THRESHOLD ANALYSIS

LINTA JOY APARA BANERJEE POOJA AGARWAL ROSY GOGOI DEBLEENA SAHA ANAND NEHA POTDAR

BACKGROUND
PIONEERED IN POLAND BY B. MALIS IN EARLY 60S.
INTRODUCED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN 1965 BY PLANNING

RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN ITS REGIONAL PLAN FOR THE

GRANGE MOUTH / FALKRIK GROWTH AREA SCOTLAND.

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS
QUANTITATIVE METHOD LOCATION ORIENTED TECHNIQUE
FINALIZING LAND SUITABILITY FOR THE FORMULATION AND COMPARISON OF DEVELOPMENT

ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES IN TERMS OF COST OF DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE AREAS. INTRODUCE THE QUANTIFICATION OF THRESHOLD COST INTO PHYSICAL PLANNING TECHNIQUE.

DEVELOPMENT THRSHOLD
IS THE SUCCESSIVE LIMITATIONS PUNCTUATING THE
PHYSICAL GROWTH OF TOWN. CAN BE OVERCOME THROUGH THRESHOLD COST.

COST
-NORMAL COST ( Cn )-INDEPENDENT OF THE LOCATION OF DEVELOPMENT - THRESHOLD COST ( Ca )-DEPENDENT UPON THE LOCATION OF DEVELOPMENT

-TOTAL COST Ct

Ct= Cn +Ca

TYPES OF THRESHOLDS

GRADE
THRESHOLD STEPPED

CAUSED BY SITE CONDITIONS

CAUSED BY LIMITATION IN INFRASTRUCTUR E SERVICES

Grade threshold
Total Cost Average Unit Cost No. of units No. of units

Stepped threshold
Total Cost
Average Unit Cost A B No. of units A No. of units

SITUATIONS WHERE THRESHOLD ANALYSIS CAN BE USED :

STRUCTURE PLAN

URBAN - (CITIES, TOWNS & URBAN AREAS)

-- APPROPRIATE FOR EXPANDING TOWN ( POP. 5,0001,00,000) -- USED FOR FORMULATING AND COMPARING ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS. -- COMPARING SITES FOR DEVELOPMENT RESIDENTIAL USE.

COUNTY - (GROUP OF SETTLEMENTS)

ASSISTANCE FOR THE PREPARATION OF STRUCTURE PLAN

LOCAL PLAN
( INFORMATION GATHERED FOR STRUCTURAL PLAN IN DETAIL)

DISTRICTS
1. PARTS OF LARGE TOWNS 2. WHOLE OF A SMALL TOWN 3. RURAL AREAS AND VILLAGES

ACTION AREA
1. NEW DEVELOPMENT
2. IMPROVEMENT 3. REDEVELOPMENT

SUBJECT
RESIDENTIAL, INDUSTRIAL, RECREATIONAL AND OTHER SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS

PROCESS PROBLEM SETTING AND PREREQUISITES

MAIN ANALYSIS

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

PROCESS
PROBLEM SETTING AND PREREQUISITES INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

MAIN ANALYSIS

SETTING THE OBJECTIVES FOR THE ANALYSIS IDENTIFICATION OF ASSUMPTIONS

SETTING UP OF PARALLEL STUDIES

DEFINITION OF DEGREE OF ACCURACY DEFINITION OF THE STUDY AREA

PROCESS
PROBLEM SETTING AND PREREQUISITES INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

MAIN ANALYSIS
Definition of first and boundary thresholds

Elimination of unsatisfactory groupings

Preparation of cost charts Identification of critical thresholds and eliminate the unsatisfactory groupings Calculation of comprehensive threshold cost

PROCESS
PROBLEM SETTING AND PREREQUISITES INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

MAIN ANALYSIS

SUMMARY OF RESULTS REPORTS AND PRESENTATIONS OF THE IMPLICATIONS IMPLICATION OF THE ANALYSIS FOR THE STRUCTURE PLAN

INTER RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS IN URBAN PLANNING

Urban Planning can be considered as that part of the urbanization process which is considered with defining aims and with determining ways and means by which those aims can be attained.

