Platos Republic I Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary
First Edition
2011 by Geoffrey D. Steadman
Revised June 2011, February 2012, July 2012
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The Greek text is the edition by John Burnet, first published by Oxford University Press in 1903.
ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-4-1 ISBN-10: 0-9843065-4-4
Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman
Fonts: Times New Roman, SPIonic, GFS Porson
geoffreysteadman@gmail.com Table of Contents
Pages Preface to the Series..v-vi The Dramatic Introduction to the Republic Book I vii-ix Characters .x Outline of the Republic................................................................................................ xi Bibliography... xii How to Use This Commentary.. xiii Running Core Vocabulary Listxiv-xix Abbreviations.. xx Regular Verb Synopsis.. 90-91 Synopses -mi Verb .... 92-93 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List.. 94-99
Republic Book 1
The Descent into the Piraeus (327a-328c).2-5
Cephalus and Socrates (328c-331d) 5-15 Justice is telling the truth and paying what one owes
Polemarchus and Socrates (331d-336a).15-33 Justice is helping friends and harming enemies
Thrasymachus and Socrates (336a-354c) . 33-89 Justice is the advantage of the stronger
v Preface to the Series
The aim of this commentary is to make Platos Republic Book I as accessible as possible to intermediate level Greek readers so that they may experience the joy, insight, and lasting influence that comes from reading one of greatest works in classical antiquity in the original Greek. Facing each of the 44 pages of the Greek text (Burnets Oxford Classical Text) is a single page of commentary divided into halves. The top half includes all of the corresponding vocabulary that occur five or fewer times in the dialogue, arranged alphabetically in two columns. The bottom half is devoted to grammatical notes, which are organized according to the Stephanus page numbers (see Abbreviations) and likewise arranged in two columns. The advantage of this format is that it allows me to include as much information as possible on a single page and at the same time insure that the numerous commentary entries are distinct and accessible to readers. To complement the vocabulary within the commentary, I have added a Running Core Vocabulary List at the beginning of this commentary that includes all words occurring six or more times arranged in the order in which they first occur in the dialogue. An alphabetized form of this list can be found in the glossary. Together, this book has been designed in such a way that, once readers have reviewed and mastered the Running Core List, they will be able to rely solely on the Greek text and facing commentary and not need to turn a page or consult outside dictionaries as they read. The grammatical notes are designed to help beginning readers read the text, and so I have passed over detailed literary and philosophical explanations in favor of short, concise, and frequent entries that focus exclusively on grammar and morphology. The notes are intended to complement, not replace, an advanced level commentary, and so I encourage readers to consult some of the additional readings listed in the bibliography. Assuming that readers finish elementary Greek with varying levels of ability, I draw attention to subjunctive and optative constructions, identify unusual aorist and perfect forms, and in general explain aspects of the Greek that they should have encountered in first year study but perhaps forgotten. As a rule, I prefer to offer too much assistance rather than too little. vi Print on Demand Books
This volume is a self-published, print-on-demand (POD) book, and as such it gives its author distinct freedoms and limitations that are not found in traditional publications. After writing this commentary, I simply purchased an ISBN number (the owner is de facto the publisher) and submitted a digital copy for printing. The most significant limitation of a POD book is that it has not undergone extensive peer- review or general editing. This is a serious shortcoming that should make readers wary. Because there are so many vocabulary and commentary entries, there are sure to be typographical and factual errors that an extra pair of eyes would have spotted immediately. Until all of the mistakes have been identified and corrected, I hope the reader will excuse the occasional error. The benefits of POD, however, outweigh the costs. This commentary and others in the series simply would not exist without POD. Since there is no traditional publisher acting as a middle man, there is no one to deny publication of this work because it may not be profitable for the publisher. In addition, since the production costs are so low and there is no standing inventory of unsold books, I am able to offer this book at a low price. Finally, since this book is no more than a .pdf file waiting to be printed, I am able to make corrections and place a revised edition of a POD book for sale as often as I want. In this regard, we should liken PODs to software instead of traditional typeset books. Although the first edition of a POD may not be as polished as a traditional book, I am able to respond very quickly to readers recommendations and criticisms and create an emended and augmented POD that is far superior to previous editions. Consider, therefore, what you hold in your hand as an inexpensive beta version of the commentary. If you would like to recommend changes to this volume or download a free .pdf copy, please contact me at the addresses below. I am grateful to Todd Jones, Ryan Proctor, and Scott Schreiber for their astute observations, which have led to a number of revisions throughout this volume.
Geoffrey Steadman Ph.D. geoffreysteadman@gmail.com www.geoffreysteadman.com vii The Dramatic Opening to the Republic Book I
The Republic is not a dialogue. It is a recollection of a dialogue. It begins as Socrates recalls an extraordinarily long conversation that he had had on just the previous day. This introduction would seem to defy credulity, if it were not for the fact that Socrates is speaking during a festival in honor of an unnamed goddessrevealed only at the end of Book I to be the Thracian Bendis. On occasions such as the Panathenaic festival, it was common for rhapsodes to recite from memory the Iliad and Odyssey for Athenian audiences. Socrates, it appears, begins the Republic as a rhapsodeone with an account that promises to be just as memorable as the epics of his own age. One of the conventions of epic poetry is to place added significance on the first word in the poem. In the Iliad, the word is appropriately mh=nin, wrath, and in the Odyssey the word is a1ndra, man. In the Republic, it is kate/bhn, I descended, a word that resonates with readers familiar with the later books in the Republic. Many will recall the first half of the Allegory of the Cave and its description of the souls ascent from darkness to the light, but few give equal attention to the second half of the allegory, the descent of the enlightened man back into the cave (517a). His eyes unaccustomed to the dark, his steps are unsure, and to the prisoners his education makes him unsuitable for life among the shadows. He tries to persuade others to join him in the ascent, but they refuse to follow his example and instead wish to kill him. The descent is at once an acknowledgement of the seemingly impractical nature of the enlightened man (his eyes need time to adjust to the darkness) and of the challenge that awaits him when he attempts to persuade others to follow his lead. It is tempting to view Socrates description of his descent from Athens to the port city of Piraeus in light of the Allegory of the Cave. First, there are the physical similarities. During the second half of the 5 th century, long walls enclosed the entire five-mile road that stretched from Athens to the port, and the cities themselves were also contained within walls. In addition, the Piraeus was regarded as a bastion for democratic politics. In 403 B.C., for example, it was in Piraeus where the revolt which overthrew the oligarchic Thirty Tyrants and reestablished democratic rule first took hold. And so, when Socrates says I descended yesterday to Piraeus, it is not viii difficult for readers familiar with the Republic to envision Socrates descent between the long walls as the enlightened mans return to the cave and the dwellers within. Another telling piece of evidence is Socrates initial conversation with Polemarchus, a wealthy supporter of the democracy and brother of the famous speechwriter Lysias. After witnessing the opening procession in the festival, Socrates is about to return to Athens accompanied by Glaucon, Platos brother, when he is stopped by Polemarchus and his entourage and invited to stay in Piraeus at Polemarchus house. In a veiled threat, Polemarchus says Do you see how many we are?...Either then become stronger than these or remain here. When Socrates objects that one option still is left, namely that he and Glaucon persuade Polemarchus to let them go home, Polemarchus says that they will not be able to persuade (pei/swmen) him if he does not listen (327c7-12). This oddly inappropriate exchange between host and guest highlights the contrast between the descending philosopher who advocates dialogue and persuasion and a denizen of the Piraeus, who makes decisions based on the democratic calculus of mass opinion, strength in numbers, and its resulting force. Finally, the third and most pervasive point of correspondence between the allegory and Socrates descent is the lack of success Socrates has persuading others at Polemarchus house. Polite conversation quickly gives way to a discussion of dikaiosu/nh, a word that denotes right action in general but for practical purposes we shall call justice. For most of Book I, Socrates examines and eventually dismisses popular concepts of justice presented by Cephalus, his son Polemarchus, and finally Thrasymachus. Although Socrates prevails over each man in argument, no one is persuaded. After Cephalus, the self-proclaimed lover of lo/goi (328d3-4), excuses himself from his conversation with Socrates to finish a sacrifice, he never returns. His son Polemarchus, who fares no better than his father in defending his own view of justice, is replaced in the discussion by Thrasymachus and does not seem the least contrite. Finally, Thrasymachus, initially so full of bluster and rage, is silenced by the end of Book I, but he too seems less to have changed his mind than to have abandoned the conversation altogether. In fact, even Platos own brothers, Glaucon and Adeimantus, who are present throughout Book I and will become Socrates main interlocutors for the remainder of the Republic, are dissatisfied with the outcome. At ix the beginning of Book II Socrates continues his recollection and says: When I said this, I thought I had done with the discussion, but it turned out to have been only a prelude. Glaucon showed his characteristic courage on this occasion too and refused to accept Thrasymachus abandonment of the argument. Socrates, he said, do you want to seem to have persuaded us that it is better in every way to be just than unjust, or do you want to truly convince us of this? (357a1-b2, tr. Grube) Plato clearly wishes for his readers to see Book I as a failure in persuasion and the remainder of the Republic as Socrates endeavor to make amends. Socrates is like the enlightened man who, after failing to persuade the reluctant and abusive prisoners that the shadows are not what they seem to be, renews his efforts to turn them to the light. Socrates failure does not mean that the arguments on justice are unworthy of careful scrutiny. Modern commentaries and articles abound, and readers should consider the bibliography as a starting point for investigation. What is often left out of these analyses is how the readers knowledge of the present and future lives of the interlocutors undermine the interlocutors own arguments. 1 Cephalus, who amassed a fortune by making and selling (a0podi/dosqai) shields to Athenians argues that justice is to tell the truth and give back (a0podi/donai) what is owed. But he is stymied by Socrates when asked whether it is just to give back arms owed to an intemperate madmana prescient question in light of his customers defeat at the hands of the Spartans. Likewise, Polemarchus, who defends the popular view that justice is helping friends and harming enemies, will later see this ideal applied to his own life. After the Spartans defeat the Athenians in 404 BC, the Spartan-backed Thirty Tyrants will arrest and execute without trial its own political enemies, including Polemarchus. Lastly, Thrasymachus, who is identified by his home city Chalcedon at the beginning of Book I and defines justice as the advantage of the stronger, will live to see his city suffer the consequences in 409-408 BCbesieged by no other than Alcibiades himselffor an unsuccessful revolt from an imperial and indeed stronger Athens. Some may deny the relevance of these events; but, if we are to examine the arguments on justice seriously, should we not treat the interlocutors in the same way?
1 See Mark Gifford (2001) for a clear and well-reasoned discussion on this topic. x Characters
Below are brief descriptions of the main participants in Republic Book I, adapted from Debra Nails highly recommended study, The People of Plato. For a fuller study of these and other characters throughout the Platonic corpus, please consult her book.
Adeimantus (432/428 >382) is a brother of Plato and Glaucon. According to Socrates (Rep. 368a), both Glaucon and Adeimantus were recognized for their military service at a battle at Megara, which perhaps occurred at 409. Adeimantus is accompanying Polymarchus when Socrates and Glaucon arrive in the Piraeus. Cephalus ( ? 421/415) is father of Polemarchus and Lysias. We learn from an autobiographical speech by Lysias (12) that Cephalus was invited by Pericles himself to come to Athens around 450 and as a metic became very wealthy as the owner of a shield-making factory. Clitophon ( 452 >404) is a friend of both Lysias and Thrasymachus who intervenes briefly in the discussion between Socrates and Thrasymachus. Glaucon (ca. 429 >382) is a brother of Plato and Adeimantus. According to Socrates (Rep. 368a) both Glaucon and Adeimantus were recognized for their military service at a battle at Megara, which perhaps occurred at 409. Both brothers will be Socrates chief interlocutors in Books 2-10 of the Republic. Lysias (ca. 445 380) is son of Cephalus and half-brother of Polemarchus. Very wealthy, he and his brother sponsored choral performances, paid war taxes (eisphora), and ransomed citizen prisoners of war (Lys. 12.20). When the Thirty temporary wrestled power from the democracy, Lysias fled the fate of his brother in 404 and returned in 403 to help restore the democracy. He became a successful speechwriter for legal clients, and many of his speeches survive today. Polemarchus (ca. 450 404): is a son of Cephalus and half-brother of Lysias. He was likely born in Syracuse and moved to Athens along with his father ca. 450. The house which provides the setting of the Republic is Polemarchus.When the democracy was briefly overthrown as the end of the Peloponnesian war, the oligarchic regime known as the Thirty executed Polemarchus. Lysias recalls the events of Polemarchus arrest and death in a speech Against Eratosthenes (Lys. 12). Socrates (470 - 399): A stonemason by trade, Socrates acquired a reputation for discussing philosophy in public places. He did not write down his philosophical beliefs, so whatever we know about him comes from the works of a number of his contemporaries including Plato, Xenophon, and Aristophanes. Thrasymachus (ca. 455 - ? ) is a sophist from Chalcedon, a city in Asia Minor at the mouth of the Black Sea. Platos Socrates discusses his rhetorical style in the Phaedrus (267c-d) and later says that both Thrasymachus and Lysias provide the wrong models to acquire rhetorical skill (269d).
xi Outline of Platos Republic
Below is one of many proposed outlines of the entire Republic, here adapted from Eric Vogelins 1957 edition of Plato (pp. 46-7), which in turn was adapted from Kurt Hildebrandts Platon. Readers should view it as a general guide and be wary of how the outline influences their view of the work as a whole.
Prologue 1.1. 327a-328b. Descent to the Piraeus 1.2-I.5 328b-331d. Cephalus 1.6-1.9 331e-336a. Polemarchus 1.10-1.24 336b-354c. Thrasymachus
Introduction 2.1-2.10 357a-369b. Problem: Is Justice better than Injustice?
Part I: Genesis and Order of the Polis 2.11-2.16 369b-376e. Foundation of the Polis 2.16-3.18 376e-412b. Education of the Guardians 3.19-4.5 412b-427c. Constitution of the Polis 4.6-4.19 427c-445e. Justice in the Polis
Part II: Embodiment of the Idea 5.15.16 445a-471c Women, Family, War 5.176.14 471c-502c Why Philosophers should Rule 6.197.5 502c-521c The Idea of the Good 7.67.18 521c-541b Education of the Philosophers
Part III: Degeneration of the Polis 8.1-5 543a-550c Timocracy 8.6-9 550c-555b Oligarchy 8.10-13 555b-562a Democracy 8-14-9.3 562a-576b Tyranny
Conclusion 9.4-9.13 576b-592b Why Justice is Better than Injustice
Epilogue 10.1-10.8 595a-608b. Rejection of Mimetic Art 10.9-10.11 608c-612a. Immortality of the Soul 10.12 612a-613e. Rewards of Justice in Life 10.13-10.16 613e-621d. Rewards in the Afterlife: Myth of Er xii Bibliography
Adams, J. (1902) The Republic of Plato. Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper (accessed November 21, 2010). Algra, K. (1996) Observations on Platos Thrasymachus: The Case for Pleonexia in K. Algra, P. van der Horst, and D. Runia. Polyhistor: Studies in the History and Historiography of Ancient Philosophy. pp. 41-59. Annas, Julia (1981) An Introduction to Platos Republic, Oxford. Boter, G. J. (1986) Thrasymachus and pleonexia Mnemosyne 39:261-81. Blundell, M.W. (1991) Helping Friends and Harming Enemies: A Study of Sophocles and Greek Ethics, Cambridge. Chappell, T. D. J. (1993) The Virtues of Thrasymachus, Phronesis 38:1-17. Gifford, M. (2001) Dramatic Dialectic in Republic Book 1, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 20: 35-106. Hourani, G. F. (1962) Thrasymachus Definition of Justice in Platos Republic Phronesis 7: 110-120. Howland, Jacob (2004) Platos Reply to Lysias: Republic 1 and 2 and Against Eratosthenes American Journal of Philology 125:179-208. Kerferd, G. B. (1947) The Doctrine of Thrasymachus in Platos Republic Durham University Journal 9: 19-47. --. (1970) Thrasymachus and Justice: A Reply Phronesis 9: 12-16. Kraut, Richard, ed. (1997) Platos Republic: Critical Essays. Rowman & Littlefield. Nails, Debra (2002) The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics. Hackett Publishing. (characters and dramatic dating of the Republic) Nicholson, P. P. (1974) Unravelling Thrasymachus Arguments in The Republic Phronesis 19: 210-232. Rose, Gilbert. (1983) Platos Republic: Book I. Bryn Mawr. Santas, Gerasimos, ed. (2006) The Blackwell Guide to Platos Republic. Cambridge. Weiss, Roslyn (2007) Wise Guys and Smart Alecks in Republic 1 and 2, in G.R. F. Ferrari, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Platos Republic, Cambridge. White, Stephen (1995) Thrasymachus the Diplomat Classical Philology 90: 307-27. Williams, Bernard (1997) The Analogy of City and Soul in Platos Republic in R. Kraut, ed., Platos Republic: Critical Essays. Rowman & Littlefield. Yunis, H. (1997) Thrasymachus B1: Discord, Not Diplomacy Classical Philology 92: 58-66.
xiii How to Use this Commentary
Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book is to encourage active acquisition of vocabulary. 1. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible. A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing running vocabulary and forms before you begin reading. Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page and then turn to less frequent vocabulary words as you encounter them. B. If you have to consult the alphabetized core list as you read, either photocopy the list or print it from online and keep it by your book to avoid page-flipping. More importantly, place a dot or similar mark by all core words that you consult. As review progresses, focus extra effort on the words that accumulate marks. C. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg format). Research has shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times before you are able to commit them to long term memory, and flashcards are particularly efficient at promoting repetition. Develop the habit of deleting flashcards that you have mastered and focus your efforts on the remaining words. 2. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses. One of the benefits of traditional dictionary work is that it gives readers an interval between the time they encounter a questionable word or form and the time they find the dictionary entry. That span of time often compels readers to make educated guesses and actively seek out understanding of the Greek. Despite the benefits of facing vocabulary lists (see the preface), there is a risk that without that interval of time you will become complacent in your reading habits and treat the Greek as a puzzle to be decoded rather than a language to be learned. Your challenge, therefore, is to develop the habit of making an educated guess under your breath each time before you consult the facing vocabulary and grammar. If you guess correctly, the commentary will reaffirm your understanding of the Greek. If you answer incorrectly, you will become more aware of your weaknesses and therefore more capable of correcting them. 3. Reread a passage immediately after you have completed it. Repeated readings not only help you commit Greek to memory but also increase your ability to read the Greek as Greek. Always read the words out loud (or at least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Greek as Greek and acquiring meaning without turning the text into English. 4. Reread the most recent passage immediately before you begin a new one. This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text. xiv Running Core Vocabulary
The following six pages include all words that occur six or more times in the Republic Book 1 in a running core vocabulary list. Beneath each page number is an alphabetized list that includes the first occurrence of each core vocabulary word in the dialogue. Flashcards for this list are available online. For a single alphabetized list of these core words, consult the glossary.
Page 3: 327a1-c7 oo : from, away from. (+ gen.), 9 oiio,, -q, -o: other, one...another, 73 ouiooi, ouiqoooi, , , touiqoi, touiqqv: wish, be willing, choose, 16 yop: for, since 103 liou |ov, o : Glaucon, 10 t: but, and, on the other hand, 290 o|to, oo, too, to|q|o, toyoi, to|qqv: seem (good); think, suppose 50 tyo: I, 227 ti,: into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 74 tii, toooi: to be, exist. 453 tpooi, tpqoooi, qpoqv: to ask, question, inquire, 8 q : in truth, truly (begins open question), 27 qi : I say, 100 q ov, -ov: less, weaker, inferior, 12 |oi : and, also, even, too, 472 |o|o,, -q, -ov: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 25 |oio,, -q, -ov: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 13 Ktoio,, o : Cephalus, 8 |tituo, |tituoo, t|tituoo, |t|titu|o, |t|tituoooi, t|tituoqv: to bid, order, 6 ioovo, iqooi, tioov, tiiqo, tiiqoi, tiqqv: to take, receive, grasp, 7 tv: on the one hand, 94 tvoi: however, nevertheless; certainly, 15 to: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 13 vuv: now; as it is, 26 o, q, o: the, 926 o,, q, o : who, which, that, 122 ooo,, -q, -ov: as much as, as many as; all who, all that, 23 ou, ou|, ou_: not, 169 ouv: and so, then; at all events, 72 ouo,, ouq, ouo: this, these, 158 oito, -qoo, toiqoo, toiq|o, toiqoi, toiqqv: to do, make, create, 52 po,: to, towards (+ acc.), near, in addition to (+ dat.), 45 poo,, -q, -ov: first, earliest, 11 2o|poq,, -ou,, o : Socrates, 29 t: and, both, 88 oivo, ovo, tqvo, tqvo, toooi, tovqv: to show; mid. appear, seem, 25 qi, t pto, tiov, tipq|o, tipqoi, tppqqv: to say, claim, assert, 172 o: O! oh! 92 o,: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 51 Page 5: 327c8-328c6 o|ouo, o|ouoooi, q|ouoo, o|q|oo, , q|ouoqv: to hear, listen to (acc., gen.), 8 oiio : but, 141 Running Core Vocabulary xv oiiqio,, -o, -ov: one another, 15 oiio,: otherwise, in another way, 8 ov: ever; modal adv., 95 opo: introduces a yes/no question, 21 ouo,, -q, -o : -self; he, she, it; the same, 123 ouou: at the very place, here, there, 8 yt: at least, at any rate; indeed, 104 yiyvooi, ytvqoooi, tytvoqv, ytyovo, ytytvqoi, : come to be, become, 23 io : through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 19 uvooi, uvqoooi, , , tuvqoi, tuvqqv: to be able, can, be capable. 14 ti : if, whether, 57 ti ov: said, spoke (aor. it yo, qi), 38 ti,, io, tv: one, single, alone, 7 tv: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 51 toi|o: to be like, seem likely (dat.), 24 ti: near, at (+ gen.), to, toward (+ acc), near, at (+ dat.), 28 tp_ooi, tituoooi, qiov, tiqiuo, , : to come, go, 29 ti: still, besides, further, 13 t_o, to, to_ov, to_q|o, to_qoi, : have, hold, possess; be able; be disposed, 47 q : or (either...or); than, 116 Opoouo_o,, o : Thrasymachus, 45 io,, o : a horse, 11 |ptiov, -ov: better, stronger, superior, 29 ityo, ito, tito, tiio_o, itityoi, tit_qv: to say, speak, 117 q : not, lest, 71 oio: to know, 27 oi: that; because, 75 out : and not, but not, nor, not even, 37 ou|ouv: therefore, then, accordingly, 25 ouo,: in this way, thus, so, 49 opo : from, at, to the side of (+ gen., dat., acc.); in respect to, 18 tio, tioo, ttioo, toio, ttiooi, ttioqv: persuade, trust; mid. obey, 14 Hoitop_o,, o : Polemarchus, 21 oiu,, oiio, oiu : much, many, 28 o,: how? in what way?, 25 oi -vuv: well then; therefore, accordingly, 6 uy_ovo, tuooi, tu_ov, tu_q|o, , : to chance upon, get; happen, 8 _pq : it is necessary, it is fitting; must, ought, 10 Page 7: 328c7-329b4 io,, o : life, 6 ti : it is necessary, must, ought (+ inf.), 19 uvoi,, -to,, q : power, strength, force; faculty, capacity, 6 yqpo,, o: old age, 12 tti: when, after, since, because, 17 tpto: I will say or speak, 7 tu: well, 27 oo, qoo, tqoo, : to live, 7 Ztu,, o : Zeus, 8 qq: already, now, at this time, 8 qo,, -to,, o: pleasure, enjoyment, delight, 8 ioo,: perhaps, probably; equally, likely, 10 Running Core Vocabulary xvi |oo : down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 24 ioyo,, o : word, speech, discourse, argument, 41 tyo,, tyoiq, tyo: big, great, important, 9 qv: truly, surely, 12 ot, qt, ot: this, this here, 12 oio,, -o, -ov: of what sort, as, 14 oi|tio,, -o, -ov: ones own; peculiar; relatives, 9 ou-ti,, out-io, ou-tv: no one, nothing, 32 ovu: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 36 tpi: around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 26 otpo,, -o, -ov: which of the two? whether?, 15 poio,, -o, -ov: easy, ready, 10 ooo, -oo,, o : the body. 8 oiouo,, -ouq, -ouo: such, 24 ot: at that time, then, 13 iio,, -ou, o : friend, relative, kin, 9 _oito,, -o, -ov: difficult, hard, harmful, 6 ootp: as, just as, as if, 21 Page 9: 329b5-329e8 oiqq,, -t,: true, 28 ovpoo,, o : human being, 12 t|tivo,, -q, -ov: that, those, 27 tvt|o: for the sake of, because of, for (+ preceding gen.), 8 ttiov: whenever, 6 tpooo, tpoqoo, qpoqv, qpoq|o, qpoqoi, qpoqqv: to ask, inquire, 15 qytooi, qyqoooi, qyqooqv, , qyqoi, : lead, guide; consider, think, believe 9 |oooi, |qoooi, t|qooqv, , |t|qoi, t|qqv: to acquire, procure, get, 10 oiooi, oiqoooi, , , , oqqv: to suppose, think, imagine, 46 oov: ot ov, whenever, 23 ovo-ooi: all in all, altogether, absolutely, 6 o,, ooo, ov: every, all, the whole, 27 ot: ever, at some time, once, 9 uo : by, because of, from (+ gen.), under (+ dat.), 15 Page 11: 330a1-d3 oyoo,, -q, -ov: good, brave, capable, 34 oo-|pivooi, |pivouoi, t|pivoqv: to answer, reply, 28 tov: ti ov, if (+ subj.), 120 touou, -q,, -ou: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 47 ttio, ttiqoo, qtiqoo, qtiq|o, , :: to be willing, wish, desire. 19 tpyov, o: work, labor, deed, act, 21 ou -t: and not, neither...nor, 18 itov, -ov: more, greater, 14 oii,, q : a city, 16 _pqo, -oo,, o : thing, money, goods, 8 Page 13: 330d4-331b4 o -i|to: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 16 o -i|o,, -ov: unrighteous, unjust, 41 o|ov, o|ouoo, o|ov: unwilling, unintentionally, 6 ovqp, ovpo,, o : a man, 15 ou: again, once more; further, moreover, 9 Running Core Vocabulary xvii t|: out of, from (+ gen.), 11 t-tio: then, next, secondly, 7 oiioo: most of all; certainly, especially, 7 oiiov: more, rather, 11 qt: and not, but not, nor, 14 q-ti,, q-tio, q-tv: no one, nothing, 15 otiio, otiiqoo, otiiqoo, otiiq|o: to owe, 14 o|ot o: to look at, examine, consider (other than pres. and impf. see o|t ooi) 24 iqi, qoo, tq|o, tq|o, ttioi, ttqv: put, place, arrange, make, cause, 24 u_q , q : breath, life, spirit, soul, 10 Page 15: 331b5-e8 oyvoto: not know, be ignorant of, 6 o -i|o,, -ov: unrighteous, unjust, 41 oo-ioi, -ooo, to|o, to|o, tooi, toqv: give back, return, render, 20 opo: then, therefore, it seems, it turns out, 33 opi: just, exactly, 8 qio,, -q, -ov: clear, evident, conspicuous, 9 i|oio,, -o, -ov: just, right, lawful, fair, 105 t|ooo,, -q, -ov: each, every one, 24 opo,, -q, -ov: straight, upright, right, 13 ou: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 10 2ioviq,, o : Simonides, 10 oo ,, -q, -ov: your, yours, 16 ooo ,, -q, -ov: wise, skilled, 12 iio,, -q, -ov: dear, friendly; subst. friend, kin, 31 _pqoio,, -q, -ov: useful, serviceable, apt, fit, 12 Page 17: 331e9-332c8 t_po,, -o, -ov: hated, hostile; subst. enemy, 24 iopi|o,, -q, -ov: of a physician, medical, 14 |oito, |oito, t|oitoo, |t|iq|o, |t|iqoi, t|iqqv: to call, summon, invite, 13 ovovo: to learn, understand, 16 voi : yes, yea, 14 poo-q|ti: it concerns, relates to; is fitting (+ dat) 7 t_vq, q : art, skill, craft, 28 o: ivi, dat. for to/for whom? 58 Page 19: 332c9-333a2 ioo, ioo, tioo, : to hurt, harm, 19 titv: well! well now!, 9 iopo,, o : physician, doctor, 12 |o vo, |oouoi, t|oov, |t|q|o, , : to be ill, tired, weary; toil, work, 6 |utpvqq,, -ou, o : a helmsman, pilot, governor, 9 ito: to sail, 6 poi,, -to,, q : a action, deed, transaction, business, 6 otito, otiqoo, otiqoo: to help, to be of use, benefit, 16 otitio, q : help, aid, use, advantage, benefit, 8 Page 21: 333a3-c7 opyupiov, o : silver (coin), piece of silver, 9 to, tqoo, ttqoo, ttq|o, ttqoi, ttqqv: lack, want, need; mid. ask, beg, 17 qo: certainly, to be sure, of course, 6 |oivq: in common, together, by common consent, 9 Running Core Vocabulary xviii _poooi, _pqoooi, t_pqooqv, , |t_pqoi, t_pqoqv: to use, employ (+ dat.), 6 Page 23: 333c8-334a6 ovoy|q, q : necessity, force, constraint, 11 tivo,, -q, -ov: terrible; strange, wondrous, clever , 8 tit: either...or; whether...or, 16 |ivuvtuo, |ivuvtuoo: to risk, venture; impers. it is likely, 7 iovovo: to escape notice of, act unnoticed, 6 ooi,, qi,, o i: whoever, whichever, whatever, 89 o|tooi, o|tooi, to|toqv, to|toi: to consider, examine, look at, 12 uioo, uioo, tuyov, tuio_o, , tuio_qv: keep watch, keep guard, 6 Page 25: 334a7-d6 oopovo, oopqoooi, qopov, qopq|o: miss the mark, make a mistake, 16 tvovio,, -o, -ov: opposite, contrary, 17 ovqpo,, -o, -ov: bad, evil; painful, grievous, 9 oot: so that, that, so as to, 12 Page 27: 334d7-335b5 oio: very, very much, exceedingly, 5 ou-oivo, -qoooi, -tqv, tq|o, tooi, toqv: to happen, occur, result, 5 _pqoo,, -q, -ov: good, useful, worthy, 5 Page 29: 335b6-d9 o -uvoo,, -ov: unable, incapable, impossible, 8 optq, q : excellence, goodness, virtue, 27 tiiov, -ov: better, 6 ouoi|o,, -q, -ov: musical, educated, cultured, 7 Page 31: 335d10-336b6 iqi: to send, let go, release,; mid. hasten, 11 o|opio,, -o, -ov: blessed, happy, 7 ouy-_opto, -_opqoo: to come together; yield, concede, 6 Page 33: 336b7-337a4 o|piq,, -t,: exact, accurate, precise, 13 op_o, opo, qpo, qp_o, qpyoi, qp_qv: to begin; rule, be leader of, 69 t-oopovo, oopqoooi, qopov, qopq|o: to miss (the mark), fail, err, 8 iuoitito: to pay (what is due), profit, avail, 6 ovo,, -q, -ov: alone, only, solitary, 8 oo,: how, in what way; in order that, that, 6 potpo,, -o, -ov: before, previous; earlier, 15 ou-tpo, -oioo, -qvty|ov, -tvq|o_o: to gather, collect; be useful, be expedient, 47 Page 35: 337a5-d7 oioo: to think worthy, deem right, 8 t : se (reflexive), 49 ttpo,, -o, -ov: one of two, other, different, 8 ooio,, -o, -ov: like, resembling, similar, 13 oo_o, tioooi, toov, tovo: to suffer, experience; allow 6 Page 37: 337d8-338c3 tiioo,, -q, -ov: best, 10 ivo: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 7 ooi o, q : wisdom, skill, judgment, intelligence, 7 Running Core Vocabulary xix Page 39: 338c4-339a9 opioo,, -q, -ov: best, most excellent, 6 op_q, q : a beginning; rule, office, 15 Page 41: 339b1-d10 ti-_tipto: to put one's hand on, attempt, try, 7 oo-ioyto, ooioyqoo, ooioyqoo, ooioyq|o, , ooioyqqv: to agree, 17 poo-oo, oo, too, to_o, tooi, toqv: order, assign, appoint (dat)8 Page 45: 340c6-341b2 qioupyo,, o : a skilled workman, craftsman, 6 vuv-q: just now, 6 ootp, qtp, otp: the very one who, very thing which, 8 Page 47: 341b3-e1 vou,, vto,, q : a ship, boat, 15 vou q,, -ou, o : sailor, 8 tito,, -o, -ov: finished, complete, perfect, last, 8 Page 51: 342c7-343a4 ti-oo, oo, too, to_o, tooi, toqv: to order, command, 6 Page 53: 343a5-e1 o -i|io, q : wrong-doing, injustice, 28 tu -oiov, -ov: happy, fortunate, blessed, 9 ioo,, -q, -ov: equal to, the same as, like, 11 o,: somehow, in any way, 26 Page 55: 343e2-344d1 t|otpo,, -o, -ov: each of two, either, 6 iio,, -o, -ov: private; owns own, peculiar, 6 itovt|to: gain or have more, gain or have advantage, go beyond, exceed (gen), 11 Page 57: 344d2-345c2 ioo, iooooi, tiooo, tio|o, tiooi, : to live, 7 too, tooo, tiooo, tio|o, tiooi, tioqv: to allow, permit, let be, suffer, 14 to,, -q, -ov: my, mine, 9 iuoitiq,, -t,: profitable, useful, advantageous, 7 poo, poo, tpoo, tpo_o, tpoyoi, tpo_qv: to do, make, act, 19 Page 59: 345c3-346b2 |oivo,, -q, -ov: common, ordinary; public, 10 tiio, tiiqoo, ttiiqoo: to be about to, to intend to, 6 ioo,, o : wage, pay, hire, 13 Page 61: 346b3-d8 tpyoooi, tpyooooi, qpyoooqv, , tipyoooi, qpyooqv: work, labor, toil, 6 Page 63: 346d9-347b9 ooio,, -o, -ov: similar, resembling, 13 Page 67: 348a8-d6 |o|io, q : wickedness, vice, cowardice, 9 povio,, -ov: intelligent,wise, prudent, 6 xx Abbreviations
The universal method for referring to pages in any of Platos dialogues is through Stephanus page numbers. This paging system was developed by Henri Estienne (Lat., Stephanus), who published a multi-volume edition of Platos dialogues in 1578. Stephanus divided each page in his edition into roughly equal sections, which he labeled with the letters a, b, c, d, and e. This system allowed his readers to locate a particular passage not only by the page number but by the section letter as well (e.g. 327a, 327b, 327c, 327d, 327e, 328a). Many modern editions, including the Greek text in this volume, have adopted this system and gone one step further by dividing the sections into individual lines (e.g. 327a1, 327a2, 327a3). This paging system offers the same advantages as chapters and verses in the Bible. Since most editions of Plato include the Stephanus page numbers in the margins of the text, a reader can pick up any volume of Platoin Greek or in translationand easily locate a particular passage in the dialogue.
