. Those keys are either my uncle's or his brother's. L 2. Is Nyima younger than Pasang or Tashi younger than Pasang? 3. Tsongkhapa was born 89 years ago in Eastern Tibet. 4. There are also some apples, oranges and radishes in the kitchen. 5. I did not show this radio to my mother. (use completive termination) S. 6. I will meet you at 10.00 am next Friday. 7. This is the best bamboo I bought from the market. 8. She will be slowly climbing the hill tomorrow morning. 9. As soon as I washed my shirt, it started raining. 10. There are nine and half kilos of potatoe in this bag.
~-~

~
~>~-

~~~

~r
"7'
I

~t~
"c; i'.-"i

~~

f} i-}

f~i, f~f!

150 10. 12 Extracts from the Elegant Saying by Sakya Pandita

1 "'l\5 ili.~ [11' Ilj;J 1:::r t:.Ilj'P- EO. c>J'f111 Ilj ",!\5 ili . [11" '::r t:. Ilj' r.< c>J' f111 1J.l~JIlj~Ilj~' 1J,j'!JIlj~Ilj~' c>J~~'~' ~ili '''It:.1 ''''!t:. 'I

1 qt')Ilj~' q~' Z;;;''''!Z;;;' c>J'qt')ilil c>J' c>J' qt') ilil Ic>J' qt')Ilj~' q~'
~

1 Z;;;'",!'f!' Z;;;Ilj' iE>ili ''''!ili 1 "''''l'r' ;J~' "Ilj'iE>ili''''liliI .

~ ~

......

c.....

"'' 'l' '

~

......

"'-

The crafty who displays a good conduct and speak gently Should not be trusted until he has been examined. Although the peacock has a beautiful form and melodious voice, It lives on great poisonous foods. foods,
Iq~ili'5!~'l"r ~f11' qlij~'~'I1~1 q!lj~'~'I1~1 Iq~ili'5!~'l"r
~
~

"'-

...,., .......

~ lf11ili'Ilj~Ilj' ili'5:~r lf11 ili'Ilj'5Ilj' q~ili' 5,'~' L,rz;;; ~I

'"
~

.r"
~

q!i1~' 1~c>J' ili' ~t:. ',?Z;;;. q!il.~' 1:.r"'!ilil

ili'

.'?".

Iqz;;; ili'l:.J~'~~~t:. 5Ilj~'l:.J~1 Iq"ili' J;.j~'~~'~t:. '5Ilj~' J;.j~1

-,
-;.:: -."::

'" J;.j"'lilil
~

If one thinks, 'I have tricked the others with a lie,' Then one has indeed, cheated oneself A man who has once told a lie, I Will cast doubts (in other's mind) even (when) he tells the truth. (itz
~ -~ ~ 1 '" q"Ilj'l;,j'I1' ~t:.' "'!t:. 'I I~f11'5!' qz;;;Ilj' t;,j'I1' '''It:.'1 ~[1j'5!'

1 "IljP-' q~' q~ili .~ .q~z;;;1 ~'f11' '~' .q~"1 I~W Z;;;IljD.'

1~',?Z;;;'f11' ili'qiJili'J;.j' ql1ilil I~',?"W ili' qiJili'l:.J'
t;<.'

I~'f11' iljt:. 'l:.J'r.<~Z;;;'5!~' ili! ~W i1jt:.. J;.j'P-~"'5!~' ilil

~

'"
~

'"
~

;:c.

Even if the OWfler of the land is wrathful One should happily live in his accord, Just as, ifone's feet slip on the ground if one's One has to (nevertheless) support oneself on the ground itself; oneselfon
"".,
~,

--

1-) 1 L'l I

g 'i

.,

~}

'~

LESSON ELEVEN
q ' ctil)' q:'llj<5llj' L:.J! m "etil)"q:"llj<5llj" L:.J1
~ ~

~. ,"

11.1 The Continuative Particles

In Tibetan, there are three suspensive particles known as
~"I'Q;s"r

which are another form of

conjunctions. The three ~"I'Q;S~' particles~' ~. and ~. are attached to perfect and present conjunctions, root verbs as well as adjectives. As dependent particles they are governed by the suffix of the preceding syllable as shown in the following chart.
I, I' . ~~-. ~~".
?~'(>,!>"1 ?~'fl.!>"1
.l)'<;I1J~ .l)'<;i1J~

~"IQ;S~'

"I

Q iJJ (>, ill fl.

_____

and Vowels

~ ~
.~
--------~

L~

11.2 Generally continuative particles~' ~. and ~. have three major uses. When used as

"

~,
~~
>~,;;,

conjunctive particles as 'and then', 'thereafter' or 'having done...' in English they are called done .. .' illa;ill~~'<;'~"I'L;j~~. ~~'.l)~~i1JQ~"i1 iJJa;iJJ~~'<;"~"I'J:;j~~. For instance, in the sentence ~~'.l)~'~'I1JQ:'i"1 (Having worn the clothes, (he) sat on the floor), the particle i) joins the act of wearing clothes with the act of sitting on the floor 1) in the order of the occurrence of the two actions. We have noticed that in the spoken Tibetan the use of these three particles were largely expressed by d)~' i.e. ;g"l'Q'~"l'I1J'S'Ji"'d)~'~'Cll'''l~Cll'J:;j"Q')J:;j1 ;g"l'Q'~"l'i1J'S'~"'d)~'~'Cll'''l~Cll'L;j'Q')L;j1 "Not having (a) son, a wealthy man prayed to the gods". This sentence will have the same meaning if we replace its .l)~' with ~. i.e. ;g"fQ~"lCllS'Ji".l)~~'I1J"l~CllQ'Q')ql ;g"fQ~"lCllS~".l)~~'i1J"l~CllQQ')ql

11.3 The other form of

~"l'Q;S~' ~"l'Q;S~'

known as "iJJ'q;S(>,'~"l'Q;S~ 'the suspensive particle of "iJl'q;Sfl.'~"l'Q;S"f

promise' is used to add or fulfil a promise made by a preceding phrase. In the sentence ~iJJ.I1Q ~ill'l1Q' CllSJj~"lJ:;j;5~~fi~9~"~.l)'~'<;iJJi"r.lSCllS~~1(After (his) wife gave birth to a daughter, (he) CllSJj~"lL;j;5~~fic:::9~"~.l)'~'<;illi"fl.SCllS~~1
-~, ~, },
~~

made offerings at (the) monastery), the particle ~. facilitates the sentence to continue by coordinating the relationship between the first phrase "~iJJ.I1qI1JSJj~"lQ;5~ (wife ga~e birth to a "~illl1q'i1J'SJj~"lQ<>~ daughter)" and the second phrase "fi~9~"~.l)~'<;iJJg;,\r.lSI1JS~;;:j1 (he made offerings at (the) "fic:::9~"~.l)~'<;illg;"fl.Si1JS~;;:j1 monastery)". If the particle~' is not used, the idea could be expressed in two short sentences, but they will not express the relationship between the birth of the daughter and offering made at the monastery.

11.4 In other words a Q!"l'Q;S~' particle stands as a punctuation to, facilitate the cOntinuation Q;I"l'Q;S~' continuation of the sentence. It has almost the same use of a colon in the English language. The continuative particle used as a colon helps to itemize. In the sentence, .l),;rS~Q~~1 ''is'<;'['l'''~'1 .l)';P'i"lQ~~1
~d)'['l'''~'1 "~d)"I',\C.1 "~d)'''I'''i~'1 ,,!l""IQ.:s~;;:j1 (there are four seasons: summer, autumn, winter and

spring), the particle~' functions as a colon and faciliates to list the four seasons. The particle ~. expresses a promise to list what the four seasons are. Furthermore, these particles are also used as a conjunction to express contrast, purpose, reason, interrogation and choice.

1) L

11.5 Examples of Continuative Particles

6.<J Xf'rnr:l" .jJ'~"l' Qil''\!~fic. '~'\!' '1-';'.<J.L".t:\ snl' S'\! 6.<JXlqTll':J" "i'~"l' Qil''\I~fC. '~'\I' "~il)' '1-';'.<J.L"'t:\ snr S'\I' ~I wife to daughter a having born he by monastery at offering did After (his) wife gave birth to a daughter, he made offerings at the monastery. (choice)
1.

2. i'i"'fll'.L'\I'r;j"l'\l' ,I;",' ii'q~'~1 '\!'~I "~'r;j"l'\ll Q"F q~"1 tt;..<J Qo'\!'~1 i'i".Cl!' .L'\!'r;!"l'\!' <'f;",' ii'Q~'~1 '\I'~I "~'r;!"l'\!1 q"F Q~"I tt;,w Q,W~I Tibet in Dharma traditions great four there are: Sakyo, Geluk, Kagyu Nyingma they are Sakya, In Tibet there are four great Buddhist traditions: They are Sakya, Geluk, Kagyu and Nyingma.
(promise) .

3. ~''1'S'\!'~'~'if,'\!'~'''l-';'~il)1 ~''1'S'\I'~'~'if,'\I'~'''l-';'~il)1 monk done having monk robes buy in order to went Having become a monk, (he) went to buy monk's robes. (reason) 4. '\!.~c..~'\!.~." -';'~"l' ~c.ii~"l q~"l'\ll '\I.~C..~'\I.~." ~c.ii~"l Q~"l'\!1 earth ditch dug having flag pole long a installed Having dug the ground, he put up a long flag pole. (reason) 5. "~,,,~c.~"S-';f'r~1 "~,,,~c.~"S""f'r~1 winter cold but summer warm It is cold in the winter but warm in the summer. (contrast)
~,,r;!"lifaF~c..<J S'\!I 6. ~"r;j"lifaF~c..<J S'\II lazy due to home study not done Being lazy, (he) did not do his homework. (reason) lazy ,
~ ~

:-_ :--...

"--

7. Oin;.t~"~il)q-';.<JS"'I Oin;<i:-~"~il)<g.<JS"'1 laziness great due to monastery to not went Due to laziness, (1) did not go to the monastery. (choice) 8. i"'>lj",'ii'ii:l", '~'i,,'~'\I' -';'';f'K(Ui''l'~'" .<J~c.' q'\l' ~I i"'>lj,,,'ii't'l:j", '~'i,,'~'\!' -';'';f''K(Ui''l'~''f Q'\!' you thief are as you by goat stealing my eyes by saw due to is You are the thief as I saw you stealing the goat with my own eyes. (reason)

.-

9. c.i:l.':l' ~til .<Jfll ""~~Q~>I'~.<J~'\II d:l::r~' til .<JCl!""~~Q~~.<J~'\!1 my daughter Lama to faith having refuge vows received / On account of developing faith in the Lama, my daughter took refuge vows. (purpose)

o. c. '\!'fi'"j"l'\!' q't'l:j",1 1O. c.'\I'f'"']"1'\1' Q~"'~' :il",'","f ~"i'<rii:l"'1 "l' I by he strength generate having pulling by expel did I expelled him by vigorously pulling him out. (purpose)
1O. ~. i5' ~'Cl!"l' q'\l' .;J'r.>.~ '\I'<rii:l"'1 ~'fll"l' q'\!' "l'r.>.~ '\!. q't'l:j",1

that why Why did

hand by not hold did you not holf! it with the hand? (interrogation) ,

153
11.6 ;St::. ~t::. and 4t:: The Gerundial Terminations 11,6 ;St::' ~t::' 4t::' These three particles are widely used as participle terminations in the classical Tibetan and English, signify --ing in English. They are frequently used as conjunctions and also co-ordinate phrases as by, and, while, being, but etc. as in English. Although they may also be used as aLL'l:iliary etc, English, au,'l:iliary verbs, they do not end a sentence unless followed by completive terminations. As dependent terminations, particles they are added according to the final of the preceding verbal syllable. syllable,
~"I'(J.~ "I ~"r(J.~"I

" "

0 0

r
~-

<

"I t:: <\I "I

"i

"
'\

'I

,\':'i"l "':'i"l

a:;"1< ~'\' ,f;"I< ~". I i5t::. i5t::'

~c:

JJ

(J.

fll OJ

and vowel endings

4t:: 4t::'

".-. ~"'--"

11.7 Examples 11,7

t:: "1'01"1' q"l'''I'iil~' ~"I';SI::.' q,,(J.'~"I' '1')1::.' q'il:j"il 1. t::<\1'01"1' q<\l'''I'iil~' ~"I';SI::.' q,,(J.'~"I' '1')1::.'q'Uj"i1 I by hand by slowly touching signal a send did By gently touching with (my) hand, I gave(him) a signal.

r'

~:: L

2. I::.<\I'fii' ::Ffii"l'nr~"i' JI<\I'"l"';Sdl"l' ~.Jj~' q'JJijl::.'~t::., 2, I::. "I'fii' ::Ffii"lw~"i' JI"I' "l,\';Sdl"l' ~'Jj~' 'I' JJill::.'~t:: 'I I by he chest on nail with scratching eye water shed see did I saw him shedding tears while scratching finger nails on his chest.

~~

3. ~. jj'i\' ~"Iq~t"~qnr"lqk"r~~(J.:S"l 3, ~'jj'i\' ~"I'q~t'!)jq'(lr"lq'k"l'~'~'(J.:S"l cat the wall ofbehind at hiding earth diggmg of behind While hiding behind the wall, the cat is digging earth. earth,

~ .

t~A

4. "l1::.~I::."Idiz;r ~1::.~JJcb"i~'i~' 4, "lI::.'~1::. '''Id/'z:r ~I::. '~'JJcb"i'~'i'~1 light and moving wind ofcharateristic'are of charateristic<are Light and moliility are the charateristics of wind. wind,
5, '3' JI'r:>.,\' "I~"I' q8"i 'r:>. ~"I',\I::.'~"i JJij'q' 'il::. '<lI"i' q' a:.JJ"IW"I"I'f'j<l"l'.t'q'r:>.,,"1 5. 'I JI'r:>.'" "I~<\I' q8"ir:>. ~<\I'''I::.'~''i '~I::.' JJij'q''il::.'<lI"i'q' a:,JJ"l"fll""I<\I'l'j<1<\1'.t.q'r:>.,,"1 girl this two diligent andpossess high and seniors to respectfUli are and possess respectfUl! These two girls are diligent and respectful to their superiors and elders. elders,
~ ~ ~

6. SI::. ~<1' ~JJ"l' "q"l';S-';S-' ~wi)"I' 'l" q:ii". q' q~JJ'~1::. '~"I<\I' q~' 'I,,' ",EO". ~I 6, SI::.' ~<l' ~JJ"I' "q"l<':5":5" ~wi)"I' l' q:ii,\' q~JJ'~1::. '~"I"I' q~'.>.Ie:: '" Bodhisattva by mouse the to always patience practising heart loving do While always practising patience, the Bodhisattva loved the mouse. mouse,
7, il:j,\' ""I(J.'~I::.'''I'\rq''lSF q'~ff'j'fll"l"ll 7. Uj,,' ""I(J.'~I::.'''I''l'q''l' "OF q~fl'j'fll"l"ll ~ mind happy being respectfUlly happy receive show do Being happy we respectfully welcome you. you,
~

t~

R !)jOj' q~' q'll"i'q':i:."i'q..t. ~"I"l'''l''i'')'''":~qlq q....S....~, ~fll' q'll"i' q' :i:."i'q,.t' ~"I"I'''l''i'')''' ,,'~qlq' q"'S"'~1 ~ victorious one's doctrine precious direction everywhere flouishing expand did The doctrine of the victorious one flourished and spread in all directions. directions,
~ ~ ~

--

9. !if.>.1'' 1::.' .>.I~nr~t:: 'Uj".~. q' 'ic:~"i .~t::' 'I''!" i;jq"l'q ..... S~~, 9, !ir"",\1::.' "'~fll'~t:: 'il:j,\'~' 'I' 'it:: '~ili '~t::' q"l'l;jq"l'q ,,' S~'~I ,. " Lama and meeting mind joyfully restful became While meeting the Lama, (he) became happy and restful.
/

>;;,.

154
1O .>JF~r'1~'i;j'~"J'~~'4~' 41:;, 'iij' q-<.'~"l'~'~f 1O. <>JF~r '1~' '~"l'~~'4~' 41:;. 'ilj' q-<.' ~"J'~' ~f ~''1' .;),,' '1('\'!jj~' q~' ~"I~' '1-<" J)' ~"1' j.J'\''1i'\'!jj~.q~'~''I~''1-<..Jj. ~"l' ~I learne d by intelligence with hlOwi ng able is study not with fool by realis wich e no able This can be understood by a wise person with intelligence and unders tandin g but it canno t be realized by fools who have not studied.

11.8 Instru ment of Reaso n

Although the instrumental case itself is dealt in a different section, we will discus s here the instrument of reason which is somew hat similar to the continuative and gerundial particles we have just seen in this lesson . The two specific particles used for instrum ent of reason s are '1~' and q~'. They are used both in spoke n and classical Tibetan and primar q~', ily signify: because, due to, by, through, since and therefo re when they are affixed to the past and perfect participle form. When affixed to nouns and pronouns they also express comparative.
! !

~'>j'r:>.~"1 ~"l'r:>.~"1
"I

nj~'~f; rz:r f1l~'~f;rz:r

')

q.>J'> q<>J"lj

')'~"1 ')'~"1

'1~'

I:;. r:>. -<. nj and vowel endings I:;, f1l

q'>j' q"l'

I, ~')'-<.c;.~~'nj"l''1~'(~rq'<1i~'r:>.~ 1. ~')' -<.c;,'~~'f1l"l' '1~'(~r q' "> ~'r:>.~~' '1~'''Ii<1,,> w ,K.>JW.i'j-<.'q' ~,)l ~''1~'''It'\<1iWa;1:;,' <>JW .i'j-<.'q' ~,)I yours elf by hand with handle from hold therefore other to all not lost is elfby Becau se you held it with your hands at its handle, others could not take away all of it.
2. 2, f\~'''I~1:;, "l' '1"liij,)fllr:>.E. "I~' '1-<".>Jif'). iS"I ;. "J''1"J'Ul')'fll'r:>.E. "I~r '1-<" <>Jif')';\"1 thus said since mind in bear make do As it is said thus, please bear it in your mind, mind.
3. nj'>j'''l'a;-<.' ~~">L:;'fll'ni"l' '1'>j''lI''I' ~"I'''I~J.I'')I:;.'!:l''l f1l'~r"l' a;-<.' ~ '>j'<1i L:; ,wni"l '1~''lI''I' '')I:;,'!:l''l work finish having home at retun by tiger baby three and met Havin g finished his work when he returned home, he met up with the three cubs, cubs.

4. t::')'.l\ J.I~'')'~' '4''!.ifll'77r:>.~ q"l'''II:;,' q~-<.'Ul''"i') ').>JI t::') ..l\ J.I"l'')'~' '4'!.ifll 'r:>.~' q"1'''1I:;. q~-<.UI'i')' ')<>JI we your father land to go since what send to have do you? 0 Since we are going to YClUr country, do you have anything to sent ycmr with us?

5, I:;,~' -6i'''Tr:>.~' q"f q~ ~"I' o< q~"I':<:"I~'''I,,>I:;,'1 5. I:;.~'-6i'''Tr:>.~' q..cr 'o< q~"I':<:"I ~'''I<1i1:;.I ' I by stanza this copy therefore little while wait help please As I am copyin g this stanza, please wait for a little while.

q')"I' q~'''It'\<1i'''I~~' 1-<" 6. q,)"I' q~'''Ii<1''> '''I~~' ''1-<" q~J.I' Q' 4~''j'''I''1'~~I 4~'7'''Ifll' ~~I self than others dear meditae to extremely important is han media te

It is extremely important to meditate to cherish others more than onesel f.

7. 41:;. '~q/' ~~'qi5')''1~'Ul''1'''I'iij''l' J.liijwgzl:;. "ll 41:;, '~I:;.''lI' 1~'Ulfll'''I'iij''l' l:;, ~I

wood trunk axe with cut from branch a head all fell Oil On account of cutting the tree with an axe, a branch fell on (his) head. head,

1::>:'

8. ~q<!i<!i~s~q"r~~<!i"'1 ~q"i"i~rS~(J"r~~"i"'1
request repeatedly doing by grand-mother said By making repeated request, the grand-mother said:
<,

,.
?

9. <::.iJ:llr".l":;;<::" .Il"l.~.~. a;Jj' Jl"l' ~~. "14"1' q~riic:.- J..>l~' "I"1~' "1"<: 5!~' ~I e:.iJ:!lr J,l":;;e:.' .Il"l'~'~' a;JJ' J:i"l' q~'riic:.' Jl~' my mother and meet to doubt not have thus said from they happy became Mter explaining that they will definitely meet my mother, they became happy, After happy.

--

Oi"I~Jlq~Jl"'-I~~(1jqSJj~'-I"I<::'"Jj"JjENq"r~Jj~~rrl 10. 0i"I~.>l q~.>r ql~r~rlj' q' SJJ~' q' "Ie:. 'Jj' JJEJ'lj' q~'~JJ~' ~il:1 year three meditation doing victorious MaiJreya and not see therefore mind sad Maitreya He was saddened since he did not see Lord Maitreya after meditating (on him) three years, years.

11. <::"q~'fic;:-:J"I~'<fl<::"1 (J than he powerful small) He is less powerful than me,. 1L e:.q~fic:.-:J"I~'~e:.1 (I me

f:: ~
W,:;$,:;

[::, [".

~~:j

11.9 The use of <!i~' and (1j~' for Ablative of Reason "i~' Ol~' Of these two particles, <!i~' is primarily used as ablative of reason, motive, cause etc, which "i~' etc. is associated and used identically with the things we have studied in this lesson,. It is used to lesson express reason or cause = 'because of, 'by', 'through', 'on account of and 'owing to', It is to'. also used to express 'then'or 'thereupon', For instance ~'"i~r is affixed to the perfect root of the 'thereupon'. verb as well as nouns and pronouns to signify 'from', (1j'll' is used to express ablative of 'from'. Ol'll' comparative 'than' or any words which have comparative meaning, They indicate the source of meaning. any action described by the verb which can be time, place, thing or person, person.

~;

,.
I

I, q~Jl'''l7<!i'''I7Jj"q-'l<::''~'ii~'"i~'~~~' 1. q~.>l"I7"i"I7rq-'le:.~ij~"i~r.l.~~ Jj'q~"I''-I~'~j'q'"'''II JJ'q~"I' q~'r.l.j'q' Samten news good the hear after here not staying go did After hearing that good news, Samten left here. here,

2, 2.

lf Jj!>.' Q"I~'(1j' Jj''7"i'"i 'Il'mQ'~~''7(1j' Q~"I' q' ~"I1 JJil.' q"l~'Ol' JJ''7"i'"i 'Il'ruq'~~''7Ol' q~"I' '-I'

parent's command to not listening school at sleep did Disobeying his parents, he slept at the school.

3.. "I~' q' a;~'qi3"1' "i~'''IJj''l'''I<j"i'~' Q"1~'~1 a;~'qi3"1' "i~'''IJJ''I'''IQ"i'~' q"1~'~1

~~i

enemy destroy having military commander to appoint did After crushing the en~my, he was appointed as the military cammander.
4, 5<::""1<::"5'Ji'c' 4~''-I'''l~''l':'FJ:i'i' "i~'''1"1~'<::'(1j' &"i'Q' ~f'<r "'''I' 5e:."1e:.'5' Ji'c'4~'q'''I~''I':'Jd)'i' "i~"I"/r.l.c:.0l &<!i'<j' ~c:..q' "'''II Hong Kong in people face know one even not having difficulty great arise did Because there was nobody who he knew in Hong Kong, he faced great difficulties.. difficulties
5.. <::"(1j"ffi<::.' q'i'~"I'''l''l'''l' 4~''-I' "''II c:.Ol~fic:. q'i'~"I'''l''l'''I' 4~'q' I J than he Tibet language better know does

He speaks better Tibetan than me,

6, Ji!>.' J:i'(1j~' ~<::"~'~"I' .Il(1j~1 Jiil.'j:jOl~' ~c:.~~"I.IlOl'~1

other's fire than one's own ashes warm One's own ashes is warmer than other people's fire.

LJU

'1-<-' ,>;'fii"l'~ 7, ~(1j""I1'\"i'~ "r'.!.' ~d\' <!'[lj,,!" "ld\'ij"l' JI,,' <1-<-" ~ .J;"fii"l"~ ~(1f"l1'\"i"~ ?' <I'[1j,,!""l"i"ij"l"

land other a to went from benefit not having back return did Because of not having benefitted from going overseas they returned back,
'I' :<'''1 8, ['1' J;f.\'i~''2!''I~'[lj~'ii:j':r J;f.\'i~''2!''1~"[1j~'ii:j:r <I':<'''1 Islam of religion tradition from Christain different is traditwll Christaill Islam is different from Christianity. Christianity,
9, 5'<1' J.lijc:.' q"[1j~' jI'tJ:j,,' 'I-<--:I'j~' 9. 5' <rJ.lijc:: q'[lj~' j:j.tJ:j". <1-<-' 4~' ~I smoke see from fire exist know did On account of seeing some smoke, the existence of fire was known. known,

,Il'"" "If"',,'

10. ~'J.l'''i~'~'''S'r.>.!:FI 10, ~'J.l"i~~"So.Sc:.1 ocean from jewel arise ocean, Jewels originates from ocean.
~

11.10 Vocabulary
J.li,,o.SC1l J.li,,'r.>.Sn.j"
~[1j'q' ~[lj'q'

offering victorious ones Bodhisattva direction wise, learned wall realisation doubt religious sects signal, sign faith said to spread

""Io.q~f ""Ir.>.'q~f
q~"i'<I' q~d\'<!'

welcome, reception doctrine

Sc:.~q~J.l~"<lo. ~F~q'~J.l~'''<!r.>.'

~"I~'

mind (hon.)
said education, stud y fool, ignorant

"I~'
J.l['1~' J.l['1~'

"i' :<.' :<..

~c:.~'<f ~c:.~'''l'

<j" <1"

,-

~"I'<I' ~"I'''l'

@d\'ij' @"i'ij'
~'~~'

~"I~'<I' ~"I~'LJ'

intelligence
different

il J.l" ~'J.l'
i~''2!''I~' i~''2!''I~'

Jij'",\' "If",,

'\ -<-'~"I' " -<-'~"I'

flag
Refuge vow

'1';0.' q"r.>.' '\'\' LJ' "".<f "i" :<: 0)' :<..

'\ -<-' q' "-<-'q'

~q~r~J.l ~q~r~J.l'
~'a;~

monk's robe
stanza to cherish
;.~. ;~.

~'''I'
"I;S~'<I' "I;S~'<!'

q1i", <I' <I' q1i,\' LJ' q~J.l' 'I'

~c:.'q'

tg practice patience
to fall to become happy to scratch to steal to be cheerful to touch to expell expel! to pierce, pitch, stab

sq'LJ' sq'<I' "Iq'<I' "I q'<!'

'j~'<I' 'j~'LJ'

to pervade to hide

ill,\''\"I().' q' ill,,""10.'q'

~,\'LJ' ~""<I'

to be respectful
. to pull

n(q ffJ'q
~

~O)'<! il"i'<I i'll'\'N'q' ill"'N'q'

')~r<l' ,:!~'<!'

to be happy to be able to
to dig a ditch

q"l'f;jq~r<!' q"l'f;jq~'<I'

:<'' 1"<I' :<'''1' LJ'

~,\'LJ' ~"'<I'

~c:.'~'q'

~'\''2!''I' ~"''2!''I'"1"

to become idle

q~"I~'<I' q~"I~'LJ'

i'lUl)j - JO W10J gql U! - xls qllM - :ljSOl - :lllqM - jUBqd:lI3 :;Hn 0) SIl -P:l:lp - UOI)d;):mo;) - U! gq) ul X!S q)IM )jsn) ;)lljM jUllqd;)13 ::lql 01 SB -P;);)P 2uDj uOljd:l:moO) S,lgljlOW PUOO;)S gAFlM) -Spg;)Q 'pgAl;)SqO 0) ;)AI] ;)S;)q) IAgpeAIlW l;)q)OW qWOM - S,lgqlow - PUOO:lS - JO gAFiMl -sp:l:lQ 'p:lAl:lSqO - 01 :lAIJ - :lS:lql - lAgpeABW - l:lqlow ;);)el -ed!Apnqwef PUIl[ pue - .to l[nBJ :lql looqllA\ - UO!lelgU:l2:lp - :lUoq -pUB - leAOl - :lO)el pue -ed!Apoqwef - PUB[ - pue JO J[OBJ ;)q) )noq)IA\ UO!lelgU;)i'l;)P ;)uoq -pUll P!lJUOO Bl:l ;)A!] UOI)IlA1;)SqO ;)q) 01 SV 'P!P;)4 pUX)S;)P ;)1;)4 wlE;u uEwnq Ed!ApnqwEf P!lJuoo - El;) : :lAlJ UOI1BAl:lSqO - :lql 0) S\f 'PIp:lq - pu;)O)sgp - :ll:lq - wIe;u uewoq - ed!Apoqwef - U;)jEjJgptin 2U!AEq - ;)Ag - UOI)IlA1;)SqO - W01J UJIIl;)l BAgp - Bl!qs0l, :01 SB - JO spg;)P - PU;):)S;)P - U:l:ljBjJgptio 2U!Aeq - :lAg - UOljBAl:lSqO - W01J UJIB:ll IlA;)P - Il)!qsnl, :0) SIl - JO sp:l:lp - PU:l::>Sgp ;)AI;)M) SP;);)Q ':lle ;);)[dUJo;) ;)PISU! ;)A[;)M) SP;);)P sgUO )UEjlodUJ! - 1l)lqsn.L UJ01] - )SJU - JO :lAI:lMl - Spg:lQ ';)le :lp[dUJOO) - :lpISU! - :lA[:lMl - SP:lgp - S;)UO lUBjlOdUJ! BllqSOl, UJ01J jSlg )SOUJ - AqdB120!q - S,Bqppog . :lSB:l[d - U:ljS!I - AUOP1BJ . l!:ll lI!M - II - P!lq - Aqde120!q s,llqppng , ;)Sll;)[d U;)S!I AHnpleJ 'lj:l) I1!M B ];)!lq Aqdllli'lO!q jSoUJ Aqd1l120!q II;) A10)S ;)UO- jU;)pn)s ;)UO ;)UJ 01 Aepo) sju;)pn)s - s,eqppng - :lW Aq - P;)jSB seM - II:lj - A101S :lUO- lU:lPOjS :lUO - :lUJ 0) - AepOl - SlU:lPOjS s,Bqppog ;)UJ pg:JjSB
uonlllSUll.l~ lll.lal!l-!Was UOnll\SUll.l.L lll.l;/m-!Was

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

,-

~-~--

;..0-

............

,...

'.:>

~ ~

......, ......,

<l ~

l~ .I'~tr ::rtr.'f~tr.l':r .&b~.ttJ.1'f> .'f~'cJ.&blt;. ':J1n.'fkJb. ':J~.1'f' .;!,"cJ.&.I':1.'fiU. '::l~ I~ J,,~tr.rtr.'f~tr.1':1.&b~.ttl.1'f'.'f~"cJ.&blt;.'::lin. 'fkJb. '::l~.1'f> .;!,'cJ.&.l':r. 'fiU. ':J~ .I'f>.~ .'fs .'fIn.G:.~1'f> .~G.N? .&~ .lb.'fs:.tr.' .bttl.G:6- .s.ttJ~.trlt;.'~.G.ttJ~.&l':r .'flt;'cJ. 'fkJtr .I'f'r .I'f'.~ .'fIn.G:.~1'f'.~G.N?.&~ .lb.'fS:.tr.' .bttJ.G:6- .S.ttJ~.trlt;.'~.G.ttJ~.&1':1 .'flt;"cJ.'fkJtr .I'f>':r ..... '-,.... ..... -...:....... ,.... .ttJ.l':1.&b';' .~.ttJ'.~.l':r .&bl'.ttJ.~ ' ."cJ~1'f' .ttl.1' r .&b5' .~.ttl'.~.I':1.&b&.ttJ.~' .'cJ~1'f> I.':Jh.ttl( b~. ':J'.l?l'.e.;s.bs:.'FD.':Jh .I'f'~ .~tr ~ :ro.I':1.&b&.ttJ.''G .!'it '. 'fklb. 'tJG:6- ]'.1':1.~ ~1'f'."cJI':1. '~tr.rl':1r .ttJr.&fh.rtzl"cJ."cJl'f.>. '~tr .l':r :ro :ro.l':r .I'bl' .ttJ. G.FD.'.'klb."cJG:6- I,.l':r.~ ~I'f>. 'tJl':r. 'f~tr. ':rl': .ttJ':r .&fh.':r ...... cJ. 't-..",,....e. '~tr.l':1:ro tzl' J1' ....., ..... ....., ..... ....., ..... ...... ...... ...... ,...., .....,....., ...... .I;;.&tl,b.~tr.l':r.~~N?I Is.':r ~.rl':1 .&tzll'f'.ttl.'/:.&'. '~:d,I'f>.l':r.1' ':Jg.rS.':Jfr. '~.I'~ .I;;.&tl,b.~tr.l':1.h~N?1 jS.~ ~:rl':r .&tzll'f>.ttJ. '1:.&'. '~.~kl'f'.I':1.& '::lg.':r S. '::lfr. '~.I'~ ,...., ...., ...... .....
....., ...., ..... "'-.;>
~ ~ ~ ~