The prime responsibility of urban planning is to indicate how to influence development processes to ensure that the resulting structural and functional transformations of settlements lead towards the fulfillment of the aims.
Thresholds are known in urban planning as physical limitations encountered by expanding towns, and the cost of overcoming these limitations represent threshold costs. The method of threshold analysis permits identification of threshold limitations, calculations of threshold costs and definition of all other consequences of threshold overstepping. In short the method provides a tool for evaluation of urban development possibilities. Practical experience and the most recent research have not only confirmed the continuing usefulness of recent analysis in urban planning but have also indicated broad possibilities for further development

Threshold analysis undertaken for the small town of Taivalkoski, Finland to accommodate expeceted 1500 new inhabitants

INTER RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES (2/3)

THRESHOLD APPROACH IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING Environmental planning can be defined as a process whereby regional and national resource conservation or development plans are created in ways that consciously seek to minimize long term negative effects on existing levels of environmental quality An ultimate environmental threshold (UET):

The stress limit beyond which a given ecosystem becomes incapable of returning to its original condition and balance. Where these limits are exceeded as a result of functioning or development of particular tourist or other activities, a chain reaction is generated leading towards irreversible environmental damage of the whole eco-system or of its essential parts

UETs can be determined by confronting these threats UET Uniqueness Minimal Live application of UET method in preparing a plan for the Tatry national park , Poland Transformatio n Partial Reversible Resistance Total Irreversible

INTER RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES (3/3)

THRESHOLD APPROACH IN REGIONAL PLANNING

Threshold approach is concerned with aspects of scarcity. Since it aims at defining the amount of land suitable for development from the physiological standpoint, the amount of land being served by existing public utility network and so on. This information, however, whether used by regional planners or others has been derived so far from the analyses undertaken at the urban planning level and therefore limited to the local conditions. The regional planning implications arise only from the fact that the relative impact and significance of particular local thresholds may influence the desired evolution of the settlement pattern.

LIMITATIONS AND BENEFITS OF THRESHOLD ANALYSIS

It can play useful part at specific stages of planning process. It does not attempt to determine the future pattern of development. Location oriented technique introducing the quantification of threshold costs into a physical planning technique.

LIMITATIONS
1. Should not be taken as the comprehensive tool for the economic evaluation of the planning solution as it is concerned primarily with threshold costs. 2. Implications of threshold analysis while comparing planning solutions are valid if all other factors including benefits are considered equal.

3. It does not take in to the account the benefits ( economic and social)
4. Assumptions are the prerequisite to the application of threshold. 5. Calculations are often based on crude assumptions and must not be treated as precise cost assessment.

6. Most suitable for medium sized towns or small sized, where as complex and larger towns require more automated data.
7. Primarily concerned with the residential area development

8. Deals with the urban development threshold and only provides general ideas on how to analyses redevelopment threshold. 9. Process concentrates on comparing the threshold costs of various sites 10.Concentrate on calculating direct threshold cost capital cost and gives only general guidance on the calculation of indirect threshold cost ( exploitation cost).

BENEFITS
Benefits of using threshold analysis can be explained under two groups IN PREPARATION OF STRUCTURE PLANS Helps to analyse the degree of suitability of sites for urban development. Identifies differences in cost of developing alternative sites. Allows the design of a towns physical structure to be made in such a way the development is integrated with overcoming of threshold limitations. Can function as input data for other techniques eg: cost benefit analysis, planning balance sheet. IN DECISION MAKING Local authorities can use the results for decision making The information provided can be used for formulating corporate investment plans. The information also help local authorities to negotiate better with developers and industrialists.

CONCLUSION
THRESHOLD ANALYSIS IS NEITHER A COMPLETE PLANNING THEORY NOR A PANACEA FOR ALL KIND OF PLANNING PROBLEMS. IT IS A PROBLEM IDENTIFYING TECHNIQUE THIS DOES NOT MEASURE THE BENEFITS OF URBAN ALTERNATIVES FORMS. IT INDICATES THE COST AND IDENTIFIES THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR COST VARIATIONS

ADVOCACY OF THIS ANALYSIS REQUIRES HUGE RESPONSIBILITY

REFERENCE

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS MANUAL

BY THE PLANNING RESEARCH UNIT DEPARTMENT OF URBAN DESIGN AND REGIONAL PLANNING, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS BY J KOZLOWSKI AND J T HUGHES; ARCHITECTURAL

PRESS, LONDON, HALSTED PRESS , NEWYORK

THRESHOLD APPROACH IN URBAN, REGIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING THEORY AND PRACTICE; BY
JERZY KOZLOWSKI, UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND PRESS, LONDON, NEWYORK

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