Because Stephanus placed the Republic on pages 327-621 in his second volume of Plato, the Republic begins on Stephanus page 327a1 and ends on page 621d3. In this commentary all of the grammatical notes are arranged and labeled according to this paging system. Since most of the entries on a given page of commentary have the same Stephanus page number, I have identified the page number only once and labeled all subsequent grammatical note entries by the section letter and line number (e.g. 327a1, a2, a3b1, b2, b3, b4).
Magee: Do you share the traditional view that his masterpiece is the Republic?
Burnyeat: Yes, I do.
Magee: Why?
Burnyeat: I think because it is in the Republic more than anywhere else that Plato makes good his belief that every question is connected with every other; the inquiry need never stop, because every conclusion for now leads on to the next problem
-Bryan Magee, The Great Philosophers
To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.
-von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
2
St. II 327 a
5 b
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Republic I. 327a1-c7 3 oyo: to lead, bring, carry, convey, 2 Atiovo,, o : Adeimantus, Platos brother, 2 otio,, o : a brother, 2 oo: at the same time; along with (dat.), 5 o-tp_ooi: to go away, depart, 5 Apioov, -ovo,, o : Ariston, father of Plato, 1 oou, o: a city, town, 3 o t: inasmuch as, since (+ pple.), 2 ooo: to think, opine, suppose, imagine, 1 topq, q : a feast, festival, 1 ti-_opioi, oi : inhabitants, locals, natives, 1 q|o: to have come, be present, 2 to ooi: to see, watch, look at; consider, 3 to ,, o : a god, divinity, 5 topt o: to see, watch, look at, 1 Opo, Opo|o,, o : a Thracian, 1 ioiov, o : a cloak or mantle, 1 |o-opoo: to look down, perceive, 2 |oo-oivo: walk down, step down, 2 to-opt o: to turn about, turn around, 1 Ni|qpoo,, o : Niceratus, 1 Ni|io,, -ou, o : Nicias, 1 oi|o-t: homeward, home, 2 oiiyo, -q, -ov: few, little, small, 1 oiotv: behind; in the future (+ gen.), 2 oou: where, 3 opoo: to see, look, behold, 5 opoo: to set in motion; set out, hasten, 5 oi,, oio,, o, q : a child, boy, girl; slave, 4 Htipoitu,, Htipoo,, o : Piraeus, 2 to: to send, conduct, convey, dispatch, 1 tpi-tvo: to wait for, await, 5 oq, q : procession, parade, 2 oppo-tv: from afar (pooo-tv) 1 pto: to fit, suit; be fitting, be suitable, 2 poo-tp_ooi: to come or go to, approach, 1 poo-tu_ooi: to pray to, worship (dat.) 2 pt_o: to run, 1 poo,, o : a manner, way; turn, direction, 4 uotpo,, -o, -ov: later, last, 4 _t,: yesterday, 1
327a1 Kotqv: 1 st sg. aor., |oooivo denotes a trip to the shore, as ovo-oivo denotes a trip inland; the verb may allude to the return descent in the Allegory of the Cave (519a) where the enlightened have trouble persuading those in the cave ou Apioovo,: (son) of Ariston; a patronymic, see also b3 and c2 below a2 pootuotvo,: intending to pray; fut. pple denoting purpose, i.e. in order to... q to : later revealed to be Bendis, 354a a3 topqvivo poov oiqoouoiv: in what way they will celebrate the festival? the festival in what way, topqv precedes ind. question in anticipation ot: ot + pple asserts a cause from the speakers point of view, whereas o, + pple suggests an alleged cause, cf. c5 poov: for the first time; adv. acc. a4 tv ou vtvoi: indeedhowever ti voi: inf. tii a5 qov: adv. acc. qov follows pttiv qv: (the procession) which; nom. subject antecedent oq is missing b1 o qtv: 3 rd pl. impf. o-tp_ooi oou: i.e. Athens, five miles inland b2 |oiov: nom. sg. aor. pple. |o-opoo opqtvou,: having set out; pf. mid. pple. opoo b3 poovo: aor. pple. pt_o with oio, which here denotes a slave of any age tpitivoi: aor. inf. tpitvo t : him; i.e. Polemarchus, a 3 rd person sg. reflexive pronoun, acc obj. of tpitivoi b4 |tituooi: to bid (us) + inf.; aor. inf. |tituo, supply the object qo, iootvo,: aor. mid. pple ioovo ou ioiou: by the cloak; partitive gen. b5 tq: (the slave) said; impf. qi (cf. p. 5) b6 ttopoqv: 1 st sg. aor. pass. deponent qpoqv: 1 st sg. aor. tpooi tiq: where(ever)was; 3 rd sg. opt. tii in an ind. question in secondary sequence ouo,: (he) himself; intensive pronoun b7 oiio: come; introducing an imperative Aiio tpitvoutv: well then; future b8 q o, o liou|ov: said this one Glaucon; 3 rd sg. impf. qi, o, is a demonstrative c1 oiiyo : a little; dat. degree of difference uotpov: later; as often, adverbial acc. c3 o,: as if, just as c5 opqooi: pf. mid. inf. opoo o, oiovt,: as if; pple otp_ooi c7 qv tyo: I said; impf. qi (see p. 5) c8 qo,oooi totv: how many we are; prolepsis (see a3 above), 1 st pl. tii 327c
Republic I 327c8-328c6 5 Atiovo,, o : Adeimantus, 2 otio,, o : a brother, 2 o iiioooi: to contend with, compete, 2 oio,, -o, -ov: worthy of, deserving of, 3 Apioovuo,, o : Aristonymus, 1 oooooi: to welcome, embrace, 2 ouiq, q : the court-yard, 1 ouo -i: on the very spot or moment, 4 o-iqi: to let go, send forth, give up, 5 tivov, o : the principal meal, dinner, 1 io-ioi: to give, hand over, 1 io-ityooi: to converse with, discuss, 3 io-vot ooi: to think, consider, intend, 4 ipo,, o : seat, chair, stool, 2 tiov: aor. of opoo, to see, behold, 3 tvov: within, at home, 1 t-ovioqi: to raise up, stand up, 1 totpo, q : evening, eve, 1 Euuqo,, o : Euthydemus, 1 tuu,: right away, straight, directly, at once 1 oi o: to come often, 1 to ooi: to see, watch, look at; consider, 3 to ,, o : a god, divinity, 5 u o: to sacrifice, 1 |o-tooi: to sit down, take a seat, 1 |o-qoi: to sit, 1 |oivo,, -q, -ov: new, novel, strange, 1 Koi_qovio,, -o, -ov: of Chalcedon, 1 |oo-oivo: to walk down, step down, 2 |oo-ioovo: to find; seize; compel 1 |tioi: to lie, lie down, be set, 4 Kitioov, o : Clitophon, 4 |u|io,, o : a circle, round, ring, 1 iooiov, o : small torch, 1 ioo,, -oo,, q : torch-race, 1 itio: to leave, forsake, abandon, 1 /uoi o,, o : Lysias, a famous speech-writer, 1 oio: very, very much, exceedingly, 5 tvtto,, -o, -ov: (worthy) to be waited for, 1 tvo: to stay, remain, abide, 2 vt o,, -o, -ov: young; new, novel, strange, 1 oi|o-t: homeward, home, 2 opoo: to see, look, behold, 5 ouoo,: in no way, not at all, 5 Hoiovito,, -o, -ov: of the deme Paeania, 1 ov-vu_i ,, i o,, q : a night-festival, 2 oqp, o : a father, 4 ptouq,, o : old man, 2 poo-|toioiov, o : cushion (for the head) 1 otovo o: to crowne, wreath, honor, 1 ou v-tii: to be with, associate with, 2 Xopoviq,, o : Charmantides, 1 _povo,, o : time, 1
c8 Ho, yop ou : how could (I) not?; affirms and expresses (im)possibility and surprise c9 ouov: these (men); gen. of comparison |ptiou,: |ptio(v)t,, predicate adj. ytvtot: aor. pl. imperative yiyvooi ouou : here; adverb in core vocabulary c10 Ou|ouv: Thennot?; seeks a yes reply o qvtiootv: namely that if; t ov, aor. subj. tio, in a future more vivid protasis made a substantive by o c12 uvoiot ov: could you; pres potential opt tiooi: aor. inf. tio q o|ouovo,: (us if) not listening c14 1,o|ouootvov: since (we); o, + fut. pple (gen. abs.) denotes alleged cause 328a1 iot: 2 nd pl. oio a2 tooi: 3 rd sg. fut. tii o iov: on horseback; from horses a3 ouo: this (is); supply linking toiv a5 o, ityti,: How do you mean? a6 |oi po, yt: and in addition; emphasized a7 oiov: (is) worthwhile; add linking toiv a8 ouvtoo to: fut. ouv-tii + dat. b2 tvttov tivoi: that we must wait b4 Hitv: impf. tp_ooi ti, Hoitop_ou: at Polemarchus home b8 qv: 3 rd sg. impf. tii b9 io _po vou: over (a long) time c1 topo|q: I had seen; plpf. opoo totovotvo,: pf. mid. pple otovo c2 tu|o,: happened to have sacrificed; uo pf. complementary pple + uy_ovo
qi and qi : Common Verbs of Saying in Present and Imperfect tense 1 st qi otv tqv totv qi qv 2 nd q, ot tq, tot 3 rd qoi(v) ooi(v) tq tooov qoi q 328c 6
d
5
e
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Republic I: 328c7-329b4 7 oyovo|to: to be annoyed, be irritated, 1 oiioooi: to charge, blame, accuse, 1 oiio,, -o, -ov: responsible, blameworthy, 4 ovo-ivqo|o: to remind (+ acc. + gen.), 1 oo-opoivooi: to waste away, die, 1 oo-otpt o: to deprive from, rob, defraud, 1 oou, o: a city, town, 3 ouovo: to increase, augment, 1 opoioio,, -o, -ov: of Aphrodite; sex 2 tupo: here, to this point, hither, 3 io-ityooi: to converse with, discuss, 3 io-ooo: to preserve, recover, 1 tvioi, -oi, -o: some, 1 t v-ouo: here, hither, there, thither, then, 5 t-oyytiio: to send out, report, 1 ti-ui o, q : desire, longing, yearning, 2 tu -opo,, -ov: easily done; resourceful, 1 tuo_io, q : good cheer, feasting, 2 qovq, q : pleasure, enjoyment, delight, 3 qii|io, q : age, time of life, 3 vtovi o|o,, o : a youth, 1 vto q,, -qo,, q : youth, 2 vq : by + acc.; invoking a divinity, 2 oo,, q : road, way, path, journey, 1 oupooi: to lament, bewail, mourn, 1 oioupooi: to lament, bewail, mourn, 1 ouo,, o : threshold, entrance, 1 oioio,, -o, -ov: old, aged, ancient, 1 opo-iqoio,, -o, -ov: resembling, similar, 1 opoiio, q : saying, proverb, maxim, 1 Htipoitu,, Htipoo,, o : Piraeus, 2 itioo,, -q, -ov: most, greatest, 3 oiqq,, ou, o : maker, creator, poet, 3 oio,, -o, -ov: what sort of? what kind of?, 2 oto: to long for, yearn after, 1 oiio|i,: many times, often, frequently, 3 optuooi: to travel, journey, march, 2 oo,, o: drinking, 1 ptouq,, o : old man, 2 po-tp_ooi: to go before(hand), advance, 1 poqio|ioi,, q : abuse, abuse treatment, 1 u|vo,, q, ov: frequent; compact, stout, 1 uvovooi: to learn by inquiry or hearsay, 5 ou v-tii: to be with, associate with (+ dat.) 2 ouv-tp_ooi: to go together or in company, 2 oti,: they, 2 oo po: very, exceedingly, earnestly, 3 po_u,, tio, u : rough, ragged, harsh, 1 uvto: to sing, laud, celebrate; recite, 1 oioo: to go to and fro, visit, 1 _oipo: to rejoice, enjoy; fare well, 1
c7 _pqv: it was proper (to visit); impf. _pq ti q ov tti: if I wereit would be necessary; contrary-to-fact condition: 1 st sg. impf. tii and ov + impf. ti c8 ou . . . optutooi: ofing; articular inf. outv: not at all; adverbial acc. d1 itvoi: inf. tp_ooi ovqtv: would; 1 st pl. impf. tp_ooi in the apodosis of the same contrafactual u|votpov: comparative adverb d2 ioi: singular imperative oio ooovooouov: as much asso much; correlatives, inner acc. or acc. of extent d3 ouovoi: fut. deponent ouovo d4 q...oi ti: negative pres. imper.; oit-t d5 ou vioi: associate with; sg. imper. ouv- tii or perhaps imper. ouv-oio d6 oio: oio-t, o-contract imperative o,: as if, just as d7 |oi qvyt: and truly; consents and marks the enclosed _oipo as something of greater importance e1 _pqvoi: it is necessary; inf. _pq e2 ivo oov: over a road; acc. of extent potiqiuoov: gen. pl. pf. act. pple po-tp_ooi qv: over which (road)..; acc. of extent |oi: also; adverbial e3 tqoti: fut. impersonal ti oio i,: whatever sort; governed by uvovooi e4 |oi q |oi: in particular; and indeed also ov uoiqv: I would learn; potential opt. e5 oi: what;. o i tvouo: at that point; + partitive gen. ti : 2 nd sg. pres. tii e6 ti...ouo : on the threshold of old age otpovq : whether (it is)or; in response to oiouo above 329a1 vq ov Li o: by Zeus; acc. sg. Ztu, a2 ti, ouov: to the same place; o ouov a4 ouvio vt,: nom. pl. pple ouv-tp_ooi a6 oii oo: some other things oiio ivo a7 t_toi: pertain to; cling + partitive gen o,: since; + participles, alleged cause b2 ti ouo q: on this very condition 329b
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Republic I 329b5-e8 9 oyooi: to wonder at, admire (gen) 2 oypio,, -o, -ov: wild, fierce, 1 oiio, q : cause, responsibility, blame, 1 o -oiioooo: to set free, release, deliver, 1 oo-t_ooi: to accept, receive, 5 oo-ipoo|o: to run away, flee, escape, 1 oo-tuyo: to flee from, escape, 1 ootvq,, -t,: well-pleased, glad, 2 opoioio,, -o, -ov: of Aphrodite; sex 2 yuvq, yuvoi|o,, q : a woman, wife, 1 tooq,, o : master, lord, 3 tipqvq, q : peace, 3 titutpio, q : freedom, liberty, 1 t v-ouo: here, hither, there, thither, then, 5 tv-uy_ovo: to chance upon, encounter, 1 ti-ui o, q : desire, longing, yearning, 2 ti-ovo,, -ov: painful, toilsome, laborious, 1 tu -|oio,, -ov: easily satisfied; contented, 1 tu -qto: to keep religious silence, be quiet, 1 qii|io, q : age, time of life, 3 Otioo|itq,, o : Themistocles, 1 |oo-tivo: to draw taut, stretch, extend, 1 |ivto: set in motion, move; arouse, irritate 1 |ooio,, -o, -ov: well-ordered, moderate, 2 ioiopto: to abuse, rail against, revile, 1 iuoo: to rage, rave, be mad, 1 oivooi: to be mad, rage, be furious, 3 tpio,, -o, -ov: moderate, well, fair, 2 vto q,, -qo,, q : youth, 2 ouoio, q : property; essence, substance, 3 opo-yiyvooi: come near, be present (dat.) 1 opo-uiov, o : abatement, comfort, 1 ouo: to stop, make cease, 1 iouoio,, -o, -ov: rich, wealthy, opulent, 3 oiqq,, ou, o : maker, creator, poet, 3 2tpiio,, o : Seriphius, 2 2oo|itq,, 2oo|itou,, o : Sophocles, 3 ouy-yiyvooi: to be with, associate with, 2 ou-oivo: to happen, occur, 5 poo,, o : a manner, way; turn, direction, 4 tpo: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5 _oioo: to slacken, loosen, release, 1
b5 |ovttovq: were...then I would have experienced; contrafactual; plpf. oo_o yqpo,: yqpo-o,, gen. object of tvt|o b6 tvtu_q|o: 1 st sg. pf. tv-uy_ovo b7 ouo, t_ouoi: being so disposed; dat. pl. pple, t_o + adv. is translated often as to be disposed + adv. or to be + adj. |oi q |oi: in particular; and indeed also uo ivo, by someone; gen. of agent, governed by the pres. pass. pple tpooo c1 Ho, t_ti,: How do you feel; How are you disposed, see b7 oio, t ti: are you able; are you such, oio, t + tii is an idiom for be able c2 |oi o,: and that one; demonstrative Euqti: keep quiet; tuqt-t, sg. imper. c3 ootvtooo: superlative adverb tvoi: certainly, of course; eager assent iuovo: iuoovo, acc. pres. pple c4 oopo,: nom. aor. pple ooipoo|o |oi ot: even at that time; |oi is an adv. c5 qov: less; comparative adverb, qov c6 ov yt oiouov: from..; gen. separation c7 ttiov: whenever; ov + aor. subjunctive ouo, _oioo; pres. general condition c8 o ou : that (response) of Sophocles yiyvtoi: comes to pass d1 tooov: from; large gen. separation toi: (it) is + inf.; i.e. old age oqiio_oi: to be freed from; pf. pass. d2 ouov tpi: both regarding these and.. d4 ovooiv: if they are; tov + 3 rd pl. subj. d6 o oiouo : for such a person; interest d7 oyooti,: struck with amazement at him; + gen.; nom. sg. inceptive aorist dep. pple e1 oioi: I suppose that; syncopated oiooi oou: accept (this) from you; gen. source e2 qytiooi: believe; oiiou, is acc. subj. e4 |t|qooi: pf. inf. |oooi oi, iouoioi,: dat. poss. with inf. tii e7 i: something (important) o...tu t_ti: the response..is good; cf. b7
Republic I 330a1-d3 11 oyooo: to love, be fond of; satisfy, 4 Aqvoio,, -o, -ov: Athenian, of Athens, 1 oo-iouo: to enjoy, have enjoyment (gen.), 2 oooooi: to welcome, embrace, 2 po_u,, -tio, -u : short, 1 iioo,, -q, -ov: twofold, double, 1 tioov, -ov: smaller, fewer, 5 toivto: to praise, approve, commend, 3 ti-ti|q,, -t,: fitting, suitable, reasonable, 5 ti-|oooi: to acquire in addition, 2 tptooi: to ask, enquire, 1 tu -o|ito: to be of good repute, esteemed, 2 tu -|oio,, -ov: easily satisfied; contented, 1 |oo-itio: to leave behind, abandon, 1 /uoovi o,, o : Lysanias, 1 too,, - q, -ov: middle, in the middle of, 2 o-ovuo,, -q, -ov: having the same name, 1 ovoooo,, -q, -ov: named, notable, famous, 1 ouoio, q : property; essence, substance, 3 oi,, oio,, o, q : a child, boy, girl; slave, 4 oo,, o : grandfather; ancestor, 3 opo-ioovo: to receive from, 3 oqp, o : a father, 4 tvio, q : poverty, need, 1 iouoio,, -o, -ov: rich, wealthy, opulent, 3 iouto: to be rich, wealthy, 1 iouo,, o : wealth, riches, 2 oiqo, -oo,, o : poem; product, 1 oiqq,, ou, o : maker, creator, poet, 3 oio,, -o, -ov: what sort of? what kind of?, 2 oiio|i,: many times, often, frequently, 3 2tpiio,, o : Seriphius, 2 oouoo: to be serious, be eager, hasten 2 ouy-yiyvooi: to engage or associate with, 2 oo po: very much, exceedingly, earnestly, 3 o_to v: nearly, almost, just about, 1 ouq: in this respect, in this way, so, thus, 2 oi: ya know, let me tell you, surely, 3 oooot, -qt, -ovt: so great, much, many 3 ooouo,, -ouq, -ouo: so great, so many, 2 tpo: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5 _ptio, q : use, advantage, service; need, 3 _pqoio: to negotiate, transact business, 1 _pqoioq,, o : money-maker, 4
330a1 i ouov: through himself; touov tuo|ioi : tuo|itoi, pres opt. replacing a past indicative in secondary sequence a2 ov ouo,tytvto: he himself would not become; ov + aor. ind. is past potential (unrealized); the subject is Themistocles ov: if he were; being pres. pple. tii in place of a protasis, pres. contrary-to-fact a3 t|tivo, Aqvoio,: that one is Seriphius, supply the parallel clause ov, ov ovoooo, tytvto a4 tpouoiv: bearing; dat. pl. pple tpo tu t_ti: is good; holds well, t_o + adv. ouo,: the same; attributive position oi: (namely) that; clarifying ioyo, ovtvty|oi: would bear; endure ov + aor. potential opt. tpo (tvty|) a5 o titi|q,: the reasonable man a6 o q titi|q,: the unreasonable man ovytvoio: would; aor. potential opt. o : ot touo : with himself a7 Hotpovq : begins an either-or question ov: (of the things) which; ouov o, acc. attracted to gen. of lost antecedent |t|qooi: 2 nd sg. pf. |oooi o iti o: itio(v)o, comparative n. pl.
