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FM Global
Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
1-2
February 1987
Revised September 2001
Page 1 of 64
EARTHQUAKES
Table of Contents
Page
1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Construction and Location ............................................................................................................. 3
2.2.1 Protecting New Construction From Earthquake Forces ....................................................... 3
2.2.2 Protecting the Building From Earthquake Forces ................................................................. 3
2.3 Occupancy ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3.1 Protecting Building Contents from Earthquake Forces ......................................................... 3
2.4 Protection ......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.5 Equipment and Processes .............................................................................................................. 5
2.5.1 Protection From Fire .............................................................................................................. 5
2.6 Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................................................ 5
2.7 Human Element ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.7.1 Earthquake Emergency Organization ................................................................................... 5
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 5
3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 5
4.0 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 6
4.1 FM Global ........................................................................................................................................ 6
4.2 Others .............................................................................................................................................. 6
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ....................................................................................................... 6
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ....................................................................................... 8
APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ........................................................................................ 9
C.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 9
C.2 Faults ............................................................................................................................................... 9
C.3 Seismic Waves .............................................................................................................................. 11
C.4 Ground Motion ............................................................................................................................... 11
C.5 Earthquake Measurement ............................................................................................................. 12
C.5.1 Magnitude ........................................................................................................................... 12
C.5.2 Intensity ............................................................................................................................... 13
C.5.3 Magnitude and Intensity Implications ................................................................................. 13
C.6 Response of Buildings .................................................................................................................. 14
C.6.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 14
C.6.2 Box System ......................................................................................................................... 15
C.6.3 Braced Frame ..................................................................................................................... 15
C.6.4 Ductile Moment-Resisting Space Frame ............................................................................ 15
C.7 Dynamic Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 15
C.8 Response of Soils ......................................................................................................................... 16
C.9 Foundations .................................................................................................................................. 17
C.10 Structures .................................................................................................................................... 18
C.10.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 18
C.10.2 Wood Frame Structures .................................................................................................... 18
C.10.3 Steel Frame Structures ..................................................................................................... 19
C.10.4 Masonry Structures ........................................................................................................... 19