.l':r.&In.'cJI:rN?I''fb:~l':r.b~ b~.tr.~b bh.~tr b~.b.~.'fsb bs..~.':JIn.'kJb .1':1.&In."cJkl'f'.I''b:~I':1.b~ l.':Jh.tr.~b b~.~tr bs..b.~.'fsb 1.':J~.~.'::lIn.'kJb bb.&' I. '::l~ .&b':r .bln.& 'f. ':J~:CJI'f>,b. 'l':rb.bIg.'cJl':r tJl' ,...., bh.&' I.':Js..&br.bln.&'f. ':J~:CJI'f'.h.'l':1h.bJg."cJ1':1 .&tzll'f>.ttJ."iD.1' 'b. '......, ::1 .b':r.1' ~ '.ttJ."iD.1' 'b."cJ1' r .b~.1' v
......, ......, .... ;> ....;> ...... ...... . . . . . " . . ...... . . . , .. ...... ....., .....,

" "" "" .':Jto.':r b.':r" .........., ~ "cJttl.~ tzl'tJ. ~ .I'bkJb.S..ti?hl.':Js..1':1 fh' ..........." Rib. "XI,.............., kJb.~ ':JI'. '. ':JG ,S.b':r .I'r;; .':Jto.r b.~ " cJ.17 .ttJ~."cJb.r ~ 'cJttJ.':r tzlu. . . . " . . . . , ':J~.l':r .&~.& ':JI'.'.':JG .S.br .I'r;; fh"cJ.17 .ttJ~. 'cJb.':r &b. ...... , . . . . .I'b" " .ti?hl. ....., .

.~ j'.l':t.b;:Jl'f>. 'cJl':r. ~~b.l':r tzll'f .ttJ,& ~b."cJ t::b.l':r .klb .r;;.&tl,b.~b.l':r.~ ~I'f>I cJ t::b.1' .....,...",....., .s. j'.h.h;:JI'f'."cJI':1. ~ff,b.1':1 .I'tzll'f>'.ttl.& ~b. '.....,...... :1.klb .r;;.&tl,b.~b.I':1.S. ;:J1'f'1 ............
'- . . . : > . . " -."" " .....,..... .....,.....,.....,

Is. ~~b
.....
~ ~

.1'1'f>' 'f .1':1.&tzll'f'.ttl.I' rt.t::.I'f'D .1' 1'f 'f.l':r .&tzll'f> .ttJ.l'rt.t:: .I'f>D ......
" "
~
~

lttJ&b. ~';' 1'f'.1' ........... .&~ .ttJ~.& r;; .J:::rJn. ':J6-.& '::Jfi1"cJ JttJ&b. ~5'I'f>.1' ............ s: .blb. ~ ~ .blb. b .ttJ~.&r;;.b)n. ':Jl:t-.&' Jfi1'tJ ..... .....,....., ...... ....., .......
,,~

~ ~

-'-'
,...., .....,

-'-

"-...:I .....,

............ "'0 .....

_ '-

...... .....

,...., ...... .....,.....,

,0-.

""........

" " .Ie"S.b.'hb .b~b.b s."cJ.1'>' .bl':r .bs.1'f'.ttJ.ttl6-."cJb.':rtr.':r. ''~tr.l':r .I'f>b::r kJb .I'b~. ':J6-.&I'f>rtb .Ie bb .'"~b .~~b.b b'cJ.1'ff .~1':1 .bs.1'f> .ttJ.ttJ6-.'cJb.rtr.r. s.tr.1':1.I'f'b.rkJb ............ ':Jl:t-.&I'f'rt,b ....., ..... ..... ....., ..... ....., ...... ....... ':Jb.I'f>.~ .I'rt.'cJb .r~ I'f>......,...., ':J.btr.1'f> .&bt::b.':rtzll'f> .I'f>~.& ;3"cJ.& b.b~ .ttl.bkJ.b.hJln .ttJ.bkJ.b.ltJln .~ .&S:tr. ':Jh.l'f'.h.l'rt."cJb .':r5' I'f'.':J.bk.1'f'.&bt::b.rtzll'f' .I'f'~.& ~.& ;3'cJ.& .....,....., ....., ....., .........., ,....,......, .b.':J6-. ~~.s.'fG.~ .ttl';' ."cJb~."cJ~.b .I'f'to.&'f .~.':r&.':rhl. '::1lt;.r-e.ttJ~"cJ.~ .I'f'~ l'f..l':r.b~l'f>. .c,Jl':r ~iiJ.S.'fG.~ .lu5' .'cJbb.'cJ~.b .l'f>to.I''f .~.r&.rhl. '::llt;.I'f>.ttJ~'cJ.~ .I'f>~ I'f .1':1.h~I'f'."cJ1':1 ' 1_ 'I ...... '..... . ...,..... . . "- ".l'l'f>rtb.l':t .1'f'~b.r;;.I'tl,b.~b.l':1.h ~I'f>I Ib.b ~I'f> .rl':1 .&bkJ.~.ttJ ':J1'f>.1''f .I'lnb .Il:l. '...... f> cJ1' .l'l'f'rtb.h .1'f>~b.r;;.I'tl,b.~b .l':r.b ;:IN?1 1s..h;:J1'f'.':rl':r .&bkJ.s..ttJ':JI'f'.1''f.l'lnb.Il:i."cJ1'f' " ....., ....... ..... ,.... .....,
~ ~

.ttJ~'cJ.~.I'f>~.I'f>. ~~b ."cJ1':1.':Jt. ~s:.l'bgb.l':rJrJ~.I'l':r.I'f>~ .lb.~!B.b~.b .'Pl?r-e .':rlub .ttlk.''P b. ':J1l:i1 .lb.~IB.b~.b . 1'f> .rluh .ttJtf. ....... ,.... J1l:l1 .ttl~"cJ.~.I'f'~.I'f'.~~b .'cJl'.....r .':Jt. ~s:.l'bgb.I':1Jr.J~.I'I':1.I'f'~. . , .l? ..... ...... ....., ....., . . . . . " . . ." " .""
"~ ~ ~ "-

l'f.l':r.b ~te."cJ1':1 .l'bkJ.~ .&I'f>I'il.!b.I'f>~b .&tl,b.I;;.&tl,b.~b.l':r.b ~1'f>1 ]'f.I':1.h ~I'f>. 'cJl':r .l'bkJ.~ .&I'f'FD.lb.l'f'~b .&tl,b.I;;.&tl,b.~b.l':1.h ;:J1'f'1 .....,....., .....,....., ,...., ....., .....,....., .....,,...., ....., .....,
~ ~ "-

I',Jl' 1.l'bt::b.ttl."iD.h.1'f' t . .l'bt::b.ttJ."iD.~.1'f> 1"cJ1':r. . . . . . . , ,.........,

"-

''-

~ ~

.ttJt;'cJ.~.I'f>~ bh.1':1 .bl'f>.~~. '.....,Jl': .&I'f>tl,.t--:.-;; I.':l~.&b':r. . " , . . . . . , . . . . . , bb. ':l1l:l.I'f>;;'cJ.ltJ~ .ttlt;"cJ.~.I'f'~ b~.l':r .s.I'f'.~~."cJ1':1r .&1'f'tl,.t--2;; I.':lh.&br. . . ., . . . . . , . . . . . , bh. ':l1l:i.1'f'~"cJ.hJ~ ..... c . .ttJ~.&b':r ..... ....., . .ttl~.&br I. ':lb. ~lil~'.&~ ....., .fi\.I':1.l'bt::b.ttl.h Ib.b~1'f> .rb.I>1"cJ.r b'cJ.ttJ~.'cJI'f>. :JIH.G .N?;:J"cJ.I'~ I.':lh. ~li3.h'.&h I~ .fiI.l':r.l'bt::b.ttJ.b Ih.h;:J1'f' .':rb.I>1'cJ.':r s."cJ.ttJ~."cJI'f'. '':JIH.G .1'f>~'cJ.I'~ ..... ....., --,.... ,........., .....,-...:....."
...... ....., ,...., --,.... ,........., '-:>'.:> ......

.l'bt::b.fiI.l':r.&bt::b.& 'f.& ~b.'tJI'il. ~iU. 'cJbb .&bt::b.fi\.1':1.&bt::b.&'f.& ~b."cJFD. ~IB. "cJbh ....., ,...., ....., ....., ....., ....., I. ':l'fb.&b':r. ~&b.& ~ .&G.1':1 .bln I.':l'fb.l'br. 'f&b.& 'f .&G.l':r .bln ;.... ,.... ;.... ,....
~ ~

l'f.l':r.b ~1'f'."cJb.1>1 'cJ.& 'f.,IB. 'cJb~.l':r. ':l~.r;; 1'f.I':1.s.~I'f>. 'cJb.1>1 "cJ.&'f.'li3."cJbh.l':1.':lh.r;; ....,....., ,,,........., ....,....., ".........,
"... "...

.&tl,b.~b.l':r .b~N?I Jh~ .b.':J';'..':J'f.&l{,b.~b.1':1 .b;:;I'f>.&I'f>~ ,.... '-..... 'P.~b.':rtf.1'f> .r;;.I'~.& .&tl,b.~b.1':1.h~tel Ib':r. . . . . ,'::l'f.&l{,b.~b.l':r .s.;JI'f'.&r-e~ .&6-. '-..... '.l?~b.rk.1'f' ~ .r;;.I'~.& ':l& ....., . .b.':J5'. . . . . , .....,

1~In.b.t;.bs:b.&~b.':r ...... f'.rk.1'f' ~.r;;.I'~.1' ':l& ~I'f> 1~In.b.tJ.bs:b.&~b.r ,... .':rtf.1'f> ~ .r;;.I'~.1' ':l& s.1' ....., ..........., ....., ...... .....,....., .....,
~ "~ "-

.1' ':l.&b.':r t::.&br .h6-tr.b6-.&~.ttJ.&b.bs:b.bt;.trJg.ttJ.:1. ':l':r.b l~ .bt;.b~j t:: .&b':r .1' ':l.&b.r ............ ,b6-tr.b6-.&~.ttJ.&b.bs:b.bt;.trIg.ttJ. '':::1.':lr.s. I5' .bt;.bIgI .....,,.........,.....,, ..... -....,-..... .....
............ .....,,.... -...:>""" -...,-...... ......

I!. II. ~

L C; I

1) (5

Shuddhodana's - queen - molher - Mahadevi's- righl side - from - womb - entered. Deeds entered, mother right twelve of - third - birth - deeds of - as to the: mother - Mayadevi - city Kapilvastu - from Lumbini garden - to - having sel forth - tree- a branch - by hand -held - sky to - as soon as she set looked - wondorous omens -many - together - was born - four direction to - stpes seven - each touched - wherever to - flowers lotus - eight petalled - seven - seven - blossomed - by father prince Siddhartha - thus - was named, Brahmins - omens (signs) - who were expert - if ordained named. - will become enlightened - if stayed at home- universal monarch - king - will becomepredicted. he royal kingdom. Deeds - twelve of - fourth - sportsmanship - skilled - become deeds - as to the: thereupon - knowledge - five fields - learned - tutors - many - from - many written scripts - astrology - furthermore -lingustics - philosophy - arts - medicine - knowledge fileds numerous - time- in short - study - completed - in all - became learned. Deeds - twelve of - fifth - queen - attendants- enjoyment - as to the: Shakya -youth - Devadatta etc. - five hundred together - jumping - and - swimming and - archery - etc. - sportsmanship - many kinds respectively - through competing - prince Siddhartha - having won - Shakya Dandapani's princess- woman's qualities - many - who possessed - Gopi - and also Yashodahara - etc. received as his queens. 11.12 Exercises of Lesson Eleven (a) Fill the blanks with the correct continuative particles and participle terminations:
L -<.<l,\r::.1 "l' 1 l)r.>.E:il),\r::.1 ~."l' <lo~ 1. fir::. "I~"rr::.i:ij"l~q1 ~~. -<'''l,\r::.1 <l'1;'ilir.>.E:ili',\r::.1 ~'''J' "lo~' ~I "I~"Jr::.i:lj"l~q1
~"~t1r::.~.>l,?.>l,\r.>.j'r.>.~,\?C1l~~"l~"l~S"~'r.>.,\"1 ~"~t1r::.~.>l,?.>l5r.>.jr.>.~,\""?clr~~<l~<l~S'\~r.>.5"1

3. ~~"3\"J~r"lili"JW"J.iC""""~W~"Il.l-<''\~1 ~~. ". 3\.>l~r"lil\"lCll "lic........ ~"Cll"~"I.l.l-<.. ,\~I 4.Qiliil) ...... q:~i:i. "Ja:;ili'~,\'~1 4.Qiliili...... "I~-<.. q:~i:l' "la:;il)~,\~1
6~ ~.I"'l.l-<.' Q')C ...... '\.~. <l-<"Cllil) i'J.S". "l' Sr::.1 6~~'f'l'l.l-<" z;l'JC...... Q-<"C1lili "J'Sr::.1 I _
I
~

".:.;

Y.ll"~.""'" .>lE(C ~l.lP: ~ili' q' "J"I-<"~r::.' "l"ilir.>.I~f ~'~Cll' ~'\I ~il)' "l"l-<"~r::.' <l"il)r.>.I~f ~'~C1l' ~,\I Y.lf'l~""""

fl.S".

(b) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the ,Tibetan equivalents of the English words:
<>i,\',\"Ir.>..~r::. ',\,\'l.l~' r.>. ~,\Cllr.>.SClla:j1 1. E:,\t.IS"I~~ E:,\t.lS"I~~ <>i,\',\"Ir.>.'~r::. ',\,\.l.l~. r.>.~,\"lr.>.SC1la:i1 we father son two mind happy and faithful this you to offer While being happy and faithful (to you), we father and son will offer you this. wiJl

living in Lhasa and rich being tall and kind taU being young and strong being Losar and your birthday
2. ,\-<""<l.r.>.~'~<l';k'''lr::.'<l~' ,\-<'-'l"lr.>.~~"lkUlr::."l~
'\'~'ili'~'J1ili'~1 '\'~'il)'~'Jlil\'~1

silk this fine and light therefore now wear not will As this silk is fine and light, I will not wear it just yet.
As As As As

this cott0J;l shirt is cheap and heavy cott0I;1 this shoes is beautiful and expensive those hats are old and cheap that shop's gloves are thick and light
~[1J~'gjr.>.~Q~ilir.>.'\"IQj ~"Cll":<: gj.r.>.~' <l~il)'r.>. ,\"1' Qj

3. Jl'''~. -<'~'~"I."I"l<l'~r::.' J1"~'-<'~~"I"IUl"l~r::.

man that by cloth waving earth Oil drawing is all While waving a piece of clOlh, that man is drawing on the ground. cloth,

1 :J'-;J 1:J'7

While playing flute and standing on the roof, that man While drinking milk and lying on the bed, that man While listening and writing a letter, that man

" '.
:~

'c\<
".;

4. fi~~'~f~<rii\"rq';Jl'~r<j'Sl' JtJli::.'ii,Jt'\"lQq-'>;~-'>;~1 JtJJ~iiJt,\"lQq~~""~1 fi~~~f~<rii\"rq';JJ'~rq'Sl he by book a wrote since people many not happy became Many people became unhappy with him since he wrote a book, book.
By singing Indian national-anthem national 'anthem By showing a picture of Mao Since he is a thief As she read his story By meditating three weeks (c) Answer the following questions by using an appropriate phrase on the right:

~;. ~;'

~i~~ ~:~~

f"~qQ,,\~~ii'i'\~,\1 1. f"~'<j'A,,\' . ~~'iii,\' ~'\I

"I'Sl-'>;'<j' "I'Sl~'q'

~~. q'~.~"1 ~~'<j'~'~"1

').~,~. ').~,~.

2. ~~'-'>;'A,,\'6i'll'l'l"l'~ii'A5."l'''l'Sl ~~'""'r:>.,,\' 6i'llll"l~iir:>.5."l"l'Sl

t:

~j

~q:2"lr:>.,,\~I'\~,\1 3. ~q':2"l'A"\'~i'\'~'\1

l'l"l' ~~' ii' l'l"l'l'l~'.l:l~' J.i'Oj'~I'\' 'llW ll"l'~~'ii' ll"l'll~ 'IF 'Il'1l' ~ Qiili'1l"l'Sl' ~I'\'fjJl' Jlg'Sl' ~"I'Sl'ii' Qjil\'1l"l'Sl' ~f.('fjJJ' JJa;'Sl' ~"I'Sl'ii'

--

4. fi~' 1'\'ql'\"l'll''ll'''l'q' ~'\I 1'\' ql'\"l'll''Il'''l' q' ~,\I

~

'~1l' "I~'\'E;"l "I~'\'E;"l

H~'

ji)'ili'~' jil'il\'~'
~ili'Q;K' ~il\' QlK'

,\",,~~jj~(lr"l~~~'~cJi,\ 5. ,\',>;~'~',k1l'''l'~'~-'>;'~'cJi,\

Ae::Jl~f,\SC-'Sl' ~1l'Jla>ili' r:>.E::JJ'Sl',\SC-'Sl' ~1l' JJibil\'

6. Qiili'1l"l'SlS'li'''l' ~'''lili~'~'A5.''l Qjil\'1l"l'Sl''\''lf''l' ~'''lil\~'~'r:>.5.''l

f"'1l"l'q~' f"'1l"l.q~'
e::'Q8~'q' E::'Q8~'q'

7. a;JJ'Sl~qro"l~r:>.5."I'''IJJI 7, fi~ 'a;Jl'Sl'~q'ro"l'~'A5."I'''IJlI

ji;;~ ji;;S< ,,;:5<

""

8. ~i'\'1l"l'QI'\'6i~W"l'~'A5."l ~I'\'1l"l'<li'\'6i~"1l""I' ~'r:>.5."l 6,\1l')'ll~~ll""JJcJi,\q'Sll 9. 13,\'1l'')'Ul~'~'l'l-'>;'Jl'cJi'\'<j'Sl1

10. [:;:'''I''S:~f~'iii''lWQ~'~'~'\1 [:;:"I'S.'Sl'~ii'i"lWQ~'~'~,\1

f"'<j'>;''?ili'<j' ii1'~'A~'Q' f"'q""',?il\'q' iil'~'Q~'Q' ~'''I I!!Jl' "J~'~'\' Q.>;' ~'5 I!!JJ' "I~'~,\' <I"'" JJ~'ii' P<'4'Sl' q,,'q,\6i' ;j;ii' f"'''9'Sl' qil'q5.6i ~ i!i''\'''l~Jl'<j' Jl"I'll'ii' i!i''\'''l~JJ'q' JJ"I'Il'ii'

(d) Render into Tibetan:

~l
I

i,i

1. They will be washing the patient's clothes this afternoon, afternoon. 2. I have been eating bread for two hours. 3. We will be coming to see your kind friend at 5.45 pm. 4. She saw my two neices at the restaurant this moming, moming. 5, Do you sing the Nepalese anthem at your school? 5. 6. Do you have sixty two dollars to buy a pair of trousers? 7. While cutting this wood he held my arm. 8. These are my three brothers, Tshering, Nyima and Dawa, Dawa. 9. Since I am old I cannot walk to the hills. 10. As it is cold in the winter, I bought this woolen hand gloves for you.

t~

(e) Copy out the sentences, replacing the verbs by changing the infinitive form of verbs given on the right into the appropriate tense and terminations given in the sentences.
1. fi~'llj'Sl' -'l'Sl'<j'1l'Ul"l' ii' 8~' :<:"l'Sl'''lili~'1 fi~ 'llj'Sl'll'Sl' q'1l''ll''l' :<:"l'Sl'''lil\~'1

2. ~ 'll'q":!'Sl'<j'A"\',\' ~'nrJl~~ '~'Ulilil 'Il' q":!'Sl'q'r:>."\''\' ~'1l'JJ~~ '~'t'ijil\1

3, A"\' '~ 'Sl' QI'\"I't"l~<r <j'Ulili! 3. r:>.,,\' .~ QI'\"l't"l~z:r q't'ijil\1

4. iii' J.i'~'Sl' ~.~."l'll~. Q' ~,\I ii\'J.i'~'Sl'~'~'''lUl-'>;'Q'~,\!

'Sl'<j' '?ili'<j' ,?il\'q' A~'q' Q~'q' Wili'<j' Wil\'q' ~'Q' ii'\' <j' q' ~'Q' "l'Sl'\'<j' q-'l~'q' "l"1,\' q' qll~'q'
"l':J~ "l':J~'Sl'q'
~
~

Q~'q'

"IUl-'>;'Q' "l'll""'Q' .'l'Q' ll'Q'

:

.tdtJ~b .0 .ltJ~O

.b:rtnb .o.'rt<lb .b.":ltll:J .0.~tltJ

.b.":l1ib.~ .0::J1io.~

.h.~lI.o .1>.l;>l1.b

I~'r.h .'rg\:J.f,.~~.ltJ_~_~b::Jt1I.~tJ ...... ........... ....,.

--..,

-6

.I>.tf~ .h.tf~

.0.1; .b.t: .0 - , .b.":l'Plf -,

.~'l'tf

b!?rsP .":l~lf.P.~.i';,~.~.i';,;f .~'c).b.1:t '8 b!?_'rS!' _~~fi'_ P.~.~~.~.~;f .~\:J.o.1:t '8

1~~.~.~b.~.i';,t:.ItJ.P.I\l~l:J.!! .L 1~~.~.~o.~.~I;.ltJ.P.~~tJ.!! 'L 11;>t!>.t<l.~l:J.bltJ.aI.ItJ.J.I\l":l '9 1~t!'.t<l.~\:J.bltJ.tzl.ltJ.J.~~ "9
11;>.l;>l1.ti.~.ItJ.tf~b1'Plf.l;>lu~ .~ 1~.~lI.ti.~.ltJ.fi'~b1'l'fi'.~Iu~ ..-....... . . - ." .~ ..-...... "-" -

.b.~ .o.~

.I>.~~ .h.~~

.b.ltJbl:J.I>.~!lf .b.ltJsPl:J1G .0 .ltJbtJ.h.~!fi' .0.ltJS!'\:J1G

AAT

11.13 Extracts from the Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita

I'~'

!U'.jil) ',),,\ '~il)' q'U'.jil) '')il) 'Cll! ltAlil)'')<3\ '~<3\' z:,rtAlil)'')<3\'flll

I,,\IljD-'tAl'tAl",'7<3)'Jl,,\' a; eJ,j~' a~il)!1 1,,\"ID-'U'.j'U'.jil) '1)il)' JJ,,\' J,j~' a~il)

~ ~ ~

Co\.. C'\..

-v" -v"

_ -....

Co\.. C'\..

fQ~' ~'D-EA' J:.!' J1'~Ilj'flll !Q~' q' J1'~"I'Cll!

t L
~, ~-

1 ,,\"ID-'U'.j ,..11' Q~' "\'~' ',,\IljD-'tAl'4' Q~'"\'~'J.1il)1

:j

Those with knowledge are fond ofknowledge of knowledge But it is not so for those without knowledge, knowledge. The honey bees show delights in the flowers But it is not so with the bluebottle flies.
I~~'eJ,jct>Ilj' ~~ 'Ilj'~il) '(lj' I;J~I !~~' J,jd>"I' '''I'~il) I;J~!
lJ:(S'~~'Ilj'~~W'7Ilj !iffS' ~~ '''1'~~'Cll''7''1
~ ~

-....

.....

.....

c-.."'"

C\..,.""-

0;.:

f>.

f~'I;J'~ il)'J:.!'Iljl'\il),~il) 'D-c&flll I~'I;J'~ il)' q'''It'\il) , 'D-c&Cll!

I~il)' S'Iljl'\il) w~~'~ il) 'Ilj')~ 'I S'''It'\il) '(lj'~~'~ '''I')~
~ ~

_.....

.....

..."

~ ~

~;;

~:~~

The wise look for their own faults; Knaves seek the faults of others. The peacock examines its own body, (But) the owl signals a bad omen on others.

}r ~r
~;;:

!S'I;J' cEil)' r:i'I;J~I;J' qf.i' d;1 IS'I;J' cE<3\' r:i'I;J~I;J' J:.!f.i'.3;1

...... ...... Iil) Ilj~' ibfll'ct>il)' J:.!' Jl~'I;J~Ilj~' <3\1 f<3\ "I~' ibCll' d>il)' q' J,j~'I;J~"I~' il)1

/,

r\d

f:'~

ID-I;J"\' J:.!'tAl~' "i '~Ilj~'I;J~~ ''l;J'iJil) 1 ID-I;J "\' q'U'.j~' 2\ '~"I~'I;J~~ 1;J'iJ<3\1
e-....c-.. C\..,. 'c-... _ _

e-... c-...

e-...""'" c-...""'"

......

........... -""'

Ifi}~ 'l'\Ilj'';),<3\ ~'':l]Ilj~'~' ,,\Ilj ~I fi}r.. 't'\ "I ,-is' il) ~'':l]''I~'~' "\"1
~

When one has to accomplish an important task One should diligently rely on good friends. friends, When one is setting a large forest into fire It definitely needs the wind to associate with.

~
b

LESSON TWELVE
<bO)' .q~' "lj,?~' l;.Jr ~L:r ib"i'l;J~'l:lj,?~'l;,Jr
~ ~

,-

'-

We have already seen the use of syllable "\ in locative and durational cases ofr>J'~"\' in an "i ofr>J'~"i' In earlier lession. In this lesson we will see some of its other uses which expresses emphasis, less ion, condition, reason, doubt, hypothesis and interrogation, Generally added to the end of the verbal phrase"\ is used to express though, although and other similar expressions in classical Tibetan, phrase"i

12.1 The Use of "\ to Emphasize a Special Point "i

1. i<J~''':Ql!f"i1 i<J~"'Q~f"i1
2, ,\<)'.:r;Qf"!'l"i1 ,\<J'i;Q~'l"\1

i<J~"'-'"i1 i<J~"'"i1

In brief For example Because If I were to explain properly the actual situation

,\<J"'-'"il '\<)"'"il

3, 'lJc:r>J'lJZ\r~'"i1 3. 'lfc.'r>J'lf'lr~'"i1 '11' qi'\''lJ"i Z\l'r:.!'lj~f"l'lj' Z;'fjZlr q'Ul"i'"i1 4, ,\e: ~r qi'\''lf"i '\I'r:.!'lJ~-r"l'lJ' ij'fj'lr<rUj"i'"\1

12.2 The Use of "i to Express a Condition

'l'.

~
k,',k-",'

1. '\I,.q"i'Q?Q'"i'o.Q'\l'S'~1 Z\I,q"i'Q?Q'"i'o.QZ\I'5),~1 seed sow iffruit grow will iffruit If one sows the seeds, it will grow. grow,

, "I"ii<JW~"i' q' Ji"i'"i' '" q''lj'I1I'QQQI 2, "I"ii<JW~"i' <1' J:j"i'"i'if, "" 'r'lJ'flI'QQQI

,;;.;-

sky in cloud not have rain how fall If there is no clouds in the sky, how will it rain?

3. ~,\J;"iq'~Q'"i~c.,g<\j~'8Q'~'~"i1 3, ~'\' J;"i'Z;'~Q' "i'~c:.,g<ll'~'8Q'~' :l'."il

ill ~i1

,
~:~
~i

voice loud make ifthey hear able will if they If one speaks louder, they can hear it.

4. 1: ,\,'lj~Z\I'I'll''lJ~ "'-'~i<J'''I~JJ' ~"i'"i'~ ''Ii'''-' S"il 4, ~'\''lJ~'\I'flI''lf~ "'~i<J'''I~JJ' ''II'" we two to gold coin three find ifwlzat like do rwo of ,us What shall we do if two of.us found three gold coins?

5. c.W~flI'f'l'IjQ'"\'f!i"i'l1d"i''-J'~,\'~'Uj"il 5, c:.W~I1I'f'l'IjQ'"i'f!i"i'l1d"i'q'~,\'~'Uj"i1
~;.;;~

I to victory gain ifyou to present give will if you prize, I will give you a present if I win the prize.

~~

12.3 The Use of"i in Interrogative Reasonings 12,3

1. '\~'>1i"i~'\I~C.~4'\1'"i'mQ'~"I~'\I''lJnr4'\11 '\~'>1i"i'~Z\I'~d1'4Z\1'"i'mQ'~"I'~Z\I''lj'nr4Z\1I teacher by also not know if student by how know will How would the students know if the teacher does not know? docs

,~;;-~ ,~1;.~

,-,~

2, Uj'~'iil'lj'~c:.' J' 4Z\1' "i'Q~''lj'I1I' 4Z\l1 2. Uj'~'iij'lJ'~c.' i<J'4'\1' "i'Q~''lJ'flI' 4'\11 letter read even not know if write how !mow will kllow 1000W If he does not know how to read, how docs he write? docs hc

-:~~

163

3. r!",'r.>.~'t)"l'::J<:;' .<6j''I"0;'qe::S"l',,!'nrIi"! 3, r!",'r:>.~'t)"l'::Je;' Jj'lj"r 0;' qe:: s~r"l'nr li"l load this horse by also not carry if donkey by how carry If the horse could not carry the load, how could the donkey carry it? 4. ~'~<:;'~' Jl''-'l''fq'Jl'Q'ijo;' o;'<:;'r.>.~'~' ~0;1 4, ~'~e;'~' Jl''-'l''j"q'.'J" Q'i!o;' o;'e;'r:>.~'~' today sun good not shine ifI go will not if I I will not go today if it is not a nice day,

12.4 The Use of 0; to Express Contradiction

1. '1,,!'r.>. ~'fl' ~<:; 'ii)'nr' i5o;'~"I'iii '~' ~'<li iii 'r.>.:'J"l'aio;'q,r.>."\"1 "i "i' :>.O'J"l' aio;' q,r:>."1"1 L '1"1'r:>. ~e; ~ ~ ~ student this yesterday lazy with a though today diligent is Although this student was lazy yesterday, today he is very diligent.
2. ISff.l' ~'''li'\'liic::: ~o;' ~'"r ai'<I'~"fU1o;' iIi'Q' ~"I"l' Jle;' q- r.>.,,\"! Jl<:;' r:>."1"1 '~filr <I'~"j"U1o;' "i'Q' 2, ~'i.l' ~'''li'\'Ric::: Africa's continent famine great a though cow many have Africa'S Although Africa is a famine striken continent, there are many cows,

m'lr'

j;'<1'~"1'o;' >lil'~e;'~'Jj'r:>.)"1 3, 0;"\' LJ'~' a;' Q' ai'<I'~"I'o;' olil'r.>.:F~'Jj'r.>.)"I 3. 0;"1' 'r~' patient the fever high a though water drink not is The patient has high fever but he does not drink water.

4, ~fo;"I',,\<:;'q"\'''I~''l'~o;'~''I''rq'U1o;'o;s''\~rq''';S",,'i)1 ~f 0;"1' "Ie;' q"l'''1~''l'~o;'~''1''l'q'U1o;' o;s "I~r q''';S-';'i)1 China and TiJfet formerly friends are howe:er now enemy become did Ti1fet howe'"ver Although China and Tibet were formerly friends, now they have become enemies,

;.:,,' ;.::;;'

12.5 The use of 0; in Making a Wish 12,5

1. ,,\'t1j'<:;i'\'B"l'ljQ'nrS'~"I' ~<:;' o;'''\''Ir.>.'Q't1J'lfl<:;'/ "I't1j'e;i'\'B"I'ljQ'fll' S'~"1' ~e;' o;'''I''1r:>.' Q'fll'ijK 'I this year my wife to son a become happy how How happy would we be if my wife gives birth to a son this year?
~,,\W~<:;'U1"1'~'~"I't1J"l'~' 2, ~"I'fll'~C:U1"1'~'~"1'fll"l'~' ijQ'o;'~' "l' ~'I "I' you to secretary of work the obtain if what not all(Jw How wonderful if you could secure that secretary job?

3, ~"I"l'i5o;'lj"l"l' i5"Q~' Q"F Q~'Qi'\'~',,\<:;'~o;'''i'~'Jl' ~FI ~"l"ri5O;'lj"l"l' Q'''F Q~' Qi'>.'~' "Iq~o;' iIi'~' sentient being all happiness and happiness' cause with endow what not allow endow. What if all senteint beings possess happiness and the causes of happiness! 4, ~"I"l' i5<l)'lj"l"l' i5,\'~"I'<I'i!.nr,,)e;' ~"!' Q'i!.l1r~'~' ,,)e;'5Jfll' o;'~' ar :3q ~"l"f i5.J) 'lj"l"l' i5,\'~"1' <I'i!.t1J'"\<:;' ~"I' Q'i!.fll'~'~' "\<:;' 5jl1f sentient being all suffering and suffering's cause and separate ifwhat not allow if what What if all sentient beings become separated from suffering and the causeS of sufferings,
~ ~

12.6 The use oro; in Expressing Doubt 12,6

I, ,kfle; 'r:>.~' Jj'''Il1<l)wfl<:;'IlrQ')I::.'0; '~' Q-'le; 'Uie; 'e;"I' Jj'Uie; 'I ,kfl<:; 'r.>.~' Jj'''Il1.J) wfle; 'Ill' Q')e;' 0; Q5l<:;'Uj<:;'<:;"l'Jj'Uj<:;',

shop this people other to rent away profit will or not will I wonder whether it will be profitable to lease this shop,

.10"+ .lO"f

2, c:. '''f~r'I''rr .ii""I'nf'l'fa;j'[1rq t. ili 'r,I'~"I' q~""".l)'(.(~r.;'<Jic:.'c:.ilfJj'''ic:. 'I 2. e:. '''f~r'I'' ii'''I'nf'l 'f a;j' r1r<:J( iii 'r.j"~"I' <:J~""".l)"(.(~,\'<ije:.'e:.ilfJj'<iie:. J by post by on mothe r to presen t a send ifreach will or not will if reach I wonder whether my present will reach my mother if I sen! it by pas!. sent post.
3, ~r.;'~"l'fii' [11' ~r.;' J; ~"I''14r.;'.l) ',?.l)'Uic:.' c:.a;j'J:i'ciic:.' 'Y9' Qr ~r.;1 ~,\'~"rf ii' (lj" ~'\' J,' <:J-.Cj,\' iii ''?iIi'Uie: e:.a;j'.1:r "ie:.' '5"9' ~,\I

you by he to talk a discuss iflisten will or will not know will if listen If you talk to him you will know whether he will listen to you or no!. not.
i

12.7 The use of.l) to Expre ss Certainty of iii Expre ss Certa

1. QI"l' q~r.;' .l)'J:i"l''lr~'~''l1 2I"r<:J~,\' d)'J.j~''l!'~'~~1 god by pay homag e ifhuman by what need say if human If the deities pay homage, what is need to say about human beings,
2, ik~"l'r:::[1r"l.l)c:.'.l)'c:. "l''11'~''l' ":r~, ik~~'e:.'(lr"ld)e:.'d)e:. ~''l!'~~ .<i~1

~,

i}:;/

Vc_O:

he by J to give ifI by why not accep t I if J If he gives it to me, why would I not accept it?

'.""

12.8 ~'The Emph atic Expre ssion ~. The

,",,-"

'\' ''..-

:kk
Ii

This particle is used in several expressions which have several Englis the meaning something like with regard to, concerning this, as for this, h equivalents which has certainly etc, It usually etc. comes at the beginning of a sentence after the word it is emphasizing, .

t,~~

L <:J~d)L.j rq~'~1 ~"I''1'i!.(lj<:J~d)L.j,\c:.'1 1d)p~c:. 'q~.l)'L,J'r.;c:.', (.(9"1L.jf 1. q~.l)'r,<:J~~1 ~"I"'1'i!.[1j'q~.l)'L,J'r.;c:.', 1.l)'P.~c:.'1~iIi'L.j,\e:., (.(9"1'L,J.\'1~d)L. i:\''1~.l)'<j'''FI j',\r::.', (lja;j'1~iIiL.j~1 [1ja;j''q~ili'L,J~1 truth four as 10 suffering truth and origin truth and cessation truth andpa to and path truth are th The four truths are: the tmtho f suffering, the truth of the origin (of sufferi ng), the truth of cessation and the truth of the path, path.

~,,::;~!S

2. ,jj[1j' ~.l)''~'(.(~' .l)"l'.I;"l'Il"l':<'c::.'E:, ,jj(lj'~d) ~'(.(~' d)~' .I;~' Il"l' :<'r :.'1::1

Melbourne regarding this from very distance far is Asfor Melbourne, it is very far from here, here.
~~,~j~~,~,

.3, r.;L,J[1j''''&'L.jf.\':!i(lj'"",'1~'~' . 3. ,\L.j(lj'~ l'&'L,Ji:\':li[1j'"",q''l'~'

~

glorious Sakya's genealogy regarding Regarding the royal genealogy of Sakya,

;'

4,~r.;'~'''Il'\.l)'[1j"l''18.l)'(.(ij"l '.I;r'5:, 4.~'\ ~'''If<\iIi '(lj'll' '18iIi'('( ~~ ..I;i>:,

you as for other than diligent great is As for you, you are more diligent than others, others.
".-'