a8 optiot,: 2 nd sg. aor. opoioovo tt|qoo: t-t|qoo(o)o, 2 nd sg. aor. b1 Hoi : What sort?; Hoio, neuter pl. ytyovo: 1 st sg. pf. yiyvooi b2 oovuo,: same person as oo, o_tov i: somewhat almost, just about b5 tioo: tioo(v)o, comparative adj. q,ouoq,: than; gen. of comparison, pres. pple. tii; ouoiov is fem. sg. b6 oyoo : I am satisfied tioo: tioo(v)o, comparative adj. |ooiio: 1 st sg. aor. subj. |ooitio ouoioiv: for these sons; dat. of interest b7 po_ti ivi: a little bit; dat. degree of difference with itio, itio(v)o cf. a7 b8 Ou . . oi: this...namely that; demonstrative c1 oyoov: pres. inf. o-contract verb o, o oiu: for the most part, generally c4 ouq q |oi: in this very way in fact c5 o, tpyov: as if their creation; product |oo..._pti ov: in its use, owing to its use c6 qtp: in which way; add oouoouoiv c7 ouyytvt ooi: explanatory inf. + _oitoi outv.oiio q : nothing other than d2 oiti: you suppose; oit(o)oi, 2 nd sg. pres. ou |t|qooi: articular inf. + ooiouo 330d
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Republic I 330d4-331b4 13 Aq,, o : Hades or Pluto, 1 o -i|qo, -oo,, o : a wrong, wrong-doing, 1 oti : always, forever, in every case, 2 ovo-ioyiooi: to reckon up, sum up, 1 oio, q : worth, value, 1 o -ot vtio, q : weakness, feebleness, 1 ooiio: to skip, gambol, 1 yqpo-poo,, -ov: nourishing in old age, 2 yiu|u,, -tio, -u : sweet, pleasant, delightful, 1 yvoq, q : thought, judgement, opinion, 1 tio: to fear, 3 tio, -oo,, o : fear, dread, 1 tioivo: to be afraid, be in a fright, 1 to,, tou,, o : fear, alarm, dread, awe, 1 i-oyo: to live, pass, go through, 2 ioi: to give, offer, grant, provide, 1 i|q, q : justice; lawsuit, trial; penalty, 1 tytipo: to awaken, wake up, rouse, 1 tyyu,: near (+ gen.); adv. nearby, 2 tyyutpo: nearer, closer, at hand, 1 tio-tp_ooi: to go in, enter, 2 t|ti: there, in that place, 2 t|ti -ot: thither, to that place, 1 tii,, -io,, q : hope, expectation, 3 t-pootv: before, previously; earlier, 3 tv-o t: hither, thither, 5 t-oooo: to deceive, beguile, 2 ti-ti|q,, -t,: fitting, suitable, reasonable, 5 tupio|o: to find, discover, devise, invent, 4 qu,, -tio, -u : sweet, pleasant, glad, 4 qoi: now surely, truly, 2 oo: often, 1 ouooo ,, -q, -ov: wonderful, marvelous, 2 to,, o : a god, divinity, 5 vqo ,, -q, -ov: liable to death, mortal, 1 uoi o, q : an offering, sacrifice, 1 |o-opoo: to look down, perceive, 2 |opio, q : the heart, 1 |oo-ytioo: to laugh (at), mock, 1 |ooio,, -o, -ov: well-ordered, moderate, 2 |qoi,, -to,, q : possession, acquisition, 5 |utpvoo: to be a helmsman; steer, govern, 2 tpo,, -to,, o: a part, share, portion, 5 too,, -q, -ov: full, filled, filled full, 1 uo,, o : story, word, speech, 2 ooio,, -o, -ov: hallowed, sacred, ordained, 2 oi,, oio,, o, q : a child, boy, girl; slave, 4 op-tii: to be near, be present, be at hand, 3 Hivopo,, o : Pindar, 1 itioo,, -q, -ov: most, greatest, 3 oiuopoo,, -ov: versatile, much-twisted, 1 opt o: to turn, twist, 1 ou-oiio: to contribute; join in battle, 1 ouv-oopt o: to accompany, join with, 1 ou v-oio: to know with, be conscious of, 2 oo po: very much, exceedingly, earnestly, 3 tituoo: to end, complete, finish; die, 3 to,: up to this time; till then, as long as, 1 oi: ya know, let me tell you, surely, 3 uvo,, o : sleep, slumber, 1 u-oio, q : suspicion, jealousy, 1 povi,, -io,, o : throught, care, concern, 1 _opitvo,: charmingly, gracefully, lovely, 1 tuooi: mid. to lie, cheat, beguile, 2
d4 Oityov: saying this; saying which, ovtiooii: potential aor. opt. tio ioi: sg. imperative oio d5 q : wheneveris; 3 rd sg. pres. subj. tii, tyyu,ou oitooi: close to thinking; articular infinitive d7 tioqti: 3 rd sg. impf. tio-tp_ooi d8 ov tv Aiou: affairs in Hades (house) o,: (namely) how iovoi i|qv: to pay the penalty e1 |ooytiotvoi: mocked up to this time opt ouoiv: subject is oi uoi above q...o oiv: lest the storiesare; clause of fearing, 3 rd pl. pres. subj. tii e2 |oi ouo,: and he himself; ouou above uo: because of + gen. e3 |oi ootpov: as if being; o,(tp) + pple describes an alleged cause ov t|ti : those things there; in Hades, gen. object of comparative tyyutpo oiiov i: somewhat better; i is adv. acc. (or acc. of extent by degree) e4 ouo : them; i.e. the ov t|ti ouv: but at any rate e5 ivo i: wrong someone in something; verb can take a double acc. of the person wronged (ivo) and an inner acc. (i) e6 |oi: even 331a5 ov ioyoyq : 3 rd sg. aor. subj. ioyo b1 o |ooio : to the reasonable and well- ordered person b2 tooqooi: aor. inf. t-oooo b3 oitvoi: inf. o-tp_ooi b4 tioo: acc. sg. pf. pple. tio 331b 14 5
Republic I 331b5-e8 15 oiqtio, q : truth, 2 oo: at the same time; along with (dat.), 5 ovi : instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 5 o-oito: to ask back, demand back, 3 o -ioto: to distrust, not believe (+ dat.), 1 oio,: singly, plainly, absolutely, 2 ytioo: to laugh, 1 yiyvoo|o: to come to know, learn, realize, 5 titp: if really, if in fact (to imply doubt), 5 tio_ioo,, -q, -ov: smallest, least, 1 tvi -ot: sometimes, 5 ti-titooi: to take care, care for (+ dat.), 3 tio,, -o, -ov: divine, sent by the gods, 3 itpo,, -q, -ov: holy, divine; sacred rites, 3 |iqpo-vo o,, o : heir, inheritor, 2 oivooi: to be mad, rage, be furious, 3 vou,, o : mind, intention, attention, thought, 3 oiov, o: arms, weapons, tools, 1 opo,, o : definition; boundary, marker, 1 oy-|oio,, -q, -ov: all-beautiful, -noble, 2 opo-ioi: to hand over, transmit, 1 iouo,, o : wealth, riches, 2 oopovt o: to be prudent, temperate, 1 oioot, -ot, -ovt: such (as this), 5 uo-ioovo: to take up, reply; suppose, 5 _ptio, q : use, advantage, service; need, 3
b5 tv yt ov tvo,: (setting) one thing against (another) one b6 ou| tio_ioovti, ouo: for this (purpose) not least(namely that) ti qv: I would set forth, I would propose; aor. potential opt. iqi ovpi vouv t_ovi: for a man having (good) sense; dat. of interest tivoi: inf. tii, iouov is acc. subject c1 ouo ouo, qv i|oioou vqv: (as for) this thing itself, justice,; in respect to acc. of respect and an appositive c2 qootvq : will we claimor; fut. qi qv oiqtiov|oi o ooiovoi: (to speak) the truth and to give back; joined by |oi; acc. pred. of tivoi ouo: it is; acc. subject of tivoi c3 ov ioq : if someone receives something from someone; tov, ou is gen. ivo,; 3 rd sg. aor. subj., pres. general condition c4 ouo ouo: these things themselves; i.e. truth, neuter object of oitiv toiv tviot tvtviot t: it is possible sometimes.othertimes c5 oiov oiovt ityt: I mean the following example; I mean this such sort ou: I suppose ovtioiiooi: would...should; fut. less vivid, aor. opt. ityo, ioovo c6 opo: from (the side of); + gen. ovti,: becoming mad; inceptive aor. pple. oivooi c7 ov tiq: would be; 3 rd sg. pres. opt. tii c8 o ooiou,: aor. pple, ooioi ouo, t_ovo: to one being so disposed d2 opo: it turns out; for truth just realized. d4 Hovu tv ou v: quite, on the contrary; tv ouv indicates a correction: rather d7 |oi tvoi: and moreover uoioov: nom. sg. aor. pple d8 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response tyo: am I.; supply linking verb ti i ov yt oov: of your (affairs) d9 ovu yt: quite so; common affirmative qti: 3 rd sg. impf. tp_ooi; Cephalus goes and arrives performing sacred rites e3 o...ooiovoi: to return; articular inf. e5 Aiio tvoiyt: well certainlyat least ou poiov: (it is) not rather easy; toiv e6 ouooi: this which he e8 qiovoi: clearly; (it is) clear that
Type of Condition Protasis (if-clause) Apodosis (then-clause) Simple ti + any indicative any indicative Present General (Indefinite) Past General (Indefinite) tov + subjunctive (if ever) present indicative ti + optative (if ever) past indicative Future More Vivid Future Less Vivid tov + subjunctive future indicative ti + optative (should) ov+ optative (would) Contrary to Fact ti + past ind. (were/had) ov+ past (would/would have) 331e 16
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Republic I 331e9-332c8 17 oiviooi: to speak in riddles, hint at, 1 o-oito: to ask back, demand back, 3 o o-ooi,, q : giving back, return, 1 oo-oto,, -o, -ov: to be given back, 2 oo-ioovo: to take or receive from, 1 iotpo,, -o, -ov: harmful, disadvantageous1 io-vot ooi: to think, consider, intend, 4 poo: to do, 2 |oioi: and yet, and indeed, and further, 3 iqi,, q : receiving, acceptance, 3 vq : by + acc.; invoking a divinity, 2 ovooo: to name, call by name, 1 oot: when, by what time, 2 oooiouv: in any way whatever, 2 ooio-ouv, qioouv, o i-ouv: whosoever, 2 opo-|oo-iqi: to deposit, 4 oiqi|o,, -q, -ov: poetic, in manner of poets1 oo pov, -ov: sound, prudent, right-minded, 2 u_q, q : chance, luck, fortune, success, 1 _puoiov, o : gold coin, money; jewelry, 4
e9 oooiovoi: to return; articular inf. which governs everything inbetween ivo, opo|oottvou i: after one had deposited something; someone depositing something, gen. absolute ooouv: to anyone whoseover; dat. sg. oivi-ouv, i, and ouv make it indefinite q...ooiouvi: asking it back (though) not in his right mind; dat. sg. pple 332a1 |oioi yt: and yet; yt stresses |oioi otiiotvov: owed; nom. predicate ou: I suppose; acute from enclitic toiv a2 opo|otto: he deposited; again, aor. middle not passive q yop;: is this not so?; often in surprise, yop seeks confirmation of the preceding a4 Aootov: must one return; (it is) to be returned (by one), verbal adj. often with form of tii + dat of agent (missing here) t yt: yt at least, emphasizes not t but Aootov or the entire clause ootooioi : when one asked; opt. in indirect discourse. Socrates is referring to a point admitted by Cephalus earlier in 331c6: ti ovti, ooioi a7 Aiio q q : Then, is it anything other than...; q is inferential o oiouovo...ti voi: such, (namely that) it is just; articular infinitive is in apposition to the demonstrative a9 tvoi: certainly; often eager assent vq Li : by Zeus; Lio, acc. sg. Ztu, a10 pov: inf. o-contract poo a11 ooiooiv: present 3 rd singular o, ovooo : whoever returns; 3 rd sg. aor. subj. ooioi a12 o opo|oottvo : to someone having deposited; ivi, dat. sg. tovtpyiyvqoiooiv: ifbecomes are; 3 rd pl. pres. subj. tii b2 q ,: 2 nd sg. pres. qi b4 Hovu tv ou v: quite so indeed; expresses positive certainty, cf. 331d4 b5 1i t: What?; what about this expresses surprise and introduces another question oi, t_poi,: dat. indirect object oootov: must one return; (is) to be returned, verbal adj., see 332a4 above oiu_q : happens to be owed; o i, 3 rd sg. aor. subj. uy_ovo governs a complementary pple b6 tv ou v: indeed; again, positive certainty ytytyt: repetition of yt suggests that Polemarchus is irritated and wishes to make his point emphatically o yt|o|ov i: (one must return) WHAT is owed to them, and, I suppose, IT IS OWED FROM AN ENEMY to an enemy that very thing which in fact befits (him), some evil; yt stresses preceding words; indicated in upper-case as if by shouting c1 o i|oiov o tiq: what the just is?; the just, what it is prolepsis (anticipation) is common in Plato, opt. in secondary seq. c2 o pooq|ov: what is fitting; that being fitting, substantive, neuter sg. pple c3 ovoootv: named (x) (y); double acc. c4 Aiio i : Well, what do you think?; 2 nd
sg. oiooi; oiio repudiates alternatives c5 1 po, Lio,: O, by Zeus; o is an exclamation, not article in the vocative ti qptoov oo|pivoooi: ifhad askedhe would have responded; past contrary-to-fact condition c6 q ioivi : the art returning what (that is) owed and befitting to whom is called the art of medicine?; double interrogative c7 ov oo|pivoooi: he would reply; cf. c5
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Republic I 332c9-333a2 19 o|oiouto: to follow (+ dat.), 1 o-_pqoo,, -ov: useless, unprofitable, 5 ioq, q : hurt, harm, damage, 4 ytopyio, q : farming, agriculture, 1 uvoo,, -q, -ov: capable, strong, possible, 4 tipqvq, q : peace, 3 t-pootv: before, previously; earlier, 3 quoo, -oo,, o: seasoning, sauce, 1 o ioooo, q : sea, 2 |ivuvo,, o : risk, danger, venture, 1 oytipi|o,, -q, -ov: culinary, of cooking, 1 vo oo,, o : sickness, illness, disease, 2 oov, o : meat, cooked meat, 1 oitto: to wage war, go to war, 2 oov, o: a drink, 1 poo-oitto: to wage war against, 1 oii ov, o : grain, bread, food, 2 ou-o_to: fight together with, be an ally, 2 uyitio, q : soundness, health, 3 opo|ov, o: drug, medicine, 1
c9 Lqiov oi: clearly; (it is) clear that q : (it is) the (art returning); supply t_vq and ooiouoo from above oo ooiv: for bodies; dat. pl. ooo, in response to dat. pl. interrogative ioiv opo|o oo: acc. reply to i above c11 H|oitioi see 332c6 above for a translation of a similar double question d1 Hquooo: see c9 above d2 Ei tv: well, well then ouv q: certainly then d4 i: at all; as often, adverbial acc. oi, tipqtvoi,: the things mentioned; said, pf. mid. pple ityo (stem tp-) d5 q : the art; the parallelism allows for ellipsis throughout these passages d7 o...tu oitiv|o|o,: to treatwell poorly; i.e. behave toward d8 ityti: (the poet Simonides) says d10 uvoooo,: superlative uvoo, |ovovo,: (being) ill d11 po,: with regard to + acc. e1 itovo,: sailors; (those) sailing); acc. pl. pple ito; parallel to question in d10 e3 1i t: and what (about) o i|oio,: the just (one) tv ivipo, i: in whatand with regard to what; interrogative adjs. e5 tv o poooittiv o ouo_tiv: articular infinitives, objects of tv toiyt: to me at least e6 q |ovouoi yt: for those NOT being ill; dat. pl. pple of reference qv: surely, certainly; strongly assertive iopo,: supply linking verb toiv e9 Koi..q: and indeed; emphasizes the words intervening just as |oiyt q itouoi: for those not sailing; cf. e6 q oitouoiv: those waging war; cf. e9 e13 _pqoiov: (is returning something) useful; acc. sg. is not pred. to i|oioouvq but the obj. of missing pple ooiouoo 333a2 |oi yop ytopyio: yes, and farming
Helping Friends, Harming Enemies The view of justice set forth by Polemarchus was part of popular Greek morality and was expressed by a variety of authors including Polemarchus own brother, Lysias (cont. p. 27): Euripides, Medea 809-810 (tr. David Kovacs): hurtful to foes, to friends kindly. Such persons live a life of greatest glory. Lysias 9.20 (tr. W.R.M. Lamb): I considered it ordained that one should harm ones enemies and serve ones friends. Plato Meno 71e (tr. G.M.A. Grube): mans virtue consists of being able to manage public affairs and in so doing to benefit his friends and harm his enemies Sophocles Antigone 643-4 (tr. H. Lloyd-Jones): that they may requite the enemy with evil and honour the friend as they honour their father. Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.35 (tr. E.C. Marchant): A mans virtue consists in outdoing his friends in kindness and his enemies in mischief. See M.W. Blundells analysis of Sophocles in Helping Friends and Harming Enemies. 333a 20
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Republic I 333a3-c7 21 otivov, -ov: better, 5 tipqvq, q : peace, 3 tpioqv: buy, purchase (aor. ovtooi), 1 t oi,, -to,, q : placing, arranging; position, 3 ii|o,, o : a horse-trainer, 5 |opo,, o : fruit, produce; profits, 1 |iopioi|o,, o : cithara player, harpist, 2 |oivovqo, -oo,, o : associations, dealings2 |oivovio, q : association, communion, 2 |oivovo,, o : partner, associate, companion, 3 |pouo, -oo,, o : stroke, pluck; a note, 1 |qoi,, -to,, q : possession, acquisition, 5 iio,, o : a stone, 1 vouqyo ,, o : a shipwright, ship-builder, 1 oi|o-oi|o,, -q, -ov: builder, 3 ouoo,: in no way, not at all, 5 opo-|oo-iqi: to deposit, 4 ttui|o,, o : a draughts player, 2 to,, o : draught-stone, 1 iqv: except, but (+ gen.), 1 iivo,, o : a brick, 1 ioiov, o : vessel, ship, 1 o|uooi|o ,, -q, -ov: of a shoemaker, 1 ou-oioiov, o : contract, covenant; token, 3 oo ,, o, q : safe and sound, safe, sound, 2 uo-qo, uoqoo,, o : sandal, 1 _ptio, q : use, advantage, service; need, 3 _puoiov, o : gold coin, money; jewelry, 4
a6 |oi qv |oi: and certainly also; as with |oi q |oi, 2 nd |oi is adverbial o|uooi|q : (the art) of a shoemaker; as often, assume adj. is modifying t_vq a8 oioi: I suppose; as often, parenthetical ov oiq,: would you say; potential pres. opt. qi a9 Hovu yt: quite so; common assent a10 1i t q;: What then?; q emphasizes the addition noted by t qv i|oioou vqv: acc. subj. of inf. tii po, ivo,: with regard to whose use? interrogative pronoun, gen. sg. a12 ouo ioio: (monetary) contracts a14 qo: yes, indeed; affirmative, as often after a word repeated from the question b1 o i|oio,q : (is) the just manor?; supply the linking verb toiv ti, tov toiv: for the placing of draught-stones; in a boardgame b4 o i|oio,: (is) the just man?; supply the linking verb toiv _pqoiotpo,: comparative degree b5 ou oi|ooi|ou : than; gen comparison b7 ti, ivo q: for exactly what association? interrogative, q is an intensifier b8 ou oi|ooi|ou : than; gen comparison b9 ou i|oiou: gen. comparison ti, |pouoov: supply |oivoviov b10 ti, opyupiou: supply |oivoviov b11 po,: with regard to + acc. o _pqooi: the use of; an articular inf. that governs a dative b12 tq opyupiou: there is need for silver; 3 rd sg. subj. ti , present general condition pioooi q oooooi: (in order) to buy and sell; aor. mid. infinitives of purpose; ooioi in this context means to sell or to exchange |oivq : in exchange c1 q yop;: is this not so?; often in surprise yop seeks confirmation for the preceding c2 Koi qv: and surely; as often, yt follows connecting particles to focus our attention on a new idea or clause c3 ioiov: vessel; ellipsis, supply b12-c1 but replace acc. iov with ioiov c5 i _pqooi: when there is need to make what use of silver and gold in exchange, is the just man more useful than others; the interrogative i is an inner acc. of _pqooi: to make what use of + dat; this awkward construction is confirmed by Polemarchus response in infinitives; oiiov is gen. of comparison c7 opo|ootooi: (there is need that silver) be deposited; aor. mid. inf., add tq opyupiov from above (acc. not dat.)
The Thirty [Tyrants] issued to Polemarchus their accustomed order to drink hemlock, before stating the reason that he was going to dieso far was he from being tried and defending himself. (Lysias 12.17, Against Eratosthenes) 333c 22
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Republic I 333c8-334a6 23 oiiq: in another place; in another way, 1 oti-oupyi|o,, -q , -ov: of a vinedresser, 1 ooi,, -io,, q : shield, round shield, 1 o -_pqoio, q : uselessness, 1 o -_pqoo,, -ov: useless, unprofitable, 5 ouituo, -oo, o : deliberation; plan, 1 ptovov, o : a scythe, 2 t-oito: to create in, produce in, cause, 2 |tioi: to lie down, 4 |ito: to steal, rob, 2 iupo, q : lyre, 2 o_q, q : battle, fight, combat, 3 ouoi|q, q : music, 2 vo oo,, o : sickness, illness, disease, 2 oiii|o,, -q, -ov: of a hoplite, of a soldier, 1 ooooo: to knock, beat, strike, 1 oitio,, -o, -ov: hostile, of the enemy, 1 u|i|o,, -q, -ov: with fists, of boxing, 1 oouoio,, -o, -ov: serious, earnest; good, 1 opoo tov, o : camp, encampment; army 3 uio, -|o,, o : a watcher, guard, sentinel, 2 op, opo,, o : a thief, 1 _pqoi,, -to,, q : using, use, employment, 1
c8 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response tq : there is need; it is necessary, 3 rd
sg. pres subj. qtv_pqooi: to make no use + dat.; qtv is, as i in c5, an inner accusative ouo : it; i.e. money, obj. of _pqooi c9 |tiooi: to lie (idle) c11 q : is; 3 rd sg. pres. tii in a general temporal clause o_pqoov: readers must be careful to distinguish useless from not in use t ouo : in relation to it; i.e. money d2 |ivuvtuti: it looks as though; it runs the risk, i.e. there is a probability it is true d3 ptovov: acc. obj. of uiotiv Koi..q: and indeed; emphasizes the words intervening just as |oiyt d4 |oi |oivq |oi iio : both in public dealings and in private matters oov_pqooi: when (it is necessary) to make use of (the scythe); ellipsis otioupyi|q : the art of vinedressing; as often, the fem. adj. modifies t_vq d6 qoti,: fut. qi qtv _pqooi: to make no use of (them) d8 oiii|qv, ouoi|q v: supply t_vqv d10 |oi tpi o iio q o vo: and regarding all other things in fact; cf. d3 t|ooou_pqoti: in the use of each thing d11 tv o_pqoio : add t|ooou from above e1 ou|ouv: thennot; ou|ouv , inferential ovtiq: could be; potential opt. tii i: something; predicate noun, thus n. sg. oouoiov modifies i not i|oioouvq e2 ov uy_ovti: happens to be; verb governs a complementary pple; subject is neut. i e3 o|to to: let us; hortatory aor. subj. oooi: in striking; aor. epexegetical (explanatory) inf. with tivooo, e4 ivi |oi oiiq : or in some other manner in fact; uiooooi: in defending also; aor. exepegetical (explanatory) inf.; supply tivooo, from above e6 ooi,: whoever is; supply toiv e7 ouo,: this one is; supply toiv iotivt oiqoo,: in escaping notice while producing (it); aor. explanatory inf. iovovo modifying superl. tivooo, 334a1 Aiio qvyt: but again; but surely, positive transition to new item in a series o ouo,: (is) the same man; supply toi a2 |itoi (is good) in stealing; epexegetical (explanatory) aor. inf. |ito a5 Oou i,ouou |oi: of whatsoever one (is)of this (one) also; oivo, op: supply is
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Republic I 334a7-d6 25 oyooo: to love, be fond of; satisfy, 4 ovo-oivo: to appear, show forth, display, 2 Auoiu|o,, o : Autolycus, grandfather, 1 ioq, q : hurt, harm, damage, 4 youv: yt ouv, at least, at any rate, any way, 3 ti|o,, oo,, o: likely, probable, reasonable 4 |oivuoi: to excel, surpass, 1 |itq,, o : a thief, robber, 4 |iti|o,, -q, -ov: of theft, thievish, 1 |itoouvq, q : theft, robbery, 4 |ito: to steal, rob, 2 o: by + acc. (in affirmation) 5 qqp, q : a mother, 1 ioto: to hate, 4 Ouootu,, o : Odysseus, 1 Oqpo,, o : Homer, 2 oo,: nevertheless, however, yet, 3 op|o,, o : an oath, 1 ou|-ti: no more, no longer, no further, 4 oo,, o : grandfather; ancestor, 3 oqoi vo: to indicate, point out, 1 iito: to love, befriend, 1 _pqoo,, -q, -ov: good, useful, worthy, 5 ooouo,: in the same manner, just so, 1
a7 youv: as, at any rate; a qualified assent which introduces a reason that is not conclusive: Polemarchus is hesitant a10 ovotovoi: has been shown (to be); pf. pass. ovooivo, supply inf. tivoi a11 |ivuvtuti,toq|tvoi: it looks as though you had learned; you run the risk to have learned, pf. inf. ovovo ouo : it; i.e. that the just man is a thief b1 po, qpo,: on the mothers side b2 qoiv: 3 rd sg. pres. qi ouov: that he; acc. subj.; i.e. Autolycus |t|oooi: pf. inf. |oivuoi |itoouvq, op|o : in (respect to); both are dat. of respect with |t|oooi b3 t: bothand; t before aspirated o- |oo: according to; + acc. b4 |iti|q : (art) of thievery b5 t ti: forfor; ti + dat. here expresses purpose or motivation b6 tityt,: did you mean b7 o ov Li o: by Zeus; acc. sg. oi: what; o i b8 tvoi: however; adversative c1 otpov: leave untranslated, otpov introduces an either-or proposition o|ouvo,: those seeming; pple + inf. c2 ovo, those (actually) being; pple tii, supply _pqoou, |ovo|ooi: even if they do not appear (to be friends); |oi tov + pres. subj. is concessive in force c4 Ei|o,..iitiviotiv: (it is) reasonable to; the infinitives are the subjects ou,: whomever; missing antecedent is the acc. object of iitiv qyqoi: believes (to be); pres. subj. in a relative clause of characteristic (general relative clause) c5 ov ovqpou,: (one believes to be) bad; supply qyqoi c6 oot: so as to; + inf., result clause c7 ouoi,tivoi: that they have; to them there are dat. of possession q ovo,: though not (actually) being; concessive pple tii c8 ouvoviov: the opposite; o tvoviov c10 1ouoi,: for these; dat. of reference c12 i|oiov: (it seems) just; inf. is the subject d3 Aiio qv: but surely; introduces an objection or, as here, resumes the discussion with a new idea or premise oi oyooi : the good (are) oioi q: not capable of + inf.; not the sort + inf. Koo q: then according ; q is used as a connective d5 ou, qtv oi|ouvo,: those not at all being unjust; ou is used for facts while q, as here, reflects the conditional nature of the pple; acc. direct object of oitiv i|oiov: (it is) just; inf. is the subject d6 oitiv: to treat
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Republic I 334d7-335b5 27 i-oopovo: to fail or be utterly mistaken, 2 t oi,, -to,, q : a placing, arranging; position 3 oio: very, very much, exceedingly, 5 to-iqi: to transpose, change, alter, 4 qoo,: in no way, not at all, 2 vou,, o : mind, intention, attention, thought, 3 ooioouv, qioouv, o iouv: who- whatsoever2 poo-iqi: to add, attribute, impose, give. 4 ou-oivo: to happen, occur, turn out, result 5 _pqoo,, -q, -ov: good, useful, worthy, 5 ot: in this (here) way, so, thus, 3
d9 i|oiov: (it is) just d11 t|tivou: than; gen. of comparison |oiiiov: more attractive; comparative d12 ouq otoi: it will turn out; fut. dep. ou-oivo iqopq|ooiv: 3 rd pl. pf. ioopovo e1 ov ovpoov: partitive gen. with oooi i |oiov tivoi: (namely that) it is just e2 ouoi,: to them; in their eyes, dat. of reference tioiv: 3 rd pl. pres. tii e3 oyooi yop: ellipsis, add ouoi, tioiv tpoutv: 1 st pl. tpto, often used as the future tense for ityo ouo: (that) it (is); supply linking tivoi ouvoviov q : opposite to; opposite than, o tvoviov e4 totv: 1 st pl. impf. qi e5 tooto: let us change; hortatory aor. subj. to-iqi e6 |ivuvtuotvt ooi: it looks as though we set forth; we run the risk of setting forth, aor. mid. inf. iqi e7 Ho, ttvoi: setting forth what?; aor. mid. iqi e8 ov o|ouvo: that the one seeming; ind. discourse in response to ttvoi e9 tooto: are we to; deliberative; e5 e10 ov ovo: the one (actually) being; pple iiov: (is) a friend; predicate, add tivoi 335a1 q ti voi: is not a friend; should not be a friend, in ind. discourse ou is used for facts while q is used for wishes, prohibitions or conditions; this is the part of the toi, Polemarchus aims to change a2 ouq: the same; in the attributive position a3 ouo o ioyo : by this argument; dat. of standard of judgment, or dat. means tooi: 3 rd sg. fut. tii a6 pootivoi: to add to the just; aor. inf. pooiqi q : or (in other words); there is not a 2 nd
option, Socrates is simply clarifying what he means by pootivoi o i|oio o,: as o poov: the first time; adverb a8 po, ouo : in addition to this; common translation for po, + dat. b1 Hovu tv ou v: quite so indeed; expresses positive certainty, cf. 332b4, 331d4 b2 ovitytooi: that it would be said well; ov + inf. is equivalent to a potential opt. i|oiou ovpo,: (the characteristic) of a just man; gen. of quality or characteristic |oi: even b3 ovivouv: acc. sg. ov-ivo-ouv Helping Friends, Harming Enemies in Greek Tragedy Tragedy often explores conflicts that arise when heroes mistakenly treat iioi, often relatives, as t_poi. Socrates question therefore about whether people mistaken the good as enemies and bad as friends (334c) and treat them accordingly is not a quibble but an appropriate topic for discussion. Aeschylus Euripides Agamemnon: wife kills husband Bacchae: mother kills son Eumenides: mother(s' Furies) torment son Electra: children kill mother Libation Bearers: son kills mother Iphigenia in Aulis: father kills daughter Seven Against Thebes: brother kills brother Iphigenia in Tauris: sister to kill brother Sophocles Herakles: father kills children and wife Antigone: brother kills brother Hippolytus: father kills son Elektra: children kill mother Medea: mother kills children Oedipus Rex: son kills father, marries mother Orestes: children kill mother 335b 28
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Republic I 335b6-d9 29 o -ouoo,, -ov: unmusical, -cultured -refined 4 ovpotio,, -o, -ov: human, of a human, 2 o-io,, -ov:: not suitable for riding, 1 toipo,, o : a comrade, companion, mate, 2 tpo q,, -qo,, q : heat, 1 ii|o,, o : a horse-trainer, 5 |uov, |uvo,, o : dog, 3 ouoi|q, q : art of music 2 qpoq,, -qo,, q : dryness, 1 ouiiq qv: collectively, in sum, in short, 2 uypoivo: to wet, make wet, moisten, 1 _tipov, -ov: worse, more severe, inferior, 5 u _o: to make cold, to cool, 3
b6 tiiou, q _tipou,: nom. pl. predicate, tiio(v)t, q _tipo(v)t, b8 ti, qv ov |uvov optqv: with regard to the excellence of dogs ti, qv: with regard to (the excellence) c1 q...otv: shall we not say; deliberative subjunctive; 1 st pl. subj. qi c2 _tipou,: _tipo(v)t,, acc. pl. predicate c3 Hovu tv ou v: quite so indeed; expresses positive certainty, cf. 332b4, 335b1 c4 ou|: (is) not?; expecting a yes reply c5 ouo: this (is); supply toiv c6 ov ovpoov: among men; partitive gen. or possibly gen. of comparison c7 ovoy|q: (it is) necessary; supply toiv c9 q ouoi|q : dative of means ouoi|oi: musicians; substantive c10 oitiv: make (men) unmusical; oito governs a double acc.: make x y c11 Auvoov: supply toiv, it is c12 oiou,: parallel to c9-10 c13 toiv: it is possible c14 q i|oioouvq : again, parallel to c9-10 d5 oioi: I imagine that; oiooi tpyov: the function + gen.; acc. subject ou tvoviou: modifies missing tpyov d5 Out qpo qo,: parallel to d3 d7 Out q ou oyoou : parallel to d3 d9 t yt: yt at least, emphasizes not t but o i|oio, or the entire clause
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Republic I 335d10-336b6 31 oyo: to lead, to bring, to carry, to convey, 2 ovi-ioovo: to take up in turn (+ gen.) 1 io,, iovo,, o : Bias, 1 ioq, q : hurt, harm, damage, 4 youv: yt ouv, at least, at any rate, any way, 3 i-o|ouo: to hear (out), learn (by hearing), 1 io-|oiuo: to hinder, prevent, 2 io-ityooi: to converse with, discuss, 3 io-ouo: to make cease; mid. rest, pause, 1 i-opoo: to seize, plunder; tear apart, 1 toio,, -q, -ov: ready, prepared, at hand, 1 qou_io, q : silence, quiet, stillness, rest, 1 Oqoio,, -o, -ov: Theban, 1 qpi ov, o : a wild animal, beast, 1 Ioqvio,, o : Ismenias, 1 |oivovto: have a share of, partake in (gen) 2 o_q, q : battle, fight, combat, 3 o_ooi: to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute, 3 tou : betwixt, between, 1 vot o: to think, mean, indicate, suppose, 1 :tpq,, -ou, o : Xerxes, 1 opoo: to set in motion; set out, begin, 5 ouoou : nowhere, 2 ou|-ti: no more, no longer, no further, 4 opo -|otooi: to sit down beside, 1 Htpi||q,, -ou, o : Perdiccas, 1 Htpiovpo,, o : Periander, 1 Hio|o,, o : Pittacus, 1 iouoio,, -o, -ov: rich, wealthy, opulent, 3 oiio|i,: many times, often, frequently, 3 pqo, o : a word, saying, phrase, 2 ou-opt o: to wind into a ball, gather, rally, 1
d11 tpyov: the function of the just (is); subj. d12 iiovoiiov outvo: acc. direct objs. of iotiv ou tvoviou: but (it is the function) of the opposite; supply tpyov ou oi|ou: an appositive e2 ouo t q voti ouo : and this means to him that; ouo refers to i, above oi, tv t_poi, ioqv otiitooi: that harm is owed to the enemy opo...ovpo,: from; gen. of source e3 oi,iioi,: to friends; object of otiitooi, missing through ellipsis e4 qv: 3 rd sg. impf. tii tiov: nom. sg. aor. pple ityo e5 ouoou outvoiotiv: in no case to harm someone; subject of tovq i|oiov: predicate adjective tovq ov: turned out to be; was shown being, aor. pass. oivo and neuter sg. complementary pres. pple tii can be translated was clearly or seems to be e7 Mo_outo: we will resist (him); future o_t(o)oto tovq : if someone says; future more vivid condition; 3 rd sg. pres. subj. qi e8 ouo: it; i.e. e1-e3 tipq|tvoi: pf. inf. ityo (tp-) e9 ov ooov: i.e. the Seven Sages e10 Eyo youv: I for my part then; intensive (yt) and inferential (ouv) 336a1 oioo: 2 nd sg. oio ou : whose; gen. relative modifying pqo o o voi: the claiming that; i.e. the statement that; an articular inf. in apposition to pqo a3 ivo,: whose?; in response to ou in a1 a5 oioi: oiooi a6 ivo, oiiouiouoiou ovpo,: all four genitives describe the same person tyo oiotvou uvoooi imagining that (he) has great power; tyo is inner acc. with pres. inf. uvooi, to have power a8 Aiqtooo: superlative, oiqq, a9 Ei tv: well, well now ttiq: since; causal tovq ov: turned out to be; was shown being, aor. pass. oivo and neuter sg. complementary pres. pple tii can be translated was clearly or seems to be a10 o i |oiov: the just; note that out... out makes o i|oiov a distinction subject along with q i|oioouvq ovoiq: could one say; potential opt. b1 ioityotvov qov: genitive absolute b2 opo : tried to dart forward; set out, 3 rd sg. conative impf. opoo oviioovtooi: expressing purpose or complementary inf. with o po b3 uo...opo|oqt vov: by those sitting beside him; gen. agent with it|oiuto io|ouooi: aor. inf. io|ouo b5 qou_iov qytv: did keep quiet; impf. oyo q|tv t : launched at; aor. iqi throw b6 o,..: as if about to; o, + fut. pple 336b 32
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Republic I 336b7-337a4 33 ovo-|oyoo: to burst out laughing, 1 o -vo qo,, -ov: foolish, unintelligent, 1 oo-t_ooi: to accept, receive, 5 o -ovo,, -ov: speechless, dumb, silent, 1 yiyvoo|o: to come to know, learn, realize, 5 tio: to fear, 3 io-oto: to terrify thoroughly, startle, 1 io-tipo: to destroy, corrupt, kill, 1 to: to be accustomed, be in the habit, 4 ti|o,, oo,, o: likely, probably, reasonable 4 titp: if really, if in fact (to imply doubt), 5 tipovtio, q :, feigned ignorance, irony, 1 t|-iqyvui: strike out of; astound, amaze, 1 t|ov, t|ouoo, t|ov: willing, intentionally, 5 tity_o: to cross-examine, question; refute, 3 titto: to have pity, show mercy, 1 t-oypioivooi: to become savage or fierce 1 tu-qiooi: to play the fool, be nave 2 tuptoi,, -to,, q : finding, discovery, 1 qto: to seek, look for, investigate, 5 qqoi,, q : a search, seeking, 1 qvi|o: at which time, when, since, 1 Hpo|itq,, o : Heracles, 1 |tpoito,, -q, -ov: profitable; gainful, crafty 3 oio: very, very much, exceedingly, 5 too,, - q, -ov: middle, in the middle of, 2 oio,, -q, -ov: alone, lone, lonely, 3 opoo: to see, look, behold, 5 oioi: long ago, formerly, of old, 2 poyo, o : deed, act; matter, affair, 5 poo-ito: to look at or upon, 2 oopo vio,, -o, -ov: bitter, scornful, sardonic 1 ooq ,, -t,: clear, distinct, definite, 3 o|t i,, -to,, q : examination, speculation, 1 oouo o: to be serious, be eager, hasten 2 iio,, -o, -ov: honored, worthy, valuable, 1 uio,, o : nonsense, idle talk, gossip, 1 u-ti|o: to withdraw, retire; yield; depart, 1 uo-|oo-|iivooi: lie down under; submit, 2 uo-pto: to tremble a little or slightly, 1 tyyooi: to utter a sound, voice, speak, 1 iio-itooi: to seek honor, be ambitious, 1 iuopio, q : nonsense, silly talk, foolery, 1 oto: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 2 _oitoivo: to be sore, angry, grievous, 2 _puoiov, o : gold coin, money; jewelry, 4 otiio,, -q, -ov: useful, profitable, helpful 2
b7 tioovt, itoq qtv: we were panicstricken out of fear; becoming afraid, ingressive aor. pple. and passive b8 1i,iuopio: what nonsense; subject oioi t_ti: has for long been gripping; present verb is pf. progressive in sense c1 i : why? po, oiiqiou,: toward one another c2 uiv ouoi,: to yourselves; reflexive o, oiqo,: truly ouiti: you wish; ouit(o)oi 2 nd sg. mid. c3 titvoi: inf. oio o i|oiov oi toi: what the just is; the just, what it is, as frequently, prolepsis q ovovoiio |oi: not onlybut also tpoo, iioiou : pres. sg. imperatives c4 tity_ov: by; nom. sg. pple, causal oo|pivqoi: whenever; pres. subj, general temporal clause c5 tyvo|o,: nom. sg. pf. pple. yiyvoo|o oi: namely that; in apposition to ouo poov (it is) rather easy; (it is) easier comparative of poio, as a predicate tpoov: inf. tpooo ouo,: (you) yourself; intensive pronoun oo|pivoi, tit: aor. imperatives c6 oo,tpti,: (see to it) that you will not say; i.e. do not say! oo, + fut. ind. is an idiomatic form of strong exhortation c6 oi o..oi: what is thewhat is the; o i d1 tov..outpov: the fitting, the beneficial, the profitable, the gainful, the advantageous..; all substantive participles d3 o,: since; conjunction with causal force d5 ttioyqv: I was struck with fear; 1 st sg. ingressive aor. pass. t|-iqyvui d6 potpo,q : earlier...than; adj. as adv. topo|q: 1 st sg. plpf. opoo d7 ov ytvtooi: I would have become; past contrary-to-fact, equiv. to ov + aor. ind. uo: because of; gen. of cause, not agent e1 oio, tytvoqv: I was able; the sort to e2 ioi: be; sg. imperative tii e4 ioi: know; sg. imperative oio oiou: sg. imperative oiooi e8 _puoiov: than; gen. of comparison e9 oi oiioo: as much as possible ovqvoi ouo : that it appear; aor. pass. 337a1 uo...tivov: by you clever men; agent a4 tiouio: accustomed; fem. pf. pple to 337a 34 5
Republic I 337a5-d7 35 oio,, -o, -ov: worthy of, deserving of, 3 o-oyoptuo: to renounce, give up, forbid, 2 o-tiov: to speak out, tell, declare, 1 oo-t_ooi: to accept, receive, 5 oo -|pioi,, -to,, q : an answer, 2 oo-ivo: to render, pay, pay back, repay, 1 ti|vui: to point out, display, show, 1 i,: twice, doubly, 1 uo: two, 3 o-t|o: twelve, 2 tipovtuooi: to feign ignorance or modesty, 1 t: six, 1 t-o|i,: six times, 1 qu,, -tio, -u : sweet, pleasant, glad, 4 ouo o: to wonder, marvel, be astonished, 2 |oiuo: to hinder, check, prevent, 1 oooo,, -o, -ov: how much, many or great,1 po-tiov: aor. tell beforehand, state before, 2 po-ityo: to predict, foretell (+ dat.), 1 uvovooi: to learn by inquiry or hearsay, 5 tpo|i,: four times, 1 topt,, -o: four, 1 pti,, pio: three, 1 pi,: three times, thrice, 1 iuopto: to talk nonsense, prattle, 1
a5 qq: 1 st sg. simple past (plpf.) oio pouityov: po-tityov, 1 st sg. impf. oi: (namely) that; appostion to ouoi, a6 ttiqooi,tipovtuooiooiqooi, q oo|pivoio: would be willingwould feign ignorancewouldwould; 2 nd sg. fut. optative act. and mid. in secondary sequence can replace what otherwise would be fut. ind. in primary sequence a7 tpoo : asks; tpooti, 3 rd sg. pres. ind. a8 ti : 2 nd sg. pres. tii qqoo: 2 nd sg. simple past (plpf.) oio a9 tpoio: if ever you ask; 2 nd sg. mid. opt. tpooi not tpto (fut. ityo), replacing what would be ov + subj. in primary seq. b1 Oo,q tpti,: (see to it) that you do not say; do not say! oo, + fut. ind. is an idiomatic form of strong exhortation, in which the main verb, e.g. o|oti, is dropped; this is a response to 336c6 b2 i, t: 2 times 6; i.e. multiplication tables b3 o,: since; repeating 336d3 above oou: from you; gen. of source b3 toviuopq,: 2 nd sg. pres. subj. in a future more vivid condition b4 qiov..qv: it was clear; impf. tii oioi: oiooi, parenthetical oo|pivoio : would respond; fut. opt. replaces a fut. ind. in secondary sequence b5 ti titvov tit,: if someone had saidwould you have said; past contrary to fact condition (ti aor., ov + aor. ind.) b6 o, ityti,;: What do you mean? q oo|pivooi: am I not to answer?; deliberative subjunctive b7 q ti : not even if ouov: partitive gen. with subject i uy_ovti ov: happen to be (the case); i.e. be true, complementary pple tii tio: am I to say; deliberative aor. subj. c1 ou oiqou,: from the true; separation ov tit,: see b5 above c2 Ei tv: well (now); exclamation o, qt|tivo : so very similar this (instance is) to that (instance); q is ironic and sarcastic in tone c3 ti ouv: if at any rate; ouv is a hypothetical that the speaker really denies |oi: in fact; adverbial c4 tpoqtvi: to the one asked; aor. pass. qov i: any less; less in any way ouov: that he; acc. subject c5 oiti: 2 nd sg. pres. mid. oiooi o oivo tvov: what appears to him(self) tovttovt: whetheror; ifif c7 Aiio i: is it anything other (than) ovouov: of these things, which I; acc. pl. assimilates to the gen. of ouov c8 oo|pivq : 2 nd sg. fut. mid. c9 ov ouoooiiotitv: I would, it should seem; future less vivid, aor. opt. d1 1i ouv: What then; What, pray? ouv here expresses impatience ov tio: if I show; aor. subj. ti|vui d2 tiio: better; tiio(v)o, acc. sg. otiv: that (I) suffer; aor. inf. oo_o d3 o q tioi: for one not knowing; oio d4 otiv: to learn; aor. inf. ovovo d6 Hu, yop: Yeah, you are nave; (you talk like this) for you are sweet 338d3 po, o otiv: in addition to learning ootioov: aor. imperative, ooivo 337d 36
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Republic I 337d8-338c3 37 o-tiov: to forbid, deny, refuse, 1 oo -|pioi,, -to,, q : an answer, 2 oui|o: straightway, at once; presently, 2 io-poo: to accomplish, effect, 1 ioo|o: to teach, instruct, 3 poo: to do, 2 ti|o,, oo,, o: likely, probably, reasonable 4 tio-tpo: to bring in, introduce; contribute, 2 t|-ivo: to pay in full, pay back, 2 tity_o: to cross-examine, question; refute, 3 toivto: to praise, approve, commend, 3 ti-ut o: to desire, long for, 2 tu -o|ito: to be of good repute, esteemed, 2 oio: very, very much, exceedingly, 5 oy-|oio,, -q, -ov: all-beautiful, -glorious, 2 tpi-tp_ooi: to go around, 1 po-u o,: eagerly, zealously, willingly, 1 poo-oito: to make up, pretend; allege, 1 tituoo: to end, complete, finish; die, 3 ovtpo,, -o, -ov: visible, manifest, evident, 3 oo|o: to say, affirm, claim, 2 ouio,, -q, -ov: slight, trivial, insignificant, 1 ovto: to begrudge (acc.) to (inf.), 1 iio-vti|t o: to be contentious, fond of strife 1 _opiooi: to do a favor, gratify, indulge, 3 _opi,, _opio,, q : favor, gratitude, thanks, 2 tu ooi: mid. to lie, cheat, beguile, 2
d8 Ou|ouv ttiov oi ytvqoi: (I will pay) whenever I have the money, then; dat. of poss., aor. subj., general temporal clause d9 toiv: you have (it); there is (the money for you) in response to d8 oiio: come (now); introducing an imper. d10 tiooiootv: 1 st pl. fut. tiotpo + dat. e1 q o,: he said; demonstrative pronoun ivoiopoqoioo|pivqoi ioovq tity_q : so that; aor. subj. iopoo and more often 3 rd sg. pres. subj. in an extended purpose clause o tioo,: his customary thing; the accustomed, pf. pple to e2 oiiouoo|pivotvou: gen. absolute e4 Ho , yop: how could..?; confirms and expresses (im)possibility and surprise ovi, oo|pivoio: anyone answer; indefinite pronoun, aorist potential opt. e5 tio,: nom. sg. pple oio titvoi: inf. oio ti i |oi oitoi: if in fact he has some opinion; thinks something, inner acc. e6 otipqtvov ouo tiq: it would be forbidden for him; periphrastic perfect: pf. pple otiov + 3 rd sg. opt. tii oo,tpti : that; oo, and fut. (ityo) in a clause of effort e7 ov: (of the things) which; acc. assimilates to the gen. of the missing antecedent uo ovpo,: gen. agent with pass. voice in e6 ou ouiou: no ordinary; i.e. important; litotes ot q: just you; you (and no other), acc. subject of itytiv 338a1 ti|o,: (it is) reasonable; supply toiv ou...q: just you; you (and no other), titvoi: inf. oio t_tiv: are able; t_o + inf. a2 oiti: oitt, sg. imperative oito _opiou: 2 nd sg. mid. imperative + dat. a3 q ovqoq,: you should not; 2 nd sg. aor. prohibitive subjunctive iooi: aor. inf. ioo|o a4 Eiovo, t ou: gen. absolute a5 ttovo: asked; + gen. ovtpo,: clearly; nom. adj. as adverb a6 qv: 2 nd sg. impf. tii ivo: so that he might; aor. opt. in a purpose clause, secondary sequence a7 po, o...ti voi: with regard to; here, with an articular inf. tii a8 tituov: finally; ending, pres. pple b1 |otio: |oi ttio Auq q : this (is) precisely ouovooiovoi: namely that he; acc. subj. + inf. in apposition to ouq b2 tpiiovo: pres. pple tpi-tp_ooi ouov: for these things; gen. of value b4 Oi: that b6 tu q : tut(o)oi, 2 nd sg. pres. ooqv: as much favor as; supply _opiv b7 ovov: only; adverbial acc. o, pouo,: how eagerly; obj. of tioq b8 tioq : tiot(o)oi, 2 nd sg. fut. oio b9 tptiv: will speak; tpto fut. inf. ityo c1 A|out q : Hear then c2 o out pov: the advantageous; pple c3 oiio i : Well, why? 338c 38
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Republic I 338c4-339a9 39 oo: at the same time; along with (dat.), 5 o-oyoptuo: to renounce, give up, forbid, 2 oo,, oooo, oov: every, quite all, 3 oo-oivo: to show, make clear; perform, 1 opioo-|potooi: be governed by the best 1 ouo -i: on the very spot or moment, 4 tiupo,, -o, -ov: loathsome, disgusting, 1 otio,, -o, -ov: of an oxen qo|potooi: be governed by the people 1 qo|poio, q : democracy, 1 qo|poi|o,, -q, -ov: democratic, 1 tio: then, next, and so, therefore, 1 t|-oivo: to step out; go out, (gen.) 1 |o-ioqi: to set down; appoint, establish, 1 |oioi: and yet, and indeed, and further, 3 |o|-oupyto: to do wrong, do mischief, 4 |oioo: to punish, correct, check, 1 |poto: to rule; control, overcome (gen.) 3 |pto,, o : meat, flesh, 1 ioyiooi: to reckon, calculate, count, 1 vo o,, o : law, custom, 2 ouoo,: in no way, not at all, 5 ou -o: not yet, 3 oy-|poiooq,, o : skilled in pancration, 1 ovo-_ou: everywhere, in all places, 2 opo-vot o: to transgress the law, 1 tipoo: to try, attempt, endeavor, 2 Houiuoo,, o : Poulydamas, 1 poo-tii: to be in addition, 2 ooq ,, -t,: clear, distinct, definite, 3 oii ov, o : grain, bread, food, 2 ou-oivo: to happen, occur, result, 5 ouq: in this respect, in this way, so, thus, 2 oioot, -ot, -ovt: such (as this), 5 upovvtooi: to be governed by a tyrant, 1 upovvi|o,, -q, -ov: despotic, autocratic, 1 upovvi,, -io,, q : absolute power, tyranny, 2 uo-ioovo: to take up, reply; suppose, 5