5. ~"I"l'Zi"l'''I~c:. :.~'L.j'~'4<l)'i'1~d)'~' ~"I'llZi'll"I~r: "l' L,J'~'4.l)''i'q~.l)'~'

friend by said as to. very true is What my friend has said is extremely true, true.
'~..i 'U~

6, c;:~'Uic:.'~', e:.~Uir::.'~',

I J as to come will

I will certainly come,

tr) tr)

\0
>-<

~ ~
,;'f
,-... .S ~.so
0.0

"@ c: c: ~ o J:i J:i """ E 8 8 B 8 'C: '--' ~ ~ g g c c:: c c ~ ~ cL) ,.... C\l C\I !:5 !:5i7~e '" .Q 'a ~ "" .!l ~c:>.d) ~c:>.d) ... ... 1:' .~ 1:' .~ 8 _ 9 ..0 -0 '" _ 9 ::l -~ -'" 1<1 V) 8 ~ -;;J 1<1 ~ ~ 8 Q) == ~ ~ J:i 8 :> "0 ..c:: 0.. :> == 0. """ 0 ;;J "0
0.. 0.

c " c " o ..0

V) V)

I:: ..-

~ ~

tn ~ tn ~ l~ I~ t7 ~I~

i.f i.J

W W 1:7 f{ }::7 Iir-- 10 l(T? 11.1 1:7 I{ H~ lIT? IL1 10 iC it' }~ :" . to ll?}2" i.f 10 it' }~ . . to ll7}2" i.J ;:;. }IZ... Lf ~}m:- P: ~ l8:.... Lf ~ lm:- P:
f{ I{

I{. I . . "'7= Q "'7={ . e!: t7 ;q ;q . !Ie F-'" to !I'"' F-"" to Iw' ir 1:7 II!' ~? f3 Iw ir 1:7 Ii!' ~? f: ~ t1JJ ~? I~ ~ e!: ~ ~? I~ ~ Q ~ Er P:

"'7

~ ~

. .

!1iii ~ ~ iii iii

P: !7P !7'P

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''"" :; :; '0 = =

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/'
e:-.... c:-.....

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J\a:.J~' :;l"':mQj' or::.' a:.J'i!.fCjq~D,:Jr::.S q~l''''1 J\ a:.I~' ::l"':mZ<j' or::.'a:.I''i!.'(cjq ~'r:<:Jr::. S q~l' "'I

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C'>...

Semi-literal Translation Semi -literal Deed - twelve - of - sixth - becoming monk - deed as to the: thereupon - prince - palace from outside - set out - city - Kapilvastu - of - direction four of - east, south, west and north - gate reached when - old-age - sickness, death of - suffering by - suppressed - human beings - from seeing - cycle of existence - suffering of - self nature - having seen - mind rely - devoid of knowing - mind - sad become - immediately - northern gate - reaching - peaCe subdued - mindful b=me - endowed with - Bhikshu - one seeing - just like him - become monk - mind - intending - father Shuddhodana - to permission - not given - even if - royal rule - renouncing - horse Kanthaka riding - Candaka - attendant - taking with him - stupa - Samyak - in front of - having come horse-.ornaments - to Olndaka - dispatched back - at that place - became monk "SO he did. Candaka "sohe Deed - twelve - of - seventh - six years - asceticism practice as to: thereupon - heretic - teacher -Lhakcho and Ringphur - and others - from them - meditation -learnt - peak of the universe dissatisfied upto - meditation realised - however - mind- dissatiSfied - by this - Nirvana - will not result left, thinking thus - left. Then - Brahmins - cemetery at - went to - than those - double up the effort finally - river - Nairajana - bank of - six years - upto - sesame seed - juniper -.rice grain - one sustained - speech cut - asceticism - meditation into - entered into. At that time - father into, _sent Shuddhodana - and the Shakyas - prince's - attendant - servant five hundred - sent - most of them - were sent back - five men - attendant remained, remained.
I

12,11 Exercises of Lesson Twelve 12.11 (a) Make short sentences by selecting appropriate adjectives from the list on the right and use with the noun on the left. ~c..q. '\"I";'<:j' ~"i.<:j. ",c:::<:j' ""I",,'<:j' ~<l\'<:j' 1. "It'\~' "It'\~' 2. '7 ,\.>J";'<:j' "l~""'Q' ,\.>Jr:>..q 2, <)'' "JJ",,'<:j' "I~";''l' ,,\JJP"q'. r:>.E<.>J' <:j. J;'q' P,E<JJ'<:j' o;'q' ~<r<:j' ~"r<:j 3, 3. Jl"l'S'
4.~~~~ 4,~~'~~'
"l~' ai' "'~'a:i' -'l
"I~";''l' "I~""'<.r

.'-, .'-,

'l:1~'E' 'l:F'E'

Uj~'q

5jj<ro;<l\' 5jj<rJ;"i' 6, ,?'.>J' 6. ~'JJ'

~

~"Im<:j ~~'m'<:j'

~"i.<:j. ~<l\'<:j'

.>J~ ..;' Ji. JJ~",,'a:i'

~"I'q'

"l~'a:i' ~~'Ji'
f~'q' fc:~r
~

J;'q' 0;' q'

7, "ilr'li<l\' 7. ,\"r<li"i' 8. F~'q' F~'<r

9, ~c:",, 9.~~"

~'q~' ~f"1~'
~'''l~JJ' ~'''I~.>J'
~ .L<l\,<:j. '"'''i''l'

.>J?~rZj JJ?'lrZj'

;t"l'Zj. :i"l'Zj'
-

ma;,'q' m"i q '!j<l'<:j, '!j<rZj

(b) Transform the following into interrogative sentences, sentences.

1. "p:r~,g'~'~"I~'<l\~'Ui~'<l'~"1 "r"1'~' g'~'~"I~'''i''l'Ui~'<I'~,\1

2. ~~'mq'~"Ip,~' g. <Ii"i'p' ~"r .L"i'<:j..<l'p''\"1 2, ~~ 'm"1' ~"I.p.~. g'q.!<l\P'''l'sr.L<l\'<:j',<j'P'''''I

~ ~ ~

3, jii~ '''I~~' <I~"i' ~"f~"i' .>J,,'.>JE< nm ~,\'''I''i~' "I' ~,\I 3. jii~'''l~~' q~<l\' ~"I"~"i' JJ"'" JJE< ~'p. ~"'''I<l\~' "1' ~"I
4. '\''Ii' ~.g,\'''1~''\~'~'\'''f~''i' ~.p'~"l 4, ""If ~,g"'<l~'''~'~'''''I"~<l\',<j.p'~"l

5. ~~ ~'S"l' <l;5JJ'I1ia;,'p'''\'Sl'''jJJ'q' ~""'&' <i'l!JJ"l' 'l' ~'il 5, "1;5.>JIli"ip.'\"I'Oj.>J,q ~"'&' <I'Ii.>J"I' Q' ~,)1 6, ~,g,i'i,\'~,\'~~~' "i~'~' .>J~"I'tij"il ~,g'q"\'~"\'~~~'a;,~'~'JJ'~"I'tij<l\1

/'

167
7. f~'l'~,\'(l1" ')"1"1' <li"rUi~ 'li'\'l~ '!'-.J':<''\1 fie::'l'~,\'(l1" ,)"1"1' "i"rUie:: 'li'\'a;e:: 1' :<',\1 8. f~ .~. "la>a;,''!1l' ~'~"I' $"1" J.la;<li'C1l"l"l'~' 'l':<','\\1 fie:: "la;a;, C1l' "la;"i'!1l"l"l'~' 'l' :<' 1 9. r.>.~"I~"If~~',r 'l'jc:'li'\''ll:-<li'!.J':<''\1 r.>.~"I~"lfie::~"l 'l'jc: 'li'\''l", "i''-1' :<',\1
e::'a;'''I~''I'9''l'"i'''le::'~"i'Uie::'~'Uj"i1 10. ~'l'''I~''I'9''1'<li'''I~'~<li'Ui~'~'Uj<li1

c'.""

.--; --.J

(c) Give the opposite of:

1. c.'''I~''I'~'~' ~l.,\i<:l~' !.J".I'l"l~Uj<li1 c.',,!~"l'~'~' ~'a;,\i<:l~' '-1"'-'1,,!'~'Uj"i1

~

2. f~g'~fUja;,~~'j~~Ui'\1 fie::g~Uja;,e::~r'j'~~Ui,\1
g'B,\'~' ~"I"l' :<.'\. '-1"l1 3. 14' J:'B'\'~' 'l' ~"I"I'~'\'!.J~I 4. ~.g.C1l'~' a>C1l<>I~qt:\'\"I"I~1 e::' g.['lj'~' a;['lj' <>Ie::ljt:\'\"!"!"ll
~

~rfi ~rfl

7'""71 ~71

5....~.~.~C1lr.>.gj"r :<','\\1 5. -".'~r~ ~['ljr.>.gj"r 1 e:: "l'liI~'['lj"!"r~'!l'''I~e:: "l' q'''l''!'lj. 'j'~'~e::'1 6. ~~'liI~'rlj"l~'~~'''I~~ "I' q'''l''l'q' 'j'~'~~'1
-~.~ r~

(d) Make short sentences by giving the Tibetan for: 1. on the 9th of March 2. on Friday the 19th of 8th lunar month 3. in April in 1987 4. on the 6th of January 5. at the meeting in the school 6. in the early of this Saturday 7. in his house with my aunty 8. on the 15th'Of 4th lunar month 9. on the right side of his shoulder 10. with his uncle and nephew (e) Fill in with the correct continuative particles and translate:
1. lS<>I'<li"I"I4"1"1 .."!11"i['lj 14<li'il"!' <>It< ,\1 lS<>I'"i"l"!4"1"l .."II1<lirlj r.J"i ij"l'<>1:<'\1

rc'.'" '-.-) "-;;

e_'"

;:~ !Ii

?-5f

2. g"f ~ ~"I~ ....il"l <:I'!l<>l' a;<>I' '\"1' :I"ll g;~ ~-".~"!'!l ij"l'<:1"1<>1'a;<>I' ,\"1' 9"11 3. IiI'<>I '\'\..... ~. i\!<>I"I'g"lW'l~"'1 IiI' <>1-".' '\'\..... i\i<>l"l'g;"lW'l~-".1 4. "'-rll'~' :-J"IW 'l~<>I"f"" Jj>1j~ffl..c:~rr.>.S'\1 -".Cll.~. 'l~<>I~'''' Jj>lje::ffl'c:~rr.>.S,\1 5. ...~ w ~'\ ......"II1<liWUi'\!.J'" 4"11 -".e::w~'\""""!I1"iwUi,\'-1"4"l1
12.12 Conversation/'between Prince Siddhartha and his charioteer Conversation/between

Ifl'll.j q~.=>::.' q'"l' '=>::'~',?"l~r~C, 'I'Fl Ifln.j' q~.:z:.' q' "l' .:z:.~',?"l~r ~I:.. 'Fl
f"ll:ljSTJ'=>::"~' "l~'l;]z.:'l' ili' .=>::.q'l1j"l~ll.jl f"ltljSfJ.:z:.~ "l~'!;]z.:'l' 0)' .:z:.L:r~"l~'~f

....,.,

........ ........

"-

-.....

!'9'~'l]'l1j"lW ~~'!2lGJ~'~' ~~' ~~~I 1--9'~Qr~"lW ~~'!2ltlj~'~' ~~'~~~I

Il'J.fl-".' q' q t)O)' "I:..' iJ.l' q~'I'J.E! -".'r.l.~~' '2i1 lD.fl.=>::.'q'qt']ili' "C,' "l' q"i'D.E!'=>::"r.l.~~''2i1
.....

........

"

........ .............

_-

....,.,

o charioteer! This man who is frail, weak and whose thin flesh, Blood and bone are wrapped up by his miserable skin Has an extremley slim body without teeth but with some grey hairs. Who is this man who is uncomfortably wobbling on a walking stick?
II)ftlj-o;.b. "l'I'J.~'ijj' qz.:'l' ~~'~~' O)O)! 1\15''''1-0;.\l'D.~'ilj' qZ'l' ~Il.j'~~' iliili! "
"
........

"

........

"

.....

I"i qc..r.r,?a:.I~ 4t:.'li1:!tlj. q~Il.j' q.g "i' ~q~',?a.I~1 ~ ql:.. 'r.r,?a:.I~' 41:.. 1:!GJ' q~~' ~q~',?iJ.l~!
~

...,...........

--

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?

ItlI'?"i ':;)'~' q~fq%"'l''9~' "ltll"i' "ll'~->;I I'l/'?"i ':;J'~' q~fq%"'l''9~' "l"l"i' "ll'~-";I

-.... .......

<:> ... <:'...

--

-.-' -....

"' " "- . . . , . .

....... ......

___ ___

C'...C'.. c-..."

-.... -....

" ..... ".....

_ _

fl"i' Q'3ll' "l' Il"i' Q'3ll'"l' "'~' "i "l~'~l"9("''')1->;'q->;I 'lj~'~l"9(" '')1-'';' q-,,;!
~

o prince! This man is tormented by the suffering ofold-age of old-age Suffering from the deterioration of his senses, his effort and power has collapsed Overlooked by relatives, he has nobody to protect him; Unable to do things. he has been abandoned JUS! as trees in the forest, things, just forest.

,.

fQZ::;;'Uj~' a;~'QZ::;;' ->;'1]~'~'C'lil)' 6)"l'Qil)'l)' !QZ::;;'Uj~' -";'1]~'~'Uiil)' "i"l'QiI)'1)'

""

.......

e-..c.... ""

"co... ""

.......

-:-,e-... -:-,,,

"'I

Itlj'Q ~'C'l~ 'z::;;tlj,g, q~il)' ~ ->;'Z::;;' ~~'4"l' "'~ '[ I'1]'Q ~Ui~ ',,)Ilj'g' q~iI)' ~ -";' "" ~~' 4'lj' 'I '" ,,':!:l "'~ q"'l"ll

fr:<~',cmZ::;;'lIlil) '(lrC'l~ '(:lS~Z::;;' Z::;;'~~' '9IlJ 1D-~',cmZ::;;'lT!iI) '(lj'Ui~ '(:lS~Z::;;' Z::;;'~~' I"" I '" ~

-.... . - ' " c.... -

-"", -""

"""'-v' __

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c...

I~~'"i~'~' q~il) "i 1I11'Q~'~'~(lj'q~il)' ~~' "i~'~' q~iI) 1(lj'Q~'~' ~rlr q~iI)'

'i:\

Is this condition caused by his caste or why did this happen? Tell me ifthis happens to all sentient beings, if this Tell me in such words which expresses the truth as it is in its reality Having heard i~ [ shall properly contemplate on its meanings, I meanings.

"" ......." ..,..,...,., "" IIJ5'QZ::;;' .:l:.tlj~' a;~' a:J'U-./il) '~Cll'Qfl.:l:.' a;~' a:J'Clltlj~! IIl5'Q Z::;;' .:l;.Ilj~' a:J'U-.liI) '~[1j'QR.:l;.' ~r[1jIlj~1

I~f q'2/"i '~~' '" ->;'Cll' qq~' "J'~' q~' '!!!~' q'~'

-.-

"-

-";w

QE'a:J~1
~ ~

1""~C'lq' "'C.:~a:J' "'C:~Stlj~6)' g'1]~'~c:. 'I 1""~Uiq' "'C.:~a:J "'C:~S"l~"i' gIlj~'~t:.

~

"JQ' 1q~' "i 'tlj~"i'a:J' a:Ja;~1 LJQ' 1q~' '''l~''i' a:Ja;~1 ,

" '"

1~'Cll~' cr.I'1->;' Q~' l~'[1j~' cr.J' 1-";'

o Lord! This is neither due to caste nor due to regional factors All the people are destroyed by old-age in the prime oftheir youth; of their Even your own parents, relatives and all the friends Are not free from old-age as there are no ways to escape this. 10
I'

" ,,...... " IflW q~.:l:.'q'J.!' ~.::r~~'~' a:J"'tlj'c'''i'CllI '"qc:.'l;j' 1a:J~' Q''''',?cr.I~' '9c" Z::;;S9~' "'~F ->;q' IRW q~.:l;.' ~.::;r~~'~' a:J"'''l'c:.''i'[1j1 '" qt:.'.I;1' Q""",?cr.J~' '9c:.' "'S9~' -";'::1' " c.... " - / " " "" 7'''\ 'T)(:l,! lC'lO)'Clltlj'lIl"i' q*a:J~',' q~' "'~tlj~' '9c:.',?a:J' 1tlj'~ ->;1 I->;c:.'tlj'tlj-<5"i't')Ilj' 1)',,\ IT!r:l.l lUi"i '[1j"l'lT!"i' q*a:J~',' "'~'l/~' '9t:. ',?a:J' 1Ilj'!!! -";1 I-";t:. ''l/''l/Q"''i' 5'l/'
_ C'.. "'-.." ...... "

-....:> -....:.

'"

-...:>

-...:> -...:.

~ ""

"J(:l,,tljil\ ~' "i'(:l, ,,\llj' (:l, Z::;;' ~ I qr:l. 'Iljil\ "i 'r:l. ,,\Ilj' r:l. ")' 1 '"
~

o Charioteer! With a rpugh andpoor physical complexion and poor This man's senses are' all impaired and he is having great difficulty to breath. are" He is indeed mi~erable as his frail limbs are shakened by his abdomell. mi~erable abdomel!. Who is this man who i~ sitting on the foul place amidst his urine and excrement?
1"i;;;;':2r:l.E.tlj~' q',?' q.:l;.' Clla>~' .z:.1~fr:l."la:J[1r 1Ilj 1tlj 19rtljQ'Ilj'a:J'(:l,"'.'9"i'7' "i ""~~' ql)q'"J' ~I l"i r;;;'~'(:l,E. Ilj~' "J',?'q.:l:.' Clla>~' .z:.1~f(:l, tlja:J'nj' ,.., 19r"lQ""l'a:J'r:l. "'. '9"i -...:> ""~~. ql) q' LJ' .......... "'" '" c..._ .. " " _ '" 1 "" a:J""tlj~' q~ "'.a:J' Jla> "'l'~q";r ~c,' J\ a:J' "J->;',?a:J~1 1a:J"lJil\'",c,''~q~' z::;;c:.'me:.'r;;;e:.'.Z::;;:8e:.'' Iil\"" a:J"""l~' "" a:J' "la> "i ~c:.' LJ-";',?a:J~1 1 il\ ''" c:. ~ q ~. '" t:. 'me:. ."\ e:. '" :8 e:. a:J"lj
""c . . .. " " c . .. .cc - . . . " "

........

c....c... c..."

....... ........
-

"

,,-

"

tlj'?"i' a:J' J.!a;~r[1jtlj~! Ilj'?"i'a:J' J.!a; ~r Clltlj ~I

o Prince! This man is in an intense pain from disease And due to the fear ofdisease that has raged him he is about to die; of disease Even without disease, there are the collapses of glory and power There is neither protector, nor refuge, nor (a safe) island nor any saviour. ~land
"

169
1a:1"\' ii "\' r-j'CAje::,' Jj 'D.jJJ' d>j' ~' ~',,\e::,' JJ ~ e::, 2:;{1 1<>1"\' ii'\' r~'CAjc''Jj'D.jJJ' di'~'~' ,\c,' JJ~c' J:;{j 1"\ ,,\';9' QE:.l:lJ2:;{'l;J' Q,,\'~' 4d>j' 7' JJ' -Q-"l ,,\'l;J1 13) "':9' 0,E:. l:lj "'I' .z:ro.,\~ 4di'1)'JJ'-Q-"l'\'l:.Jl
~

c... c....

e-.. c-..

'"

C'o.,.

<="..

@~r:::1' JJ~J:;{'l:.g:'r a:So'~' JJ~c,' ,,\'E:'~' S~l JJ~2:;{'l:.g:'r a:SQ~' JJ~e::,' S~I
Q~.J:'1 Q~.J:'I
~

!~w "-\'1]('<' ~c.' ~9' l;JQ'Q 5' 42:;{' -Q~"-\'l;J~' !~w"I1j(.r,\c.~9'l:.JQQ54"'1-Q~"l:.J~

-... C'o.,....... -....

Not having a disease is just as (seeing oneself) playing in dreams This fear ofdisease is indeed very ferocious! of disease If wise people saw this state of woe How could they find etijoymem from the fondness ofplaying? enjoyment ofplaying?

.,-,-,'-t, :-,"'-t,

f'-:l?! ~ '~

'--.;, --;,

':.1;

\. I.

'j

LESSON THIRTEEN
;' I'

(ijI:r <til)' G:if9~J.J ql ct"i' G:if9~J.J

13.1 Abilitative Forms Tibetan forms abilitative verb forms by adding :]"r or ~"r or t4". of the infinitive :]"r<r or ~'\r :,I(r ~z:;r :,Iq'q' ~2\r
q' or t4"'q' to the present or past root of the verb; thus the formation of these verbal expressions <r t4,,"f signify can, able, could and daring, In the spoken language it can be followed by any of the auxiliaries we have discussed but in classical Tibetan they can end a sentence by using the completive particles as we studied in lesson nine. The following examples are according to the abilitative forms in the spoken language. Various continuative and gerundial terminations in lesson eleven can be affixed to the abilitative forms. forms"

13.2 Examples of the Abilitative Forms

c:.2\I'rli' Q~" "C'.' ffi" ~"I""i "S"""\'''l''l' Q"IJ.~~<r~"Ui"1 L .::. 2\I"rll' q~' ,,"-" ffi' <r ~"I'"\ 2\1' "S'iI"i""l"l" Q'IJ.~'~<r~'U!"1
I by year four and month six in U-chen properly write able was I was able to write the U-Chen script well since four and half years ago. halfyears

2. !1j"l' a; "~"IJ.~.>J'II" Q'U!'" 0'1;:'::'" a;2\I"'II""I~"-'-:~,c:.'Q'~' .Ilq'SC'.I OJ''l" '~'IJ.~.>I'\I' Q"Ui,," o'l;:c:.' a;2\I''\I'''I~C'. ~.::.' Q'~" .Ilq":1"-"1
~
~

I'

tool varieties available therefore we by earth depth long dig able were Since there w~re many kinds of tools we were able to dig the ground deep, deep.

3. '::'"9~ "I'll" Q' q~' Q'U!"':i2\I'g,r"l'M 0'.>1' J.liC'. '8q'~' "-"II 3" c:.'9~ "1'\1'Q' Q~" q"Ui,,":s2\I"g.!""I,M 0'.>J" J.l<~q.~" "-"\1
-;.: -;-:

1 body well have when cubit three about jump able am I can jump about three cubits when I am in good health.

4. ,,'""' '~2\l'~"I'\1' q'S2\I'"\'f2\l' <)'~'''1~"\':,Iq'5)' "-"I ,," ""- "~2\1" ~"I'II" Q" S2\l""i "f2\l" <)"~'''I~"i':]Q"5j" your by help did ifhe by horse the ride able will if he He will be able to ride the horse if you were to help him. him"
5. ~"~"- "Qnr q"io;' q"Ui,," o'('ik a;2\I"!'l"-" q'''I'''~''' 9"'8(j'.>I' ~C'." ~'.'<.C'. 'Qnr(j'io;'q'U!"I'o"C'.ika;2\I'f'lC'.' '-I""I""~"" !J"\"~q".>J" ~"-"I today busy great is therefore they house clean do able not did Due to the busy sChedI,lle they were unable 'to clean the house today. schedI,lle
, "

6. ~'''I'<1J"i' '-I"~' .i'\I'"1"1'\1' ~2\1'"\' '\I'"4"1'"Q........, 6" ~'''I'<1J"\'q'~' 'II' -9"1'11' ~2\I'"i" 'II" '4"1' "q.....Ilq'~' "-"I .Ilq"~" children older those by strength did ifearth block carry able will if earth If the older boys worked hard (we) could move the bricks, bricks"
".:.~...., "':'~"'"

c:. 'II"IJ.~' "'~1"Idi.>l'~'~"l"l' q" J-llj"- ".IlQ 7. .::. '\I'r.>.~' o;~1""Iili.>J"~'r~""l"l" q'.>IljC'.'.Ilq'ii, "iil
~

,.

I by this from sky boat the properly see able am I can proper!y see the aircraft from here" here. proper! y

8. :'j"d'a;2\l' ~'l","I~"I'~' il)C'.' i'''I'r.>.~di'8q' iii 8" :;JJ-l"~' a;'II" ~"l"""I~"l"~""i"-'l'''l"IJ.~ili"~q"

Brahmins hour one within rites chant able are The Brahmins can perform the rites in one hour. Brahinins

171
9. c::"I~"r"l"i<>l.!1c:.''''''icc .J). -\j<r qf c:."I~"r "l"i"r Jjc''''''i :. -\l<r;;il

I two sky plain to come able are \Ve two are unable to come to the airport.

10. ~:r~' a:J.r;"i.jJ.r.>.~' a.r'!i~~fil"'"iC ''S' r1J''l'9 ~:r~'a:J.r;"i.jJ.r.>.~'a.r'!i"l~fil"""i<::: son the night go IWt daring again home to return did /Wt Being unable to walk in the night the boy returned home.
~ "} F'}

11. ...nr~OJ :<'''I'''i''l'<>lFiliw::F q"l'~""'~~''';;f .... :t."I"i~a:JF"i.;rsc:. q~'~""~ "l''';;f swqrd to touch dareh e who not become therefore there remain did sword Since nobod y dareq to touch the sword, it remained there.

~:

12. ff~'1I"l,;j~,;j'S8'1jJ~'1W'!i"l~~""Q~";;1 'a:J~a:J'S8"ijJ~"iw'!i~~~"'Q~";;f dog the tiger together play do IWt daring backward run did /Wt Not daring to play with the tiger the dog ran away.
jii"l'J1j" nJ"'~'OJ' 1< "i '-Q4'1',; 13. jii~'9"i'i'nJ"l~'OJ'1<iii.q4"iwj' "i~' q' :t."if :<''11 he ieacher to lie tel/IWt dare did teache tell/W He didn't dare to tell a lie to the teacher.

.,-'":1

-,

.1

.,

~"i' .q"i''r~'~''i 14. ~"i'-Q'1''1'~'~''i'OJ"i '''l'';;''l'~''~' jJ.'j"i''"i"l().'.q...~ ...i)"1 .",..;;~.~,,~. jJ.'j"i' 1"lr.>.'-Q.... ....i)'1 sponso r's kindness repay able being people all happy become did Being able to repay the kindness of the sponsor eyeryo ne becam e everyo happy.

,0

15. r:. "fll'l' a:J'OJ"I~~~ "l..;;....."I'S-Q'r.>.~' ~"i' "'J' 74,,~r.>. ~Q 'Q"I"r ~"l' q~"IqUj"i1 C. ,;j'OJ"I ~ "'..;;.... "I'S.q'().~' a:J' C4".~.(). 'Q"I'1' ~~. j"i1 I by mothe r to ring this show not daring this ofund er hide did of under Not daring to show this ring to my mother I hide it under this.
16. r:.' g~q,\~~r'l!r ~'llf"i' ~"i'l:f S"l'"i"l'-Q'jc'<>1'74,,<1':<',',\1 c,' g"lq'\~~r"@~'Jlf'1' S~ "i~.q'jc a:J'C4"'<r :<' \1 we by Tibetan national anthem voice loud sing IWt dare did /Wt We did not dare to sing the Tibetan national anthem loudly.
;~':1~

13.3 Expre ssions of Oblig atory Form s

advice and to express necessity, which are equivalent to have, should , ought to, and need to in Englis h. .
1. <:::. g."lC':~"i '~"I'''I~''1!' .q'{lJl:;' '''iilf''l'~'cii''il c:.' g.~C":~"i '~"I'''I''l''1!' qOJr:. '''iilf~'~' cii''il we tomorrow morni ng early wake have to there is Tomo rrow we have to get up early in the morning.

'19"l'q' ~. t~ and .\j-Q"l',i),,\'q' are used to express obligation or duty, what "i9~'q' .\j.q~'.il ,,\'q' is expected, to give

2. ~'::<.t::r:. ~iJj'9.>.~Q"l .r;.....q"i"i9"r~cii"ii ~. ::<.c:<::: ~iJj9r ().~'Q~ .r; ...-Q"i" i9~~cii"ii today I by letter this written finish do have to there is I have to finish this letter today.

3. ".....r:.: '''f~''''<li' i"i'.q'S"i'q ...~.q{r"i9~~'D.'S"i ,\' ...<: '''l'~'''''<li' l'1'-Q'S"iq...~-Q{r'19"l~'D.'S"i yours elfthere at hour seventh arrive need there is elf there You must arrive there at 7.00 o'cloc k.

(iie. 4, pe. '~' "91:: "rr:>~" Xjq'T .il,," :<""1 "ro~' .il,,' ~"I he tonight not go means not have there is He has to go tonight (there is no way that he does not go tonight),
5, ,,' ""- 'ilj' qi"ior:> ~~n1r q'l!"r"i 'r:>~ "i '~(.l'''ie. 'Cle.'"e.' lj' .ljq' "9"1'~':<'''1 '\' -'l:J:. "i'0 ~~'r1l" q'li"l" 'o~ '~i'l'''ie. le.' "Ie.' "9~r '>1' "'''I yourself ofdiligence to look if class in grade first gain ought to there is of diligence With your diligence, you oughtto come fiist in the class,

6, ~'"Qjc.'~' q'~'t'ii"l'(1r Q~,\"~'$j'urUi,\'ilf :<'''1 ~'"Qjc.'~' q'~"r'ii"l'(1l" Q~,\"~"I'Ul"Ui,,'ilr

tonight late outside at stay need have not there is There is no need for you to stay out late tonight. (Jut

7, -'c.'"f "l(.l'Q"lr>.'f1l'~"i'''~''I' Q'Ui"1 7. ,,' "e. '''I' "li'l' Q"1(J:(1r~"i' "~'$j' Q'Ui"I your parent ofcommand to listen should have there was of command You should have taken your parent's advice, advice.

8. c.~ri'i'ori'ic. '~(.l' "1' q,,' ~'" Q'5e. ,,,~"I' ~e.', 8, e.~'iQ"'oriQ"e. '~i'l' "1" Q'5c. '''~'$j' ~e.'I
I'

I by he to hatred of word use do had to I had to use harsh words to him,

9. ~'" &'~' :~J::c.i'l: "l~"l,,,'Uie.' ,,~"r~r.>. ""I 9, :~.c:c.fi.' "l~"l,,,'Uic.' "~'$j'~r.>. you today my together come need there is You people ought to come with me today. today,
~ ~

10, i'ic.' il\"l'>1'flIIl'I'~' "i ~''lQ~~' :<'''1 iQ"e.' il\"l~'fllIl'I'~' "r'lQ~~' "'''I they road the from come have to

They have to go through that road, 11. ,,'o~' 3'Q'55 ~"I'''Ii5''1'QI5,''I''1'Ul' :<',\1 ,,'r>.~" 3' Q'55 '!!"I'''Ii5''1'QI5.''I~r''r "'''I you this to seven set one stay to is You are to stay here for one week,
12, c.' -,c.' &''7''1'Q-'' ~'fll'r:t~'''~'$jw :<'''1 e.'"e.'&''i''l"Q'" ~'f1l'r>.~',,~"IW "'''I

we always mountain to go have to no there is We do not have to always go to the hills,

13.4 Permissive Expressions

3C.'Q' Qil"l,Q, Tibetan permissive expressions 3e.'Q' Qil"l'Q' i"l'Q' and '?"i'Q' are added to the root of the '?"i'Q" verb, They are used in expressing permission and seeking permission, whether it is granted or refused, The latter is used more commonly in speech than in writing:
1. ~c.'''I''''>l'~''i'~'~'F'fll''l'.'l'.<i' 3t:.'(1 ~e.'''I''i~"~''i'~'~'f'l'f1l''l'.'l'.<l' 3t::'(1

fasting day afternoon fOOd eat not allow food On the day of fasting (ritual) it is forbidden to eat food in the afternoon,

2, "la;"i' Ji':!I'f1l"l'R,,'!ll'" ~,,'S'" 3e.'ilj' JJ' :<'''1 !!I'f1l"l'R-,'!lj,,' -,' 3C. 'ilj' "'''I
/

night road on shout do allow not is It is not permissible to shout in the street at night time,

173
3, <1i'~'-::J' JdOj'q~''1;lffir:.'Oj'~J.I' <r~' :3I::-'Oj':?''1'q''ll 3. <1i'~'-::J' J,' ~"ilJ~'1;liilr:.9~J.I :3t::-"i(?''1' lJ ''ll

year twenty not reach Bhikshu of vow receive allow is it Is it ailowed to receive the fully ordained monk's vow before reaching theage of twenty, allowed twenty.
4, (Qr:.'..l\ J.I"l" ~'1' ~ ~'~' !J"I'o. ~'Ul'''1' i"l'J.la,0j '~Jil'q' :?''11 4. (Qr:.'J\J.I"l" ~.~. !J"I'o, ~'Ul'01' i"l' J.la;"i '~lil'lJ'

they SwitzerLand to relative meet go for permission note apply did Switzerland They applied for the permission (visa) to viSit relatives in Switzerland.
'\~"\ 'qr.;;.~.o,'1"l'''r:.' q~-<'I1IJ.1S "1,\' h"l~"I' Ji' 5. '\~"\'lJO;'~'o.'1"l',\r:.' q~-<"l1IJ.1'S' "1'\' ~"I'''I~''I'.Jl' i"l'~ monastery ofnear by and circumarnbuLatory path on rubbish throw notpermitted of near circumarnbulatory not permitted It is prohibited to litter around the monastery and on the circumambulation path.

,,-.

6. "I"\J.I.~r.;;. "\r:.;:F"I"\J.I~Q. J.I"Ir:>.fi"j cJ;"I'''r J.I' ~'\I 6, "I"\J.I'~O;' "\r:.;:F"I"\J.I~Q.' "l"l"l' .ljC.S~f J.I"I'r:>.f)ili'a;"I'''rJ.I' :?''\I

sky boat ofinside sky boat of landing ground on cigarette smoke permission not is of inside Smoking is neither permitted in the aircraft nor at the airport.

~,~ ~\~

'\9"\'qr.;;. "ie;<1il:lJwl'iJ.l~"\~"\~ J.I':?''\I 7. 'i9"\'lJO;<l\c;<1i'T"11'!J.I'~"\~"\~J.I':<''\1 monastery ofinside at shoes wear allow not is of inside You should not wear shoes inside the monastery.
8. S~f lJ'.J\J.I'Il'.Q'\'E, '' 1-<'' q'!Jr:. .~"\ ,~. J.I':<''\1 q' .l\ J.lq'.Q,,'E. 2j'!Jr:. '~w :?''\I children Tibetan tea strong drink allow noi is Children should not drink strong Tibetan tea, tea.
9, r.::.'J:j'<!ii"l'lJ'G'11 9. r:::J:j'"\'i"l'q'G"11 I die if wish could I I wish I could die.