c4 oo: 1 st sg. aor. subj. ovovo, a protasis in a future more vivid condition, complementing Thrasymachus fut. tense apodosis in the previous sentence i ityti,: what you mean c6 ouoityti,: What in the world do you mean (by) this?; whatever o yt oiovt: the following at any rate; this here sort c7 qov: gen. of comparison |ptiov: (is) stronger; supply verb c8 out pti: is advantageous to + dat., here with a neuter pl. subject |pto po,: with regard to + acc d1 qooiv t|tivou: weaker than that one; dat. pl. comparative and gen. comparison d3 tiupo, yop: Yeah, you are a buffoon; (you talk like this) for you are a buffoon, cf. 337d6 ouq q in this wayin which (way); dat. of manner d4 o v |o|oupyq ooi,: you would; ov + aor. opt., relative clause of characteristic d7 oioo: 2 nd sg. oio ov oitov: among the cities; partitive oi tv..oi t: someothers d9 Ho, yop ou : how could (I) not?; expresses (im)possibility and surprise d10 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response o op_ov: the one ruling; neuter pple in apposition to ouo e1 1itoi: makes; sets down po,: with regard to + acc. o ouq outpov: the advantage to itself; touq, 3 rd person reflexive e3 t tvoi: making (laws); aor. pple iqi otqvov: made clear; aor. oooivo e4 oi oi: for them; i.e. the rulers; cf. e1 ovt|oivovo: the one transgressing o,: on the grounds that; since o, + pple expresses alleged cause, in this case the charge against the one transgressing 339a1 oitoiv: dat. pl. oii, ouov: the same; o ouov; acc. subject |otoq|uio,: established; fem. gen. sg. aor pple |o-ioqi a2 ouoi vti: it results o opo, ioyiotvo : for the once reasoning correctly; dat. of interest a3 o ouo...: the same; attribute position a5` toov: 1 st sg. aor. ovovo a6 tipooooi: fut. dep. tipoo a7 ot|pivo: you answered; ot|pivo(o)o; 2 nd sg. aor. a8 oo, q...oo|pivoiqv: that I would not; clause of effort with fut. optative in place of fut. ind. in secondary seq. 339b 40 b
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Republic I 339b1-d10 41 ov-oopqo,, -ov: unfailing, unerring, 2 o -ou opo,, -ov: inexpedient, inconvenient, 4 i-oopovo: to make a mistake, fail utterly2 tvi -ot: sometimes, 5 vo o,, o : law, custom, 2 ou -o: not yet, 3 ovo,: altogether, by all means, certainly, 1 oiqto,, -o, -ov: to be made or done, 3 poo-q |q, q : addition, add-on, 1 poo-iqi: to add, attribute, impose, give. 4 o|tt o,, -ov: one must reflect or consider, 4 oi|po ,, -o, -ov: small, little, 3
b1 oi|po: trifling; i.e. small in significance; Thrasymachus does not think the addition of the stronger is trifling and is likely testing Socrates response b2 qiov ou ti : (is it) even clear whether; qiov is neuter predicate, add toiv tyoiq: (it is) important; add toiv oiqiov: (it is) clear that; clearly o|tt ov: this must be examined; (is) to be examined, verbal adjective expresses necessity or obligation; supply toiv b4 |oi tyo: I also; |oi is an adverb pooiti,: nom. sg. pres. pple b6 2|oti: o|ot-t, sg. pres. imperative b7 tooi: 3 rd sg. fut. tii with neut. pl. subj. ou : do you not?; expects yes answer oi, op_ouoiv: those ruling; dat. pl. object of titooi c1 tioiv: 3 rd pl. pres. tii oitoiv: cities; dat. pl. oii, c2 oiovooptiv: (are they) such so as to make an error; aor. inf. of result i: inner acc. of ooptiv |oi: in fact; adverbial c3 ou: I suppose itooiv: they make; 3 rd pl. pres. c6 Oi oi: oiooi c7 o t...touoi,: to make laws rightly is to make those advantageous to themselves; o t opo, (itooi) opo toi o o outpovo touoi, itooi; ellipsis, the same articular inf. is subj. and pred. c8 o t...oouopo: o t q opo, (itooi toiv o) o oouopo (touoi,) itooi; parallel to c7 c10 Aovoi: whatever (laws the rulers) make; 3 rd pl. aor. subj. iqi in clause of characteristic (general relative) oiqtov oi, o p_otvoi,: must those being ruled do...; (is it) to be done by those ruled dat. agent with verbal adj. c12 Ho, yop ou : how could I not?; confirms and expresses (im)possibility and surprise d1 Ou ovovoiio |oi: not onlybut also |oo: according to; + acc. d2 o q out pov: what is not an advantage (of the stronger); |ptiovo, d5 Aityti,: (I am saying) what; relative clause with missing antecedent toiyt o|o : I think; I seem to myself o|ootv: let us; hortatory subjunctive tiiov: better; comparative adverb ou_ ooioyqoi: has it not been agreed that; pf. pass. governs two acc. subject + inf. clauses: ou, op_ovo, ioopovtiv and i|oiov tivoi d7 oitiv oo: to do something; object of poooovo,; equivalent to ivo ou tiioou: from what is best for themselves; equivalent to o outpov o oi op_ovt,: whatever; pres. subj. in a relative clause of characteristic (general relative); object of oitiv below d8 i|oiov tivoi: it is just; + inf. otiv
A Stronger Athens Beseiges a Weaker Chalcedon, Thrasymachus Birthplace, in 409 Alcibiades set to work with the whole of his troops to draw lines of circumvallation round Chalcedon from sea to sea, so as to include as much of the river as possible within its wall, which was made of timberAfter his success Alcibiades set off to the Hellespont and the Chersonese to raise moneyit was further stipulated by mutual consent and under oaths provided, that the Chalcedonians should continue the payment of their customary tribute to Athens, beings also bound to discharge all outstanding debts. The Athenians, on their side, were bound to desist from all hostilities until the return of their ambassadors from the king. Xenophon, Hellenica I.3, trans. H. G. Dakyns 339e 42 e
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Republic I 339e1-340c5 43 ootpo,, -o, -ov: each of two, both, 1 ovoy|oio,, -o, -ov: necessary, inevitable, 3 oo-t_ooi: to accept, receive, 5 o -ou opo,, -ov: inexpedient, inconvenient, 4 q-ou: perhaps, I suppose, of course, 4 io-tpo: to differ, surpass, be superior to, 5 tvi -ot: sometimes, 5 Kitioov, o : Clitophon, 4 o: by, in affirmation, 5 opupto: to bear witness, give evidence, 1 opu,, o, q : a witness, 1 ooioyio, q : agreement, 1 oiqto,, -o, -ov: to be made or done, 3 ooq ,, -t,: clear, distinct, definite, 3 ou-oivo: to happen, occur, result, 5 uo-ioovo: to take up, reply; suppose, 5
e1 oiou: think; sg. imperative oiooi o...oitiv: that to do;acc. subj. of i|oiov tivoi and the entire construction is acc. subj. of inf. ooioyqooi below oi, op_ouoi |ptiooi: for those ruling and stronger; dat. of interest modifying oouopo e2 ooioyqooi ooi: that it has been agreed by you; pf. pass. inf. + dat. agent e3 ouoi,: for themselves; touoi, poooooiv: 3 rd pl. pres. subjunctive general temporal clause e4 oi, t: but for others; i.e. those ruled e5 ooo ot: superlative degree, vocative ovoy|oiov: (it is) necessary e6 ouooi: in this here way; deictic iota used here to express close proximity ouvoviov q : opposite to; opposite than, o tvoviov o...oouopov: acc. object of oitiv e7 poootoi oi, qooiv: it is ordered for the weaker to; dat. pl. obj. 340a1 o Li o: by Zeus; acc. sg. oot ooo yt: yes, most accurately; superlative adverb a3 Eov ou y : yes, if you; ov + aor. subj. is a protasis in a present general condition without an apodosis a4 i : why? a6 oi, t: but for others; i.e. those ruled a7 1o yop: yes, because uo ov op_ovov: by; gen. agent governed by pass. pple o |tituotvo a8 tto: set down; aor. mid. iqi a9 Koi yo p: yes, for also; |oi as connective b1 tto: he set forth that; aor. mid. iqi t tvo,: aor. mid. pple iqi b2 ouoi,: for themselves; touoi, b3 ou, qou,: the weaker; qo(v)t, op_otvou,: one and same as qou, b4 outv oiiovq : nothing more than; acc. of extent of degree with comparative b5 ov tiq: would be; potential opt. tii b7 o qyoio: (was that) whichbelieved; pres. opt. qytooi replacing present ind. in secondary sequence; supply tivoi and a missing antecedent before this clause ouo : for himself; dat. respect ouo oiqtov ti voitito: that this had to be done by the weaker and that this (was) the just he set down; verbal adj. + tivoi expresses obligation and governs a dat. of agent; supply tivoi tito: he was setting down that; impf. c1 Outviotpti: it makes no difference; inner. acc. ouou : from him; gen. source c2 oot_oto: let us; hortatory subj. qv: was; impf. tii c3 touiou: touit(o)o, 2 nd sg. impf. mid. o i |oiov: that the just (is) c4 o...o|ouv tivoi namely something appearing to be; in apposition to ouo above tovttovt: whetheror c5 out pq : it is advantageous; 3 rd sg. pres. subjunctive otv: are we to claim; delib. subj. qi
yop in replies Whereas in English we often express an affirmative and leave out a subordinate conjunction, e.g. Yes, (because) Thrasymachus said (340a7), Greek often expresses the conjunction and leaves out the affirmative: (Yes), because Thrasymachus said It is for this reason that we often have to translate yop in replies as yes, because or yes, for 340c 44
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Republic I 340c6-341b2 45 o|pioioytooi: to be exact, be precise, 1 oopio, q : mistake, failure, fault; guilt, 2 ov-oopqo,, -ov: unfailing, unerring, 2 oui|o: straightway, at once; presently, 2 ioo: to overpower, use force, use force, 1 ypooioq,, o : schoolmaster, teacher, 1 ti-ouiq, q : plot, a plan against, 1 ti-itio: to leave behind; fail, be wanting, 1 ti-oq q, q : knowledge, understanding, 3 q|ioo,, -q, -ov: least; not at all, 1 |o|-oupyto: to do wrong, do mischief, 4 ioyioo,, o : calculation; counting, reasoning1 ioyioq,, o : calculator, one who counts, 1 ioyioi|o,, -q, -ov: skilled in calculating, 1 ot: when, at some time, 1 out -ot: not ever, never, 3 oiqto,, -o, -ov: to be made or done, 3 poo-oyoptuo: to address, call by name, 1 pqo, o : a word, saying, phrase, 2 ou|o-ovto: to quibble, accuse falsely, 4 ou|o-ovq,, -ou o : quibbler, false accuser, 1 uo-ioovo: to take up, reply; suppose, 5
c6 H|ioo : least (of all); superlative adv. |ptio: |ptio(v)o, acc.sg. oiti: 2 nd sg. pres. mid. oiooi ov toopovovo: the one erring; 1 st
of a double acc. governed by |oiti, c7 toopovq : 3 rd sg. pres. subj. in a general temporal clause c8 oqv: 1 st sg. impf. oiooi d1 2u|oovq, yop ti : Yeah, for you are quibbler; (you talk like this) for you are a quibbler, cf. 337d6, 338d3 d2 tti oui|o: since to begin with; or since for example, since straightaway ov toopovovo: the one erring; 1 st
of a double acc. governed by |oiti, d3 ou, |ovovo,: those being ill; pple |o ouo ouotoopovti: in respect to this (mistake) itself which he made d4 ioyioi|ov o,oopovq : or (do you call) a counter (the one) who errs; pres. subj. in a relative clause of characteristic (general relative clause) |oo....: in respect to d5 oioi: oiooi, parenthetical ityotv o pqoi: we literally speak; we speak in (ordinary) wording oi: namely that d6 tqoptv: aor. toopovo d7 o : but in respect to this; acc. respect |o ooov: insofar as e1 |oo...o|piq ioyov: in (accordance with) precise speech e2 ttiq: (I say this) since o|pioioyq : -oioyt(o)oi; 2 nd sg. pres. e3 tiitiouoq,tioqq,: while knowledge leaves him: gen. absolute e4 tv o : in which (time); e5 oovq : whenever he is; 3 rd sg. pres subj. tii e6 ov tioi: would say; interative optative e7 oiouov ouv q uoiot: accept just this sort (of answer) then that I was giving to you just now; aor. imperative e8 o o|pitooov: superlative, subject t|tivoov op_ovo: that one (namely) that the ruler uy_ovti ov: happens to be; neuter pple tii is a complementary pple |o ooov: insofar as 341a1 q oopovovo: and while not erring o...t iioov: the best; i.e. what is advantageous ouo : for himself; ouo, dat. interest a2 ouooiqtov: and this must be done; verbal adjective + missing tii expresses obligation, here with dat. of agent a3 t op_q,: from the beginning o...oitiv: to do; the article is part of the articular infinitive, not outpov a5 Ei tv: well then a6 Hovu tv ou v: quite so indeed; expresses positive certainty a6 Oiti yop: (you say that) for you think; 2 nd
sg. mid. a8 o, qpoqv: as I asked; aor. tpooi a9 tv ou v: indeed; again, positive certainty ooitooi: there will befor you; dat. of possession, fut. tii b1 ov t iooi,: you could not escape my notice; potential opt. iovovo q ioov: (if) not escaping my notice; aor. pple iovovo conditional in sense b2 ioooooi: overpower me with speech uvoio: would you be able; uvoi(o)o, 2 nd sg. pres. potential opt., supply ov 341b 46
Republic I 341b3-e1 47 oqv: to ones fill, enough, 1 oui,: back again, later, 3 youv: yt ouv, at least, at any rate, any way, 3 i-opio: to define, separate, determine, 3 ty-yiyvooi: to happen in; be born in, 5 t|-opio: to provide, furnish; invent, 5 to,, -to,, o: a word, 1 qto: to seek, look for, investigate, 5 tpotuq ,, o : attendant, worshipper, 2 |o|-oupyto: to do wrong, do mischief, 4 |iqto,, -o, -ov: to be called, be named, 1 itov, itovo,, o : lion, 1 oivooi: to be mad, rage, be furious, 3 vou q,, -ou, o : sailor, 8 upto: to shave, 1 opo-iqi: to let go; mid. ask to be let off, 1 ou|o-ovto: to quibble, accuse falsely, 4 uo-ioyiotov: one must take into account, 1 uo: to bring forth, beget; am by nature, 3 _pqoioq,, o : money-maker, 4
b3 ti_tipqooii: I would try; potential opt. b4 ivotyytvqoi: so that such a thing may not arise among us; purpose clause iopiooi: aor. mid. imperative otpo,: in which of two ways; adv. b5 ov o, to, titiv: the (ruler) so to speak; so to speak a word, b6 ov o|piti ioyo : the (ruler) in precise sense; in precise speech ou o out pov: whose advantage |ptiovo, ovo,: modifies ou , pres. pple tii and a predicate genitive b7 i|oiov tooi: 3 rd sg. fut.. tii o qovi: for a weaker; dat. interest oitiv: explanatory inf. with i|oiov d8 1ovovo: the (ruler) being; acc. sg. pres. pple. tii o o|pitooo ioyo : in the most precise sense; superlative adj. po, ouo: against these (things) b9 |o|oupyti |oi ou|oo vti: t-contract imperatives: |o|oupytt, ou|oovtt uvoooi: 2 nd sg. uvooi outv oou opitoi: I do not at all ask to be let off; be allowed to pass, 1 st sg. pres. mid. opiqi b10 ou q oio, q,: you will not be able; ou q + pres. subj. tii suggests a strong denial; tii + oio, t is commonly translated as to be able c1 oiti, yop: What? Do you think; 2 nd sg. mid. pres. oiooi, yop begins a question rhetorical and incredulous ovqvoi: aor. inf. oivooi oot: so as to + inf.; result clause c3 Nuv youv: just now outv ov: being worthless; pple tii |oi ouo: in respect to these things too; acc. of respect, |oi is adverbial c5 ov: whom; acc. sg. relative pronoun c6 ov |ovovov: for those being ill; objective gen. pple ov...ovo: the one being a doctor o ovi: actually; adverbial c9 1i t: What (about) op_ov: ruler; nom. sg. predicate d1 outvouo uoioyiotov, oi: this is not at all to be taken into account, namely that; verbal adj. + missing toi expresses obligation iti : 3 rd sg. pres. ito vqi: dat. sg.. vou, d2 toiv |iqt o,: he should be called; governs a pred. nom., cf. d1 |oo o itiv: regarding sailing d3 |oo: in regard to d5 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response d7 Ou |oi...t u|tv: does notin fact naturally exist?; pf. uo ti ou o : on this condition (namely); a clarification is to follow ti o qtivt|opitiv: on seeking out and providing; articular infinitives clarifying ti ouo above d9 Ei ou o : repetition indicates assent d10 t|ooq toiv: each of the crafts has; dat. of possession d11 oi oiioo: as much as possible titov: perfect; pred. adj. e1 Ho,tpoo,;: What do you mean by this question?; In what way do you ask this? tpooti,, 2 nd sg. pres.
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Republic I 341e1-342c6 49 o -ioq,, -t,: harmless, unhurt; unharmed, 1 oopio, q : mistake, failure, fault; guilt, 2 o -|tpoio,, -ov: unmixed, uncontaminated, 1 o|oq, q : hearing, 1 o -tpovo,, -ov: endless, boundless, 1 t|-opio: to provide, furnish; invent, 5 t-op|to: to be enough, suffice, 2 tupio|o: to find, discover, devise, invent, 4 too-tp: so long as; until, 1 qto: to seek, look for, investigate, 5 ii|o,, o : a horse-trainer, 5 oio,, -q, -ov: whole, entire, complete, 3 ou,, oo,, o : ear, 3 o oio,, o : the eye, 4 oi,, -to,, q : seeing, vision; appearance, 2 opo-o|tuo o: to get ready, prepare, 3 op-tii: to be near, be present, be at hand, 3 ovqpio, q : badness, baseness, wickedness, 3 poo-tooi: to need in addition (+ gen.) 5
e2 1otp: just as tpoio, tioi ov: if you should askI would say; future less vivid condition, tpoi(o)o; 2 nd sg. pres. opt. tpooi top|ti oooi: it is enough for the body; dat. of interest tivoi oooi: to be the body; the pred. is drawn into the dat. by the preceding dat. e3 ivo,: of something; obj. of pootioi e5 toiv qupqtvq: has been invented; tii + pf. pass. pple. is a periphrastic pf. pass. ovqpov: faulty, defective e6 oiouo tivoi: see similar dat. in e2-3 ou oo, t|opiq : so that it provide things advantageous to this (body); purpose clause with 3 rd sg. subj. in secondary sequence, where we would expect the opt. mood e7 ti ouo : for this (purpose); repeat the purpose clause above opto|tuooq: 3 rd sg. aor. pass. e8 ov titiv: that I would speak; governed by o|o , potential opt. in response to the future less vivid in e3 342a1 1i t q: Then what about (this)? a2 to oi: is there any other art which needs some excellence; toiv o i oto,, o|oq,, ivo, t_vq, supply pootioi for all three gen. objects a3 oo: ears; nom. pl. ou, io ouo: for these reasons; on account of these things t ouoi,: over these things; i.e. the eyes and ears ti : there is need of; + gen. a4 q,o|tot vq,t|opiouoq,: to examine and provide advantage; fut. pples here as often express purpose ti, ouo ouo: in respect to these things themselves; i.e seeing oto, and hearing o|oq, from above a5 tvi: is in; tv-toi ti : there is need of (gen.) for (dat.) qi,: which; ouq o out pov: advantage for it; note that the pronoun is not reflexive o|t toi: will consider; fut. deponent a7 q o|ooutvq : for the (art) considering (there is need of) another such (art) in turn; supply ti otpovov: i.e. ad infinitum, an infinite regress of arts that examine other arts b1 q ouq...: or will this (art) examine the advantage for itself ouq : for itself; touq q : or? ouq,oiiq,: both are gen. object of pootioi; reflexive touq, b2 ti...ovqpi ov: against its own deficiency; antonym of outpov b3 outoutio outio : neitherany any outio t_vq : present in any art; dat. with compound verb optoiv b4 pooq|ti: is it fitting for?; + dat. q t|tivo ou t_vq toiv: advantageous (for anything other) than that (object) whose art it is b5 ouq t: but the art itself is; subject b6 ouoo: being; fem. sg. nom. pple tii ov q t|ooqtoiv: as long as each (art, being) precise, is entirely what it is; subj. tii in a general temporal clause b7 o|o ti: sg. imperative, o|ot-t t_ti: is this so or otherwise?; t_o + adv. is often is disposed or is + adj. 342c 50
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Republic I 342c7-343a4 51 ovi : instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 5 oo,, oooo, oov: every, quite all, 3 ito: to see, look, 3 qioupyto: practice a craft, be a craftsman, 2 tv-ouo: here, hither, there, thither, then, 5 ti-oq q, q : knowledge, understanding, 3 |oo-ovq,, -t,: obvious, evident, plain, 2 |poto: to rule; control, overcome (gen.) 3 oio: very, very much, exceedingly, 5 o_ooi: to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute, 3 oyi,: with difficulty, reluctantly, scarcely, 4 vou q,, -ou, o : sailor, 8 tpi-ioqi: to place, set or bring around, 1 pto: to fit, suit; be fitting, be suitable, 2 ou -qi: to assent, approve, 3 ouv-oo-ioyto: to agree with, speak alike, 1 tituoo: to end, complete, finish; die, 3 iq, q : wet-nurse, nurse, 1 _pqoioq,, o : money-maker, 4
c8 Aiio q v: but surely; a transition to another premise in the argument op_ouoi yt: the arts rule; yt emphasizes the role of the verb in the new premise of the argument c9 outp: of which very thing; relative pronoun tioiv: 3 rd pl. pres. tii 2uvt_opqotv: aor. ouy-_opto c10 |oi o io o yi,: and with very great difficult c11 opo: accordingly; inferential, marking the conclusion of an argument, cf. e2 tioqq: (type of) knowledge; here a synonym for t_vq c12 o...op_outvou: the (advantage) of both the weaker and the ruled d1 uo touq,: by it; by itself, gen. agent d2 |oi ouo: these things also; adverbial tituov: finally; finishing, nom. pple. d3 Aiio i: is it not.?; (is it) anything else (than) used as an interrogative d4 out...outi,ou : neitheranynor |o ooov: inasmuch as (he is) a doctor d5 o o |ovovi: that (advantage) for the one being ill; dat. sg. pple |ovo d6 ooioyqoi: it has been agreed; pf. d9 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response e2 opo: accordingly; inferential, marking the conclusion of an argument, cf. c11 e3 o|t toipoooti: fut. tense e6 Ou|ouv: and so; inferential, but not opening a question seeking a yes reply out...outi,out: neitheranynor e7 tv outio op_q : in any rule |o ooov: inasmuch as, insofar as ouo : for himself; touo, adverbial e8 o o o qioupyq : the (advantage) for the one ruled and for whom he himself practices his craft; dat. interest is one and same person as o op_otvo ; 3 rd sg. pres. subj., clause of characteristic e9 po, t|tivo itov: looking to that (purpose); looking at that, pple optov: what is advantageous and suitable for that one; neut. sg. pples 343a1 tvouoou ioyou: at this point of the discussion; partitive gen. a2 qv: (it) was; 3 rd sg. impf. ti i o ou i|oiou ioyo,: the account of justice ouvoviov: the opposite; o tvoviov tpitioq|ti: 3 rd sg. plpf. tpi-ioqi a3 ou oo|pivtooi: of replying; articular infinitive, object of ovi a4 ooi toiv: do you have; is there to you, dat. possession
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Republic I 343a5-343e1 53 oiiopio,, -o, -ov: anothers, alien, foreign, 3 o-ouo: to wipe (off), 1 ioq, q : hurt, harm, damage, 4 ito: to see, look, 3 ooo: to cry aloud, to shout, 1 ou|oio,, o : herdsman, cowherd, 1 yiyvoo|o: to come to know, learn, realize, 5 too q,, o : master, lord, 3 io-iuoi,, q : dissolution, separating, parting 1 io-vot ooi: to think, consider, intend, 4 io-iqi: treat, handle; pass. be disposed 1 tio-tpo: to contribute; bring in, introduce, 2 tio-opo, q : tax, contribution; gathering, 1 tioov, -ov: smaller, fewer, 5 tu -qq,, -t,: nave, innocent, good-natured, 2 tu-qiooi: to play the fool, be nave 2 tu -qi|o,, -q , -ov: nave, good-natured, 1 tupio|o: to find, discover, devise, invent, 4 qtpo, q : day, 1 tpotu o: to attend to, care for, serve, 2 |tpoivo: to profit, gain advantage, 1 |oivovto: have a share in, be partner with, 2 |oivovio, q : partnership, association, 2 |opuoo: to snivel, have a runny nose, 1 iqi,, q : receiving, acceptance, 3 vu , vu|o,, q : a night, 1 o -tv: from where, from which, 2 oou: where, 3 oooiouv: in any way whatever, 2 ouoou : nowhere, 2 ouooi: in this way, thus, so, 2 ovo-_ou: everywhere, in all places, 2 o_uvo: to thicken, fatten, 1 tpi-tii: to surpass, excel, be superior, 1 tpi-opoo: to look over, overlook, 1 itov, -ov: more, greater, 14 oiqv, -tvo, o : herdsman, shepherd, 5 oppo: forwards, further, far off, (too) far, 1 po-oo, o: cattle, flocks, herd, 5 ou-oioiov, o : contract; token, marker, 3 u-qptto: to serve, minister, 3
a5 1i t;: What?; or Why? expressing surprise and introducing another question ou|_pqv: is it not proper to; was it not proper, impf. _pq, refers to the pres. but suggests the obligation is unfulfilled a6 tpoov: inf. tpooo a7 Oi oi: because, ya know; oi |opuovo: snivelling; snotty tpiopo : she overlooks; the nurse is the subject of this and the following verb a8 totvov: (you) though needing (it); the antecedent is missing, pple is concessive o, yt: since; yt is causal in force ouq : for her; i.e. at her request a9 yiyvoo|ti,: you distinguish a10 Oi q i oiioo: precisely because of what in particular? b1 oi oiti: because you think; 2 nd sg. pres. mid. oiooi b2 o|otiv: watch over not consider b3 po, oiio iq : to any other (purpose) than; b4 o ouov: that of themselves; touov, reflexive |oi q |oi: and in particular; and indeed also, second |oi is adverbial oitoiv: cities; dat. pl. oii, b5 o, oiqo,: truly; i.e. the tyrants, kings oiio, o,q : somehow otherwise than; i.e. somewhat differently than qyq : you believe; qyt(o)oi, 2 nd sg. pres. mid. qytooi b6 po,: with regard to; + acc. oviottiq: would be disposed; aor. pass. potential opt. ioiqi b7 o|otiv: they consider; ouou,, the shepherds, is the acc. subject oiio iq : something other than c1 otiqoovoi: future mid. ouo oppo: so far out; i.e. mistaken ti : 2 nd sg. pres. tii ou i|oiouoi|ou: the just.the unjust; substantives c4 o ovi: actually, really; dat. pple tii out pov: in apposition to oyoov c5 oi|tioioq: private harm; appositive c6 ouvoviov: (is) the opposite; add verb d2 tuqtoot: superlative adj., vocative ouooi: in this here way; deictic iota oi|ou than the unjust; gen. comparison d4 ov|oiovqoq : is partner with; + dat. d5 ov tupoi, you would find; potential aor. d6 ou oi|ou: than; gen. comparison tv oi, po,: in (matters) regarding d8 oo o ioov: from equal (estates) iqti,: (there are) redistributions 343e 54
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Republic I 343e2-344d1 55 oiio,, -o, -ov: miserable, wretched, 3 oio_po,, -o, -ov: shameful, disgraceful, 3 oiiopio,, -o, -ov: anothers, alien, foreign, 3 o -titio, q : negligence, indifference, 1 ovpo-oio: to kidnap, enslave 1 ovpo-oioq,, o : kidnapper; slave-dealer, 1 ovi : instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 5 o-tp_ooi: to go away, depart, 5 o-t_ooi: to be hated, incur hatred, 1 oo-otpqq ,, o : robber, depriver, 1 o-oipto: to take away from, 1 io, io,, q : bodily strength, force, might, 1 yvopio,, -ov: familiar; subs. acquaintance, 1 tooi|o,, -q, -ov: despotic, of a sovereign 1 qooio,, -o, -ov: public, of the people, 2 ouioo: to enslave, make a slave, 3 titp: if really, if in fact (to imply doubt), 5 titutpio,, -o, -ov: of a free person, frank, 1 qio , q : loss, damage; penalty, 5 qioo: to fine, penalize 1 itpo,, -q, -ov: holy, divine, 3 itpo -ouio,, o : temple-robber, 1 i|ovo,, -q, -ov: enough, sufficient; capable, 4 io_upo,, -o, -ov: strong, powerful; severe, 5 |o|oupyqo, oo, o : wrongdoing, injustice2 |itq,, o : a thief, robber, 4 |pivo: to pick out, choose, 1 iopo : secretly, covertly, by stealth, 2 tpo,, -to,, o: a part, share, portion, 5 o_qpo,, -q, -ov: worthless, wretched, 1 vou,, o : mind, intention, attention, thought, 3 ovtiio: to object, reproach, rebuke, 2 ovtio,, o : reproach, censure, rebuke, 2 oio,, -q, -ov: whole, entire, complete, 3 ovoo, -oo,, o : name, 1 ooio,, -o, -ov: hallowed, sacred, ordained, 2 oiiq,, o : citizen, 2 uvovooi: to learn by inquiry or hearsay, 5 oi|po ,, -o, -ov: small, little, 3 ouiiq qv: collectively, in sum, in short, 2 oi_-opu_o,, o : burgler, wall-digger, 1 upovvi,, -io,, q : absolute power, tyranny, 2 u-op_o: be there, be available, be possible 3 u-qptto: to serve, minister, 3 oto: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 2