1O,~ t:."l''\' ~t:. W"l'''I' '\t:.' q~"\' <r J.lt:.' Zj' q1jt:.'i"l O.~ r:. "l''1' ~e; WUl''''' ,\r:.' J.lr:.' q'jr:.' i"l

".":;:

.-~-

';i; ';l;

:?;;;.

I by you to letter andpresent many send will and present I shall send you many letters and presents, presents.
11. ~J.lqi5"\IlJ.ll";r",\q~q'\r:.q~"lr.;;~,\q~"\"\~ 1L ~J.I'Il' i5"\'.ljJ.l>;ri5'\' q~' q''it:.' q~' "lO;'~''\t:. '~"\'"\'~' J.I' ~'I

:~.

sentient being all happiness and happiness cause ofendow if what not allow . of endow How nice would it be if ail sentient beings possess happiness and the cause of happiness, all happiness.

,'-

12. ~~.ii,\q~1l1e;Fr.;;"\r:.So,j"lBQr9:?,,\qql 12, ~'~' .ii,\'lJ~1l1t:. 'FO;' "\t:.So. j' "lB"I'Oj':?',\'lJ'Ill .

~

pass without having garden inside at go allow is Is it allowed to go inside the garden without a pass? 13.5 Causative Expressions Causatives are formed with the suffix "lB"I' or S'Il' of the infinitive qB'''P:,j' and S,\'<r sq' q~Qr';.r S,\<.r
III

"

conjunction with fa don "1'0\' terminations which are put in between the root of the verb and La 01'"\' La the causative suffix, The principle feature of its fOrmation are the appropriate use of the fa don formation suffix. particles according to the final of the verbal root and that the causative suffix can take terminations such as continuative or completive or any auxiliaries to end a sentence. All the verbs ending in vowels insert ~ or:3' before the causative suffix: e,g, o.~' 'go': r:>.~;"qB'''1 cause e.g. o,~' r:>.~;,.q~"1 to go;:l" 'eat': -'l'~'''lB''I cause to eat. When qB"I is used in imperative mood the application of La go;:r q~"I

i ! 4

don is not required as weshafl see in a future lesson,S"!' is the perfect form ofS,\'<j' also lessoil, 51'" ofS,\'<f signify cause to do,

L ~''~.'l.'''\~'f1J'p.g<1l''2,'q~''l'''f''i~'1 ~''~.'l.'''\~'f1J'(l,g(lj''2'q~''1'''f''i~'1 we water ofinside enter to allow not did of inside We were not allowed to go inside the water. 2, a:j'''li'\''\'Q' .~"\ 'r~' q~"i'5.q;a"r~p. '5."l a:j'''1i'\''\' q' '~"\ q~"i''5.'q;a''r~'(l,'5."1 year younger ones first sit to allow do The younger ones. are allowed to sit in first. ones 3. ~r <1' a;''1j,\J:i'p.~'~''I''l'qr:r ~'q~"l'~'<>I' ~'\l 3, ~'<1' a;''1j,\'J:i'(l,~':<'''I''i'qr:r ~'q~"r~'''I' ~,\I monks show this kind watch to allow not do Monks are not allowed to watch this kind of show. show,
f

4. jii~' JI"'l"l' ~'\' J:j- ~ "" q;a"l~'fJ.F.:,,\~f1J<ii'~.>r~~'1 4, JI"I"i' q;a"1'~'fl.F.:"\'~'f1J'<ii'~'.>r~~'1

they play game allowing class to come not did Being allowed to play, they did not come to the class. class,

5. qgili'Q'~' , ~fJ.Il~,\'<>I'q~"I'~'~<>I"r,,\"l' " q' ~'\I 5, qgi!i'q'~' ~'fl.IF'\' "I'q~"r~'~"I"i',,\"i' 4 "1' ~,\I 4' prisoner those water drink to not allowing thirsty from die did Not being allowed to drink water, the prisoners died of thirst.

--

6, '? '~' .t'ol) '~"i' q~'S"l' ili"l'Jj'nff"i' ~,\'fJ.,\"1 'oli q",'S"i' i!i"i'Jj'(lj'f'l"i' ~,\'fl."i"1 ~ not having die about become fISh those water There being (made to be) no water the fish were nearly dead,

13.6 Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive Datives There are numerous Tibetan idiomatic expressions which signify purpose and reason. reason, Phrases such as ~~. ~~.'\. m"iS ~ili'nr ~ili""i' .3;,\,,\, lind a;,\w which all mean ~for the sake of.. ~"" ~""'\' ~i!i'nr ~"\S ,3;'\S \md 'for .......... .........,. 'because of, 'in order to', 'for the purpose of, 'for the benefit of and 'fdr' can be referred to as postpositional dative expressions. Such constructions only occur at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle of long a sentence. sentence,
r

LfJ. ~'nr '<ili' !1~' "'I~ "l' ~"l'fJ.~q' Q""4l"l l,fl. ~'(lj' '<i!i' "i' ~"i'fl.~q' q sentient being benefit for Buddhahood attain may May I attain Buddhahood for the benefit of sentient beings. beings, 2. ~~'~'&j'\'f1J'iij"'l"r ~ ~'~ "l'fJ.~' "18 JI"l1 2, ~~'~'&j"i'(lj'iij"l'll' ""~ "i'fl.~' q8 JI"i1 oneselfmind to familiarise for I by this wrote oneself mind I wrote this in order to familiarize my own mind. (Shantideva) mind, 3, ,,:[W!!)'~ ili' 'S' '<ili' ~"'l"l' Ji"i'Q"l'f1Jili'Q'&jili' ~f ":[W!!)'~"\' '<i!i' ~"I"i' ~"i' Q"i'f1Ji!i' q'&ji!i' other ofpurpose benefit intention not having fault is ofpurpose It was an error since it lacked the motivation for the sake of others. 4. ~.'l.'i1j'\':i'fJ.~'~~ "l'Q""s~1 ~.'l.'i'lj'\':i'fl.~'~~ "i'Q""s~1 that offor the sake ofthis send should offor of this This will be sent for its purpose,

... -'

having eaten his food having found his pen having seen my mother having dug the ground having washed the shirt will not tellm the story. sat on the throne. stands with the students. will be buying ink from the shop. yotir will be coming to see your father.
I'

2. qnrih:>'~.Ile.a;"i~ q(lrih:>'~.Ile.a;"i~

iil~r.l.~.ljQ!.rJjr.l."i"l
~ ~

will be unable to sing. will be able to lie down. will be unable to return home. will be able to sleep. will not eat the apples. Not having a good pen Tenpa Having a headache Tenpa Being a farmer and a father Tenpa Having lost the paper and ink Tenpa . Having met my uncle and nephew Ten pa

3. e."r~e.~"i<i~"IQ4"Q'~r e."r~e.~"i<i~"IQ4"Q"r

,
,~-, ~~-,

file..."I~,).~"I..ljQ.Jf ~e.., file. . ..ljQ. she was able to forget her father's illness. my mother was unable to cry or sing. I was unable to remember your father's name.
~

Since the baby was playing Since I was playing his new flute
4.
!;r~"I"f ~"l"l. ~."l. ""l~F !:r~"I"f ~<>I"l. ~.<>I.

~ .r.l.~e..,,"i"l1!t ~'\, "ilj"l1!t

have to go outside the house. must be able to walk to the fields. must be unable to jump high. Although she will be eating Even though I have eaten

"

177

_e-........-. _C'>.......'"n: ~I)w qz:;;"" '" n: ~')W Q,,\ ""

~

~'~c:.'C::'r:<E:ili'(1j' CN~c;'~'~c:. ,c.::'r:<E:ili '(1j' ~'7~' .q..>;.' Q!'1 tl 1 .q..,:: q!'1<lr9

r91

,)9'.q' qz:;;Z:;;'.q'5(1j'qf.l.' 1)9'.q' QZ:;; I)' .q'5(1j' qf.l., ~~",'.q. ~I q'

"-:)
~

J<jq~;:2c:.'~c:.'~ J<lq~;:2c:.' ~I:;.' ~ q' ~~~' I) .q~' JJ' ",JJ9~'.qf.i.' ~c:.' ~~' ~ il)' l:Jf.l.,'JJ'9aJ'qf.l.'1)c:. '2:' r:<E: il)' '" .q~r .qf.i.' ~I:;.' ~ ~r ",'l:Jf.l. JJ'9aJ' qf.l.'l)l:;.'2:' (1j' ",'(1j' e.... e-... c-... c-....... e-........-.: c-.... e-.... _. ". -.......". -.....,. .- . " "." c-... ~"9'59''5' q!'1Ilj~' .qr:<' Sil)' ~q~':2~' J,J,b",' (j,Q' a;",,' J<jq'.q' ~J,J~' '5')'J;p ''5' q!'1Il[~r .qr:<'SO)' ~q'~r:2~' ~a=;il)' <1;">;" J<lq'.q ~~~' '51)' ~'7Il['Z:;;c:.' q~' "9~'.qQ' )Ilj'Z:;;c:.' Q'
~

"r:<9~ ''5'q5s~r"'~9''''~F r:<9~''5' Q5S:2''''~9''''~F ",.q9'Z' ~"" .qr:<'Q(1j'.q''i' ~~'q~r q'",c:.' ....(1j' .q''i' ~~' q~r q'z:;;c:. ~,bO)' (j, '~'a)Ilj~r..qQ' ~a=;il)' '~' a=;Il[~r c-... "
~ ~

....... ........

e-.... c-....

c.... i1i<lf'5' '5",' ~~~. ~F' ~cr ~~~. I) .q~' ~~ 1)'1:.1W~' q;;jl)' .q-l:.'CAjI)' "9'"'7 ' i1i tlr'5' '5il)' ~ ~~' ~~~' z:;; ~~')'l:.lW~' q3ilZ:;;'.q..,::CAiZ:;;' "9 il) '7'
....,. ..".
~. ~

C'>..

...,.,.

""cr il),cr
"..:l "..:I
~

....... -...

....... ........

.'~

(j,">;" (j, "'"

-...

c...

'''~t '''~:t

a;~' .q..>;.' q..>;.'~,, "'~r ill~'.q"'" ~(1j' q""'~">;,' ~I

~

-.. c... -l:.' il)~' ~d:S .q'');::.' q~I)'.qr:<' Z:;;I:;. ~~' ~'5 "'" "'~' J,Ja;",' .q'Z:;;I:;.' q~')'.qr:<' z:;;c:. ~'.q ""'5"'"' q~' q')Z:;;' ~Il['7' " . . -l:.'5-l:. ql) Z:;;' ~Ilj'7' '5",' ~ J,J~':2"Ilj~(1jTl,l~' '5il)' ~~'~'Il[~(1jTl.j~' v
~

..,., ..,.,

_ ..".

e-....." c-....."

..".,. ..".,

,, "- . _

c...

......-

".;<~ .y<~

~ (~'j

13. 11 Exerc ise of Lesso n Thirte en 13,

(a) Answe r the following questions in Tibetan on the above readin gs:
1. ~c ~r~~'5'Ole;,\'<l'''I~' ~'q'''I'l'\'~'\',\6J1 ~r~~'5'o<<Ie;,\'<p'I~' '\'~'\',\6J1

2 ~e:.~'3~'~'''lq''!JJ.f''l~~'~'6Ja>ili '''Ie:.'01ili 'ili6lJ ~e:.~' 3~'~'''lq''!JJ.f''l~~'~'6Ja)ili '''Ie:. '''1ili 3. Se:.' <li q'~6J~',\qQ'!:fQf!J.c ~''!Jnr~c'.':~" ~6J~',\<lQ'!:fQf!l.C. ~''!Jnr~c.'-<.'~-

':-"1 ':-"1

,'~ ~,\'''6J''''Ic 'Ulili' ~~I <,'~' ~,\'''6J' 'Ic.

-",
-~.-'
~

5, ~c.'qi'i'~:rJ1'~~s se:.' ~<l' ~<>l~r" <lP.'C'1' .'~nr!r"1ili'ili6Jr 5. ~c' <lQ' ~:rJ1'~~e:.'~tl'~<>l~'"qr.l.'(lr"lc''Ic' ~C'1' <r01ili'ili6JI

4, 9C.'~q'~6J~',\qr.l.',\"IQ'I?("i'ili~'J.fr.l.Zi'qi'i'~ili''\'''I~''I~'q''e'.'''I~''I~'q' ~6J~'Q 4. :;Je.' ~<r~6J~',\ <lr:l.''\''IQ ili~' J.fp.i;i' qi'l'~ili ''\'''I~''I~' <l''e'.'''I~''I~' <l' ~6J~' Q~r 'I?(i!i' ~r

_"_/35.

(b) Fill in the blanks with the correct expressions:

1. c.' a;'/'l'~.'<1jOj'fll"l~'(lr~F~'q4'\'J.f ' , , "il C' a;'fl'~c c<1jOj'C'1"1~W~F~'q4'\'J.f 2. c~'p.~'l'''Ic.'Uj''i'4~' ': , , , ~'jj'Q5"1 c.~'Q~'l"Ic't1ii!i'4~r ~'Ji'Q5

3, 3.

iiic.' a;~'c."1r~q'Q~'a;'''I''l-<''6J' itic.' a;~'c'rlr~<l'p.~'a;'''IUl'''w ,' , ~I

4. 4fll',\J.fp.~Q'h9"1'''I'a;,\'lJliliq')r ' , ~'~,\'<l"ll 4C'1',\J. fQ~i'i"h9"1'''I'a;,\'Ujiliq')r ~'~,\'q" 5. C'''Il'\il'(lJ'''ili'~<>I~'S'\'\'. , Ul'\1 C.'9I'\ili i'C'1'''ili'~<>l~'S' , "i,\1 (c) Render the followiI)g into Tibetan: follow ing
1. Althou gh I have a friend, he is not taIL tall. 2, I have three cats, they are Rani, Nyima and Pasan g, Pasang . 3, You should come with me to the market on Sunda y mornin g. 3. g, 4, I was unable to show you my drawings this morni ng. 5, These medicine is for your sick aunt and sister. 6. Since he does not eat fruit, he ought to eat some bread. bread, 7. If she is happy, she will be allowed to sing a song on my birthday, 8, S. It is prohibited to eat food in my mothe r's bed room. 9, I can tei! you a brief life history of Sakya Pandit a, 9. teU 10. Will you be able to jump five cubits high?
(d) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the Tibeta n equiva Cd) l lents of the Englis h phrase :
1. Ji"l' "idC!":f1J"I~r L jj"r ,\d'l":f1J"l~r

,~

":1

, 1

01'9"" q~d'l"'~' i "1'9"" q~<>I"'~'

Q5'fl~' "I'<1'~f Q'S'/'lc.'"l'<f ~f i;jq",'~' ~'il ~,\I

179
13.12
~

Extra cts of Sayin gs by the Budd ha

~ ~

!.q~r'9~r~r di'~ '[l.j' ti-<.',,' Sdil !.q~r 4~r ~r CI\'~ 'Dr ti-<. '" SCI\I
r,,~~',,~' .q-o~' qr:r.q ",,'"I'.q-oa,r' di~'~r I"~~'''~' .qu~r CI\~r~1

qr.r.q",,' "i'.qua.!'
'"

'" "

~-

r,,' -<.~'~ 'nj'.g' CI)'" il\'e:I;il\'(:\ !31-<'1 I'" '[l.j'.g' iii' c:I;iii 'r.\ ~-<'! ...,
~

........ c...

"'-...." "'_

........

r~F ~.q' "a,r'q't<r.q' -<'I:!j'q-<.'(:\5-<'1 I~F ~.q'

'" " "a.!' q'r<r.q' -<'''l' q-<"r.\!]-<'I ..., '"

Oh! Sw~tiika! Quickly give me the grass SW(lStka! Today the grass will have great significance for me; By subdu eing the troops ofthe Maras of the I will be reaching the sublime andpeacefUl enlightenment! and peacefol
r~i!\' (:\,,~' .qZ:;;I:!j'9Qj~' iIi.q~a.!~'~~ ~r::.'1 l~iIi'r.\"~' .q"i"l'9'Qj~' .q~a,r~'~~' ~r::.
c... ~
~

""
c;o.".

c...

i!\'

c...

rq~[l.j a.!r::.' %'" ,,'IF 1 'a,rr::.' %"'Z:;;"F S~' ~.q' a:r x:j.q'.q-<'II q~nj' a:J'l::j.q'.q-<'
........ C'o...

........

C ' o . . . . . . ........ ..

'I

Iq9~' q' ~~'q''9' qa,r~'f1\"l'~~' ~~ 'I Iq9~' ~~' q'4' qa.!~' ~I:!j'~~'~~'I
C\.. C\..

I~"i'(:\"'[l.j~'i!\ 'Qj~' .q~z:;;' a,r'Sf"), I I~"\ "'nj~' .q~,,' a:J'

'r.\

iii

e-.... c-....

_ _

............. .............

'"~

SP.I

Even if my body become dry Even ifmy skin, bone and flesh falls apart on this mattress; if my I shall not move my body from this seat Until I reach thefnl ighten ment which is difficult to obtain for many aeons.

. >!

:, -'{~

,
-;:~

~.

1i, 'ii,

16V

LESSON FOURTEEN
I'

:w::r q~p::jr I.l1 :w::r ~ a:;' q~' 'CWPll

14.1 Various Auxiliaries Used in the Classical Tibetan As we have become reasonably familiar with most common forms of auxiliary verbs in the spoken and written Tibetan, now we can introduce Some additional forms of auxiliary verbs some additionai generally uSed in the literary Tibetan, They include: "'cr.>.' a:JifAr :lie.' "I,)fl.' t:l.'5,"1 ~'). "Iili"f t:l.ibnr Tibetan. a:Je.r.l: .<J:E~' ~F "I')P.' r:>.5,"1 ~')' "I;;;~' r:>.ibnr
[lj"l~' fll"l"l' and "111"1~r. Q~"I"I'.

The following sentences all end in an auxiliary verb but it can still be suffixed

with the appropriate colnpletive suffixes known as 11"1"l' .j;"I. In order to express negative of these 1i"l~' ~' auxiliary verbs, the two prefixable negative particles ill' and ~. are used i.e.M.<JCt:l.', a:J'a:J"l' and a:J' i.e.Ma:Je.r:>., iIl'.<J:E~'
~ili' j)'i' ii'ir:>.ibnr, ~ili'Clj"l"f in some cases ~;;;' and ~'" can also be prefixed i.e. ii"'t:l.ibnr, .<i;;;'Cll"lZ\[ etc.

1. a:J!'l"l' 'Jr.t '''i;;;''j;;;5,..r .<Jc:.t:l.1 5J1'l~' <Jr.t '''iili''jili ''5.' ill'a:Jc.r:>.1 learned ofquality many are of quality IrUlny (}-Je) (He) endows many qualities of the wise.

2. Q~' ~e. .~'i' <J"l' 'i"lr.l:"Clj'''Ie. '''le.'W a:Ji5 "II "1~'~C ,~". 'J~"i"ft:l.'CCll'''IC '''le. iIl'.<JiS ~I well and happy therefore difficulty whatsoever not there is Since I am well and happy, I have no hardships Whatsoever. whatsoever.
I'

3, 1F;;;' q~r~' "hl'>;'<JR' a:J~'ili"l'~i!j' :lie.'! 3. 1flili' q"l'~' <11' >.j.J;''JR' .<J~'iii"l'~ilj ~C'! abbot by Pratimoksha ofSutra reading is The abbot is reading the Pratimoksa Sutra, Sutra. 4, ~C'''1~'i';;;C''5.~'''I"r.>.1 4. ~"Q~'i"ilie.5,~"I'ifl.1 fall receive (begging bowl) inside what there is What is inside the begging bowl?
r.>.~' ilie.')1' 'JR,g;'>j'~'~'~' .<Jcq'''1I1''1'>j! 5. fl.~' ;;;C'')1' <JR' g;"l'~' ~'~'.;:je.' q' Q~"I"I! thiS inside sacred ofDharma volume many lie insUle ofDharma Inside here there are many sacred Dharma volumes, Dhanna volumes.

6. ~'S'~'i'<J'>;'''Iifl''ll 6, ~'S'~"'J.J;'''Iifl'>jl what do to not having remain did Without anything to do, he remained (there). 7. Q')"I'f"l.j' .>Jiti:\' il\ 'i' ii'ifl.ibfll! 7, "1')"1' [lj' .;:ji(f.\'il\'" ii",r.>.ibf1J1 I to leprosy ofdiSease not have do of diSease I do not have the disease of leprosy.
/

8. ~''l!'>;':!jflf Q' :<'''I'>j'\'!.R'.<Jibilj' .l\ a:J"I'Cll"l"l! ~''l!.J;':!iflf''1' :<'''I''1'I!.R i<libil\' .l\.<J~'f1J"I~1

that like victorious ones race five of names are arc These indeed are the names of the five Buddhas, Buddhas.

181
14.2 Exclamatory Expressions Vocatives or interjections are expressed by the intuitive voice of surprise as in most languages associated with 'a', 'ha', 'oh', or 'aho'. As no exclamation mark is used in Tibetan, the exclamatory expressions come mostly at the beginning or end of a sentence or phrase. However when at the beginning of the sentence the single stroke 1 known as 4"i' is used to denote this expression, r.>.q"i'~ which literally means "vocative" is mainly used to address people or to expression. r.>.q"i'~ express extreme emotive feelings of surprise, grief or joy. Exclamatory expressions are rather amorphous sentences for anybody who expresses a strong feeling do so without logical sentenc~s for consideration of his ideas but adequately draws the attention of his hearers. Due to the attention emotional character of amorphous sentenceS the actual meaning of each depends to a great deal sentences on its tone. The exclamatory expressions included here are used both in the spoken language and expreSsions workS: li'j'JJ'51 literary works: ijij'JJ'51 and 11'1'51 are both used to signify interjection expressing pity, sympathy and joy. Some examples of conventional "interjections"in English such as alas! hurra! Thanks ThankS "interjections" in alot! Nonsense! Poor fellow! etc. might help us here. Grief is expressed by ~'JJ'~''2''i' in songs and writings but the rest of the expressions shown below are used mainly in the spoken language. Emphatic exclamatory expressions are formed by reduplicating the final of the auxiliary or main verb and when with comparative adjectives it is further augmented by or i.e ii'
r.>.~'''I''r''ror "i~Q"Iii)(rr.>.~~i>lJJ'(lr r.>.~"I"r"r~ "How nice is this person!"; "i~Q"Iiil(rr.>.~~JJJJW "Your bread is indeed delicious!",
"-",

::_'.1

~"~

fic: ~'Sli'lr::.l.!~'Sla;"I'Sll.!"-"i&Q~1 fie:: ~'Sli'lr::.l.I~~ra;"I'Sll.I::<'''i&Qt'11 Their house caught on fire, how pity!"
1. ~JJ5W~JJa;",'.I;1 Il.I"iJJI3.~'l~r::.~'Sl~r::.ii)"I'SlJ ~JJ5t'1~ JJ<f....E1 1l.!"i'JJI3.'~Q~d'Sl~r::.'iil"l'Slf Alas! wondorous! lotus ofsmell permeation by all means good. of smell Oh! How wondorous is the aromatic smell of the lotus flower!
2, ~'5"I~"i'i5"1~"i'.I;"iJJI 2. lI'I'5'''I~3\~''I~3\.E3\JJI IJJ~r::.SW ~'Q'''I~''i1 IJJ~r::.' Sw~' Q'''I~''i1 Oh! listen kind-hearted mother! not distract son to ear lend do Oh listen my kind mother! Do not be distracted and pay attention to your son!
.--::;-;

,. ':-:;;, ,.'-,-~,:;;,

3. '<l~f.i.~~~'i!ir::.'QW~1 3, "f~f.\~~~i!ir::.Qorll'll there ofparrot the small how ofparrot This parrot is so small!

4. r.>."I' J:rr1j. If Q'~"i'1!QI1"1'Sl"i"i"lr.>.QWll'lr::.'1 4, Ji-r1j. \f Q~'''i''1!Q~''I'Sl'"i'''i''lr.>.'QW~C.1 Drogmi Lotsawa he now alive if happy how will be How happy would it be if Drogmi Lotsawa was alive now!
"

5. 1'~'''I~"i' i5Qr~'JJ~"i'~' JJ'(lj"l'Sl1 1'~'''I~"i'~"I'~'JJ~"i'~' JJ't'1"1'Sl1 hi! listen mind compatible Nyima Hi! Nyima, my dear friend Listen!
6. 1Jl'' l1 ,iQ'Sl'''i Q3\t'1' 1'Sl1 lJl'UlI .iQ'Sl"iQ"i(lj"l~1 hi! horse master Hi! Mr. horse trainer!

7, c.' ~i'll.!"''?"i5Uj"i'''i1 7. r::.' ~'i'l'L.J""'?"i'5'Uj"i"i1 we voice listen will We are listening to the radio!

8. "- ',>Jr'1"rq~n;"IWt:\j9'O:;"i,\1 "-',>Jri"rq~n;"IWt:\j9 O:;"i'\1 I quickly afternoon at go will I am soon going our! our.!

14.4 The Imper ative

Imper ative expres ses the idea of reques ts, cdmm ands, orders or polite sugge stions which are genera lly implie d throug h the tone and facial expres sions of the speake r to be exact with the meani ng. There are numbe r of impera tive signs exclus ively use-d in the spoke n langua ge and in the literar y. In the literar y there are three main imper ative signs which corne at the end of the come . senten ce which has to agree to the suffix of the root as shown below. , They genera lly expres s a "comm and" or "order" from the senior to the junior . In the spoken langua ge, polite reques t is expres sed by adding :<:"I"r''1''iI::.' (help do) to the root which signify -'<:"I"r''1 "pleas e help me do". The writte n langua ge impera tive form is accord ing to the follow ing chart. As in most Cases, Tibeta n imper ative verb has severa l forms, each of which are used for a partic ular kind of social relatio nship or standi ng the speak er has with the secon d person , the hearer . The major differe nce is with the comm on and honor ific expres sions. The root conson ants of the verbal root which have either the suffix "I, Q or <>J are made imper ative <>I by adding the letter',"l as a "ll::.' letter \l Ujl::.' ""1>"1 'post suffix' which are listed in the Tibeta n diction aries as impera tives. (See the verb list . at the back of this book). Prohib itives are formed by prefix ing the approp riate negati ve particl es to the verbal root.

~~rQ1>"1 ~~fQ1>"

, "I , "I "\ Q "I

I::. 'lj ~
OJ "i

QlI!"l";""11 Q~flj";1
"i'~"1 ".~"I

is,,!, is''f
~,'r ~''r

<>J <>I

"

flj "l

Vowel endings

I
I
j

4"1'

14.5 Exam ples

Ordinary
1.
2. 3.
4.
l::.i~"iQQ~'~1 l::.i~"iQQ~'~/
~

Hono rific

"-' i'~' ~Q' i;jQ'll' <f"l"il::. .~/ ,,-'i~~Qi;jQ'l1'<.r"l"iI::.~'

~"i'Q~'::3'i;jQ~' -Z:"I'll' "f"il::.'! ~"i'Q~' 3'i;jQ'lj,.z:"Iq"lOjq "I~' q' I:jq,,1' -Z:"f"l'''f''iI::.1 "I~q'Ljq"r.z:"l"l'''I''iI::.1

"\'Q~':3'4"1 "I'Q~':3'4"1 "l"I'lj' q'Q ~'l?ll "l"f"l' ~'l?l/

Let us go tonigh t. t. Come here.

Go quickl y.

5. 6. 7.

f'l1::.<<.r~~~a;;Qs~/ f'l1::. .r~~'lja;"QS'lj'

1::."I~"l"I'1,r<li'Qiljflj~1 ,,\'1r<li'Qilj"l'~1

~"lr.>..s:] l::.'lll ~"l'r.>..s:jI::.!!1

a;q'~'Qii\'ll'':;;:''f''l'''f''i''-'/ a;q'~'Qii\'l1'':<:''I''l'''I''i''-'1 QI1"1'l1'f'lI::.'''f''i'~''I'~Q'Q' "li@'''1 Q'1"f'll'f 'lI::.'''I''i'~'lj'~Q'q' "li@'''i/

~ ~

Have some milk. Finish cleani ng the house. Let two of us swim.

<':"\"I~'l1S'1ra;Qq>1jl1J"I"iI::.i)1 <':"I"f~'llS'1ra;Qq>1j!1J"f"iI::.i)/

j'ii1::.Ql'!"\'ljW3j'Il'l'! fiil::.Q~"I"lW"i'll'r/

8. <>J'~'3jI::.l1Jr~Q'!!/ <>I~"iI::.!1Jr~Qll1 9. ~'~'<>J'Q:;I::.'~"11 ~'~'<>I'Q :;I::.'~"

10. ~"IW~' a;'M"I~,,I'i5"1 ~"IW~ a;'M"I~" \'i5"1 11. "l~iy?:inr""Ir.>.'Q~f~'lj4"1 "l~il)?:inr"i"lr.>.'Q~f'1~4"1

12. :<"Ji'&"i'''''i'~'Q~Q'll'4''f :<:Ji'&"i '''3j'~'Q~Q'l1'4''l 13. f'l'C1.j"l' ibl::. a1'~'~"l f'l'!1J"I' a1'~'~"f 14. W,,\~I::.'''I'l1-''.'q'n~'''i',,\I::.'1 W"I~I::.'''I'll'''<rn~'''i'''II::.'/

Please show me where lives. <>r"l'l1"iO"iI::.W"f~I::.-'<:"f"I'''f''i''-'/ Please tell me if you canno t hear. <>f"f'll"i jI::.'l1J'''I~I::.:<:''I''r''l''i''-'I "Ill"l'~~'<>rQ:;I::.':<:"I"l'''IOjI::.1 "Ill"l'~~'<>fQ:;I::.'':<:''I''1'''I''iI::.'/ Please do not bang the door.
~"I"l~a;"I~"\'''l'''I''iI::.':<:''I''l''I3jq)leasdo not kill those ants. "f"l~a;"I~"I'''l'''I''iI::.'-'<:''I''I''I''iq)lease e ;;j'<>I~"i'flj'''i''lQ'Q~''1' :<:"I"l'''I''iI::.'' ;;j'<>J~"i'''l'''''IQ'Q~'I1''':<:"I'll'''I''iI::.'/ Please greet the guests . :<",ij'&"i"3j~q~q"l'':<:''l''l'''I''iI::.'I Please rub the mistak en drawin g. :<".ij'&"i""i~q~q"l'':<:''I'll'''I''iI::.'1 Q~'lj'l1J9' ibc:"l'q~"l' ':<:"I'lj'''I''i''-'1 Please eat all the foods, Q~"l'!1J 9'ibc:"l'q~>;j'':<:"I"I'''I foods. ~n'O,"f"l,9'll"'!,j'Q~'''li''l'''I''i''-''F/ Please wear this new shirt. ~'D.'O.,,! 'l1"'!,j'n~'''li''\'''I3j''-'''FI Please

fi"-'~'Q~f"l'''I'W''i'-'<:''f''l'''f''i''-'/jq fi"-'~'Q'1" "I"l'''l'W3j':<:''I'lj'''I3

lOJ UJ

s. of time er'b ial jec tiva l and adv el" bia l cla use 14. 6 Th e Use of var iou s Ad ear lier less ons . In the fol low ing the dea lt adjectives and adv erb s in our We hav e already ntit y) are for me d by dou blin g see how som e adjectives (mainly qua exa mp les we wil l adv erb ial Cll'~3i' particles in forming var iou s Cll'~ili' wil l note the predominant use of the syllables and es the idea the final of the auxiliary verbs express ous, val expresions. The reduplication of and adjecti g. g, of "I wa nt you to know" as a warnin 1. E.' ibq'i1'~e:.''Ze:.9~ a.;z~rr:>.~c:.' ill' <N''1j~''I L E,' ib,q' ,,~c:.'ZC:9~ ,,!~'fl.~e:. ",' j~''I k ifunless mo uth bur n it wil l if unless tea hot the little little by doi ng drin , r mouth. hot tea little by little, it will burn you Unless you drin k the y exactly it is ofpric e pap er roll this ofp rice rup ees sict is exactly sixty Rupees. The cost of this bundle of pap er
l.r <N' ~c:.'c tlQ~~' Q'or "ie:.e 3, lSI' o.rC j"l~'iil<N~' "e:.'~' ill~' ::l"l'Cll~'Cll' 3. lSI' <N'(1ll"l~~<N~ Q' "j' <ic:~'"'~.::i"l'Cll~'nri.lQ

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work to go not did mo the r min d extr eme ly sad bei ng rk, not go to work. Bei ng very depressed, mo the r did e is I by pro per very hea r abl e not ther rly, I cannot hear it very clearly. soak did it is his boo k new the totally wat er by
e:.~ -'4'1jii~5i"r~.I'lQ~~r:>.,,\''r''l 4. c:.~''-'4'1jii'~~"r~.I'lQ~~'fl.,,\''r''l

'i"l'''l QI'l""rfl.'i"l'''l fiie:.1 j' S"l' ~q~~""Q~fl"i~ 5. fiic:Eij S"l"q~~""Q''''q,,\'''' i!i~'Qe:.' QI'l rr:>.
water. His new boo k is totally soa ked in the

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will be the y She lka r Do ng upto equ al at go ng, upto Shelkar Dzong. They will be going together
~~~ Ul"' e:.~~<N(1jr>.~~""(1jQ"l'f!C.'nlr>.e r:>. 7. e:.~~"'Cllr>.~~"'CllQ"lflc=.'nlr:>.e:.:.fl.~~~Ul"'i 1i1

also go wil l be is I by ma rke t to go while pos t office ce on my way to the shop. I am also planning to go the post offi

.'i"l ljQ"lW "-IF"!' ~',?(1j' 'l~'i 8. me:.' "'fla.;"',?Cll' 'l~')' Q~illQ"lW :r~'''l' Q'P

boy the whe re is beg gar the sleep remaining tim e at the beggar was lying down? Where was the boy when

1 ~;r~'e:.' J'lfu Qil.. 2\'Cll~"l ib .... Qto,' 9. :r~e:. g. <J'lfuq Qn.gg2\'(1j'~"l' ib.... QIO,"lj

had did boy the we not reach bef ore escape e, hed there. The boy has escaped before we reac I
1O. ~c:.'~c:.' 'l)c:..'l..lil.' ?'>lwr>.~"l~i:l. ",e:.wfuQ 0, ~e:.'~e:.' 'l)e:'<.ln.. ?'>1'(1j'r>.~"l'~i:l.' ",e:. if late it is of inside bel l ring afte r class ofi nsid e arrive
ili~~q ~,\I nrfuQ 3i'~~'q' :i;,)l

s after the bell rang. You are late if you arrived in the clas

>r"Ia:,c.1 iijc:y'i')'qo. ~c..~.~. a.; "l' "-I-"- ro"1' :;:"I~1"Ia:,C.1 11. iije:.' 5">i"~II'p: ~e:.'~''''a.;''1' "'...'ro"l' :<:"I' help do abo ve at exist nam e list fro m read

Please read from the above name list. 12. t;.',or;-<ft;.' ~'JJ'7~' i'D.~ili'~'''l' q~'~"'l'[ ll'~q<1jo.f'ii:j"i'i 12, t;.. ir;- <ft;.' ~'JJ'7~'''S'D.~"i'~'''l'q~'~"'I'flJ' ~'q<1in-f'ii:jili'i we all equal at cia~s finish after at water bath will cia~s ','Ie ''Ie wiil alJ swim together after the class is finished, all d.

13, "- '\rD.~"i "'l""I' a;')'q'lJ"f~Fili' "i'>{' ~~"-' ~q'~' j)D.'l"r"ll ~rD.~' ili "'1'''1' a;,,'q'l J"f~F"i' ili"f j)'D.'l"r I by this from howev er many look did even if see able not it is I canno t see at all despite how much I try to look from here. here,

14.7 The Alpha betica l Notat ion

Just as Europ eans use notation" by means of Roma n letters , Tibeta notati on' n works use the alphab etical enume ration in association with the shortand long vowel short and s if the enume ration excee ds thirty. Althou gh cardinal numbe r can be used when referri ng to the works of learned schola rs and masters, they are usually marked with the alphabetical order. In citing the volum e numbe rs, the alphab et is affixed with <J~' or <I'o.f or <18'0\"-' which expr~ <J""-f <J~'0i"-' expre sses "in" of the ses particu lar ordina l number i.e. the sixth is expressed by t:j,,' ".<"r or i,e, by t:i".".. <tor t:i,)i];1;Jr.;.O\t:. otr asa;' is the t:j,,'a;'1:jr.;.'Oit:.'n asi];' sixth letter of the alphabet. Likewise:
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14.8 Voca bular y '7"- ''7"-' '7"-''7"-' few "5' is"-' "j"iK very 4"i'')' 4ili'?: extremely
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exactly very

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crooke d
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totally untillupto before while doing

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later
above at the time

below
at the time to bang

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little to swim to kill

to erase volum e abbot

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ant mistaken
anytljing leprosy Pratimoksa Sutra cross-legged sky

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beggin g bowl
offerin g substa nce troops of maras

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.'ff!,tr::JW .1P;'.'ft,
t~ ~

1ueq::)J'~l}'-.r Slu:ldJ:lS JO '1luq

0 ,..., c.'l
::l

" &i"

e
r~

sno!::l:lJd
D.
c::

(Il

.t1.ItJ~., -.:!,.!:?JH~

'"g 0' 0. ,_ tJ:j ",0.

~?

. ..b, .

"

"

:l"Jl !qp og

':lkGtr'P.':lS

iI.l~r~ .~o;T.<.j~rQ,Z;;Q,'J::Jr.): a:Ie;'\ J:,r"if iI,J';~r ~.~o; T.<.j~rQ, z:;;r:>: qQ,' a:Ie; '\ l;,fil)f
-~

~ ..q"'''''~Q,' .qqr ;jjI1.1'9iJ.i~ .q~' 6\!e;";;' "i~' a:J9:J:.' .qQ,' ;jj11.)9"'i~ 6\!e; "'. il)~' a:J9:<:.
~ e-... c-...

C'.,.

c--...

!4.q.l~r .q~' "'9~11.1 5T q~~ 11.1~m"'.l~r J:,rnr~' ~r.s.Fa:J~r~~ g;~. J:,j' ",c:,' !4q.l~r q~' ) 11.)"~m",~r qW~' ~rl.F a:J~~~' q' ",C;' ~~'~. 6\!!;f"i' z:p:: ~~. ~~.~. 6\!!:fil)' q~'
.

C'.,.

c--...

<:'0.... c-....

I
-

r~''I,l~' ~9~ '11.)' .q~",' .q~' K f~''l,l~ '11.1' q~",' q~'

~

...........,... ...............

9-39'1'11'a:,r 9'59'n1' a:.r

-... -....

C'.,.

c--...

5~'~r 5~'~rH
~

11.1~.r:t"'~. !,jQ' ~11.1'.q~"i'"i ~';jj'9"'~'a;' .q~Z;;'''''' .q~~'.l'J'jr.:.' ~~ ..q~I1.1' "-Ie:.' q.Q,T.)I 11.)~.r:t"'~. "Ii): ~11.)' q~il)' il) "'~'a;' .q~Z;;'' '' q~~' je.' .q~I1.)' em::.' qQ,T.)I1.)~"'~S 1.1'~''''~''''' ..... ...... v -....:. c-... ,c-... co.... ....... ...... _ ........ e-.._ c-..._ 'I,lQ,' q:J:.' ""Q,E;, a:J'. , '~11.1' '2J'RF ~"i' 6.1~' !,j~' a:Ja;~' t) "i '~~'l'1.q' !,j-::5~ !,j''!j''i'5' 'l,lQ,' .q~' ""Q,E;. mr.:. '~11.)' ~il)' "-I~' q~' a:Ja;~' il) '~~'l'1q' q~'5~' q'1il) ..... a:J!;f~' ~~ S ..... "-I!:f~'
~

~"i'~'~I1.1'~I:", 'l'1~'~' 6\!a;ll~~ S '9~' ~w ~~ '9'Q,''2Ja:J' I1.)'~I ~W '9'Q, Ja:J'""";;S' Sc. ~9~'~' .q~"i' "i~.:it' -a'~"i' \ ~9~'~' .q~il)' il)~.:it. -a'~il)'

C'.,.C'.,..... ,...

c--...c--...........

C'.,. c - - . . . ._ , . . , . , . . . . . . . , . . . . ................

_.......

_....... _......

c.....

C'\... c-...

'3r ~iJ.i' ";;'11.1~'' .q~";;'a:J~'~'!:f' a:J' .q~~' "i~' ~"'i' ",.11.)~ .q~""~~a:J~'~'!;f' il)~r
e-... c-...

"":rsc.

_ _

C'\...

,C'\...

14.10 Exerc ises of Lesso n Fourt een

(a) Transl ate the first senteh ce and repeat it by susbtittuting Tibetan susOti uting words for the underl ined.

~......

me.

_-....~ ~

'..:t

. . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . ."""'0 """'0 , '-=>

1. Let us all go to the picnic when the sun rise tomorrow. /1

~.g"i.~. q.>;' ~.g"i'~'q.>;.

"I"~'~'r"i.>I'>;' "I"~' ~''r''i .>J.>;' Uj,~. ~"l' ib.>; i!)"l' Uj.~. iJ).>;'i!) "l'

"I~"i'''l''i'"i "l' i'"i

2. Please bringa clean

Wq-~'~',\c"~"I'''I~a:r Wq-~'~' ,\c"~"I'''I~.>J'

spoon and afork

from the kitchen.

,j)'i)"I'''II;S''r''ic'' iJ).n;..>J'''I~''l' ,j)'5"1''';S''I'''ic' ibn;.>I"I~"l ~'~"I'''I 'l'>;'q'~' ~'~"I'''I'''l.>;.q.~. g. ibnr ~F ~c,' !,J'~. g. iJ)flr!iF q~'
3. Take those towel away and come here

after one hour.

~l'\'''I;S''l'llj'~i!)'rlr ~'l'\'''I; s''lor~i!)r.lr

"I"ic' "l'~i!)'~i!)Si~' "l'~i!)'~i!)Si~'

~c"~c,' qSc'qQ~~"I(lj ~c"~c,' qSc,qQ "!(l.j

~. g"i' ~"i'''lQ'?''I"(lj" ~'l"i' ~"i'''lQ'?''!'(l.j'

(b) Repea t the following sentences by filling in the Tibeta n equivalents of the English words : , 1. ...........................................................................9n;"I'(l.j"q~"Iql":i'\ q' ~'\I . 9n;"I"(l j'q~"Iql':i'\ ~"il Being unable to eat the pork Being able to sleep for two hours Being unable to find the umbrella Being unable to see his neice.

2. c,' g~"1.>;w ;~~~~'\Ul'\1 g~"1.>;w .. ...... ~~'~~'\'Ul'\1

"

tomorrow summ er next year with your friend after singing the song

LES SON FIFTEEN

!ill:r cb"i' .qi5'~' (JI
~ ~

15.1

Verba l Comp ounds

In this lesson we will learn how Tibetan nouns are converted into verbs by affixin g special verbal compo unds formed with auxili ary verbs or compl etive termin ations , The verbal compo unds signif:r -ize, -ate etc, as in "to moisturize" or "to fertiliz e" etc" in Englis h. The three most comm only used verbalizers are ~1<l', "to act" "I~C:''''' "to ~Qj'<r, "I~C:'''l" send" and 9"i'<l' "to do". 9"i'z:r They are used as independent infinitives as well as verbalizers, The applicability of these three depends entirely on the Iloun to which they are affixed and are not as want them to be. I have yet to analyse linguistically what determ flexible as we would have ines their applicability other than my intuitive knowledge of their every day use in modern Tibeta n, ~"1 is more comm on in the spoke n language than in the literary where as the other two are a comm on featur e in the classical language. The following list of nouns with both the ordina cIassi callan guage . ry and honorific forms and honorific the verbalizers are some of the standard expreSsions: expres
Noun

1. Mouth

rr
F'
~ ~

Noun Hon.