e2 op_qv.op_q : holds office; 3 rd sg. subj. o uop_tit_tiv: it is possible for the just (man) that, even if (there is) no other loss, his own (affairs) are worse off through neglect; acc. subject + inf.; t_o ...+ adv. (here, comparative) is translated are disposed + adv. or to be + adj. e4 ou qooiou: from the public; i.e. state io o..ti voi: on account of being; art. inf e5 po, ouoi,: in addition to these things ot_tooi: he incurs the hatred of; dat. oi|tioi,: relatives; here, a substantive e6 qtv: not at all ttiq : 3 rd sg. pres. subj. ttio in a present general condition opo o i|oiov: contrary to the just e7 o t oi|o : whereas for the unjust; ovovio: the opposite things; subject ityo yop: for I mean 344a1 o...uvotvov itovt|tiv: the one able to gain great advantage; inner acc., see p. 71 for the meaning of itovt|tiv a2 o|o ti: o|ott, sg. imperative ouiti: 2 nd sg. pres. ouiooi ooo : by how much; dat. degree of diff. a3 iio : personally; in private, adverbial ouo : for him; touo ovov: of all; partitive gen. a4 pooo: most easily; superlative adv. oqoq : 2 nd sg. fut. mid. ovovo tiq,: 2 nd sg. aor. subj. tp_ooi a5 oiti : makes (x) (y); double accusative oi|qtvo,: those wronged; aor. pass. a6 oi|qooittiovo,: (who) would not be willing to wrong the most wretched; pple as an impf of unrealized potential a7 ou |oo oi|pov: not little by little a8 io : by force; dat. of manner b1 ov t . . tpti: in each part of which (evil) q ioq : does not escape notice; aor. subj b2 ovtiqtyioo: greatest reproaches b4 |oo tpq: through forms of wrongdoing b5 |oiouvoi: are called; + predicate nom. po,.._pqooiv: in addition to the goods ovi...: instead of shameful names c1 |t|iqvoi: are called; pf. pass. |oito ou ovov uo: not only by; gen. agent c2 uovoi: learn by hearsay; aor. subj. qi|q|oo: having committed; pf. pple c6 i|oioouvq,: than justice; comparison i|ovo,: becoming sufficiently (large) d1 tv vo ti_tv: had in mind to go away 344d 56
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Republic I 344d2-345c2 57 opoo,, -o, -ov: crowded, close-packed, 1 ovoy|oo: to force, compel, require, 1 o-tp_ooi: to go away, depart, 5 oiovtu,, -to,, o : bath-attendant, 1 ouituo: to deliberate, plan, take counsel, 2 oiovio,, -o, -ov: god-touched, god-sent, 1 i-oyo: to pass time, continue, go through, 2 i-oyoyq, q : way of life, course of life, 1 io-|oiuo: to hinder, prevent, 2 io-o_ooi: to fight, strive, contend, 1 ioo|o: to teach, instruct, 3 i-opio: to define, separate, determine, 3 t-oiio: to throw in, cast in, put in, 1 t-tvo: to abide in, remain, 1 t-io: to fall in, fall upon; attack, 1 t-pootv: before, previously; earlier, 3 tv-ti|vui: to point out, mark, show, 1 tv-iqi: to put in or into, inspire, 1 t-oooo: to deceive, beguile, 2 ti-o|ot o: to examine, inspect, 1 tu -tpytto: to do well, treat well, 1 qoi: or; now surely, truly, 2 oq, q : life, living, 2 i|ovo,, -q, -ov: enough, sufficient; capable, 4 |o-ovito: to pour over, 1 |tioi: to lie down, 4 |tpoito,, -q, -ov: profitable; gainful, crafty 3 |qooi: to be troubled, be distressed, 1 o: by, in affirmation, 5 to-iqi: to transpose, change, alter, 4 vou,, o : mind, intention, attention, thought, 3 oio,, -q, -ov: whole, entire, complete, 3 oo,: nevertheless, however, yet, 3 opoo: to see, look, behold, 5 opio: to define, mark out, limit, 1 ou|-ti: no more, no longer, no further, 4 ou,, oo,, o : ear, 3 ou -oi: certainly not, surely not, 1 op-tii: to be near, be present, be at hand, 3 op-t_o: to provide, furnish, supply, 3 oiqv, -tvo, o : herdsman, shepherd, 5 poyo, o : deed, act; matter, affair, 5 piv: until, before, 3 po-ut ooi: to be eager, ready, willing, 1 oi|po ,, -o, -ov: small, little, 3 oooot, -qt, -ovt: so great, much, many 3 uo-tvo: to stay behind, stay firm; submit, 1 ovtpo,, -o, -ov: visible, manifest, evident, 3 povio: to think, worry, give heed to, 1 _tipov, -ov: worse, more severe, inferior, 5
d2 |oo o ov: having poured over the ears d3 tiooov: 3 rd pl. aor. too oi opovt,: those standing nearby d4 uotivoi: aor. inf. uotvo opoo_tiv: aor. inf. opt_o tipqtvov ioyov: an account of the things said; pf. pple ityo (stem tp) d5 |oi q tyoyt |oi: I myself in particular d6 oiovit: god-touched; expresses dismay oiovioyov: hurling such a speech toiov: aor. pple toiio tv vo t_ti,: you have in mind; dat. vou, d7 oitvoi: inf. o-tp_ooi piv: before; + inf. iooi, otiv: aor. inf. ovovo tittit: whetheror e1 t_ti: it is (disposed); t_o. + adverb oi|povpoyo: (that it is) a small matter to try; acc. subj., supply tivoi oiti: 2 nd sg. pres. mid. oiooi e2 q ioyotvo,: living in which (manner) ovoq: would live alife; opt. oo e4 tyo yop: Why? Do I think that this is otherwise?; oui is a deictic acc. ouo e5 outv |q tooi: to care not at all; + gen. e6 tittiiov: whether worse or better e7 titvoi: to know; inf. oio oyot: good man; o oyot, vocative pouou : mid. imperative poutooi 345a1 ouoi: not indeed; ou -oi |o|o, ooi |tiotoi: will poorly be deposited for you; i.e. invested, |tioi o itutpytqoq,: what benefit you give ooouot ovo,: being so many here a2 o y tov, oi: my own (opinion), that a3 i|oioouvq,: than; gen. comparison a4 to : even if one allows; pres. subj. too a5 too: let him belet; 3 rd sg. imper. ti i a6 q o : either by evading notice; art. inf. a7 i|oioouvq,: than; gen. comparison b1 tovtv: has experienced; oo_o tioov: aor. imperative tio b3 tpi...: considering of greater value than b4 tioo: am I to?; aor. deliberative subj. b5 ttiooi: 2 nd sg. perfect pass. tio tvo : am I to cram; deliber. aor tviqi b8 toitoo: change; mid. imperative c2 oou: 2 nd sg. impf. oiooi 345c 58
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Republic I 345c3-346b2 59 ovoy|oio,, -o, -ov: necessary, inevitable, 3 oito: to ask, ask for, beg, 5 ito: to see, look, 3 oiuov, -ovo,, o : entertained guest, 1 q-ou: perhaps, I suppose, of course, 4 oo, q : opinion, reputation, honor, glory, 2 t|ooot: each time, on each occasion, 1 t|-opio: to provide, furnish; invent, 5 t|ov, t|ouoo, t|ov: willing, intentionally, 5 tv-to: to be in want of, fail (+ gen.), 1 tv-vot o: to have in mind, notice, consider, 1 toioo: to entertain, give a feast, 3 tuo_io, q : feast, good cheer, entertainment, 2 to,: until, as long as, 2 tpotu o: to attend to, care for, serve, 2 iioi|o,, -q, -ov: of a private person, 1 i|ovo,, -q, -ov: enough, sufficient; capable, 4 o: by, in affirmation, 5 titi: there is a care for (dat.) for (gen.), 1 iooi|o,, -q, -ov: of a wage-earner, 3 op-t_o: to provide, furnish, supply, 3 tpoivo: to finish, accomplish, 1 ioivo: to fatten, make fat, 1 oitvi|o,, -q, -ov: of a shepherd, 2 oiqv, -tvo, o : herdsman, shepherd, 5 oiii|o,, -q, -ov: of the city, political, 1 po-oo, o: cattle, flocks, herds, 5 ooqpi o, q : safety, preservation; guarantee, 1 oooo: to appoint, order, arrange, 2 oooot, -qt, -ovt: so great, much, many 3 uyitio, q : soundness, health, 3 uotpo,, -o, -ov: later, last, 4 _pqoioq,, o : money-maker, 4
c3 tiv: that it is necessary; impersonal uotpov: later; in contrast with poov uiooi: to guard (the flock); aor. inf., the acc. subject is oitvo oiti: 2 nd sg. pres. mid. oiooi c4 |o ooov: insofar as inasmuch as c5 po,tiioov: to the best ootp: as if c6 toiootooi: to be entertained; fut. inf. po, qv tuo_iov: with regard to po, o oooooi: with regard to selling; exchanging aor. articular inf. d1 ootp: as if q oitvi|q : shepherds art; add t_vq d2 oiiou ouq : something else than; gen. object of impersonal titi t o : over which; antecedent ouo to|oi: he has been appointed; i.e. the shepherd, pf. pass. oooo oo,t|opiti : how he will provide; fut. in a clause of effort d3 ouo : for this; i.e. sheep, dat. interest tti o..ouq,: since its affairs; touq,, the antecedent of the reflex. is oitvi|q oottiioq: so as to be the best; result clause, oot + inf. d4 t|topiooi: 3 rd sg. pf. pass.; o subj. to, y : as long as, at any rate; restrictive ov qtv tvtq : it not at all fails + gen. d5 ou tivoi: of being; oitvi|q is a pred. oqv: impf. oiooi d6 ovoy|oiov tivoi: that it is necessary ooov op_qv: that every form of rule; e.g. democracy; acc. subj. of o|otiooi |o ooov op_q : insofar as (it is) a form of rule d7 qtvi oiio .q : for no one else than o op_otvo tpotuot vo : in apposition to t|tivo , pres. pass. pples e1 tviioi|q op_q : in both political and private rule e2 oitoiv: cities; dat. pl. oii, o, oiqo,: truly e3 oiti: 2 nd sg. pres. mid. oiooi e4 ou|: I dont think (this); add oiooi e5 1i t;: What?; expressing surprise op_o,: types of rule ou| tvvoti,: do you not consider? e7 o,tootvqv: on the grounds that there will be a benefit not for them.; o, + fut. pple tii expressing alleged cause 346a1 tti ooovt tit: for tell me this much ou_i t|ooqv tvoi: do we not indeed say that each (art); supply t_vqv a2 ouo o : because of this, (namely) because of having; dat. of cause a3 q oo|pivou: sg. mid. imperative opo o ov: contrary to (your) opinion a4 tpoivotv: may accomplish; purpose a5 Aiio ouo : well, because of this (it is) a6 otiiovivo: some private benefit a7 oiov: for example; with respect to such b1 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential ouq: for this (is); supply toiv 346b 60
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Republic I 346b3-d8 61 opvuoi: to earn, gain, reap for oneself, 1 i-opio: to define, separate, determine, 3 tooi: to follow, accompany, escort, 1 o ioooo, q : sea, 2 ioooi: to heal, cure, 1 |utpvoo: to be a helmsman; steer, govern, 2 iqi,, q : receiving, acceptance, 3 ioopvto: to work for a wage, 2 ioopvqi|o,, -q, -ov: of a wage-earner, 3 iooi|o,, -q, -ov: of a wage-earner, 3 oyi,: with difficulty, reluctantly, scarcely, 4 oi|io, q : a house, home, dwelling, 1 oi|o-oi|o,, -q, -ov: of a builder, 3 poo-yiyvooi: to come to be in addition, 1 poo-_poooi:to use in addition (+ dat.), 2 ou -qi: to assent, approve, 3 oooo: to appoint, order, arrange, 2 uyioivo: to be sound, healthy, 1 uyitio, q : soundness, health, 3 uyiq,, -t,: sound, healthy, wholesome, 1 uo-iqi: to set down; suggest, advise, 1
b3 tovtp ouiq : if you wish; 2 nd sg. pres. mid. subj. in a pres. general condition ootp: just as utou: utt(o)o; 2 nd sg. aor. uoiqi outv i oiiov|oiti, oiiov: not any more(not any) more do you call?; the second oiiov is redundant b4 |utpvov: being a helmsman; pres. pple io o...itiv: on account the advantage for him to sail on the sea; explanatory (epexegetical) inf. modifying outpov b5 |oiti,: do you call (x) (y); verb takes a double accusative b8 iooi|qv: the (art) of the wage-earner uyioivq : 3 rd sg. pres. subj. in a present general condition, uyioivo b10 1i t;: What?; Why? expressing surprise and introducing another question qv iopi|qv: (do you call) the art of medicine; supply |oiti, from above ioopvq : 3 rd sg. pres. subj. in a present general condition, ioopvto c1 Ou| tq: No, he said. c2 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response iiov: peculiar (to it); pred. after tivoi c4 Eoo: let it be so; 3 rd sg. imperative, tii c5 Hvivo: whatever benefit..?; interrogative adj. ooi,, modifying acc. sg. otiiov, which is a cognate accusative |oivq : in common c6 qiov oi: clearly; (it is) clear that ivi o ouo : some same thing; dat. obj. of pres. pple poo_potvoi c9 o...otitiooiqioupyou,ouoi,: the fact that craftsmen benefit by earning a wage comes to them from employing the wage-earning art in addition; the art. infinitive o otitiooi is acc. subject of yiyvtooi d1 ouou : his own; touou , reflexive Ou|ouq..toiv: is this not the benefit? d2 q iqi,: in apposition to otiio d3 ioopvqi|q: (art) of the wage-earner d4 ouq totvq: accompanying it; i.e. accompanying the oi|ooi|q d5 o ouq,tpyov tpyotoi: performs its own function; touq,, cognate acc. d6 t o : over which; antecedent ouo to|oi: he has been appointed; pf. pass. oooo d7 to oi: is it (the case) that; toiv
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Republic I 346d9-347b9 63 oito: to ask, ask for, beg, 5 oiiopio,, -o, -ov: anothers, alien, foreign, 3 ov-opoo: to set straight, correct; restore, 1 yiyvoo|o: to come to know, learn, realize, 5 uo: two, 3 t|ov, t|ouoo, t|ov: willing, intentionally, 5 ti-ti|q,, -t,: fitting, suitable, reasonable, 5 qio , q : loss, damage; penalty, 5 |itq,, o : a thief, robber, 4 iopo : secretly, covertly, by stealth, 2 tpo,, -to,, o: a part, share, portion, 5 to-_tipio: to handle, manage; practice, 1 iooo,, -q, -ov: hired, 1 ovtio,, o : reproach, censure, rebuke, 2 out -ot: not ever, never, 3 oioi: long ago, formerly, of old, 2 opo-o|tuo o: to get ready, prepare, 3 poi, poi|o, q : to gift, present, 1 ouv-iqi: to understand; put together, 2 iq, q : honor, 3 u-op_o: be there, be available, be possible 3 ovtpo,, -o, -ov: visible, manifest, evident, 3 iio-opyupo,, -ov: fond of money, greedy, 1 iio-io,, -ov: ambitious, honor-loving, 2 otiio,, -q, -ov: helpful, beneficial, useful 2
e1 ou otiti : does he not give a benefit poi|o: for free; as a gift, adv. acc. tpyoqoi: pres. subj., general temporal clause e3 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response ouo qq qiov, oi: this (is) already clear (namely) that e4 ouq : for itself; reflexive, dat. interest e5 o o op_otvo : (the advantage) for the ruled; supply outpov e6 qovo,: weaker; gen. pred. of ovo, ovo,: pres. pple tii modifies t|tivou o|oouoo: pres. pple o|oto modifies the implicit subject t_vqop_q e7 o ou |ptiovo,: that of the stronger; supply outpov io q ouo: on account of these very things e8 qtvo: no one; acc. subject of ttitiv e9 o oiiopio |o|o: the problems of another; acc. obj. of to_tipiooi ovopouvo: attempting to correct them; conative pres. pple ov-opoo 347a1 oiio...oitiv: but he asks for a wage; i.e. all ask for pay; governed by tityov oi: because o tiiovpotiv: the one intending to fare well in art; dat. respect; fut. inf. a2 ouo : for himself; dat. reference |oo qv t _vqv: according to art a3 ov q tvt|o: for these very reasons a4 ioovuop_tiv: it is necessary that a wage be at hand oi, tiiouoiv: for those intending; + fut. inf. of ttio a5 q q q : eitheroror tov q op_q : if (one) does not rule; 3 rd
sg. pres. subj., present general condition a7 Ho, ouo ityti,: what do you mean by this? a8 yop: (I say this) for qv t qiov qvivo ityti,tipq|o,: but the penalty which you speak of and have talked about as a form of wage pres. and pf. ityo a9 ou ouvq|o: I do not understand; 1 st sg. aor. ouviqi called the dramatic aorist because it is used in tragedy and comedy to describe a present state of mind a10 ouviti,: 2 nd sg. pres. ouviqi i ov: on account of which; i.e. wage b1 titi|toooi: best men; superlative oioo: 2 nd sg. pres.. oio b2 o...ti voi: to be a lover of honor and silver; art. inf. with two acc. predicates ovtio,: reproach; nom. pred. of itytoi and toiv b6 iq,: (for the sake of) honor; tvt|o ovtpo,: openly; clearly b7 pootvoiioov: exacting a wage ioooi: predicate with |t|tiqooi b8 |t|iqooi: be called; pf. pass. inf. |oito ouoi...|it oi: they (by) themselves be called thieves; supply from above ouiovoi |t|iqooi b9 tioi: they are; 3 rd pl. pres. tii q: accordingly; inferential
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Republic I 347c1-348a7 65 oipto: to seize, take; mid. choose, 3 oio_po,, -o, -ov: shameful, disgraceful, 3 oiqivo,, -q, -ov: truthful, true, real, 1 otivov, -ov: better, 5 ovoy|oio,, -o, -ov: necessary, inevitable, 3 ovi-|ootivo: to set out against, 1 oui,: back again, later, 3 yiyvoo|o: to come to know, learn, realize, 5 tio: to fear, 3 i-tp_ooi: to go through, pass through, 1 t|ov, t|ouoo, t|ov: willing, intentionally, 5 tv-ouo: here, hither, there, thither, then, 5 t-tupio|o: to find out, discover, 1 ti-ti|q,, -t,: fitting, suitable, reasonable, 5 ti-pto: to trust, commit, turn to (dat), 1 tu -oto: to be well off, enjoy oneself, 1 qio , q : loss, damage; penalty, 5 q|o: to have come, be present, 2 |oo-ovq,, -t,: clearly seen, evident, plain 2 voi o: to believe, think, deem, 2 vuvi: now; as it is, 2 o -tv: from where, from which, 2 ouoq : in no way, not at all, never, 1 tpi-o_qo,, ov: greatly fought for, 1 tpi-tvo: to wait for, await, 5 q: in some way, somehow, 2 otpo,: in which of two ways, 2 poyo, o : deed; matter, affair, trouble 5 poo-tii: to be in addition, 2 oo|o: to say, affirm, claim, 2 uo: to bring forth, beget; am by nature, 3
c1 ovoy|qvqiov: that for them there is in addition compulsion and penalty c2 otv |ivuvtuti: for this reason it looks as though to pursue holding office willingly and not to await compulsion is considered shameful; to go after holding office, acc. subj. of pf. pass. inf. voio c4 q, t qi o, tyi oq: the greatest penalty (is); partitive gen., supply verb uo ovqpotpou: by someone worse.; gen. of agent, here a comparative tovttiq : 3 rd sg. subj. present general ouo,: he himself; i.e. the better man c5 qv: which; acc. sg. of pple tioovt, tioovt,: nom. pl. aor. pple. tio c6 tp_ovoi ti o op_tiv: they pursue holding office; go after holding office c7 ou_ o,iovt,: not on the grounds that they go after; o, + pple, alleged cause o, tuoqoovt,: not on the grounds that they will enjoy themselves; fut. pple d1 o, t ovoy|oiov: on the grounds of (going after) the inevitable; add iovt, ou| t_ovt,: not (on the grounds of) being able; supply o,, t_o + inf. touov: than themselves; comparison tiiooiv: dat. pl. tiiov object of inf. tiptoi: aor. inf. tipto with t_o d2 tti |ivuvtu tiop_tiv: since it looks as though that, if a city of good men should arise, not to hold office would be greatly fought for just as to hold office (is) now oii, ovpov oyoov: subj. of ytvoio in a future less vivid condition (should, would), the apodosis is ov tivoi, which expresses potential d4 ovytvtooi, oi: it would become clear that; potential ov in same fut. less vivid o ovi: actually, really; adverbial d5 ou tu|to|otiooi: does not naturally consider; is not naturally disposed to consider, 3 rd sg. pf. uo d6 o o op_otvo : (the advantage) to the one ruled o,o yiyvoo|ov: every one having understanding; the pple. is intransitive d7 ov tioio: would choose; aor. opt. oipto oiiovq : rather.than u oiiou: by another; with otitiooi otiov: pres. pple d8 poyoo t_tiv: to have troubles ouoo,: thisnamely that e2 |oi ti,o|to to: we will consider later also oiu...tiov: far better; acc. of extent e4 |ptio: stronger; |ptiovo, acc. sg. e5 oipq : which do you choose; 2 nd sg. mid. e7 tyoyt: I for my part (say that) 348a1 H|ouoo,: did you hear; 2 nd sg. aor. iqitv: related; aor. i-tp_ooi, a2 o oi|ou: for the life of the unjust a3 tiooi: I am persuaded; pres. pass. a4 ouiti: do you wish; + deliberative subj. ov uvoto q : if we are able somehow a6 Ho, yop ou : how could I not.? a7 Av. . ityotv..ioyov: if we make a speech 348a 66
Republic I 348a8-d6 67 oo: at the same time; along with (dat.), 5 ov-ooioytooi: to agree upon, 1 opto|o: to please, satisfy, appease, 3 opito: to count, number, reckon, 1 oui,: back again, later, 3 ytvvoio,, -o, -ov: noble, well-bred, 1 io-|pivo: to decide, distinguish; separate, 1 i|ooq,, ou, o : a juror, 2 tvo,, o: tribe, race, people, nation, 2 ti|o,, oo,, o: likely, probably, reasonable 4 tu -ouiio, q : good counsel, prudence, 1 tu -qtio, q : navete, innocence, good nature, 1 qu,, -tio, -u : sweet, pleasant, glad, 4 |o|o-qtio, q : lack of innocence, bad nature, 1 ootpo,, -o, -ov: which of two, 1 pqop, o : a public speaker, orator, 1 otpt o: to measure, 1 oioot, -ot, -ovt: such (as this), 5 tpo: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5
a8 opo ioyov: in response to (his) speech; contrary to (Thrasymachus) speech ooooyoo: how many goods; in apposition to ioyov o i|oiov tivoi: being just; subj. of t_ti a9 oui, ouo,, |oi...qti,: and again this one (speaks) and we (make) another speech; just as litigants make 2 speeches tqot: it will be necessary for us; fut. ti b1 oyoo: o oyoo ooo: how many (goods) t|otpoi tv t|otpo : each (of us) in each (speech); or in each (life), b2 tqooto: we will be in need of (+ gen.); fut. mid. tooi ovo|ootv: if we consider; fut. more vivid condition; tov b3 po, oiiqiou,: with one another tooto: 1 st pl. fut. tii b5 Hovu tv ou v: quite so indeed; expresses positive certainty, cf. 331d4 b6 Ootpo,: in which way opto|ti: it is pleasing; impersonal Ouo,: in this way b8 Ii q : come now; sg. imperative tii (tp_ooi) oo|pivoi: aor. mid. imperative b9 tito, ouoq,: being complete; gen. predicate; pple tii with i|oioouvq, i|oioouvq,: than; gen. comparison c1 |oi...|oi: bothand i o : for what reasons; on account of what tipq|o: 1 st sg. pf.. ityo (stem -tp) c2 1tpt q : come now; often introduces an imperative but here before a question o oiovto, ityti,: as for the following point concerning themhow would you speak?; prolepsis; a similar question o, ouo ityti,; is often translated as what do you mean by this c3 o tvouoivo t: one of those twothe other; i.e. the justthe unjust, dual gen. pl. ou oiv: of those two; dual gen. c4 Ho, yop ou : how could (I) not?; used 12 times in Book 1, o, yop confirms and expresses (im)possibility and surprise c5 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response; add |oiti,, governing a double accusative c7 Ei|o, y : it is indeed likely; Thrasymachus is being sarcastic as we read on below o q iot: you very nave man; very sweet man, superlative; cf. 337d6, where Socrates is likewise described as qu,, a word that ranges from sweet to innocent to simple-minded ttiq yt |oi: (I say this) since in fact c9 Aiio i qv: Well, what then?; qv adds liveliness to the question i c10 ouvoviov: the opposite; o tvoviov d3 povioi : pred. nom. with oyooi following tivoi d5 Oi yt: (yes) those at least; restrictive, but a yes response is implied oioi t: (being) able; the sort, oio, + tii often means to be capable oiti,: cities; acc. pl. tvq: tribes; tvto, neuter. acc. pl. d6 u touou, oitiooi: to putunder their control; to putunder themselves oiti: 2 nd sg. pres. mid. oiooi
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Republic I 348d7-349b7 69 oio_po,, -o, -ov: shameful, disgraceful, 3 oiqtio, q : truth, 2 oio,, -o, -ov: worthy of, deserving of, 3 o-o|vqto,, -ov: worthy to shrink from, 1 oo-tvo: to cut off, sever, 2 ootio,, -o, -ov: urbane, sophisticated, 1 o -t_vo,: simply, absolutely, really, 1 oiioviov, o : purse, pouch, bag, 1 io-vot ooi: to think, suppose, intend, 4 io-tpo: to differ, surpass, be superior to, 5 tity_o: to cross-examine, question; refute, 3 t-t-tp_ooi: to go out against, go through, 1 toipo,, o : a comrade, companion, mate, 2 tu -qq,, -t,: nave, innocent, good-natured, 2 to,: until, as long as, 2 ouo o: to wonder, marvel, be astonished, 2 io_upo,, -o, -ov: strong, powerful; severe, 5 ovtuooi: to divine, prophesy, 1 tpo,, -to,, o: a part, share, portion, 5 voi o: to believe, think; be accustomed, 2 ouoo,: in no way, not at all, 5 ou|-ti: no more, no longer, no further, 4 tipoo: to try, attempt, endeavor, 2 poo-iqi: to add, attribute, impose, give. 4 o|oo: to joke, make fun of, mock, 1 otpto ,, -o, -ov: stiff, firm; solid, 1 oioo: to dare, undertake, endure, 1 uo-ioovo: to take up, reply; suppose, 5
d7 ootvovo,: those cutting off purses; i.e. thieves snatching or stealing purses d8 tv ou v: indeed; again, positive certainty o oiouo: neut. pl. subj. of iuoititi tovtp: if in fact iovovq : 3 rd sg. subj. in a present simple condition toi: (they) are; oiouo is subject d9 oio ioyou: worthy of mention e1 ouiti: you wish; 2 nd sg. pres. ouiooi otti : the followingnamely if e2 touooo: I am surprised; cf. 347a9 tv optq,tpti: in the category of excellence and wisdom; in the division e2 iti,: you place; 2 nd sg. pres. iqi e4 Aiio: But I certainly do place them in this way e5 otpto tpov: (is) a more rigid position e6 poiov: (is it) easy; neuter predicate t_tiv: to know; to have (in mind) e6 oi i, tiq : what one is to say; o i, 3rd sg. aor. deliberative subj. ti titooti_otv ov: if you were to set forth thatwe would be able; impf. and impf. + ov in a present contrary-to- fact condition; t_o + inf means be able e7 tvoiooioyti,: (and) yet you were to agree; impf. in same protasis above ouo: that it; acc. subject of tivoi e8 i itytiv: to say something |oo....voio tvo: according to custom e9 vuv t: but as it is; but now e10 qio, ti oi qoti,: you obviously will claim that; you are clear that you will say, fut. qi oiioovo: all other (qualities); o oiio pooqoti,: you will attribute; 2 nd sg. fut 349a1 pootittv: we are accustomed to attribute; or we were used to attribute, impf. for customary action ttiq yt |oi: (I say this) since in fact a2 tivoi: aor. inf. iqi a3 Aiqtooo: most truthfully; adverb in the superlative degree ovtuq : ovtut(o)oi; 2 nd sg. pres. a4 Aii ou tvoi: But surely I oo|vqtov: (I must not) shrink away from; + inf.; verbal adj. + tii, often with dat. agent but here with acc. as a periphrastic form expressing obligation o ioyo tttitiv: to following through the discussion ; aor. inf. a5 o|oou tvov: examining; modifying the understood acc. tt, I, in a4 ovuoioovo: as long as I suppose; pres. subj. in a general temporal clause a6 iovoq : you intend; iovott(o)oi a7 o o|ouvo: what seems right (to you) a9 1iiotpti: What difference does this make to you?; i is an inner accusative b1 tipo : try; tipo(o)o; pres. sg. imper. b2 ou i|oiou: than another just (man) i itov t_tiv : to have something more; enclitic i, see box on page 71 ov ttitiv : would want; potential b4 ov qv : he would be; impf. past potential b6 q,..poto,: than a just action?; cf. b2 349b 70
Republic I 349b8-349d11 71 oiiioooi: to contend with, compete, 2 ov-ooio,, -ov: unlike, dissimilar, 5 oo,, oooo, oov: every, quite all, 3 outtpo,, -o, -ov: not either, neither of two 1 itioo,, -q, -ov: most, greatest, 3 ot: in this way, so, thus, 3
b8 1ou t oi|ou: than/over an unjust man; proleptic, yet another gen. comparison, here governed by itovt|tiv, see below for suitable translations for this infinitive oioi ov: would (the just man) deem it right; + inf.; 3 rd sg. pres. potential opt. qyoio: would (the just man) believe that; 3 rd sg. potential opt. qytooi b10 uvoio: would be able; present opt. ou i|oiou: than (another) just man c1 ti q oioi : whether the just man does not deem (it) right; 3 rd sg. pres. indicative o-contract verb in an ind. question ou t oi|ou: but ( have more) than (only) the unjust; see the box below for alternative translations c3 ouo,t_ti: it is in this way; t_o + adv. is often translated to be + adj. or it is disposed + adv. c4 1i t q : Then what about?; cf. 342a1 itovt|tiv: see the box below, where the verb must be translated two different ways in English to accommodate the two genitives of comparison: one a person and the other an action c6 Ho, yop ou|: how could he not?; o, yop expresses impossibility and surprise o, yt: since he; yt is causal ovov: than all; gen. comparison c7 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response |oi...yt: emphasizes the intervening word c8 o,ioq : so that he may receive; purpose clause; aor. subj. ioovo oovov: of all; partitive gen. c10 Eoi ouo: these things are (the case) c11 1t q: in just this way; emphatic ityotv: let us speak; hortatory subj. d2 Apioo: very well; superlative adverb tipq|o,: 2 nd sg. pf. ityo (stem tp-) d4 outtpo: (is) neither; neuter pl. where we would expect a sg. predicate d5 Koi ou tu : well put indeed; indeed (you have spoken) this well, ouo d6 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response |oi...|oi: bothand toi|t: he resembles, is like + dat. d8 Ho, yop ou tiititoi|tvoi: Of course! How is one, being such, not going to be like; pf. inf., o, yop, as often, expresses surpise and incredulity: o oiouo, ov: one being such; pple tii d9 o t: while the other (is going) d10 Koio,: very well t|otpo, ouov: each of the two of them; nom. subject oiouo,oiotp: such as those very ones which
itovt|tiv
This key term, derived from the words itov t_tiv, appears to have a variety of meanings that are difficult, if not impossible, to capture with a single English definition. Below are three suggested translations for the word. All three senses govern a genitive of comparison.