Verb
~q' ~z:r

2. Mouth 3, 3. Saddl e
4. Salt

F' t'jnr
~q"r~ ~tJ"l'~

"Ii)'c:' "I,)C:'
'

Hon,

Trans lation

~Q'

Q5"i' Q50i' "I"iC:' "IOiC:' q5"i' Q50i'

x X

to close a lid (to kiss) to criticize to saddle to add salt to cross a pass , I to give ,to gIve tea party
to run a horse to kiss to inject

\~.

5. Moun tain pass 6, 6. Tea 7, Horse 8, Mouth

9, 9. Needl e 10. Stand

~ nr

\l!"I"l' ~' 'l!"I~'~'

nr

x X

x X
q')c:' tJ')c:'

x X

E: e:'
i]'

"I"inrE: "I"inre;:
~q~'<l' ~tJ"l'Q'

"I"iC:' "IOiC:'
x

x X
~"I'

f' fl' flQ' f q'

~"1 :!l"l
~"i'

I'jnr I'\nr
~"I'fQ' !:l"l'flQ'

Q5"i' Q50i'
x x x x x x x x x x

~"1 :!l"l
"I~,F~"i'

x
x

11. Shout 12, 12. Cough 13. Meditation 14, Power 15. Mattress 16, Photo graph 17, 17. War 18. Busin ess
/

iii" m~.>J' ~"l'

to put a stand to shout to cough to meditate to curse to layou t mattress

to take photograph to wage war to trade, do business to feel pain

"l'jnrm' "l'jI1l'm
~"l'
,

x
x X

.>fil' d'fil'
~

'l!"I~'''l-'l' \l!"I"l'"lll'
~

x
x

"I"i"i" "I"iOi'
q~' Q.>;'

ql1"1~'''Iw tJl1"1"r"lW
~'Q'>;' ~'q~'

"i"l"l C:' !l"l fllOi' 11l"i'

"i'
::J" ~'

"i"l"l 'l!"I~'C:' \l!"I"l',k

x x
x

19. Pain 20, Reply 20. 21. Whistle 22, 22. Teeth
23, 23. Call 24, 24. Boat

%"i'!l"l %Oi'!l"l 'l!"I~'I1l"i' \l!"I"rfllOi' "j' "J

.J;"l"l' a;"l~'

x
x x

x
x
x

to reply to whistle to bite to call to row a boat

:!" :!'

~"i

"I~F:\I"i' "I~F~"i'

x q')c:' tJ')c:'
x

"I"iC:' "I0iC:'
x

qQq~" qtJ"f~'

25. Paint 25, Pai nt 26. Song 26, Son g 27. Hand 27, Han d 28. Protes 28, Pro test t 29. Hope 29, Ho pe 30. Work 3D, Wo rk

,,' ,,' , , "It'"t"1' "It'"t"l' [1j"l"l' [1Jo,j"'-l'

E:'~[1j' E:'~[1J'

"1' "l'
"I~~'''It'"t''1' "I~~'''It'"t''l'

xx xx xx

xx
XX

to paint to paint to sin g to sing to sha ke han ds to shake hands to protest t to protes to hop e to hope to wo rk to work to act gre edy to act greedy to rep res ent to repres ent to pre par ee to prepar to act wit h con ceiit to act with conce t to be fon d at; in love to be fond at; in love
~

~"1 ~"I

xx
"I"l~' "1"1~'

q[1j' q[1J'
~"I"1,~. ~"I"I'~'

:i;q:i;q-

[1j"1''']' ~"I"Ol"1' [1J"I''']' ~"I'Ol"l' ,).>Jcl' ,).>J'l' ').>ref ')J.I"-l' 31. Aggre ssion 31. Ag gre ssio n a;z:r ~'a;Q' ~a;'r 32. Repre ent ativ e a;<:r 32, Rep ressentat ive ~'~"I Q~"1"1'~"1 33. Prepar ation ~'~"I Qt1"1"1'~"1 33. Pre par atio n
34. Conce t 34, Con ceiit 35. Love 35, Lov e
~'~[1j' ~'~[1J'

9'1' 9"i' xx xx xx
X

xx

~"1"1'~[1 ' ~"I"I'~[1Jj'

'i"1P'.q. 'i"lP"q' "i"lP"q' "i"lP"q'

x x x x x x x

xx xx X x
xx

.,
,-

x x X x

::-,.~

.:-'.~

d with' Verba Compounds 15.2 Exam ples of Sentences used with Verball Comp ounds 15.2 Ex am ple s of Sentences use
tion did nin g Chinese embassy at demonstra n did my studen seven by yesterday morning Chinese embassy at demonstratiosy, my stu den tt sev en by yesterday mor e Em bas sy. terd ay morni ng at the Chi nes Embas Seven of my studen s protes ed yesterday mo min g at the Chine se Sev en of my studentts protestted yes

''It1I .' a;Q'5,.e: ~r>l'~Q'Q' ~'il 1. ~il:~tr ~"I' q5'~\~"1' tl' ~~'iOj"1''']Z\l' ~r 5lQ'''I~I::.' a;Q"5,'e:''~[1j'~Q'Lj'~"il 1. ~f.i:~<:r ~"I' q5'~\~"I'!j'l'~~'iOj"l''']''I'~' 5lQ'

'~"":~

-'.s " ,-'"

'."ll

Lj'''I"\1:..QQ'~"I Z\l' ...."1"\ '~' P.5"1 2. jiil:.' "IZ\l' fS,,'~"1' j,jr P.~iJ: ~q' 'OJ' '<:"1"1'Q'''I"\I:.'QQ'~"I "I'...'''1"\ I:. .~. P.5"1 2, jill:.' "J"I' fS"i'~"I' jjr p.~iJ.' ~q' ~~ 'OJ' -' mind hope p of study help t!lo min d hop e do he by you by man he by you by ma n this ofstudy to hel son wit h ,his study, study. person with will g tj~at you wil l help this per He is hopin t
He is hop ing
tj~a

_~I' _~I'

S a:j'P.QI:. Q'~'[1j''i''lP. 'Q' 'i'~P.5"1 '3. '1' .".r::: "I' s'''IiOi"\' Lj'' ~"I'I:.Q'S'a:!'p.QI:.' Q'~'r>l'''i''lp. 'ii' "i'~'p.:i"l '3, "i' ".r::: "J'S'''IiOi'"\'Q Z\l'I:.Q'

"--;1

''--;1

fon d daughter middle your son young er by my daughter middle the to fond of do you r son you nge r daugh ter. daughter, middle Your young er son is fond of my middle Yo ur you nge r son fond
4. do did two fro m advice hou r two dur ing do did we house from not come before at paren t two from advice hour two during se fro m not come before at par ent we left the house. we hou house, rs before My parent s advise d us for two hours before we left the My par ent s advised us for two hou
.llQ'~' jj- p."i" 'i''][1j"1~:i"l' ~"l'.llQ'~' jj- P.'i"ll 5. \11 .... ii'~"I' .>Jj'l"\'~' '~'.>J' a;';'qai'i'1Z\l'1"]p'p.w'r~':i''l' ~"I' ~5, 1l1"'" ~'~"I' J.I!tl"\'~' '~' J.I'a q'ai"i'''i''l'' e ifdifficulty very do able not is construction man those sun hot have if difficulty very do able not is construction ma n those sun hot hav unable to work hard. d, When the sun is hot, the builders are unable to wo rk har Wh en the sun is hot, the builders are

Q(ijQ S' ~' "i'''l~''l' :'i.I;::ljQ'''I"\I:.'q-"'''il 4. 1:.'a;'j5.>J'"\ Z\l' .;.rail:.' QQ' i."\'[1j''I.f .>J'''I~Z\l' "\"1' Q(ljQ''S'<fl' '1'''I~Z\I' :'i.r::::)jQ'''I"\I:.' q-"''11 1:.'a;'!5J.1'"\ "I' .>rail:.'QQ'i."\'[1J '4' J.I'''I~''I'

t;::~

nl',?' 1' ' 1:.':lj"l'.>I!tl"\'"'''il 6. g;.~."I~I:.' .>lj'l<li''p.~'p.~':3' .>J.u:jl:.' QQ' i."\'nl',?' "'"'11:. ':)j"l'.>Jj'l"\' "''11 6, g;,~,"I~I:.'.>I!tl"\ P.~'P.~' :3' J.I'u:jI:.'qiJ.' i."\' re fish seller is car driver this hereeat not comeebefore fish seller is car driver this her at not com befo er was fish seller. this car driver was aafish seller. Before comin g here, this car driv Bef ore com ing here,
''''' ~"1'ljQ' Lj""'iZ\l a;"i'~'~"I jj'P'''i''l ...,.... 7. I:. '!ii':i"l'~' .>J'~Q' Q"'S~.>J'''1''1' ii'I'll....,.. ... ' a;'i'~' :i"l''j,j'P''1"1 .... i''l' ...,..., 7. I:. '!ii':i"l'~' J.I'~q' q""s~.>I'''1''l'~'~' q'Q'' ,... perdo ableeto timeeveryynot is r do abl to tim ver not is itation pro I Iyearrsixtyynot reach before untililmeditation prope yea sixt not reach before unt med to meditate properly beforeI Ireach sixty years of age, , rea ch six ty years of age ch tim to be abl I Ido not haveeveryymuch timeeto be ablee tomedita te properly before do not hav ver mu
~ ~

" "

"

:<'''il 8, j,j"It'"t"\n.rj'l Q')~'~'~'''1''1''.ti'~:i"l'.;.r "''il 8, jj'''It'"t"\'!'l1'!tl' q')~'~'~'''1''1 rJ'~'~"I'.>r not is people other criticiseethe gooddveryynot is peo ple oth er criticis the goo ver people, other criticizee other people, ItItisisnot veryygooddto criticiz not ver goo to
"\P.~'D.'i' Lj' il'il 9, I:.I:. "I'~"r:>.~'i'rlf "\"1' ElZ\l' "I'"l' ~"I'~q- "\p.~'p."i' Q'il"il 9, "1'~"\ \ 'P.~"i''Jf "\"l' -'l"l' ~"I'!!!q-

I will not regret if I feel the pain even atler taking this medic ine now.

I by medicine now on eat ifpain come even if regrta t have /lot not

10. fir:.' g;ml::rjr:. S,\r:>.~,\Ui'\d\r:>.r:.mer~.":r:>.~C1j~J.l ijer ~"1"J,j" '!l'\' 'J" ~'\, fir:. g;ru"rjr:. :>.r:.rucr~.":r:>.~C1l~J,j ij<f ~"1W '!i,\' ~,\I they study do wish have even if school at enter place /lot gain being not not /lOt admit did Even though they wished to study, there being no places (left) they could not get admis sion.

"

153 The Use of S'\'q Verba l comp ound S,\rr

Let us look into the literary Tibeta n verbal compo und S'\'Q" in associ S,\Q ation with the tenses . S,\' '.r meani ng 'to do' comes from the noun S-lf "actio n". It is a Q' S-<r widely used verbal compo und which can be affixed with the auxilia ries. S,\"Q" can also be used s,\"rr as causat ive when the princi ple verb is postpo sitioned with'th e agreea ble C1j'~d\' termin ative particl C1l'~d\' es i.e. "': . :<:

s-q. S-""

Noun

S'\'

Presen t

Perfec t S'lf 9'1f

FutUre Future

9 S'

"1'

S"1

Impe-rative

~~,\~C1l~,\Ji~q"S'\~1 1. ~'~',\' ~'C1j' ~"'Ji' ~''''-t,'S'\'~1

parro t the water in play does The parrot plays in the water.
2. ~r:.lJ,\'I'.jj' "5r:.q~~"Iq9"1~I ~r:.'Q''\' "l.jj"5r:."'~~"l<J"S"l~'

farme r byizot allow ofmistake did by not ofmistake The farmer comm itted a crime.
~>

3. ~d\ SJ,jr:. "'''l' S~J.l"lUi,\~r:. ,\' J,j'.l;jQ' q/ "1"1' :;r~J,j"lUi,\~r:.S J,j'.l;j'r ql S'\'
~

I
~,-

remem ber many by do mind have even if do not able did Owing to many things to remem ber, I was not able to do even though I had planned to do.
4. Uj~'\"I~J,jr:.Uir:. ',\"I'~'~r a;-t,.Q'"ll ~J,jr:.Uir:.',\"l'~~f0;,,' q' S"II
~

hitter the three I come time written finish do Make sure that you finish the three letters when I return.

".'
Noun Nonn
r:>.~-t,'Q' r:>.~".q'
~

15.4 r:>.~-t,'Q' and r:>.~r:.'q The Verbs of Becom ing r:>.~"'q. r:>.~r:.'q These are the two import ant verbs of becom ing predom inantly used in the classic al Tibeta n. It may end a senten ce .b.ut it is often preced ed by an adjecti ve, noun b,ut or verb with the termin ative -t,.'
. .

r:>.~r:..q' r:>.~r:.'Q'

Presen t
r:>.~-t,' r:>.~'"

Perfec t
~-t,' ~",

Future
r:>.~-t, r:>.~"

~-t,'i5"1 ~"'i5"1

Imper ative

r:>.~r:.'

~r:.'

r:>.~r:.'

1. ~".~Q"lJ.llJ~~di' .l;jJ,j"l'" '\'r:>. ~Q"lJ-t,r:>.~-t, ~I ~,\.~ q"lJ,j' Q~' ~di' llJ.l"l"" '\'r:>. ~'l' Q"'r:>.~'" your wish of meani ng all fulfil will You will fulfil all the things you wish to accom plish.
~ ~

2. '\' di "l'~"I"l" ~r:>.r:.' .<l'\" l,j-t,5-t, d\ "l'~C1j'''I(W~''I''5' ct."!' ~I "I.~"I"I. ~r:>.r:.. -<l,\' Q"5" "I~C1l"I,",di '~"I.'5. J',"I'

that from friend anybody not having become land other to went Then, not having any friends , they went 10 anothe r countr y. to

<ii'\1 6. t;. '[lf~'~'q'7::"'\~"l'~' ''It;.'q~':i''J<ii'\1 6, '[l[l'f~' q7t;.''\~''I'~' ''It;. q'~ '':i''J' have I to letter sen d nee d to many very I have too many letters to be sent. Q' J.f ~"I 7, ",t;.1irS"l"l,q'fll "l~'~"""J~t;.'~'o.~'~"J'' q. J-f ~,\I "t;.' rS"l"l'Q'fll' "l~'~"'''J~t;.'~'o.~'~''J

goo d not is sel fof frie nd to hea d spin to do this good, y Telling lies to one's friend is not ver
0 )"I' q:ll,''\9''i'~' :<''\1 q~"i \''\9''i'~' :<',\1 "l~' .li' Jit; .'~' "l'W1'~"i' Q' "17'7)"l' 8. 8, "J-'lo.'~' "l~'~~Ji' .lit;.'~' "l'7"l'1'~'\' q'"1 is to happy doing stay nee d to there Sun day of day on peo ple of equ al ily, 's family. e to enjoy with one On Sunday,, one ought to spend tim

,\' ~,\I '<ii"i' "l' ~"il 9. ~'''l'7''1q",a;t;. 'o.l1t;.F~o..~'~"J'Li' q~'~ 9, ~'''l'i)''I'<l''' 'a;t;.o.l '~'o ~~''rLi' ~ goo d consider to hav e not is day every on alc oho l drink to this ay, g alchohol everyday. There is nothing good about drinkin

~"I ,,")' ij"r ''ili' ii"r~' "l' ~,\I will by sel f other who eve r benefit do not peo ple oth er to mo uth sen d do this help oneself nor others, rior Criticizing oth er people will neither
o.",' 1O. ,l:j'' l'\"lfll'fl"{i)!:'-'Ufo.~"l' ~ ''Il'\~' ~'fll 1O. j:j"I'J!'j"l'fll'I'l'''{i)","Ufo.~''I' ~''''I!'j~' ~ffllo.!:'-'

Cla ssi cal Tib eta n 15.7 Be gin nin g a Sen ten ce in '" nou n ". ich all share the dem ons trat ive pro ber of sentence opening clauses wh There are num les which owed by single, dual or triple syl lab tha le labJe of the sentence or clause foll of the points that wil l be ma de fro m tha t syf as the first syl ion res s and emphasize the justificat seem to exp is ref err ing to en a sen ten ce begins wit h '" it s, onw ard s. As '" me ans 'that', wh sen ten ce . It can be see n both as a definite ntioned or assumed to be connected dep end s on the nat ure of the vio something previpusly me Tibetan, however it largely st of the fol low ing and indefinite article in classical ce, examples beg in a sentence. Mo , pounds. No t all of the following com demonstrative particle o.~': examples can also be used with the therefore "''1j'ili' "''Ito)' likewise "'\11'''' "''ll ''': As to that "'fll' thereupon "'~"l'' however '" 0)"1 "''ll'.ii,\'~' oft hat kind "''li'.ii,\,~. "''II'S' so ma ny "'~,\' ".~!:,-, namely so it is i'~' " '~' "'~" "',,'q~J "''''q~.li so it is therefore ".q"l' ". "1"1' for that yet ,,~!:,- ' "''l!" ",' "''l!",~ thus i' "'~'\' that much ,,';>"l' because '" ;>"l' '~"'~'Ji' '~""~'.li' "'~~ "'~~ thu s far similarly "'~,\' "q~")'1' "q~ili'1' at the time ,,~..ii"fll "~' .ii,\'fll' at about that time "l'ili "';>"l'il)' since then I'q~t;. "'~"l'q~t;. from that "'fll"l' therefore "'\rq~r~' "''l!'q~r~'

I I I I I I I
~"

,:".y ".y

'"

~~?t ~~~

::"li' ?~l

'':o-~

''''-~

I
~.~

t"1"

. t~)'tt t~)!t

"''Irs'

,,'9"" ,,'9 ,,'

"'~'"

"

.~

o.~w

o.~'q~~'~'
o.~''ll-'-'~t;. o.~''11''''~t;.''
o.~.~,\, o.~'~,\'

as to this so this is however thus

o.~,\,!"" o.~'I'!""
;.' o.~;fll'~t;.

o.~''II' S' o.~'\lf in this way further to this o.~'i5"l'

of this kind thi s ab ou t than this similar to this

much

o.~,~~,~"" o.~'~~'~-'-'

,\'~"I' d~'~'\'~"l'

what is this for o.~'q"l' o.~'qq~Ji'5: 0.~' ~.li'5.' thus

r:>.~-;;'''l ''I:r:. r:>,~'a;"l'-''I:r:.

now onwards p.~'<)"J,J'a;' p.~'<>J,J-;;" owing to this

at about this time

r:>,~'\r"l"l';;' r:>.~-\r"l"l-;;'.
/

,..
Exam ples:
1. ~'nr -"J:.'~'.l\ J,J"l'!1l'l-i')"' <g' "i'F"In.' "i!1l'0.8""'~ .it',:!"!" ~-~-%"i' 1_ ~-nr -".1:: ~- .l\d1"l-I1%') <g-"i''jD." "Ill.-"i11l-o.S-",- ~- .it,,:!,,!,~,~. ~"i' that to self we found to difficult leisure endowment ofhuman body that ofhuman as to find did As to that we have found the precious human rebirth with leisure and endow ments which are difficult to find. find_

2_ ~-'lI-".- "I4"i-</ "I~;;' -<Ja;' QI]"r "i~"i'!:l' "i~~r <r ~-'lI' 2. ~''lI-''.' "I4"i' <I'" "I~a;'-.<J;;, -"11]"1' "i~"i' ~r "i~"l' <I' ~''lI' <!i'~' ~"I'.ll"f "I~"i' -<J' ~Q' <if ~"I'.ll"J' "I~"i'.<J. ~q <il that like explained true not examine analyse do need that like forn the time being decide not able do It has to be exami ned wheth er what has been said is true or not, theref ore we canno t make a decisi on, on.
3. 14'J,JfJ. '~"i':s."I'~'''I3i "l' ~(1j'~''lI'~' 4"l'l./"'"'S"l'3i"l' t, "I' 4~' S"i'4"l' <r "i~"l'~' J.JfJ. '~"i':s."I'~'''I;;' ~(1r~''lI' '3' 4"l''-I-'', S"l';;'"l'if, 4"l' S"i' 4"l' "i~"f ~I paren t's happiness suffering ofsituation that like known having done of situation conten ted do know need to In this way, knowi ng the state of affairs of one's parents, one should .In learn !earn to be conten ded.
4. (2"i'-"J:.'''I'"Jt;.. <1' J;' '~F ~'<)"J,J'(1l"l'~"i' l./....!I!J,J. ~a;. q'~"l'''I'' :i:S"i'''1 f"i' ~'''r"l<:'' '1' ~'<>J.J'I1j"l'~"i' '1 .... !I!d1. ~;;,. <:i'~"l-"I :<:S"i-"1 your feet big small that much only not having shof big that by what do will What are you going to do wi th those big shoes when the size of your fee~ is no more than that? -.. ;...." ,,;.. -.. .... " ..,. 5. "i'a;"l' .Q!j<:"j!lJ,j'l./r:>,'~' J,J"iQ""-~-".-71 "i';;'''f .q!jt;.'I!lJ .f'1r:>.' ~- d1"i'1-'; ~-".71 thereupon since well of water not have become did From that time onwards, the water in the well dried.
..".

;'

-->~' -,'.'

',', '.',

6. fl'.q'QQ"l' <1'~~' 5i"i'(1j'~'' J,J'~.q' Q-".'~""'5f 6.fl.Q QQ'~r <I'~il.' 5i"i'I1l'~ d1'~.Q' '1-".~-",i)1 snow fall that oftime at SUfi cover become did of time sun As soon as it started snowi ng, the sun was obscured_ obscur ed.
7. ~'~"i'''lr:. .~. J,JW4"'" Q""'5."l' ~'~"i'5.'lr:.Q~"i"lr:>,-".SJ,j' ~"i' ~O:I ~. ~"i'''lr:. J.Jw4-".' Q-",'5."l' ~~"i-5.lr:. '1-~-"i"l-r:>.-".S- J.f until tomorrow sun not rise upto time uptil then businessmen arrive not will was said It was said that, "until the sun rises tomorrow, till then the merchants will not arrive" ..

"

8. ~'llI"i~"l'~"l'<lir:>.t;.iiJ'~9'Q'~r:>.t;.'J,J'~'Q""'~t;.'t:'1 ~llI"i~"l~"l';;,r.>.<:'iiJ~9'1~r.>.<:'d1~Q-",~<:'t:1 thus say howev er understand able whosoever not become did seems smnd seems . Althou gh it was said thus, it seems that nobody were able to hear it.
9. .<i')'f1J' r:>.~. Q' -<In.':ii"l'.llt;.' ~"i' <r ~''lI'''''''lt;.' ';:"I"l'S"i'JJfla;' S!1l'flQ'~' <)"J,J'J,J' ~r:::t:'1 9. .<i')"nr r.>.~- .<J1l.' :ii"l- .ll<:.' ~"i- ~-'lI-",'''l<:'' ';:"I"l'S"i'iQfl;;" sl1l'flQ'~' <>iQ' J.J' ~r::t:'1 Tibet to human being ofrights not have that like however help giver countr of rights y that much not arise did thai There is no freedom of human rights in Tibet, yet there were not that many countr ies willin g to help. help_

,..

-.-;--::

Dual Syllab les 15,8 The Three Comp letive Du al Syl lab les 15. 8 Th e Th ree Co mp leti ve le Combination .''l' "Du al Syl lab le Com bin atio n".", ~i'i:' 4i'i:' iii',,\' ~',,\' and 4'''\' are known as '1"i'''I~''I'r:>.'S.''I' "Dual Syllab iiii'i:' ~i'i:' 4i'i:' iii',,\' ~.,,\, and 4',,\' are known as '1"'''I~''l'r:>.'S iiii'i:' tion we hav e dis cus sed ple me under the compltive term inaation we have discussed Althoughthe first three iiii'i:' i-\i'i:' 4i'i:' com e und er the com etive termin gh the first three iiii'i:' i-\i'i:' 4i'i:'co rag e Althou sed by an average ich are not exp res sed by an ave they need furthe examp les of expressions which are not expresate ly they are not earlier, the y nee d further rexa mp les of exp res sio ns wh for tun earlier, tunate ly they are not g as verb to be canexpress. Un compl tive termin tion functioningas aaver b to be can express, Unfor H, A. aschke. They com pleetiveterminaationfun ctio nin dictionariesby Sar al Chandra Da s and H. A. JJ aschke, The y and even listed in the Tibetan Englishdictionaries by Saral Chandra Das d", or has sai d" and is even list ed in the Tib eta n English "is said", "was said", or has said" and is nify "is said", "wa s sai ech and signify are used to expres indirect speec h and sig are use d to exp res ss ind irec t spe ' are use d to exp res sscon diti ona l to expres conditional to the spoke Tibeta :il,",'~, ~'''\'~'' and 4'''\ equivalent to the spo kennTib eta nn:il.... ~. ~"\A"\'\' and 4',,\' are used equ iva len t nify "if this is (he, they, she, "if this is (he, they, she, of what was being said or will be said andthus sig interrogative of wh at wa s bei ng said or wil l be said and thus signif y inte rro gat ive so", you, 1) said so" or "if thal was saidso". you, I) sai d so" or "if thal was said said . "I have properly me mo rize d", , so iUs said, "1 have properly memorized" so itis t'li,,'r>j'ill"1>!1' ?kll"i' iiii'i 1. ili"'r>j'iil"1>!l' <k!i"l' iiii'i:,:1 1. "Th e bitc h is angry,",,so it is said . "The bitch is angry," so it is said, 2, is'Jft::.,",'~n:1 2. isJft:....~n:\ "The tigress hide it", so it is said . "The tigress hide it", so it is said, 3, 'ii'll' .ii>!l'~>!I 4il:1 3. 'ii'll' .ii>!l.~>!l. '4rJ:\ " If (I am) asked "wh ere did you go? If (I am) asked "where did you go?" 4, ''F5.'L:!~,\'i5'"\ 4;. ''F5.L:l~,,i5"\1 1 it?" If (I am, you are) asked "wh o took it?" If (I am, you are) asked "who took ~>!I'r:>.6'>:"~'''i1 5, ~>!lr:>.6'::~"\\ 5. " If (I am ) asked "when wa s it mixed? If (I am) asked "when was it mixed?" 6, "\JJ'~"I'r:>.~'II' "il 6. "\JJ'~"1'r:>.~>!l' 4'"II ng 15,9 Class ical Tibet an Reading 15. 9 Cla ssi cal Tib eta n Re adi

".

-,

':"1

'"":~

;: :~

~'q~'",C-' '~'q~'",~' ''5il)'~~'~rqa'~'~'q~~'~q~'~C-'l.J' l~O)' ~~ ~r~;r4~r!;lq'L.r ~",'",qO)'~~'~' '5O)'~~' ~r qa'~'~' q~~'.~q~' ~~'l.J .",. . ~;J'4~ Q _ I~O)'~~ 2~r"V!!'" r!3q'L-l'~",''')qil)'~C-'~ e-.. ,,_ Q e-.. _ _ _ c-..
~

q~'l.J' ~' 51' qo.'a:, 0-1'>Tjil)'1i1"l' ibc- 'l.J''i!.' q~' q' ~~' ...., ~O)' qD-'f11Jl' "" Jl' 0) "l' J~"'~' ......, '5 0) '1i1~' qD-' a;o.!' >fI"i '1i1"l' a:;~ 'l.J''i!.' o.! a:;.J:.' ~il)' qo.'f11Jj'").Jj '0)" l' J~"'C-'~C".'5il) '1i1 q" ~'~' -..., q" ~.~. 0-1ib.J:.' e-... " e-... --... e-... e-.. ..... """ I.." . _C'... -. ..." " I..", _ e-... Jj'9'59'9~'q~~'il)1 ' Jl'''l'5''l'''l~' q~~' 0)1 'V" q'0 ."", ,)9 I f1~'''l' ~"l~',,)"l~ ~'f11' ib~'q''i!.'q~' q'D-",',,)"l' I e-... flC-'''l' ~"l~',,)"lc" ~w ibc-'q''i!.'q~' Ilj~~'~' Sc.: q' 0)1 c-... i Ilj~~' ~' SC,,'q' il)l -...,'3 -""' 3 e-... _. a:,iJ.J'>Tjil)'0."')' -... .J:.' q~1 "" q~'C"~' a; Jl'>fI"i'D-"" 11' q.J:.'''lil)~' '" "l~'q .J:.'o.~.J:.' q~1 ",'q~'~~' 1,,'~f11' q'",q 'l'), Jl,,\' q(.l: q.J:.' ,,~f11' q.J:.'''l''i~' ,,)"l~'q.J:.'D-~_e-... _ .. .. .~f11' q'" \q' l'7 'iJ.J"\'q o:q.J:.' "'~f _e-... I'" _ _c-.. _ _ c-... e-... .",. qo. ' 'J9'~'~q' q .J:.'o.~.J:.' il)! c'" q'll!.' ibc'" q'\!!.' q~' qD-''j''l'~ '~q'q.J:.'D-~.J:.'''i! ~' -... )' a;Jl'~"i'D-"""''t1f11''q.J:.'Jl'D-~'Ii1~'! ib~' ")'tlf11 q.J:.'_ Jj'o.~'Ii1C-'1 q~")'Oil)' a:,0-1'~,,\'o."')' -... ...... ...... -... -"'.... . ....... q~"')' ...... . _ _ _ _ ...... c-.. ...... e-.. -.-' ..", -.-' -... ...." . ....". il)S -..q~")S til'~~' a:,il) 'l.J~' a:,J-l''2 l~c'" !~~' E.'q~")S til'~~' a;"i 'l.J~' a;Jl'~"i' "" _ C-~' il) ~I _ C'...e-... '" <tJf11' q.x..' D-:!j' ,,)"l~'~~'_~q~' Jl",' ""l~~' "i~! f11' q.x.,' o.~' ,,)9~'~F' ~q~' 0-1"')' ""l e-.. "')'tj ib9~'~9~' q' q~nl'l.J' q"')",'~o.'a:;"l~'~"l~'l.J' l~~' ~q'~J~',\qo.'f11'~"l'L.l'Jl' S~'Ii1~'!I q~nr l.J' q"'iy~D-' ~Jj l~',\qD-W~"l'q' i>J'Sc"'I'F q~l
~

~ ~

e-...

e-..

_.

"

'X> "X>

'V" 'V"

_ ......

....".

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

"

C'.,.. C"<..

....-

" "

C'...

.......

C'...

C'\...

,,""-

-.

.....

.q~")' .J~1 .q~"')'l

~2)' "ii ~2)' "'I
_

c-.. e....

-.-' .....

q' .J:.,,)l! q' .J:.~

....

'l.J '''\9' q.J:.'o.~.J:.' '2", ~'c"O)'~C-'f11~' .q~q~'l.J~~'",IiI' q.x..'D-~.x..' _ ~ q~"'~~' ~~ 'l.J'\!!.'.'q~a' ~q' q~q~'l.J' ")~' ,tJl' ~O)' '~'~O)'~~ 'f11~' q~q~ ..... ~C,,' q''i! q~a' ~q' q~q~' q'"\c'" ,tiJ.J' eo.... ....... e.... -... ")qC '~~' __ ..... ..... ..... _ . . . . . . . ...... e..... ...... c... ....... _co..... _co. _ ,,\,\''7''1' ...... c-....... ,,'o.,\,\',?"i' e-......... ' q',?")'9~' a:,' q~' ~iJ.J~' .J:.C , l"'~' "i''''Gj'~Gj'f11'q~Jl'l.J' '",)9'"')C-'Jj ' "\'iJq',?",'''l~' a:,e-..q~'~Jl~' .x..~'Dq'~O)' "i! l"\~' ",' "')Gj'~Gj'f11'q ~ iJ.J'q "'''l''''~' Jl''''Iij' -.. q'~O)' ",I .-.... c-.. ...... ....., _ ..... _C'>.. . -...e-.. e-... _ 53' 0-1',,)9' q'o.~.x.,' q''')C-'J ~53' Jl' '\"l' q'D-~.x..' q''')~'! .J:. ~F~C-'o.~ Jl~~' q' "'~' q'5~'l.J'~il)' "i''')D-' ~r~")''')''l' q'fJ;.J:.' ~F~~'D-~~' ~' q'~",' ",''')0.' S'~""Z::;9' q'fJi ...... e-...
~

""-..", ""-C'... 9~' Jj'' ''9' ''l''J9'q'5"')' '"s~' '~q' ~Jl~' '" l.JD- ''''''l'''l~' Jl''''''l '''l' 'jG]' q'5")' ' SC- ~q' ~iJ.J~' '\l.Jo. ''''9' 'flc '\'~~ '\1{ ~~ 'f11' Jl' "'''l' q'~"i'1)'f1~ -...e-.. '\'~C"'\1jl' ~C" W Jj'' \9' q'~",''5 e-... _" e-.. - ' . . . . . ""..,.. c.. - ..._........ ..... -... . . . - . . . ..... . . . . . '... . . ._'. -- . . . .. -'". . .. Jj' ~"\ ~~' E. 0.'9"'0) -q'JjZ::;' "1'Jl' ~"" '~C-'E. D-'''l'''''i'' "W .J:.c..' o.")"')'~'1)"l' (.l."i '~~'''" "i' ")' "'G]' 'q.J:.'~.J:.'1)l f1~'f11' ~'D-")""~'1)"l'l.J' Jl""l.J' o.il) '~C- ") ili'"')' ",)"l q.J:.'~.J:.''51 flC

1~C-' ~q'

~ ~

...... ......

"e-...

-... -...

e-.. ""-

-..... .. ...........

-... ......

e-.,.. eo...

c....

c....

~ ~

c.....e- ..

e-...""-

~ ~

'.'

'-'

....,

C'>..

iJ.JC-~'q'")C-' q'5
-...

' q .J:.'o.~.J:.' qf q~Jl' q' '\~' il)' ~Jl~' '5")'")~' q.J:.'D-~.J:.' qr q~iJ.J' q' '\'iJ'",' .lqJj~' '5")' ")"lj _c-.. c-..
~ ~

-...

c.... " '",' ")o.'u.jf11' ")q.J:.' ,,\''M,,\ '4C'1i1"l'' 9'K q'")9'u.j", ") q.J:.' il)''M''i '4~"'1i1"l''l' K q' "'''l'(J.j''i' "i' ")D-'(J.jf11' _ .......
_

_ -.-'

e-.. c....

e-..

c-...

"

e-..

....... c....

")'C-~'q'q "," i'3\1 ~c''~3\ '~il\' il\''')D-WD-'')q'~~'~''i' ")'~ ~'l.J' q"'1il)' il)! q D-",q'~t:..slr")~'~' q'~il\ \'~",' 3\''')o.Wo.'')q' o."')q'~c-'z::;"l'r.;;;c..-~' '~3
c-...
~ ~
~ ~

-...e-... .....

-v-'

......

C'.._ e-.. ."'"

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;'

15.10 Exerc ises of Lesso n Fiftee n

(a) Repeat the following sentence..s by substituting the clause on the right.
1. fie:'!!"i' ",i"""1~""<ij'~' Q')e:' a;..T.: ili "f "'i"'"1~",<ij~ <6 ..,: "I"
~:rJi. ~'''I~''l''' '8e:' a;.... Q' ~r'\' Ji",'nr ~'''I~''f'' <6"" Ji""nr
4~"I"Irq'''i"<ij''i' 4'~"I'''I':>.~<ij"i ili'l, is':;:,

fie:'ir'\ ' mQ'~r'\'"'~"Wi'Q"IIl.''Jirlf"l"ie:'"i"l' fie:' ir'\' ruQ'~r'\' i'Q"Iq Jirlf"l"ie:'"i"l' i",' ~.~.~",. ",a;"l'~"l'1je:' Q3"""i"l' 6"" ->.c: .~.~",. ",a;"l'~"l'1je:' Q3"""i"l'
r---

2. i""~r'\'~":~JiJr"i~"i' 6",~r'\ ~""~Ji"a:J""i'~'''i'

i",' "'~'''F~' ~"""i '~'"il 6"" "'~'''F~'~'''' "i'~'''il 6"" ~r'\' '~"" ",~.... "'''l''''~''l'4'"i1 i",'~r'\ ~ .... ",~..,. ''l'4'"i1 i",'''F .~. ~..,.~..,. ""r:>.'~'"i' 6"""Ie:'~'~""~""""q'~'''i'
3. Ii!'",r'\'''j~e:"l' 'I"~''l!''''''''lq Iir",r'\'''I~e: "I' 'f~''l!'' ''le:'1

e: '(lJ'~' Ji'''l~''P!Je:' ~",. q"l'~' ~"l' ~"ll 'f1J'~' Ji'''l~''r~e:' <j"l'~' ~"II

~Q' <>lr'\'<ij"(lJ' <>lr'\'<ij"",w

"j"l''I" 0." "I"l' 'f~'''le:' "'.~e:' Q.... ~e:' (, Q"" ~e:.

ilfQ'''l''l'~''l'~''rrJf ~'~-nr"'''j'Qj''l" ~I ilfQ'''l'' j'~''l'~'' J f ~.~"C1f "'''I'Q!~

k

e: "I" ~"'''l'~'l1liJi' q'4"i''2' "'''J(:(' e:nrii'l l ~~"'''l'~'!1l"i'<j' 4"i''2' "'''lll.e:nr iQI 6""~"I'''je:'''le:''''' j"l' <j''l!'~' 9"" 'fll.~' Jf :3e:' Qr'\'(lJ"l' ~I i""~"l'''Ie:'''le:''''' :ij"l' q''l!'~' ] 'I"(:(~' :3e:'Qr'\'f1J"l'
('!) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the Tibetan. equiva (';') Tibeta n lents of the English words gIven.

1. m'1"~"l' i'~'iii"l"C1f""Q~"'<g""""""""""""""""""'" ........ ~"'.0''5.''1 ~q.~"l' "j-nr""Q~"'Q""""""""""""""""""""" l

"

going to sing going to pull the rope going to listen to the radio . going to help the old lady

e:'iIVQ'ij"i"l.................................................. ....qiS...Ul"Q"l1 2. e:' i-nrQ'ij"i"l_.... ..r:>.B..,Ui,,<j"l1

many new and beautiful books your parent's photographs many old Tibetan coins and rugs yOUT your new pen and uncle's old hat
3. B",..,e: '"ie: W~f1J' "i"l' Q~'" ~-nr ""IP.' qUi,, is e:'"ie: -nr~(lJ' Q~"'~"C1f ""jr:>,'qUl" ""1(:(' q'Ul"1 ................ ""!D." q'Ui", or to run in water or to go to schoo l or to play flute or to learn Tibetan
~

(c) Identify the case markers in the Classical Tibetan reading (15.9) . (d) Translate the following into Tibetan. '
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
/

I wili not meet your uncle if I am asked to give him your letter. She will carry this bag and your trousers if you asked her to do it. I am not fond of going outside in the sun even if it is important. Since my husband is not at home, I cannot tell you whether you can take his car or not. If they are shouting at night, my dog will be barking early in the mornin g.

6. May all the poor in the world become happy on Monday! Mayall 7. You should ask me three questions before. noon. 8. I have leave here at se'len O'clock to meet my mother at the airport. 9. We have been learnming Tibetan for three weeks. 10. I still cannot pronounce your name Properly.

, ,-- '1

-~"~ -<!

.~

.:~

.~

15.11 Extra ct from the Elega nt Sayin gs by Sakya Pandi ta

Iil\ -'" ~' I1j"'it:. Iil\"" ~ ~r aT Ilj"\ t::. ~' '~f f'1t l:1j' Ulr.:; I f<l t1j' uP:':;
'>

...,.

e-.... c-....

C'.. C>..

..........

IG~' ,,\t::.. ~Ilj' G'i:!.nr .>:jCJJ~' \)S:':F '\ "'it:.. ~I1j' l:lCJJ~' \) \:':F 'I
'>
I

l'7Ilj'l))'G~'G"" G~r.:;' lJ' ~I II)'ll ' G~' G-'" G~':.:;' z:.r~1 '> 1,,\ 9-'" ':.:; Ilj ",' Gfij il\S GE. 19' r.l. ~ -"1 1"'\9"" "'\I1jil\' Gfijil\SGe. ''l:Fr.l.~"'J
~ '>
~ ~

'>

'>

,/ ./

Who is there that has not been afflicted by wealfh? Who has always remai ned happy? '. All happiness and sUffering Allhappin~sands~~ing Alternate like winter and summer, r.

IUlili'7ili'~t:.' ~CJJ~t:. '~f1j' ctl !Ulil\'l)il\'~t::.' ~CJJ~'t::. etl

ICJJfl~"lJ-"'~-'" il\'",\f1j"G""I1jili ~I CJJfl~' I;J""~"" il\' ':.:;f1j' G-"'Iljil\

'> '>

l~" ~ili',? 9'l)''lj'~'~! I~' ~il\''7Ilj'7"'!j'~'~!

'> '>

I~' CJJa>' \)'' \)'Ilj'f1j'~9~! CJJct\'S \)-I1j-n.r~I1j~1

Those who have small qu(1[ities have greiit iJrrogance qualities great arroga They will live in subdu edman ner if they become wise. edma nneri fthey wise, It is the small rivers which are always noisy Where does the ocean make a clamour?

l~"~"'\"~ a>'Ui':.: -~""I;JI\ !~'~':.:;'~ ct-Ui"'\;'~-"'I:J!\

It::.',:b' QQjf1j" ~'Ulil\ 'l)il\',?':.:;! It:.'ct- QQjf1j' ~'Ulili "7ili ''7'''\1
..... ~
'>

1,,\''):j':.:;'Ujil\'l)ili"~ili "~" CJJetIlj 1r.:;"'):j"'\"U1il\"l)d\'~il\ '~' CJJct9

!~I1j~ '~' S~"7'I1j7CJJ't:. '" 'r.l.Lqf1j1 I~Ilj~'~' S~'l)'Iljl)CJJ't::. il\'r.l.Lqf1j1

.....

~ ~..."

..."

co...._

....... ~

c.... ~

..... ..... .

-.. ... .

.....

"

As long as One has shame one It is the excellence ofthe virtuous ornament. of the ent, If one's shame declin es . , Even the virtue itself will spread a bad reputation. itselfwill
!~'Ujt::.' G"\9'l:1j'':.:;';1J'Ujil\ ':.:;t::. '! 1 'U1t:."G'" til' t1jSlrUlili'",t:. 'I ~
~ ~

" ~ " ICJJ" d\'U1t:. '" CJJ' ~I1j !CJJ' SCJJ~' ili'Ult::.''"'\'CJJ" ~Ilj
~ ~ ~

fO- 'lj r.l.'U1t:.'Q",\I1jWCJJ'SCJJ ~ ''f<lt~! p'lJ r.l.' Ujt::.' Q':.:;Ilj' n,J' CJJ' S"l f'1 ~I
~

IQ~"1~' il\S'7':.:;'r.l.S':.:;' lJr.l.'~f1j! IG~"1~'iliS'7",\'r.l.S"'I;Jr.l.'~f1j1

..... c.... C'-..

.....

C'.., c-...

..... .....

Even ifsomeone is unloving and dbes not like onese lf if someo ne does One should not annou nce it saying, "He is my enemy " ant/. "He dbes not like me", does me". If one announces it, that in itseifw ill cause disharmony. itself will

I'

LESSON SIXTEEN
/

a>ili' qQ'~Qr',JI ~z:r a>ili" qQ'~Qr'"JI ~~ ~~

16.1 The Passive Voice As a rule, the subject of an active verb performs the action of the verb while the subject of a
passive verb receives the action of the verb" .The subject of a passive verb is what in the active verb, . The would be an object. In Tibetan since the subject is not necessarily mentioned, an attempt to make a big difference between active and passive verbs seems to be rather superfh.lous except superfluous when translating English passive sentences into Tibetan" The ergativity of the Tibetan language Tibetan, makes it fuJI of passive idea. The formation of passive is very simple as there is no change to the idea, full root of the verb. The only difference is the shift of the subject into object. The agent through which the action <;,f passive verbis-done to the subject is expressed by the instrumental case 9f verbTs-done marker.l\l" For example "l"<>1l\l"snrS<>1"rQ"Ii!)e:;."Q~"i1 "TIiemother loves (her) sdn" (active) and S" marker~, "I'<>1'11's'nrS<>1"rQ'''Iilie:;.Q'~''i1 S' fll"ll'l'<>1"1'S<>1"1'Q""I 0 fll'Il'l'<>1~'9<>1"l'Q'''I0Fe::-1

Fe::-,

"The son is loved by themother"(passive) mean essentially same thing

and yet there is difference in the conversion of the subject, The reason why passive is subject. sometimes preferred is that greater interest is shown into the receiver of the action than dne who one performs it, Let us illustrate this further: a;e:;."<>1"l'S"Ji't1l'''1''I''i"Ji"4-''."''1"~''i1 meaning "Everybody a>e:;.'<>1"l'S'Ji'r>l'''1''I''i'Ji'4'''''1'~''i1 laughed at the girl", "1"I"i'Ji-..cj",", of course, is an intransitive verb; S"Ji" is "goverend by" or, as it S'Ji' "1"I"i'Ji'4"', may also be termed "the object of' the accusative particle fll" But it may also be analysed in fll,
/

another way, fll""1"I"i'Ji-..cj"'"may be called transitive verb-phrase having S'Ji' as its object. In this fll'''1''I''i'Ji'4'''may way we can understand how it is possible to turn an active sentence into passive: a;e:;.'<>1"1'S'JJW"1"I"i".<1" 4"'" "1" ~"il a>e:;.' <>1"l' S' JJW"1"I"i'.<1' "1'
Active

;~:l

.,.~. :~.

4'"

everybody by gril to laugh did . Everybody laughed at the girl.

"i<>1"1'aJ"I''''ii!)" <>1'~" "1.K~" ~"il "i <>1"1' aJ~''''iili' <>1'~' "1,K~' .
~

S"Jiw a;e:;.'J./"I'"1"I"i"Ji" 4"'" "1" ~"il S'Jiw a>t::: J./"l' "1"I"i'Ji' 4"" "1' girl to everybody by laugh did The girl was laughed at by everybody,
l-.. "'iilj"J./""i'''i<>1''1'J./"I'"1.K"I""'''il "'iilj' J./'''i'''i<>1''1' J./~' "1,K"I' "'''il
..... c",. C'..

Passive

army by thief the seize did The army will arrest the thief. thief,
~'<>1"1' ~'JJ'~'"I"q'~"il ~'<>1"l' ~'JJ'~'"l'q' ~"il

thief the army by seize did The thief will be arrested by the army. army,
~"Ji'~"~"<>1"1""f q' ~"il ~'Ji'~'~'<>1~''If

Nyima by painting the.did the,did Nyima painted that drawing, drilwing.

Q"i'q'Z<lnra;'"1"1' "i::"I"liI"i'iij'~' ~"il Q"i' q' r.jnr,3;' "1"l' "i::~'li!"i'iij'~'

painting Nyima by did That painting was painted by Nyima,

"i::"l'li!"i'Q"i'q'r.jfll',3;' "1"r~'Qr ~"il "i::"l"1iI"i"Q"i"q"Z<lfll'a;" "1~r~" ~"i I

"r

Tibetan most by U dialect understand do Most Tibetans understand U-Ke (Lhasa dialect). dialect),

U diaclect Tibetan most by understand do

U-Ke is understood by most Tibetans,

16.2 Relative Clauses

When an infinitive verb stem is followed by the suffix <>1f/i!)" ('O"J./f/i!)") it expresses 'he who eats <>1f1ili' (-"l'J./flili') (ate), but when a past verb stem is followed by "10." or qo.' ('O"l'qo.") it expresses "that which "10.' (-"l~'qP") was eaten", In Tibetan, the equivalent of the English relative clauses come before the word to clalJses which it relates, and a sentence i,e, 'This is the man who wrote the letter' will have the following word order: Uj~"'~"<>1f/ilj"~"a'r~D.~~"i1 'the letter he who wrote that man this is'. lil'~''''~'<>1f1ilj'~'a'r~''''~':<'''i1 is',

qo..

-'-"'1. -'':'''1.

6.6 Deriv ation of Word Class es of langua ge which is As language consist of characters which signify words, the structure words are modif ied and q".~".qi J.'''l!jc.' known as "grammar" q"'~,,'qiJ.."l!jc.. looks into the way in which those words were given as s. joined together to express thoughts and feelings, We have noticed some jOined as nouns and verbs, and others again as notins exampl~ both of nouns and adject ives, others ives share some comm on additive partic les and the adject ives and adverbs. Nouns and adject injr~, the forms of examp les in fll'~i!) multi- purpo se use of the seven r>l'~Oi' makes it difficult to look at Ii. word classe s help us to isolati on. Howe ver, the basic structu re and knowledge of the follow ing senten ce as an unders tand the conten ts of a senten ce. Let us try to analys e the '",~. liit , example: :::.
-g "it

J.l""P.5 >l'q' ~'q'''la''l~'~'~~'~q'''l~''l'P.'<:~'J.lS"l~' <I' ~~' tr ~'\' ~'f' J.l'<:P.5rfllq' ~"I ~q"la"l~' ~'~ ~'~ q'''l~''l'P. ''':~' J.lS"l~'
~.q', ~'q', ~q'

fei! down. Havin g taken a book the tall monk escaped quickly but he fell down, monk, book tall he a by him took:, fell
~

Iil'l. !i1'l i

~' 9a9~'~

substantives adjective personal pronoun indefinite article demonstrative pronoun instrumental (ergative) past participle continuative particle conjunction (expressing contrast) adverb of location adverb of manner auxiliary verb of simple past perfect

,
~

~.

fl fl' 9~"1
~~.

l!fi I!fi r
~ i

r:>."'" P.5r>l' o.S"" P.5fll

~. ~'

~.

having but down quickly did

~'

.~~-

J.l"'" J.l""
J.lS"l~,q,

"1'':<:,,'

Now if we want to speak more than one, then the sentence beComes:
~'fC.'l' J.l""P.fll'q' j;'p'""~' l~' ~.", ~'q'9a"l~' ~'''' j;~'" "1'''' j;'p'""'~' J.lS"l~' <I' ~~' q' .:<:,,' ,,'fc::l J.l""'P.r>l'q' ':<:"1 down. Havin g taken those books the tall monks escaped quickly but they fell
~q'''Ia''l~,~,,,'l~' Chang are changed into ~'q'''Ia''l~'~''''l~' ~'q"la" 'l~'''-c.',,~' Here in the above sentence ~'q'''la'l~':<'c.',,~' and by suffixing ii' as most and "q~'l' this is to reiterate that these substantives form their plurals rly this senten ce can be ged. substantives do, The rest of the sentence remain unchanged, S'imila moods or by adding the chang ed if we want to speak of simple present or any other tenses and interrogative or a negative adverb of time instead of adverb of manner or with both or make it an be a verb in one contex t ce.We :can senten ce,We ican apply similar tests to most of the words which can . r. but a substantive in another or is an apjective in one and adverb in anothe

"'1',',''

:':\

Subst antive s from verbs to write iJ.l'q'

;J'''1' ,,'''1'

iJ.l'J.lj'l,\' i J.l'J.lfli\
;J' J.lj'l,\' ,,'

author farmer copier

..---

to eat to copy

J.lflOi'

:J'(J' :J''J'

J.lj'l,\' :J'J.lfl<l\'

Verbs from Subst antive s

"'1"1"1"
~<>;'JI' ~<>;"JI"

strength thief gift

"'1"1"1"~cr :!"I"-r sCf

~"~"cr ~'sq

strengthen steal give present

'qc:.<>;"r.r 1<:'<>;'<.[

q<:."\'q'~'i" qc:."\"q" ~'i'

Subst antive s from Adjec tives

~~'~'l.i" ~~"~"l.i '
P.~'Q(d;" P.~"Q(<> i'
:,::c

beautiful wealthy clever

~~"~" ~~'~' P.~'<.[ Q~"r.r

kindness wealth cleverness

&

~~'l.i' ~~"l.i"

~~'~F ~~"~F

Adjec tives from Subst antive s

~di'fl' ~"i"fl"

fl'q' fl"q"
"I~~' "I~~"

danger snow gold

~"\'fl'oO<>;' ~"i"fl"""i"

fl'q'oO<>;' fl"q",,"i"
"I~~'~' "I~"'"~"

dangerous snowy golden

Adjec tives from Verbs

/

""IP.'q ""IA"q "'l'q' -'l"q"

, "I~,,"r " "I~,,"q"

to be glad to eat to sleep

'i"lP.'~"\" 'i"lQ"~" \'

"'l'~~'q" -'l"~~"q '

blissful edible sleepy

"I~'" 00"\' "I~""""i"

Verbs form Adjec tives

.lj~"1:j" >j~'1:i'
~

short long clean

~~'q' ~~"q"
"I~'JI' "I~"JI"

>j~ S"l~~" q" .ljl:; S"l~~' 'I'

~

shorten lengthen clarify

~"5:""I~~"q" ~s"l~~'q' "I"~'5.'""I~~"q" "I"~"'S. ''I~~'q'

Adve rbs from Adjec tives

Qi"l'Jl' >l!"I"JI"
"I"I~'q' "I"1~"q"

remainder n(!w clear

Qi"l'JI~' >l!"I"JI~"

in the remainder newly clearly

"I"l~'q~' "I"I~"q~"
"1"1"1" q~" "I"l"1'l.i~'
~

"1"1"1' q' "1"1"1" q"

r>. ~'~i':\'P.S"1 q'Uldi' A~"d":\"p.S"1"q"Ui"i"
/

16.7 Exam ples This is my offering" (substantive) offerin g, I have not made offerings" (verbalised substansive) gs, This shoes of yours is very beautiful. (adjective) Look after this shoes of your properly" (adverb) ly, How good is this shoes of yours? (adjectival interrogative) Make this plate cleaner. (imperative)

~i':\'P.S"1'q's"l' JI' ~ 'I ~~"AS"1"q"!!i"l" JI" ~"'

Ei'" ~~ "~">l!"fQj"l"Q ~""i"l" q"~" ~"I"P."" EI"" ~~'~'~"fQj"l'A ~'''i''l' q'~' ~"I'P.""I1 Ei'" ~~ "~">l!"fQj"l"Q ~""i"l"l.i 9"1" "i "I"~' EI"" ~~'~'~"fQj"l'P. ~'''i''l'l.i'"9"1' di "I'~I
~

,,' ~~'~'!1I"fi\f"l'P. ~'''i''l'r11i""A ~"1 ,," ~~ "~">l!"fi\f"l"Q ~""i"l"r i",r>. 5:"1

~~'JI' P.~'''I~~' ~'''I~~ 'I ~~"JI" A~""I"~" 5:""I~~"'

PA RT TH RE E

, L ISTi O F . V E R B S ,
!

"",\ ""'\

I A Tib eta n ver b can come in two to fotir different forms to exp res sl the foli imperative. In forming different ten ses and moods, the root of a ver b can three tenses and the be affected eith er by the add itio n, delition or susbstituti on of a prefix, the second suf fix '\I'. Som etim es even the root Jetter is transformed and the vowel lett is all tenses and moods will not be liste dropped. Examples of verbs wh ich onl y has one for m for will ast to can find the ir meaning in dictionarie d asl hey are unlikely 10 cause any problem as lon g as one s. In spite of the importance of kno IJl gov ern the spe llin g changes of the win g the rules wh ich .students bec om e familiarised with verbs for the tenses and moods it is equ ally imp orta nt that the various auxiliary verbs which are verbs. Th e lim ited und ers tan din Th g of the cultural, historical and reli app lica ble for the main ign ora nce of the way Tibetan spe aki gio us con tex t and the k, write con fus ed and blame the ambiguity ng people think,write and talk ma ke ma ny textual scholars lan gua ges through books and hav of the language. It is the inh ere nt dan ger of lea rni ng any e Me mo rizi ng som e rigid grammatic no practical application of usi ng it as a livi ng language. unprepared to examine the relevan al rules written som e 1300 years ago is ina deq aut e if one is ce occ urr ed. An y system of theory of such rules.in the present day and wh y the cha nge s have wh Fol low ing are som e of my observatio ich is not applied in every day pra ctic e is red und ant . ns on spelling changes of Tibetan ver bs: 1. In for min g an imperative from a verb such as <1'1,''\' which only has the 'l'1,',\' inherent a in its present root is cha nge d into ~'\. by dro ppi ng the preffix lOr and add ing the '\':;: pre iX ,\':;::'. Tec hni cal ly the post suf fix ". sho uld be added but it is not used in practice since 11th cen tur y afte r the lan gua ge revison.

2. In ord er to form the past from a present verb stem like Q"I"f it is cha r.l."I nge d into'l"/'\I' and fl'll' <1,,/'\1' R'If 4"1" for the imperative. In doing so, here the root letter "I" has cha nge d to ;'r and fl both bel ong ing to the same phonOlogical nol ogi group of guttural letters, ers. This rule also applies to subjoin lett ers i.e. the present ver b stem ed stem Q]"-l' is changed into <I~(1 r.l.]n.r 'l~flf and i!i"-l'~"I' for the pas t and j" i!i0l'~"I' imperative respectivelyf respectively.:'

rr

3. The pre sen t stem verbs which end in "I', c:,<I' and JJ' suffixes tak c,',<l' e the pos t suf fix '\I' i.e. <I'IlJJ"l' "l'll" l'll' q~<I"f and 'l"lJ J'Il' <l"l"l"l' q~'l'lf "I~c;,'1r in forming their pas "I~c 'Il' t and imperatives. Th is rul e ma necessarily apply with all prefixes. y not 4. The futu re tense form does not diff er a great deal from the present ste m exc ept when there is no allo wa ble prefix in the present root i, e. ~' its future form takes the i. ~. prefix <I' i.e, q~ 'wh ich pre fix 'l' i.e. gets dro ppe d i.e. ~'Il'4"1' in the ~"l' 4"1' imperative form. Bu t there doe s not app ear to be any no! consistency in this rule.

'" v v

5. If the present root of a verb ends in a vowel, 'then the'suffix 'If is always added to form ' qi'j'lj' and q'll' Qi'j"l' Q'II" past and imperative: ~' becomes ~"f, qij:j' becomes qij:j'lj', qi'j' becomes ~. ~"r, Qij:j' Qij:j"l', Qi'j' becomes'ij'lj' etc, becomes iij"l' etc. 6. The prefix 0: with present stem is usually dropped for the imperative i.e. A~l becomes ~"l' and for the past the prefix A' is either dropped or replaced with q' prefix. i.e. A~C1f becomes Q' A~Clr
q~C1r. But there are verb stems which do not apply this rule and retain the prefix. Q~Clr.

7. The past form undergoes more changes either by dropping, changing or adding a prefix or adding second suffix, Present verb stems withwith perfix A' also changes their prefix into <'I' for suffix. A' Q' the future and "\' for the past tense.
8. The prefix q' in present stem is retained in aU tenses and mpods in spite of other modification Q' moods taking place in forming other tenses.