(1) to gain/have more (than) + gen.
(2) to gain/have an advantage (over) + gen.
(3) go beyond/exceed/outdo/outreach + gen.
Translations (1) through (3) are frequently used with people (cf. b9, c1, c4) whereas (3) is used for inanimate objects (q, i|oio, poto,, c5). 349d 72
d13 Aiio i tiiti: Well, what else is he going (to be like); see 349d8 above d14 titv: Well then ouoi|ovityti,: do you say one man (is) a musician..and another; add tivoi ttpovoouoov: supply tivoi e3 Hotpovotpov: which of the two (do you say is)which of the two (do you say is); acc. governed by missing ityti, e6 Ou|ouv|o|ov: Then (do you say that he is) good in respect to the very things (he is) intelligent and bad in respect to things (he is) unintelligent; otp, o are acc. of respect; the antecedents are missing e8 i t iopi|ov: what about a physician; a man of medicine ou_ ouo, (is it) not in this way? e10 Lo|ti ttitiv: does it seem that a musical man would be willing; ov + ttitiv expresses potential opootvo, iupov: tuning a lyre; mid. pple opoo e11 ouoi|ou ovpo,: gen. of comparison governed by itovt|tiv e12 oiouv: would deem right; o-contract inf., parallel to ttitiv, supply ov e15 1i t;: What?; expressing surprise and introducing a further question oouoou: parallel to ouoi|ou ovpo, 350a1 ttitiv ov: does it seem that a physican would be willing; supply o|ti from e10 i: at all; inner acc. with itovt|tiv a6 opoti : see whether; opot sg. imper. a7 i, ooiitytiv: any knowledgeable man whosoever seems to choose either to do or say more that what another knowledgable man (chooses) to do or say itioq ooo: more..than what itiovo, comparative, obj. of infinitive a8 oiptiooiq potiv q itytiv: to choose either to do or say |oi ou ouo: and not the same things; o ouo governs a dative a9 o ooio touo : as the one similar to himself ti,poiv: in regard to the same action a10 ovoy|q: (it is) necessary ouo, t_tiv: to be in this way; t_o + adv. is to be + adj. or to be disposed a11 i t: what about? ou_i...itovt|qotitv ov: wouldnot? aor. potential opt., ou_i modifies the verb ooio, tvooio, t: equally..equally tioqovo,: gen. comparison governed by itovt|qotitv, see box on p. 71
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Republic I 350b2-350d3 75 o -oq,, -t,: unlearned, ignorant, stupid, 3 ovo-oivo: to appear, show forth, display, 2 ov-ooio,, -ov: unlike, dissimilar, 5 ot: inasmuch as,, since (+ pple.), 2 tiov: aor. of opoo, to see, behold, 3 ti|o: to draw, drag, 1 ti-oq ov, -ovo,: knowledgeable, wise, 4 tpupioo: to blush, be apt to blush, turn red, 1 ouooo ,, -q, -ov: wonderful, marvelous, 2 t po,, o : summer, summertime, 1 ipo,, -oo,, o : sweat, 1 oyi,: with difficulty, reluctantly, scarcely, 4 ou -o: not yet, 3
b3 ooo ,: (is) wise; supply toiv b4 qi : I say (so); in assent b7 ou tv ooioutvoviou: all gen. of comparison governed by itovt|tiv b10 |o|o, t |oi ooq,: supply ttiqoti itovt|tiv from above b13 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response qiv: in our view; dat. of reference c4 o ooo |oi oyoo : dat. obj. of toi|tv c5 ooti : dat. sg. ooq, |ivuvtuti:, it looks as though or it is probable; it runs the risk c7 Aiio qv: but furthermore; but certainly introduces a further point o tivoi: that each (of the two) in fact is such as that to which each is like c10 qiv: for us; dat. of reference ovotovoi ov: has been shown to be; pf. pass. ovooivo, pple tii c12 q: then; now, connective d1 ou_ o,poio,: not as lightly (as) ti|otvo,: being dragged; pass. pple to ipoo, ouooou ooou: with sweat, (it is) amazing how much (there is); cf. ouooo, o, oopo (331a10); the construction ouooov toi is attracted into the gen. ooou d2 otovo,: since in fact; ot + pple expresses cause from the speakers point of view; here gen. absolute with pple tii d3 tiov: 1 st sg. aor. opoo potpov t ouo: and not yet before; adverbial accusative
Republic I 350d4-351b3 77 o -oio, q : ignorance, folly, 3 ovo-vtu o: to nod up and back; refuse, deny, 2 oio,: simply , plainly, absolutely, 2 opto|o: to please, satisfy, appease (+ dat.) 3 ypou,, ypoo,, q : an old woman, 1 qqyopto: to give a public speech, 1 io-o|tooi: to examine thoroughly, 1 i-oo-ioyto: to agree upon; concede, 1 oo, q : opinion, reputation, honor, glory, 2 ouioo: to enslave, make a slave, 3 titp: if really, if in fact (to imply doubt), 5 tq,: one after another, in order, 1 ti-uto: to desire, long for, 2 io_upo,, -o, -ov: strong, powerful; severe, 5 |oioi: and yet, and indeed, and further, 3 |oo-ouioo: to enslave, reduce to slavery, 1 |oo-vtu o: to nod down in assent; approve, 2 |tioi: to lie down, 4 o: by.; in affirmation, 5 qoo,: in no way, not at all, 2 ivqo|o: to recall, remember, 2 uo,, o : story, word, speech, 2 ooio,, -o, -ov: of what sort or kind, 1 q: in some way, somehow, 2 otouou, -q, -ou : of you, of yourself, 1 qt: in this way, thus, here 1
d4 ttiq t ou v: but when in any case; t ouv is used to resume after a digression d6 Ei tv: Well then qiv: dat. of interest |tioo: letbe estalished; letbe set down, 3 rd sg. mid. imperative |tioi t q |oi: but indeed also; or but already in fact where q is temporal like qq d7 tvqooi: 2 nd sg. pf. ivqo|o d9 tvqoi: 1 st sg. pf. ivqo|o o : (the things) which; the antecedent, the neuter. pl. subject of opto|ti, is missing d10 t_o: I am able; as often with infinitives ityoiiov oiq,: shouldwould; opt. and ov + opt., future less vivid condition oi : oio e1 q q : eitheror to: allow; sg. imperative too e2 ouiti: 2 nd sg. pres. ouiooi tpoov: inf. o-contract tpooo tpoo: sg. imperative tpooo e3 ityouooi,: feminine dat. sg. pple ityo titv: Well then tpo : I will say; tpto e5 opo yt: at least (not) contrary to; + acc. 1otopto|tiv: so as to; + inf. in a result clause e6 ttiqtp: since to,: toti,, 2 nd sg. pres. too e7 i oiio: what else? e8 o Li o: by Zeus; acc. sg. e9 oiti: oitt, sg. imperative oito e10 Epoo q: Well, ask then!; just ask!, q adds strong emotion to the imperative e11 otp: which very thing I just (asked) ivo: so that; purpose clause + pres. subj. 351a1 ooiov i: what sort of thing; introducing an indirect question uy_ovti ov: happen to be; common translation for complementary pple tii po,: in comparison to; with regard to a2 tit_q: it was said; 3 rd sg. aor. pass. ityo; this statement, however, was not explicitly made earlier in the dialogue oi: that a3 tiq: is; in secondary sequence, an opt. may replace pres. indicative in indirect discourse; 3 rd sg. pres. opt. tii i|oioouvq,: than; gen. comparison a4 oioi: I suppose; parenthetical, oiooi ovqotoi: will be shown; fut. pass. |oi: in fact a5 oi|io,: than injustice; gen. comparison ttiqtp: since a6 outi,oyvoqotitv: no one would still not recognize this; parenthetical, aor. potential opt. oyvoto ou i: not at all ouo, oio,: so simply; modifying o|toooi in contrast with qt q a7 o|t oooi:; sg. imperative too b1 oiq, ov: would you say that it is unjust that a city; oiiv is acc. subj. of three infinitives: (1) ti_tiptiv ouiouooi, (2) |ootouioooi, and (3) t_tiv ; potential opt. qi; pres. mid. inf. and pf. mid. inf. of an o-contract verb oiio,: supply oiti, b3 u touq t_tiv: hold under its control; hold beneath itself 351b 78
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Republic I 351b4-351e2 79 oyooi: to wonder at, admire, 2 ovo-vtu o: to nod up in refusal; deny, 2 ovtu: without, 1 io-tpo: to differ, surpass, be superior to, 5 ouio,, o : a slave, 1 ty-yiyvooi: to happen in; be born in, 5 tvo,, o: tribe, race, people, group, 2 titutpo,, -o, -ov: free, 1 t-oito: to create in, produce in, cause, 2 tv-iqi: to send in, put in, implant, inspire, 1 ti-vtu o: to nod assent, nod to, 1 |itq,, o : a thief, robber, 4 iqoq,, o : robber, plunderer; pirate, 1 o_q, q : battle, fight, combat, 3 ioto: to hate, 4 ioo,, o: hatred, hate, 2 oo -voio, q : oneness of mind, unity, 1 oou: where, 3 op-t_o: to provide, furnish, supply, 3 oooio o: to rebel, revolt; quarrel, 3 oo oi,, q : faction, discord, 1 opoo tov, o : camp, encampment; army 3 titioo: to make perfect, complete, finish, 3 iiio, q : friendship, affection, love, 1 _opiooi: to favor, gratify, indulge (dat.) 3
b4 Ho, yop ou|: how could (I) not?; o, yop confirms and expresses possibility |oi ouo yt: and this indeed; i.e. enslaving other cities; |oi...yt very often emphasizes intervening word q opioq: the best city-state; add oii, b5 titooo: superlative adverb. ouoo: fem. pple tii modifying the subj. oi|o,: fem. nom. sg. two-ending adj. b6 qv: 3 rd sg. impf. tii b7 otpovq : whetheror b8 oito,: than (another) city; gen. of comparison governed by |ptiov tti: fut. t_o, note the aspiration b8 ovoy|q: (is it) necessary b9 ouq : for it; i.e. the city, dat. of interest c1 o,t_ti: it is as; t_o + adv. is often it is disposed or to be + adj. c5 oo|pivq : 2 nd sg. mid. oo|pivooi ovu |oio,: quite well c6 yop: yes, for; assent and explanation c7 Eu yt ou oiov: Yes, you do well (to favor me); doing well, pres. pple. oiio q: well now ot: in respect to this; acc. respect _opiooi: sg. imperative _opiooi c8 ov: with inf. uvoooi, repeated in c10 oiio i tvo,: any other group o oo |oivq oi|o,: as many (groups) as unjustly go after something c9 pooi: aor. inf. poo ovuvoooi: could; potential inf. with an extensive acc. subj. i: anything; object of pooi c10 oi|oitv: they should; 3 rd pl. optative in a future less vivid condition d2 1i : what about ou oiiov;: (would they) not be more (able)? d3 Hovu yt: quite so d4 2ooti,: factions; acc. pl. joined by |oi with ioq and o_o, q yt oi|io: injustice ioq: hatreds; ioto, acc. pl. d5 tv oiiqioi,: among one another; with o_o, d6 q yop: is it not so?;. expressing surprise d7 Eoo: let it be so; 3 rd sg. imper. tii ivo: so that; purpose clause with pres. subjunctive d8 Aii tu yt ou oiov: see c6 above d9 ouo tpyov oi|io,: this (is) the task of injustice; supply toiv toitiv: to engender; ioo, in acc. obj. oou ov tvq : wherever it arises. aor. subj. tviqi ou |oi: then willnot; apodosis becomes a question eliciting a yes answer d10 iotiv oiqoti oiiqiou,: will cause them to hate one another |oivq potiv: to act in common e2 Hovu yt: quite so
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Republic I 351e3-352b8 81 otivov, -ov: better, 5 o-t_ovooi: to be hated, be hateful to, 1 o-oiiui: to destroy, kill, ruin, 1 oo-iqpoo: to fill up, satisfy (gen) 1 ytvo,, -to,, o : family; race, stock, 1 io-tpo: to differ, surpass, be superior to, 5 uvoo,, -q, -ov: capable, strong, possible, 4 uo: two, 3 ty-yiyvooi: to happen in; be born in, 5 tvovioooi: to oppose, contradict, 1 t v-tii: to be in, 2 toiooi,, -to,, q : a feasting, banquet, 1 tuo_tooi: to feed, feast on; relish, enjoy, 1 opot o: to be confident, take courage, 1 ouooo ,, -q, -ov: wonderful, marvelous, 2 to ,, o : a god, divinity, 5 ioio,, q, ov: remaining, the rest, 1 ioto: to hate, 4 ov: surelynot? (expects no reply), 1 oo-vot o: be of the same mind, agree (dat) 1 ooio-ouv, qioouv, o i-ouv: whosoever, 2 oooio o: to rebel, revolt; quarrel, 3 opoo tov, o : camp, encampment; army 3 oioot, -ot, -ovt: such (as this), 5 uo: to bring forth, beget; am by nature, 3
e3 1i t ov tv uoiv: whatever arises between the two; dual dative ioioovoi: 3 rd pl. fut. mid. iotpo e4 toovoi: 3 rd pl. fut. tii e6 Eovtyytvqoiooiti tti: ov + aor. subj. and fut. ind. in a future more vivid condition t q : but then tv tvi: in one (of the two); dat. sg. ti, ov q: surelynot; expecting a no answer e7 ooiti : it will lose; 3 rd sg. fut. ooiiui ouq,: its own; touq, outv qov tti: will be no less (justice); t_o + adv. is often translated is disposed or is + adj.; qov is a comparative adv. and outv is an acc. of extent of degree e8 qtvt_to: let it be no less; 3 rd sg pres. imperative t_o e9 Ou|ouvoiov: Then does it not appear to have some such force such as--in whatever it rises, whether in a city, family, military camp or whatsoever elseto make (oitiv) it first unable to act with itself on account of rebelling and quarreling and furthermore (make) it be an enemy to itself and every opponent and the just? o : in whichever (place) e10 tittit: eitheroror 352a1 oiio ooouv: anything whatsoever else poov tvti : firstfurthermore oitiv: to make (x) (y); double acc. potiv: to act; governed by ouvoov t : with; to + gen. a2 io: on account of; + articular inf. a3 touo i|oio : governed by. t_pov o tvovio ovi: every opponent a5 tv tvi: in one (of the two); dat. sg. ti, governed by tvouoo tvouoo: nom. sg. fem. pres. pple tv-tii ouo ouo: these same things; o ouo a6 tu|tv tpyotooi: it naturally produces; pf. uo poov tvttio: firstthen potiv: see e9 to 352a3 below oiqoti: will make (x) (y); double acc. a8 q yop: is it not so?;. expressing surprise tioiv: are; 3 rd pl. tii a11 too: let it be; 3 rd sg. imperative, tii b1 tooi: 3 rd sg. fut. tii b3 Euo_ou : relish or enjoy; + partitive gen. feast on, tuo_tt(o)o; sg. mid. imper. ou ioyou: discussion; partitive gen. oppov: pres. pple opoto b4 ivo: so that I not be hated to these here men;; purpose clause with pres. Ii q : come now; sg. imperative. tp_ooi (tii) b5 |oi o ioio ootp |oi vuv: in the remaining matters alsojust as even now ooiqpooov: have your fill of; aor. imperative + partitive gen. b6 oi tv: now that; oi governs Socrates summary through c8 b7 otivou,: better; nom. pred. otivo(v)t, potiv: governed by uvootpoi b8 oioi t: are able; (are) capable
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Republic I 352c1-353a2 83 oo: at the same time; along with (dat.), 5 otivov, -ov: better, 5 o-t_o: to be distant, keep away from, 2 otio,, q : vine, 1 oo-tvo: to cut off, sever, 2 t v-tii: to be in, 2 ti-uy_ovo: to hit upon, meet, attain, reach1 tppotvo,, -q, -ov: in good health, vigorous 1 qi-o_qpo,, -ov: half-evil, half a villain, 1 |iqo, -oo,, o : vine-twig, small branch, 1 |oiq : absolutely, altogether, 1 o_oipo, q : knife, large knife, 1 qoi: no (stronger from of q ), 1 oo,: nevertheless, however, yet, 3 opoo: to set in motion; set out, begin, 5 ooio-ouv, qioouv, o i-ouv: whosoever, 2 ouoo,: in no way, not at all, 5 ou,, oo,, o : ear, 3 ooio,, o : the eye, 4 o-ovqpo,, -o, -ov: utterly-depraved, 1 po-iqi: to set forth before, 1 o-ot: ever yet, ever, 1 o|tt o,, -ov: one must reflect or consider, 4 oi iq, q : carving knife, 1 poo,, o : a manner, way; turn, direction, 4 uotpo,, -o, -ov: later, last, 4 ot: in this way, so, thus, 3
c1 oiio q: but then |oi ou, otvovo,: even (in respect to those) whom, though being unjust, we say vigorously did something at one time with one another; missing antecedent is acc. of respect; ovo, is acc. pl. pple tii c3 ov oti_ovo oiiqiov: they would not have kept themselves from one another; ov + impf. mid. o-t_o expresses past potential and governs a gen. of separation c4 qiov oi: clearly; (it is) clear that tvqv: impf. tv-tii ouoi,: in them; dat. of compound verb c5 q : which; nom. sg. relative pronoun qoi |oi...yt |oi: at least not both and; yt emphasizes the preceding word t ou, qoov: whom they came after; i.e. they pursued or attacked; impf. tp_ooi c6 i q : for which reason opqoov t ti o oi|o: pursued unjust (deeds); hasten after, aor opoo c7 oi|io : by injustice ovt,: nom. pl. pple tii tti: since c8 tito,ouvooi: are completely incapable in fact of acting; 3 rd . sg. tii ouooi ouo, t_ti: that these things are so; proleptic; t_o + adv. is often to be + adj. or to be disposed d2 titoo: proposed; impf. otivov: better; adverbial acc. ov oi|ov: than; gen. comparison d3 tuoiovtotpoi: comparative degree otp: which very thing poutto: we proposed; aor. poiqi or the variant poto d4 o|tt ov: we must consider; (it is) to be considered (by us), verbal adj. with form of tii + dat. of agent (both missing here) |oi vuv: even now t ov: from the things which d5 tipq|otv: 3 rd pl. pf. ityo (-tp) ti tiiov: still better; i.e. still more carefully ou yop tpi ou tiu_ovo,: for not about something we chance upon; lit. chancing upon (us), aor. tiuy_ovo tpi ou ovivo poov: concerning the question in what way one ought to live d6 qv: inf. oo d7 2|oti: o|ott, sg. imperative t-contract d9 tpyov: function, task e2 ov tiq,: would you set forth that; 2 nd sg. potential aor. opt. iqi oiiou oououv: of whatsoever else e3 tpyov, o : task(is) that which; add tivoi o ovoiq : whatever one does either with that (object) alone or (one does) best with that object; ov + pres. subj. oito, dat. means and superlative adverb e5 to oo oiio q : is there (anything) else by whichthan; missing antecedent ovioi,: potential aor. opt. opoo e7 1i t;: What (about this)? (ov) o|ou ooi,: parallel to e5; dat. pl. ou, 353a1 ovootoi,: aor. potential opt. 353a 84
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Republic I 353a3-c5 85 otivov, -ov: better, 5 ovi : instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 5 o-tpyoooi: to accomplish, complete, 4 ptovov, o : pruning-knife, scythe, 2 oo, -oo,, o : the eye, 1 ou,, oo,, o : ear, 3 ooio,, o : the eye, 4 oi,, -to,, q : vision, seeing; appearance, 2 oiiv: again, once more; back, backwards, 1 poyo, o : deed, act; matter, trouble, 5 uvovooi: to learn by inquiry or hearsay, 5 o: yet, up to this time, 1 uioq,, -oqo,, q : blindness, 1
a3 Ho, yop ou : how could (I) not? a4 outvi y ov: but (you would cut) with nothing; supply ootoi, from above, here with a dat. of means parallel to a1 oioi: I suppose; oiooi, parenthetical ouo |oio, o,: as well as; so well as o ti ou o tpyootvi: made for this (purpose); aor. pass. pple. tpyoooi a7 ouotpyov: that this (is) the function; of this; add tivoi for indirect discourse or view as a double acc. construction q ootv: 1 st pl. fut. iqi a8 tv ou v: Indeed; expressing full assent a9 vuv q: now then; q is inferential oioi: I suppose; parenthetical, oiooi otivov: comparative adverb ooi,: aor. potential opt. ovovo qpoov: 1 st pl. impf. tpooo a10 ti tiq: whether this is; 3 rd sg. opt. tii is replacing an indicative in an indirect question in secondary sequence t|oooutpyov: the function of each o otpyoqoi: (namely) whatever something either alone or best of the others accomplishes; ov + pres. subj. in a relative clause of characteristic (general relative clause); i is the subject and |oiiioo is a superlative adv. of |oio, a12 Aiio : but of course, I understand; t|ooou poyoo,: of each thing Ei tv: very well b2 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response optq: excellence; in a general sense, not moral excellence or moral virtue tivoi t|ooo : to exist for each thing; dat. of interest b3 otp: to which; dat. compound verb pooto|oi: pf. pass. poooo iotvo ouo o iiv: let us pursue the same things again; let us go after hortatory subj. tp_ooi (-i) b6 |oi: also b8 1i t;: What (about this)?; well then introducing a further question qv: 3 rd sg. impf. tii oov: gen. pl. ou, b10 Ou|ouv: Then,not? |oi: also; parallel with b6 b12 ovov tpi: about all of the rest; anastrophe, obj. of tpi is ovov; oiiov is partitive gen. b14 E_t q: consider now; sg. imperative t_o, hold (in mind) now o ouov tpyov: their own task; acc. direct object; reflexive touov otpyoooivo: couldaccomplish?; aor. potential opt. c1 q t_ovo: through not having; q is used with participles with conditional or concessive force ouov oi|tiov: their own peculiar c3 |oi o, ov: and, how could they (accomplish it)?; |oi here conveys an emotional response, often of surprise c5 Hi,optq : whatever their excellence (is)
353c 86
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Republic I 353c6-353e11 87 o-tpyoooi: to accomplish, complete, 4 ouituo: to deliberate, plan, take counsel, 2 ti-titooi: to take care, manage (+ dat.), 3 ou,, oo,, o : ear, 3 ot pooi: to lack, be deprived of, want, 2 oioot, -ot, -ovt: such (as this), 5
c6 q oi|tio tv optq : because of its peculiar excellence; dat. of cause c7 o ouov tpyov tu tpyootoi o tpyootvo:: the things working will accomplish their function well; future tpyoooi |o|io : because of a defect; dat. of cause in contrast with optq above c9 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential, begins question seeking a yes response oo: ears; neuter acc. pl. ou, otpo tvo: being deprived of; pass. pple governs a gen. of separation c11 Hovu yt: quite so d1 ittv: Do we apply; pres. iqi |oi o iio o vo: and all other things; o oiio ov ouov io yov: the same principle d2 ii q : come now; imperative tp_ooi d3 o|t oi: aor. imperative o|tooi d4 o : which; acc. direct object oiio ov ovov ou ov tvi: by nothing other of the things that exist; by not one thing dat. of cause and gen. pple tii; dat. sg. ti,, note the aspiration ov pooi,: aor. potential opt. poo oiov o oiovt: as for example the following; oiov in respect to such, is an adverbial acc. or acc. of respect often translated as for example o tititiooiovo: in respect to; all of the articular infinitives are acc. of respect d6 to oo oiio .q u_q oooitv oitv: is it to anything other than to the soul we would rightly assign them and say that (they) are that ones peculiar (function); aor. potential opt. ooioi, qi ouo: them; i.e the infinitives in d4-6 d7 tivoi: that (they) are; the acc. subject is . ouo in d6, inf. tii d8 outvi oiio : to nothing other; repetition, as often, expresses assent d9 1i o qv: What in turn about living?; articular inf. oo qoooi: fut. qi d11 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential tivoi: exists;. optqv ivo is acc. subj. e2 otpyootoi: will accomplish; fut. q, oi|tio, optq,: of its peculiar excellence; gen. separation with pple ouvoov: or (is it) impossible e4 Avoy|q: (it is) necessary e7 Ou|ouv: Then,not?; inferential ouvt_opq ootv: we agreed; aor. ouy-_opto, see 350c e9 2uvt_opqootv yop: yes, we agreed e10 iootoi: will live; fut. ioo
Republic I 353e12-354c3 89 oti : always, forever, in every case, 2 oiio,, -o, -ov: miserable, wretched, 3 o -oio, q : ignorance, folly, 3 o-t_o: to be distant, keep away from, 2 oo-ytuooi: to take a taste of (+ gen.) 1 oo-iouo: to enjoy, have enjoyment (gen.), 2 opoo: to snatch away, carry off, 1 o-iqi: to send forth, let go, give up, 5 tvitio, o : festival of Bendis, 1 io -ioyo,, o : conversation, dialogue, 1 touou, -q,, -ou : myself, 1 t-io: to fall in, fall upon; attack, 1 toioo: to entertain, give a feast; mid. enjoy 3 tupio|o: to find, discover, devise, invent, 4 ii_vo,, -q, -ov: greedy; gluttonous, curious, 1 tpio,, -o, -ov: moderate, well, fair, 2 vuvi: now; as it is, 2 oot: when, by what time, 2 opoo: to set in motion; set out, begin, 5 out -ot: not ever, never, 3 opo-tpo: to bring forward, hand over, 1 po o,, -ov: mild, gentle, soft, 1 piv: before (+ inf.), until, 3 o_oiq , q : leisure, spare time; rest, 1 uotpo,, -o, -ov: later, last, 4 _oitoivo: to be sore, angry, grievous, 2
e12 |oo...io yov: according to your account 354a1 Aiio qv: but surely; introduces an objection or, as here, resumes the discussion with a new idea or premise o yt tu ov: one who lives well; the one living well, pple oo o t q: the one who does not (live well); the one not, supply tu ov a2 ovovio: the opposite; o tvovio a3 Ho, yop ou : how could he not?; o, yop expresses impossibility and surprise a5 Eoo: let it be so; 3 rd sg. imperative tii a6 iuoititi : it does not pay; it does not profit, impersonal verb, iuoitito a9 oi|io: injustice (is); supply toiv i|oioouvq,: than; gen. comparison 1ouotioiooo: Let these things complete your feast; have been feasted upon; pf. pass. 3 rd sg. imper., cf. 352b3 Htvii oi,: named for first time a12 uo oou yt: because of you; governed by tioiooo, gen. of agent or cause a13 tytvou: tytvt(o)o; 2 nd sg. aor. yiyvooi touoo: touoo(o)o, 2 nd sg. aor. mid. ouo with complementary participle ou |oio, yt: however not well indeed b1 tioiooi: I have enjoyed the feast; pf. mid. toioo b2 ou oti opotpotvou ooytuovoi: taste something served to (them) at any time; partitive gen. b3 ou potpou: the previous (dish); obj. of ooiouooi tpio,: sufficiently; in due measure ooiouooi: aor. inf. ooiouo ouo: marks the end of the simile b4 pivtuptiv: before finding; aor. inf. tupio|o o poov: at first; adverbial acc. o i |oiovtoiv: what in the world the just is; proleptic, the just, what it is b5 ottvo,: letting go; aor. mid. pple oiqi t|tivou: of that (inquiry); partitive gen. object of oiqi opqooi: I seem to have set out; aor. inf. opoo, governed by oi o|o in b3 ti o o|t tooi: for (the purpose) of examining b6 tittit: whetheror b7 ttoovo,ioyouoi: when in turn the argument later fell upon (us) that; gen. absolute, aor. pple ooio b8 q, i|oioouvq,: than justice; gen. of comparison oto_oqv: aor. ot_o + gen. o q ou|titiv: from pursuing this (topic); q + inf. in a clause of prohibition; q ou| is left untranslated; ou| corresponds to ou| in the main verb b9 o t|tivou: from that (topic) vuvi: just now; here now, deictic iota ytyovtv: has turned out; pf. yiyvooi c1 titvoi: to know; inf. oio oot: when o i |oiovo toiv: what the just is; the just what it is, proleptic tioooi: I will know; fut. mid. oio c2 tittit: whetheror ouoo uy_ovti: (the just) really is; happens to be; pple tii |oi ou : in fact not; |oi is adverbial Regular Synopsis 90 lu/w, lu/sw, e1lusa, le/luka, le/lumai, e0 lu/qhn: loosen, ransom
PRESENT FUTURE Active Middle/Pass. Active Middle Passive P r i m a r y
I n d i a t i v e
lu/w lu/eij lu/ei lu/omen lu/ete lu/ousi(n) lu/omai lu/e(s)ai lu/etai luo/meqa lu/esqe lu/ontai lu/sw lu/seij lu/sei lu/somen lu/sete lu/sousi(n) lu/somai lu/se(s)ai lu/setai luso/meqa lu/sesqe lu/sontai luqh/somai luqh/se(s)ai luqh/setai luqhso/meqa luqh/sesqe luqh/sontai S e c o n d a r y
lu/wn, lu/ousa, lu/on luo/menoj, luome/nh, luo/menon lu/swn, lu/sousa, lu/son luso/menoj, lusome/nh, luso/menon luqhso/menoj, luqhsome/nh, luqhso/menon I n f .