-r~

"~''']

9. The prefix "I' is changed to q' for the past but is retained for the imperative i.e, "I~"\' becomes "I" Q' for, i.e. "l~,,\'
q",,\'. <:1",,\'.
.

-'~ :''-;

::

10. The prefix Jl' is neither dropped nor changed in forming past and imperative. Here follows a list of some important verbs: English

"'' " "'''" j )

7~l

,;'_'7.;. ;-,)7;.

..,

Present

Past

Future

Imperative

~
apply medicine honour elect hide supervise wash steal send supplement boil '11' Q1' '11... Q1'"
Q"j' <1"\'
q1~' Q1~'

-'t~{\ -'~~{\

q'I Q1" '11'" Q1'"

Q"j' '1"\'
q~r:: Q~C.'

q1'1j'4"1 <:I1"l'4"1
q1"'~"1 Q1"'~"1

q1... Q1'"
Q"j~' q"\~'
ql!!e:.~' Q~C.~'

qiTj'lj'4"1 Qiij~'4"l

<I:;je:.' Q:ljc.' ~ --l!![1j' ~[1j'

q~' Q~'

~C."f4"1 ~c."r-9"1
:;jClr~"1 l!!C1r~"I

q~[1j'
~

Q:ljClj"
q~~' Q~~'

,q:;jC1f .Q:ljClj"
i"'"
'~

~
q~ Q1"
q~

~~-r4"1 ~"l'4"1
';1~-r 4"1 ':I"l' 4"l

'l' ;1'
~

q1~' Q1~'

~"., ~t;: ~e:.'

~[1j',

...

q:;j'" Q:lj'"
~

...' Q:lj'"

l!!.... ~"1 :lj"'~"1

~e:.'Ij'4"1 ~C."l4"1
~[1j"~"1 ~[1j'~"1

q:;je:.~' Q:ljc.~'

q:;je:.' Q:ljc.'
q~[1j Q~[1j

(J~[1j' Q~[1r

b~ltJ~'tl b~ltJ~'tJ

.tut~ .tut~

.tu~~

/ /

ltJ~'tl ltJ~'tJ

(IBqWA;) AB[d Aeld

UJoq UJoq qseln qSBA\
P!IJUOJ

b6-.~lb.rt:z.~ ":lliltJ b6-.~1b.rt:z.~ ":lliltJ

~
~

.":liiJ'tl .":liiJtJ .tb .tb biiJ'tl biiJ'tJ .tu!iJ'tl .tu!'J'tJ

.~!iJ .~!'J

.Ii> ":liiJ'tl .Ii> ":liiJtJ

.~tb
~biiJ'tl ~biiJtJ

.":liiJ'tl .":liiJtJ iiJ'tl iiJ'tJ .biiJ'tl .biiJ'tJ .tu!iJ'tl .tu!'J'tJ

bk~iiJ bk~iiJ bk~biiJ

b~.tutiJ' J b~.tutiJttl

.tu!iJ'tl .tu!'JtJ
.~Ii! .~!i1

IS!lnl ISfA\1
P~[ P~I

~(

b~S~
b6-.~bli ltJ b6-.~b!il'tl
~

.!,tiJtJ .!,tiJ'tl
.blil'tl .b!iltJ .tul'tl .tultJ
.b~'tl .b~'tJ

.b~b
tu~'tl tu~tJ .b~b .b~b
~tfhltJ ~tfh1tJ

.li>b~b .li>b~b

;);)UBP p;)d.J;)ns s
(qw!I) purq (qw!l) purq
t:--,

b" .tu@'tl b".tuF;!'tJ ~

.tu91'tl .tu9!tJ
.t;,b~b .fllb~b

. .

J,,6-.fllJ,,@ b6-.t;,b@
~ ~

bk~tf@ bk~tf@

.Ii>tf@'tl .li>tfF;!tJ
.r~

.li>tf@'tl .li>tfbltJ .r!'tl .r!'tJ .rhl'tl .rhl'tJ

.~!!i'tl .~!!itJ

yo 1;) pUllin yo 1;)PUBA\

b~.r@ I b~.rl I

.r@tJ .rl'tl
.rl:b .rl:b
.~~~ .~~~

..

iiU!lq iiUf1q ';):J(BI

.'--

b~.rhJ b~.rhJ
b~.~!J'tl b~.~!JtJ

.r];;b l
~hb

ADe;) A1.W;)

IfS. I!S
u!ds Ufds

"' "'
/ /
1 1

.bbJ.tull1 .bbJ.tulJ1 ~

.rulub .rulub

.rulub

ltJll1'tl ltJlJ1tJ

b6-.~blli

b~b

.~bllib

b~
.~u~~

pe;)l (leqwA;) Aeld (spooii) l;)A!PP (sii'U!ql) ;);)UnOU;)l IIWO,,(sqW!IJ q;)j;)ljS

.,

b~.ru91

.ru~~

.tu~~

b~.tu

.ru~b

.ru~b

:ru@

bg.r~ bk~b~
b~."':J~

.r~b
b~b
.:J:;;b

.r~b
.",b~b
.Ii>:J!b

.r~ b~
.":J~

'--

'-,

"

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.!'ltJ

.bit .I">!'l

.61t.tlz~
.61t.&~

.~
.~

.tlzm
~~.

.~
.~

ll.';:

.&~
~",.

(lq8B) Q)E!PBJ

.b!:t.&":lg
.6g.',,~

'~~--

.6k&61J
.6~.'"',,

.blJ

.&61J

.b~

~{4~

.'"h'"

.'"h'"

.6g:,.! .61t.tlz":l!
&ij-~

.'rB" .":l!

.'rB" .&":l!

.'r! .":l! .!
~'r

.61t:tlz!
~q"r4"l

.~

.tlz~

(:J$Ooq) QAOlIl UMOP :JP!sdn )nd dEQll

bItM"~

t:r~

.tlzt:r~

.t:r~

.6It.l"":l~

.":l~

.tlz':l~

' ".)

..

-...,.:

0,7

,,-LO

?lc:

.':l~

heap

move (house)

put upside down

renounce

gJunOUQl

promote

21'

21c:

21"'-

"g".

.'"',,

:J1E8!)S:JAU! :J)olIloJd

expeU

investigate

~"r

I'"

?l'""f

21"f

~q"l"

21"-"1"

~".

,,;:I,,'

~"!~.

.',,~
~"!.

.',,~
I

.',,~
.J

n:JdXQ

enjoy

~".

~".

?l""

21'

~q

21"-'

~".

,,;:I,,'

~".

~r.:.~4"!

.":l~

.tlz":l~.":l~

send (letter)

(1Q11:J]) PUQS AofuQ

celebrate

radiate (light)

~.

~""~"'~'

~.

~~.

1:4

~~~;~c-

'la.!

~.

~.

'lM

?l'" "f4"1'

21"l"4"!'

~"'i5"1'

21"-~'4"1'

~"!~'4"!'

"g".~"I'

~".~,,!,

~~'4"!'

~~'4"!'

liM4"1"

[j'--

J''b'c.!

:J)E1Qgp:J

defeat

strike (at target)

transfer

laugh (at others)

(SJ:Jqlo JE) q8oe]

sweep

d:J:JMs

lB:l]QP

hang

meet

miscalculate

p.f<J",r

~i4'

n.:F

n.;t"l'

n.o1'"

n.li~

n.li,,!~

n.::!"!"l'

n.::!", "l'

n.;t"l"l'

01'"

O1t11.

.ttJhV

.ttJh

.ttJhV

separare
l:J:JlIl

n.01nr

n.li

n.::!'

n.li,,!

n.::!"!'

n.::!",'

01'"

n.01t11'

n.li"l"4"!

n.~~4"1

~,,!"l'4"!'

n.~,,!"l' 4"1'

~"'''l'4''!'

~t11.~,,!,

,,.

.61t.&~
~

.~'"

J~~

.~v

decrease
;mm,d:Js

n.~'

-~~f

:J5e:JJ:Y.} P

O1"i'~,,!'

~"l'4"!'
~

bft&bS .bft&::o/; .bktl>f! .bk&::o

~"'0"l'

.bStJ .::015'" .'"

n.Sc::.' '\9'
,\~c::.'
.r~

.&1,,15 .::o/; .&f!

9c::. "l'
~~'
~c::.'

.bStJ .1!tJ .',,tJ .::OtJ

~-<.'
:r~

JU!OUUE

.&::o
.r~

.bb-.&b .bb-.&~

.!:''"

.!:'tJ .tl>I::71!tJ .lubtJ .&l::7btl .'"btl .',,1]tI .'"btl .rb'"

.&b~tI
t<qq~'

.bb-.&b -- r:i"l'4"1'
,:!nr~"I' .b~.luB

.1::71::7'"

.I::7B

.b~.'"B

.'"btl .'"btl .'"btl .rb'" .bbtl .rl::7t1

,,\'J"l' C\'J'" C\S"l' '\S'" C\S'\'

SB
.&b
'3"f 'J"l'
~

I1:x!X;}

.bfttl>b
'3"l'4"1'

(J:x!WnJI) ",o[q
..'

.bk&b
"\S"'~"I'
.b~.rb'"

.&b

(;}JnlJ) ACid (l:x!ed) qS!lod ;};)l;}ld

pIerce blaze polish (paper)

.rb'"
'1"1'
.k~

.bb-hbb'!.
~

.61::7'"

.&61::7'"

.&6btl
C\'J"l~r

;}Jeu!weJuoo

J:::r
~

.6b-.&6f;; -

:'-.

<-".....,.

C\~"l

.bt;'"

.b~

6~tJ

con taminate

snatch

C\'J,<:

C\'Jrlj'

.b'.rl7
'\ q"l"f 4"1

,,\'J"I"f

~"l'

'is"r

.tul::7t1

C\q"l"1'

.b~.b~

.rl::7t1

=!q

q;:lJCUS

..,.,.-. ..,

..

expell

blow (trumpet)

play (flute)

t<S'J"l'

.1:>1]'"

C\S'\'

C\S'\'

C\S'\'

'\S'"

'1'J'

.bb-.&I::7B
'1"\'~"I'
~

(cII;}lqwn) u:x!o

open (umbrella)

t<sn.r

.lub'"
"\sq'

.hJh

offer

<j'J'

~nr

'1"\'

"\S'"

,\'Jq'

.!ob-.&l::7b

.l::7b

Ur Cl
~

l;}fJO

/:

rain

t<G'

,&!:'tJ

spill

t<q"l'

'i q'

"\SrlI'

t<S'\'

t<SS

.b!:,'"

.b~

.&b!:,tJ (sllu!q;:lc;}J) Ilcdw!

ds m

impart (teachings) t<q"l"l'

Liqr

.b'.bb

t<q,\' .

.&!:'

q~'

.',,!:'
,\q"l'

. .',,!:'tJ

call

~'\'

.B
q,,\'
~'

.&B
~~'

.',,~

;}P!q lIB:)

/'

hide

~c::..f

~c::. "l'4"1'

.bb-.&::o~

.jB
~c::.'

.&::oB
~c::.~'

;.j~

soak

~"f4"1'

q~'4"1'

.b'.r~
~
~

(;}lg)

lit (fire)

C\9r::

.::OtJ
~'"

;}lll;}wqns
submerge

expell

annoint

erase

t<9ili'

t<~"l'

t<9'\'

~"I~'

~'"

C\~"l'

~c::. "f4"1'

9c::."l'4"1'

~"l~'4"1'
~~'4"l'
~ '4"1'0"1'

II:x!X;}
;}SEl;}

J!l

)jCOS

:~:-

Li'J"l' 4"1' S"l'4"1' '1"1'is "l'

~ <.1-<"0"1'

,:!q~'4"l'

~"l"r4"l'

.bkho-I'>~ .bltho-I'>~

.I'>~D

.&I'>~D

.I'>~

M:JS M:JS
AJS!jBS AJS!lllS

.bk&I'>'g .blt&I'>'g

N'g .l'>'g

.&I'>'g

N'g .l'>'g

)P )J?
.b>.~ .b'.~
~
~

.~D

.~D .~D

.~ .~
.I'>~ .I'>~

M01S:Jq MOIS:Jq :Jsodwo:J

.bl:t.ho-I'>2 >2 ~
~ ~

.1'>2D .1'>2D
.~2D

.ho-1'>2D
.~21:! .~21:7

.b>.~2 .b'.~2
~
~ ~

.~~

:Jrul1E :Jrul1E :JI!d :JIld :JAOI :JAOI

." ."

.bltho-b~ .bkho-b~

.b~D .b~D
.~I:! .~1:7

.&b~D
.&~I:! .&~1:7

.b~ .b~
.~

.bkho-~ .bltho-~

.bltho-~ .bkho-~

.~~ .~~
::J~

.ho-~ .&'::l~ .&'::l~

I

.~ .~
.'::l~

(:Jwclj ACId (:JWE8) AEId

q8nOl q8no1 pl!nq Pl!nq

..

.b~.:J~ .bb-.ho-b2
~ ~

.b~1:7 .b~1:!
.~I:! .~1:7

.&b~1:! .&b~1:7
.&~I:! .&~1:7

.b~ .b~
.~

.bkho-~
.bltho-I:7~b .bkho-l:!~b

junoo lunoo qnl (:I:JJj) JUEld (:I:J1I) JUEld

, , ,/

.D~b .D~b

.ho-D~1:7 .ho-D~I:!

.D~b .D~b
.b~1:! .b~1:7

.bkho-blP . .bkho-blP .

.b~D .b~D

.ho-b~D

.s: .s:
.bb-.ho-'::l~ .bb-.ho-'::l~
~
~ ~

~
~

.':J~

.ho-'::l~ .ho-'::l~

'::lfr '::lfr

:I)se) :ljsej :JjE:Jds :l\E:Jds

:J8EJEds!p :J8E1E q8nOId q8no\d :Jj!q :Jl!q

.bb-.ho-~ .bb-.ho-~

.~ .~
.~t

.&~
.~t

. It It
.~~ .~~
.~!!

.bg.~!!

.bkho-!r .bltho-;r .bkho-bli' li'

.;r .!r .bli' .bli'

.ho-;r .ho-!r .&bli' .&bli'

.bff .bff

.'
~.

..-

--

.bk",bfg .bk",fg .bk",bl!l

.b~.bg

.bfg .fg .bl!l .bg

.b~

.",bfg

.bfg .fg .",bg) .bg

.b~ .tu~1,

mod IB:}Ij:> UOIlu:}])e Aed :})RDOSse :})BJnjllS UDjS :}dB:)S:} :})ll]:}l (l!IlIj) In:)

."'~
.",bG;
.~bg
.",b~

.bk",bg
~.::

.b~.tu~

.tut;1,
h~l:J

.tut;1,

.bk"'~
.b~.tu~l:J

."'~
.tut;l:J
~.

."'~l:J
.tu~l:J

.ru~l:J
.b~l:J

~~L
~t1~''''~ ,,='

.bk",b~

.",b~

.b~l:J

.bk",g
.b~.I,,~

.tl:J
.I,~

.~g
.I,~

.'l:J
.1,~l:J

ll!P

::iA!=P

.bk"'~
.b~.tu~
.b~.bt;
~

.~

.~~

.~l:J

:})P""
:})elllllllgS

.tut;1, .t:rt;l:J .1,t;1, .:,t;l:J .:,g .'rg

.ttl!;

.tubl:J .bl';l:J .1,1';l:J .:,1';l:J

.bt; .1,1'; .'":,1';l:J .'" :,g .'rg .'":'bl:J .'rbl:J

(llgq Ijl!"") d!Ij""

Ij:)1 111:)S

.b~.I,,~

.bk.'" :'~l:J .bk'" :,~

""olloJ AJ!md :}:)lllqU]:}

::o~ .'r~
.~ :'~l:J
.'r~l:J
.1,~tJ

.b~.'r~

.bk.'" :'~l:J
.b~.'r~l:J

.:,~
.'rbl:J
.~I,
.I,~

(pU!lli) U!IlJI :}nlll (JOop) u::ldo op

.bk"'~ .lbk"'~
,.
~--

."'~
.",b

.I,~

.,

LLL,-

seive rush in reimburse squeeze close (eyes) violate harm herd sell cook repay

"a:;")' "a;<:. "I' "a;<=-"I'

"a:;q'

q;5")~r q;5")~r

"1;5")'
q;5<=-' "1;5<:.'

&")"1'4")' a:;<=-"I'4")' a:;<:. "I' 4")'

"a;q'~"i' "a;q'~"i'
a;,,'~"I' a;,,'~"I'
':-;;' ii

"1;5<=-"1' "1;5<:."1'

"a:;q~f "a:;q~r

"a;<:r "a;<r
q~,,' l:J~'"

o.a;", o.a;,,' o.<!lJl"l' o.<!lJJ"I' o.,L' 0.,3;' ",L' ",3;' 0.&' o.a;c: o.a;", o.a;,,'
I

q~,,'

qilJl"l' qilJJ"I'
"I~"I'

qilJl ' , qilJJ' !

"I~'

<!lJl'lf,)'1"1" <!lJJ"I'4")'
"I~"I' 4"1'

o.,L'!f 0.,3;"1'
q~"I' q~<=-~f q~<:."I' q~"l' q~"I'
a:;q'
!

o.,L' 0.,3;'
q~'

o.,L"l'4")' 0.,3;"1'4")' &"1'4"1' a;t;. "1'4"1' a;c.~r4"1'

,'Ii ,-':::1. -':':1,

..."~ r"~

q~<=-' q~<:.' q~'

a:;q'

a;"I'4"1' l"l'4"1' a;q':5"1'

a;nr~") a;nr~")

o.a;q' , "a;[JJ'

search

q;5nr

q;5nr

e:::
drip run out waste dangle fight hold establish avoid climb

_ J~~. -S~. "1-""1' o.e::", o.E: '" "e::o.' "E:o.' "1-"'" o.k'
"I~<=-' "I~<:"

o.e::")' o.E:")' o.e::", o.E:,,' o.e::o.' o.E:o.' o.e::,,' o.E: '" "E.<=-' "E.<:" o.E.3j'
o.~"I~r o.~"I"l'

-""1"1' """1"1'

-""1"1'4"1' o.E",,':5"1' o.f",,':5"1' o.E:o.' q,,'~"I' 4"1' o.e::o.'q"'~"1'4"1' "1-",,':5"1' "1-""':5"1'

o.E.c.'~"I' o.k~"I'
-"<:'''1' ""I' =I<=-"l' ""'I' ! ~
---

-'-'" , "{

-"' ""'""

~"I'

"1-"'" o.ik"l'
q~F

q;a"l"l' q;a"l"l' qa'" o.E."I"I' o.E. "I"I'

"~")"l' "~")"r

<!l")"l'4,,)' <!l")"1'4"1'
~"'~")' ~"'~"I'

o.g'" o.E."I'

"Ia'" o.E."I'

D.E."I"l'4"1' D.E. "1"1' 4"1'

.b!:tJ.bmb .b!:t.l.bmb
~ ~

.bmb b .blP b
.~b .~b
.~~b

J>qmb J>qmb
.~blPb

.blPb .blPb .blPb .6lPb b lPb

.~~b

~AeM

.bk~blPb .b\t~blPb

(qlOp) l~AO:J (qlOp) l~Am

/

.bk-~lPb .bk~lPb
.bk-~~~b .bk~~~b
.bk-.~b1;,b .bk~b1;,b .bg.b~ .bg.b~

~lPb
.Ilr~~b .l.~~b
.~b1;,b .~b1;,b

(pOO]) (poo;) X!Ul pel)S!p peljS!p M01Ql M01Ql

~P!q

.b1;,b .b1;,b
.b~

.b1;,b .b1;,b
.b~

.~b~

b>,.b~ b>,.b~
~
~

.b~b

.b~b .b~b

.b~ .b~

~soddo ~soddo

.bk-.~I'P~ .bkMP~
.b!:t.~~b .b!:t.~~b
~

.!'Ph Nh
.~b

.~I'P~b MP~b
J>~b h~b

.~I'P~ .~fi'~
.~b .~b

~le!loll~u ~le!loil~u

,,:{;

"<

(poO;) (POOl) ~lEd~ld

.bk .~l'Pgb .bk .~fi'gb

.l'Pgb .1'Pgb

.~l'Pgb .~fi'gb

.l'Pgb .fi'gb

d~ls d~ls

t:
b\;J.~ b\;J.~
~-

.'tJ~b .'tJ~b

.Ill~b .Ill~b

.~

l~ 1~

.bklllbl .bklllbl .bk-.Illbl .bklllbl

.bI .bI
.~

.~bI .~~ .~~

.bI .bI .bI .bI

l!,lUl lFlUl
l~nb;)J l~nb;)j
.,,-/

bkIll~~ bkIll~~
.bk~?!

Siib Siib
.~tr .~tT
~ ~

.Ill~i.lb

.~~

(~P!lq) pu~s (~P!1q) pU~S

.I'lr?!b .I'll?!b
.~~b
.~~b .~~b

.?! .?!
.~ .~
.~ .~

qlop dn Hnd qlop dn Hnd

~s!nlls!p ~s!nils!p
l~AO d~IS l~AO d~js

.bk~~b .bk~~b
bf::.~~ bk~~
.~I'P .b!:t .~fi' p'tJ
~

.~b .~b
.~b

.i'P f.l' J .i'P;:J'ttJ

.I,) l'Pf.l'tJ J')I'f>j:!'

.I'P j:!'tJ .l'Pf.l'tJ

l;nj1eB' ldqleB'

L..L.L.t

borrow

"I<i.i...'

"1"1""
~

"IG.j...'

"I<i.i...'~"1
-.

-~

gang attack hope loose wet grace

5.cr

~q"r

~q'

~q"r4"1'

:<.'
ili"l' J;<l\' J;q'

:<'Z\jqili"l"r qili<l\' qillqZ\j'

:<.'
qili"l' "lill'Y "lill q'

:<'Z\j'4"1' J;"IZ\j'4"1'
J;<l\'~"I'

. J;qZ\j-4"1

(1J
nj~'

stand speak crumble take

(1j~

"I'

(1j~'

rii~ "l'4"1'

(1jq'

(1jqZ\j'
~"IZ\j'

(1jq'
~"I'
Iij~'

riiqZ\j'4"1'
~"IZ\j'4"1'
rii~"I'49

,
~"I'

iil<l\'

Iij<::. ''1'

'9
slaughter rinse to line up copy hand over cry arrange splash

"1'1":
q'1(1j' "I4 Q' "l':r q'j"l' "l"j.>J' "l-9.>J' "1-9'

"1'1"1'
q'1(1j' "14"1"1' q'j"l' q"j"jZ\j' q"j.>JZ\j' q'1d'l"l' "1-9""

q'1~'

-9Z\j'4"1'
q-9(1j'~"I'

q'1(1j' "14"1' q'j' q"j"l' q"j.>J'

.q4~

"I4 qZ\j'4"l' "l'jZ\j'4"1' "j"lZ\j'4"l' "jJZ\j'4"1' -9JZ\j-4"1' "I4"l'4"1'

"1-9'

~r

L~O

-,.....

INDEX
Abilitative forms Ablative Ablative of reason Abstract noun compound Accusative Adjectival clauses Adjectival interrogatives Adjectives Adjectival interrogatives Adverbial superlatives Degree of comparison Adjectives, Prenominal

170 54 155 42 52 183 103, 104 45, 46,103 103, 104 47 46 47 183 47

I'

Adverbial clauses Adverbial superlatives

;"

Adverbs Formation of adverbs Adverbs of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of time Aggregative numerals Alphabet Alphabetical notation Approximate numerals

134 134 134 135 49 1 184 50

i

Articles Auxiliaiy verb

34 65

227

i '"

L~
Tibetan Completive terminations Readings (Classical Tibetan) Verb 'to be' (Classical Tibetan)
/

137 138, 147, 157, 165, 176,185,196 137

8

Combining consonants with vowels Comparison of adjectives Completive dual syllables Completive terminations Complex nouns Condition Conjunctions Disjunctive conjunctions Conjunctions of contrast and similarity , Consonant drill (Surmounted and subjoined) Consonantal denominations Consonants Passive consonants Post suffixes snffixes Root consonant Subjoined Consonants Suffixes

46 196 137 37 162 143 144 145 79 12,33

22
17

13

23, 79
13

,.

Surmounted letters The Thirty consonants Continuative particles Contradiction

27, 79
4

151-152 163

LL':J

Conversation between the Prince and his charioteer Counting over 100 Dative Days of the week Degree of comparison Demonstrative pronouns Derivation of word classes Derived noun sterns pesiderative expressions Diminutive nouns Disjunctive conjunctions Dissyllable nouns Doubt Duration Locative of time Elegant sayings of Sakya Pandita
I

167 130 54 68 46 64 203 40 l75 39 144 40 163

n) :,.,:'
-~;

'E~,

:-~,

-~

ir3l _C_'_

56 133, 141, 150, 161,199 164 2 181 84 134 49 43 76 55

..,......
'
:-' ~

~'* ~.;:::~,

Emphatic expression Ending a Sentence Exclamatory expressions Expressions of time' Formation of adverbs Fractional numerals Gender General months Genitive

, ,

230

Genitive datives Gerundial tenninations Honorific expressions Honorific nouns Honorific verbs (Monosyllabic) Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive datives
','-<

174 153

llD 110
110
112

174 182

Imperative Infinitive

65
Infinitive rgyu and ya Instrument of reason Instrumental Interrogative negatives
)

193 154 53 95 162 99

Interrogative reasoning
~

Interrogatives Adjectival interrogatives Interrogative negative Irregular pronunciation Kinship terms KinShip

103-104
95 31 122

la don particles
Letterhead

108
2

Letters
1 I

Combining consonants with vowels Letterhead Vowels Vowel drill

8
2

71

-1

231

"

List of verbs Locative Locative of time Lunar months Measurements Monosyllabic honorific verbs Months General months Lunar months Tibetan months
Mul~placative

203

55 56 56 50 112

-~ -::~

>"''"1

,'1
76 56 76 50 91 95 164 41 52 35-43,72,82, 110
Abstract noun compound Complex nouns Derived noun sterns Diminutive nouns DissyUable nouns Gender Honorific nouns Nominal compounds Number
t:;;;'._
!-i1

numerals

Negation Interrogative negatives m (EmphatiC expression) Nominal compounds Nominative Nouns

:' -J

t't,

42 37 40 ,39 40
. ;t

43 110 41 43
-,
'

'

232

Simple nouns Synonymous compounds Vocabulary nouns

/

36 42 82 39 43 47-50, 130, 182

I

Nouns ending in special suffixes Number (Nouns) Numerals Aggregative numerals Alphabetical notation Approximate numerals Cardinal numbers Counting over 100 Fractional numerals MuJ.tiplacative numerals Ordinal numbers Obligatory forms Order of strokes) Ordinal numbers Origin of the Tibetan alphabet Particles Continuative particle
la don particles

49 ' 184 50 47,69 130 49 50 49 171 2 49

I

151-152 108 22 200 172 63

Passive consonants Passive voice Permissive expressions Personal pronouns

55

Place of articulation (Pronunciation) Possessive pronouns Post suffixes Prenomina1 adjectives Prenominal Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Pronunciation (See also Spoken Tibetan) Irregular pronunciation

63
17

47,201

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63-64
64
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63 63
5,31,4 31 4
2
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Place of Articulation
Punctuation system Readings (Classical Tibetan)

,
Relative clauses

138, 147, 157, 165, 176, 185, 196

200
13
~-~,

The Root consonant

Sanskrit Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet Sayings of the Buddha Sentences
Ending a sentence

7 179

"~

-:(

Simple nouns
Spoken Tibetan (See also Pronunciation) Useful expressions

36

70, 77, 88, 98, 107,117,125

Strokes
Order of strokes 2

234

<' ",,

Subjoined consonants Suffixes Sunnounted letters Synonymous compounds Tenses (See also Verbs ) Tenses, Conditional perfect Tenses, Conditional perfect progressive Tenses, Future conditional progressive Tenses, Future perfect Tenses, Future perfect progressive Tenses, Future progressive Tenses, Past perfect

23, 79
13

27,79 42 118-121, 126-129 121 129 127 121 128 127 121 128 126 120 127 126 126-129 119 119 118 4 76 116 81

Tenses, Pa~ perfect progressive Tenses, Past progressive Tenses, Present perfect Tenses, Present perfect progressive Tenses, Present progressive Tenses, Progressive Tenses, Simple future Tenses, Simple past. Tenses, Simple present The Thirty Consonants Tibetan months Tibetan quotations Tibetan verb

235

.~

..

"

Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet

Time Expressions of time

84

Locative of time Traditional Buddhist sayings Use of dgos and 'dod Use of dgos and 'dod Useful expressio\ls expressiolls Various auxiliaries Verb 'to be' in classical Tibetan Verbal compounds Verbs (See also Tenses)
Au~liary Au~liary verb

56
188
175

,--,.~,',. ,--,~,."

175
~'~

70, 77, 88, 98,

107, 117, 107,117, 125

180
137
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187-189
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65 192
80
-}:y~ -}?-~
--~~-'a
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Auxiliary verb: myong ba Auxiliary verbs, Combined Auxiliary verbs, Combined: yad dug yod Auxiliary verbs, Combined: yod red Becoming, Verbs of Imperative Infinitive Infinitive rgyu andya List of verbs Monosyllabic honorific verbs Passive voice Tibetan verb

90
89

191
182
o

65
193 205
112

200

81

236

Various auxiliaries Verb 'to be' in classical Tibetan Verbal compounds Vocabulary verbs Vocabulary nouns Vocabulary verbs Vocative Vowels Vowel drill
/

180 137 189-191 82 82 82 57 1 71 163 66 73 89

Wish Word order

yin (Auxiliary verb) yod red (Auxiliary verb) ,

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