lu/ein lu/esqai lu/sein lu/sesqai luqh/sesqai 2 nd sg. mid/pass -s is often dropped except in pf. and plpf. tenses: e(s)ai h|,ei e(s)o ou Regular Synopsis 91
AORIST PERFECT Active Middle Passive Middle Passive
itiu|o itiu|o, itiu|t itiu|otv itiu|ot itiu|ooi(v) itiuoi itiuooi itiuoi itiuto itiuot itiuvoi P r i m a r y
I n d i a t i v e
tiuoo tiuoo, tiut(v) tiuootv tiuoot tiuoov tiuooqv tiuoo(o)o tiuooo tiuooto tiuooot tiuoovo tiuqv tiuq, tiuq tiuqtv tiuqt tiuqoov titiu|q titiu|q, titiu|ti titiu|ttv titiu|tt titiu|toov titiuqv titiuoo titiuo titiuto titiuot titiuvo S e c o n d a r y
I n d i a t i v e
iuoo iuoq, iuq iuoq iuootv iuoooi(v) iuoooi iuoq iuoqoi iuooto iuoqot iuoovoi iuo iuq, iuq iuotv iuqt iuooi(v) itiu|o itiu|q, itiu|q itiu|otv itiu|qt itiu|ooi(v) itiutvo, o q, q otv qt ooiv S u b j u n c t i v e
iuooii iuooi, iuooi iuooitv iuooit iuooitv iuooiqv iuooio iuooio iuooito iuooiot iuooivo iutiqv iutiq, iutiq iutitv iutit iutitv itiu|oii itiu|oi, itiu|oi itiu|oitv itiu|oit itiu|oitv itiutvo, tiqv tiq, tiq tiqtv tiqt tiqoov O p t a t i v e
iuoov iuoot iuooi iuooot iuqi iuqt
itiuoo itiuot I m p
iuoo,, iuoooo, iuoov iuootvo,, iuootvq, iuootvov iuti,, iutioo, iutv itiu|o,, itiu|uio, itiu|o, itiutvo,, itiutvq, itiutvov P p l e
iuooi iuooooi iuqvoi itiu|tvoi itiuooi I n f .
Adapted from a handout by Dr. Helma Dik (http://classics.uchicago.edu/faculty/dik/niftygreek) Synopses: -mi verbs
92
di/dwmi, dw/sw, e1dwka, de/dwka, de/domai, e0do/qhn to give Present Imperfect Aorist A c t i v e
iqi, q oo, q|o, ti|o, tioi, tiqv: to send, release, let go Present Imperfect Aorist A c t i v e
iqi ittv iq, itt iqoiv iooi iqv ittv iti, itt iti itoov q|o titv q|o, tit q|tv tioov Imp iti itt
t, tt Pple iti,, itioo, itv itvo,, itioq,, itvo,
ti,, tioo, tv tvo,, tioq,, tvo, Inf. itvoi
tivoi M i d d l e
itoi itto itooi itot itoi itvoi itqv itto itoo itot ito itvo tiqv tito tioo tiot tio tivo Imp itoo itot
ou tot Pple ittvo,, q, ov
ttvo,, q, ov Inf. itooi
tooi
tii (to be) present imperfect imp. pple inf. 1 st tii totv q, qv qtv ioi ov tivoi 2 nd ti tot qoo qt tot ouoo 3 rd toiv tioiv qv qoov ov subjunctive optative 1 st o otv tiqv titv 2 nd q, qt tiq, tit 3 rd q ooiv tiq titv
ti i (to go, present translates as the future of tp_ooi) present imperfect imp. pple inf. 1 st tii itv qo qtv ii iov itvoi 2 nd ti it qtioo qt it iouoo 3 rd tioi iooiv qtiv qoov iov subjunctive optative 1 st io iotv ioii ioitv 2 nd iq, iqt ioi, ioit 3 rd iq iooiv ioi ioitv 94 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List (Words 6 or More Times) This is an alphabetized list of the running core vocabulary found at the beginning of this commentary. To use this book properly, readers should review and memorize the running core vocabulary as they read the dialogue. If they encounter a word in the text that is not found in the facing vocabulary, it is most likely in the running vocabulary and the list below. The number of occurrences of each word in the Republic Book I was tabulated with the help of vocabulary tools in the Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
oyoo,, -q, -ov: good, brave, capable, 34 oyvoto: not know, be ignorant of, 6 o -i|t o: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 16 o -i|i o, q : wrong-doing, injustice, 28 o -i|o,, -ov: unrighteous, unjust, 41 o -u voo,, -ov: unable, incapable, impossible, 8 o|ouo, o|ouoooi, q|ouoo, o|q|oo, , q|ouoqv: to hear, listen to (acc., gen.), 8 o|piq,, -t ,: exact, accurate, precise, 13 o|ov, o|ouoo, o|ov: unwilling, unintentionally, 6 oiqq,, -t ,: true, 28 oiio : but, 141 oiiqio,, -o, -ov: one another, 15 oiio,, -q, -o: other, one...another, 73 oiio,: otherwise, in another way, 8 oopovo, oopqoooi, qopov, qopq|o: miss the mark, make a mistake, 16 ov: ever; modal adv., 95 ovoy|q, q : necessity, force, constraint, 11 ovqp, ovpo,, o : a man, 15 ovpoo,, o : human being, 12 oioo: to think worthy, deem right, 8 oo: from, away from. (+ gen.), 9 oo-i oi, -o oo, t o|o, t o|o, tooi, toqv: give back, return, render, 20 oo-|pi vooi, |pivouoi, t|pivoqv: to answer, reply, 28 opo: then, therefore, it seems, it turns out, 33 opo: introduces a yes/no question, 21 optq, q : excellence, goodness, virtue, 27 opyupiov, o : silver coin, piece of silver, 9 opioo,, -q, -ov: best, most excellent, 6 opi: just, exactly, 8 op_q, q : a beginning; rule, office, 15 op_o, opo, qpo, qp_o, qpyoi, qp_qv: to begin; rule, be leader of, 69 ou: again, once more; further, moreover, 9 ouo,, -q, -o: -self; he, she, it; the same, 123 ouou: at the very place, here, there, 8 t iioo,, -q, -ov: best, 10 tii ov, -ov: better, 6 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List
95 i o,, o : life, 6 ioo, iooooi, tiooo, tio|o, tiooi, : to live, 7 io o, ioo, tioo, : to hurt, harm, 19 ou iooi, ouiq oooi, , , touiqoi, touiqqv: wish, be willing, choose, 16 yop: for, since 103 yt: at least, at any rate; indeed, 104 yqpo,, o : old age, 12 yiyvooi, ytvqoooi, tytvoqv, ytyovo, ytytvqoi, : come to be, become, 23 liou|ov, o : Glaucon, 10 t : but, and, on the other hand, 290 ti : it is necessary, must, ought (+ inf.), 19 tivo ,, -q, -ov: terrible; strange, wondrous, clever , 8 t o, tqoo, ttqoo, ttq|o, ttqoi, ttqqv: lack, want, need; mid. ask, beg, 17 qio,, -q, -ov: clear, evident, conspicuous, 9 qioupyo ,, o : a skilled workman, craftsman, 6 qo: certainly, to be sure, of course, 6 io: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 19 i |oio,, -o, -ov: just, right, lawful, fair, 105 o|to, oo, too, to|q|o, toyoi, to|qqv: seem (good); think, suppose 50 u vooi, uvq oooi, , , tu vqoi, tuvqqv: to be able, can, be capable. 14 u voi,, -to,, q : power, strength, force; faculty, capacity, 6 t : se (reflexive), 49 tov: ti ov, if (+ subj.), 120 touou, -q,, -ou: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 47 too, tooo, tiooo, ti o|o, tiooi, tioqv: to allow, permit, let be, suffer, 14 tyo : I, 227 ttio, ttiqoo, qtiqoo, qtiq|o, , :: to be willing, wish, desire. 19 ti : if, whether, 57 ti tv: well! well now!, 9 tii, toooi: to be, exist. 453 ti ov: said, spoke (aor. it yo, qi), 38 ti,: into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 74 ti,, io, tv: one, single, alone, 7 tit: either...or; whether...or, 16 t|: out of, from (+ gen.), 11 t|ooo,, -q, -ov: each, every one, 24 t|otpo,, -o, -ov: each of two, either, 6 t|tivo,, -q, -ov: that, those, 27 to,, -q, -ov: my, mine, 9 tv: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 51 tvovio,, -o, -ov: opposite, contrary, 17 tvt|o: for the sake of, because of, for (+ preceding gen.), 8 t-oopovo, oopqoooi, qopov, qopq|o: to miss (the mark), fail, err, 8 toi|o: to be like, seem likely (dat., pf. with pres. sense), 24 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List 96 tti: when, after, since, because, 17 ttiov: whenever, 6 t-tio: then, next, secondly, 7 ti: near, at (+ gen.), to, toward (+ acc), near, at (+ dat.), 28 ti-oo, oo, o o, t oo, t o_o, t ooi, to qv: to order, command, 6 ti-_tipt o: to put one's hand on, attempt, try, 7 tpto: will say, will speak, will mention (fut. of it yo, pf. tipqoi), 7 tpyoooi, tpyooooi, qpyoooqv, , tipyoooi, qpyooqv: work, labor, toil, 6 tpyov, o: work, labor, deed, act, 21 tpooi, tpqoooi, qpoqv: to ask, question, inquire, 8 tp_ooi, tituoooi, qiov, tiqiuo, , : to come, go, 29 tpooo, tpoqoo, qpoqv, qpoq|o, qpoqoi, qpoqqv: to ask, inquire, 15 ttpo,, -o, -ov: one of two, other, different, 8 ti: still, besides, further, 13 tu: well, 27 tu -oi ov, -ov: happy, fortunate, blessed, 9 t_po,, -o, -ov: hated, hostile; subst. enemy, 24 t_o, to, to_ov, to_q|o, to_qoi, : have, hold, possess; be able; be disposed, 47 oo, qoo, tqoo, : to live, 7 Ztu ,, o : Zeus, 8 q : or (either...or); than, 116 q : in truth, truly (begins open question), 27 qytooi, qyqoooi, qyqooqv, , qyqoi, : lead, guide; consider, think, believe 9 qq: already, now, at this time, 8 qo,, -to,, o : pleasure, enjoyment, delight, 8 qi : I say, 100 qov, -ov: less, weaker, inferior, 12 toi,, -to,, q : a placing, arranging; position, 3 Opoou o_o,, o : Thrasymachus, 45 iopi|o,, -q, -ov: of a physician, medical, 14 iopo,, o : physician, doctor, 12 iio,, -o, -ov: private; owns own, peculiar, 6 ioo,, -q, -ov: equal to, the same as, like, 11 ioo,: perhaps, probably; equally, likely, 10 iqi: to send, let go, release,; mid. hasten, 11 ivo: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 7 io,, o : a horse, 11 |oi: and, also, even, too, 472 |o|i o, q : wickedness, vice, cowardice, 9 |o|o ,, -q, -ov: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 25 |oito, |oito, t|oitoo, |t|iq|o, |t|iqoi, t|iqqv: to call, summon, invite, 13 |oio ,, -q, -ov: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 13 |o vo, |oouoi, t|oov, |t|q|o, , : to be ill, tired, weary; toil, work, 6 |oo: down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 24 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List 97 Kt oio,, o : Cephalus, 8 |tituo, |tituoo, t|tituoo, |t|titu|o, |t|tituoooi, t|tituoqv: to bid, order, 6 |ivuvtu o, |ivuvtu oo: to risk, venture; impers. it is likely, 7 |oivq: in common, together, by common consent, 9 |oivo ,, -q, -ov: common, ordinary; public, 10 |pti ov, -ov: better, stronger, superior, 29 |oooi, |qoooi, t|qooqv, , |t|qoi, t|qqv: to acquire, procure, get, 10 |utpvq q,, -ou, o : a helmsman, pilot, governor, 9 ioovo, iqooi, tioov, tiiqo, tiiqoi, tiqqv: to take, receive, grasp, 7 iovo vo: to escape notice of, act unnoticed, 6 ityo, ito, tito, tiio_o, itityoi, tit_qv: to say, speak, 117 io yo,, o : word, speech, discourse, argument, 41 iuoitit o: to pay (what is due), profit, avail, 6 iuoitiq ,, -t ,: profitable, useful, advantageous, 7 o|o pio,, -o, -ov: blessed, happy, 7 o io: very, very much, exceedingly, 5 o iioo: most of all; certainly, especially, 7 oiiov: more, rather, 11 ovo vo: to learn, understand, 16 t yo,, tyo iq, t yo: big, great, important, 9 tiio, tiiqoo, ttiiqoo: to be about to, to intend to, 6 t v: on the one hand, 94 t voi: however, nevertheless; certainly, 15 to: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 13 q : not, lest, 71 q v: truly, surely, 12 qoo,: in no way, not at all, 2 qt : and not, but not, nor, 14 q-ti ,, q-ti o, q-t v: no one, nothing, 15 i oo,, o : wage, pay, hire, 13 o vo,, -q, -ov: alone, only, solitary, 8 ouoi|o ,, -q, -ov: musical, educated, cultured, 7 voi : yes, yea, 14 vou,, vto,, q : a ship, boat, 15 vouq,, -ou, o : sailor, 8 vou,, o : mind, intention, attention, thought, 3 vuv: now; as it is, 26 vuv-q: just now, 6 o, q, o : the, 926 ot, qt, ot: this, this here, 12 oio: to know (pf. with pres. sense), 27 oi|tio,, -o, -ov: ones own; peculiar; relatives, 9 oiooi, oiqoooi, , , , oqqv: to suppose, think, imagine, 46 oio,, -o, -ov: of what sort, as, 14 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List 98 oo-ioyto, ooioyqoo, ooioyqoo, ooioyq|o, , ooioyqqv: to agree, 17 ooio,, -o, -ov: like, resembling, similar, 13 oo,: how, in what way; in order that, that, 6 opo,, -q, -ov: straight, upright, right, 13 o,, q, o : who, which, that, 122 ooo,, -q, -ov: as much as, as many as; all who, all that, 23 ootp, qtp, otp: the very one who, very thing which, 8 ooi,, qi,, o i: whoever, whichever, whatever, 89 oov: ot ov, whenever, 23 oi: that; because, 75 ou, ou|, ou_: not, 169 ou-ti,, out-io, ou-t v: no one, nothing, 32 out: and not, but not, nor, not even, 37 ou|ouv: therefore, then, accordingly, 25 ouv: and so, then; at all events, 72 ou -t: and not, neither...nor, 18 ouo,, ouq, ouo: this, these, 158 ouo,: in this way, thus, so, 49 otiio, otiiqoo, otiiqoo, otiiq|o: to owe, 14 o,, ooo, ov: every, all, the whole, 27 ovo -ooi: all in all, altogether, absolutely, 6 ovu: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 36 opo : from, at, to the side of (+ gen., dat., acc.); in respect to, 18 oo_o, tioooi, toov, tovo: to suffer, experience; allow 6 tio, tioo, ttioo, toio, ttiooi, ttioqv: persuade, trust; mid. obey, 14 tpi: around, about, concerning (+ gen., dat., acc.), 26 itovt|to: gain or have more, gain or have advantage, go beyond, exceed (gen), 11 ito: to sail, 6 itov, -ov: more, greater, 14 oito, -qoo, toiqoo, toiq|o, toiqoi, toiqqv: to do, make, create, 52 oii,, q : a city, 16 otpo,, -o, -ov: which of the two? whether?, 15 Hoit op_o,, o : Polemarchus, 21 oiu,, oiio, oiu: much, many, 28 ovqpo,, -o, -ov: bad, evil; painful, grievous, 9 ot: ever, at some time, once, 9 ou: anywhere, somewhere; I suppose, 10 poi,, -to,, q : a action, deed, transaction, business, 6 poo, poo, tpoo, tpo_o, tpoyoi, tpo_qv: to do, make, act, 19 po,: to, towards (+ acc.), near, in addition to (+ dat.), 45 poo-q|ti: it concerns, relates to; is fitting (+ dat) 7 poo-oo, o o, t oo, t o_o, t ooi, to qv: order, assign, appoint (dat)8 potpo,, -o, -ov: before, previous; earlier, 15 poo,, -q, -ov: first, earliest, 11 o,: how? in what way?, 25 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List 99 o,: somehow, in any way, 26 poio,, -o, -ov: easy, ready, 10 2ioviq,, o : Simonides, 10 o|t ooi, o|tooi, to|toqv, to|toi: to consider, examine, look at, 12 o|ot o: to look at, examine, consider (other than pres. and impf. see o|t ooi) 24 oo ,, -q, -ov: your, yours, 16 ooi o, q : wisdom, skill, judgment, intelligence, 7 ooo ,, -q, -ov: wise, skilled, 12 ouy-_opt o, -_opqoo: to come together; yield, concede, 6 2o|poq,, -ou,, o : Socrates, 29 ou-oi vo, -q oooi, -t qv, t q|o, tooi, toqv: to happen, occur, result, 5 ou-tpo, -oioo, -qvty|ov, -tvq |o_o: to gather, collect; be useful, be expedient, 47 ooo, -oo,, o : the body, 8 t: and, both, 88 tito,, -o, -ov: finished, complete, perfect, last, 8 t_vq, q : art, skill, craft, 28 iqi, qoo, tq|o, tq|o, ttioi, ttqv: put, place, arrange, make, cause, 24 ot: at that time, then, 13 oi-vuv: well then; therefore, accordingly, 6 oiouo,, -ouq, -ouo: such, 24 uy_ovo, tuooi, tu_ov, tu_q|o, , : to chance upon, get; happen, 8 o: ivi, dat. for to/for whom? 58 uo: by, because of, from (+ gen.), under (+ dat.), 15 oivo, ovo, tqvo, tqvo, toooi, tovqv: to show; mid. appear, seem, 25 qi, t pto, tiov, tipq|o, tipqoi, tppqqv: to say, claim, assert, 172 iio,, -q, -ov: dear, beloved; subst. friend, kin, 31 iio,, -ou, o : friend, relative, kin, 9 povio,, -ov: intelligent,wise, prudent, 6 uioo, uioo, tuyov, tuio_o, , tuio_qv: keep watch, keep guard, 6 _oito,, -o, -ov: difficult, hard, harmful, 6 _poooi, _pqoooi, t_pqooqv, , |t_pqoi, t_pqoqv: to use, employ (+ dat.), 6 _pq : it is necessary, it is fitting; must, ought, 10 _pqo, -oo,, o : thing, money, goods, 8 _pqoio,, -q, -ov: useful, serviceable, apt, fit, 12 _pqoo,, -q, -ov: useful, good, worthy, 5 u_q , q : breath, life, spirit, soul, 10 o : O! oh! 92 ot: in this way, so, thus, 3 o,: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 51 ootp: as, just as, as if, 21 oot: so that, that, so as to, 12 otitio, q : help, aid, use, advantage, benefit, 8 o tit o, otiqoo, otiqoo: to help, to be of use, benefit, 16 Notes
(American Philological Association American Classical Studies 53) Hyperides., Hyperides - Herrman, Judson-Hyperides - Funeral Oration-Oxford University Press (2009) PDF
(Mnemosyne Supplements 267) S. R. Slings, Gerard Boter, Jan Van Ophuijsen-Critical Notes On Plato's Politeia (Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava Supplementum) - Brill (2005)