C.10.5 Concrete Structures .......................................................................................................... 20
C.10.6 Other Design Considerations ........................................................................................... 20
2001 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.
1-2
Page 2
Earthquakes
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
List of Figures
Fig.
Fig.
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List of Tables
Table 1. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, 1956 Version ........................................................................... 14
Earthquakes
1-2
Page 38
90
80
70
G ULF OF
MEXICO
60
50
40
BAHAMAS
CUBA
20
MEXICO
BELIZE
GUATEMALA
EL SAL VAD OR
VIR GIN
IS LAN DS
CENTRAL
AMERICA
See Fig. 3A
DOMIN ICAN
REP UB LI C
JAMAI CA
HONDURAS
P UERT O
RIC O
ANTIGU A
GU ADELOUPE
NORTH
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
MARTINI QU E
ST. LU CIA
S T. VI NCENT
ARU BA
BARBADOS
BONAI RE
CURACAO
10
S T. MARTI N
BARBU DA
DOMINI CA
VENEZUELA
See Fig. 3C
NICARAGU A
20
ANGU ILLA
ST .
ST.
CR OI X KITTS
NEVIS
GRENADA
10
CO STA
RI CA
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
COLOMBIA
See Fig. 3B
FRENCH
GUIANA
VENEZUELA
SURINAME
GUYANA
ECUADOR
PERU
10
10
BRAZIL
BOLIVIA
20
20
PARAGUAY
CHILE
SOUTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
30
30
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
40
40
SOUTH AMERICA
Legend (Fig. 3)
Zone 40
SOUTH
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Zone 70
Zone 150
Zone 1000
Not Zoned
February 2001
50
0
400
800
50
FALKLAND
ISLANDS
1200
Kilometers
0
200
400
600
Miles
90
80
70
60
50
40
1-2
Earthquakes
90
Page 39
85
80
Kingsto
Belmopan
BELIZE
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
15
Guatemala City
15
Tegucigalpa
San Salvador
NICARAGUA
EL SALVADOR
Managua
COSTA RICA
10
San Jose
Panama City
PANAMA
90
85
80
CENTRAL AMERICA
Legend (Fig. 3A)
Zone 40
Zone 70
Zone 150
Zone 1000
50
100
200
Kilometers
50
50
100
Miles
Not Zoned
June 2001
10
Earthquakes
1-2
Page 40
79
78
12
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
12
Riohacha
Santa Marta
Barranquilla
Cartagena
11
11
10
10
Sincelejo
9
Monteria
Cucuta
Bucaramanga
Arauca
7
~
Puerto Carreno
Medellin
6
Quibdo
Manizales
Pereira
Armenia
Tunja Yopal
Bogota
Villavicencio
Ibague
Cali
Popayan Neiva
Puerto Inirida
Florencia
Pasto Mocoa
Mitu
0
COLOMBIA
Legend (Fig. 3B)
Zone 40
Zone 70
Zone 150
Zone 1000
February 2001
Leticia
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
50
70
69
100
200
Kilometers
50
50
100
Miles
68
67
Maracaibo
72
February 2001
Zone 1000
Zone 150
Zone 70
Zone 40
Legend (Fig.3C)
VENEZUELA
73
70
0
50
S. Fernando
Charallave
64
62
Ciudad Guayana
Tucupita
TRINIDAD
Maturin
63
Ciudad Bolivar
Anaco
Barcelona
La Victoria
65
Pto La Cruz
66
100
67
Maracay Caracas
68
Valencia
0
100
200
Miles
Kilometers
Kilometers
Miles
50
50
Merida
69
San Felipe
Barinas
Barquisimeto
71
60
TOBAGO
61
10
11
12
74
13
1-2
Earthquakes
Page 41
Page 42
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Page 43
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Earthquakes
1-2
Page 46
35
40
45
50
RUSSIA
45
45
CASPIAN
SEA
BLACK
SEA
GEORGIA
Baku
ARMENIA
40
40
TURKEY
AZERBAIJAN
IRAN
See Fig. 6.
CYPRUS
IRAQ
SYRIA
35
35
LEBANON
ISRAEL
JORDAN
SAUDI
ARABIA
See Fig. 6.
AFRICA
See Fig. 4.
30
30
EGYPT
35
40
45
MIDDLE EAST
Legend (Fig. 5A. part 3)
Zone 40
Zone 70
Zone 150
Zone 1000
Not Zoned
50
100
200
Kilometers
50
50
100
Miles
June 2001
ASIA
See Fig. 6.
50
Earthquakes
1-2
Page 47
10
52
52
Hamm
Duisburg
Dusseldorf
51
Eschweiler
Julich
51
Duren
Bonn
Siegen
Aachen
Koblenz
Limburg
Frankfurt
Prum
50
50
Darmstadt
Trier
Wurzburg
Kaiserstautern
Karlsruhe
49
49
Rottweil
Albstadt
Biberach
Villingen
48
EfringenKirchen
Lorrach
Freiburg Tuttlingen
Sigmaringen
48
Konstanz
Rheinfelden
6 Southwest 7
GERMANY
Legend (Fig.5B)
9
0
February 2001
30
60
90
Kilometers
Zone 150
Zone 1000
10
30
Miles
60
11
1-2
10
Page 48
rethen
St. Marg
48
ll
Appenze
rg
Waldenbu
Solothurn
Neuchatel
47
Luzern
Stans
Bern
Fribourg
Altdorf
stel
Tiefenca
Brienz
Spiez
Bivio
Leukerbad
46
Gondo
Sion
Ferret
SWITZERLAND
Legend (Fig. 5C)
Zone 70
Zone 150
Zone 1000
February 2001
Fig. 5C. Earthquake zones, Switzerland, for engineering purposes.
40
Kilometers
40
Miles
80
Earthquakes
Geneve
St.
Moritz
Bignasco
Lausanne Montreux
Monthey
nien
St. Anto
Klosters
Davos
n
St. Galle
Zurich
Basel
Earthquakes
1-2
Page 49
East
FRANCE
Legend (Fig.5D)
Zone 150
50
Zone 1000
February 2001
Wissembourg
Strasbourg
Colmar
48
Thann Mulhouse
Belfort
Altkirch
46
Annecy
Chambery
Grenoble
Barcelonnette
Digne
Forcalquier
44
Apt
Aix-EnProvence
Marseille
20 0
40
Grasse
Cannes
Nice
Monaco
80
Kilometers
20 0 20 40 60
Miles
Fig.5D. Earthquake zones, East France, for engineering purposes
1-2
Page 50
South
FRANCE
Legend (Fig.5D part 2)
Zone 150
Zone 1000
February 2001
Pau
Tarbes
Bagneres
De-Bigorre
Foix
Perpignan
20
Prades
0 20 40 60 80
Ceret
Kilometers
20
20
40
60
Miles
42
Earthquakes
44
44
Oviedo
A Coruna
Bilbao
Lugo
Pamplona
Pontevedra
2001 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
Leon
Burgos
42
Huesca
Girona
Lleida
Tarragona
Barcelona
SPAIN
Legend (Fig. 5E)
40
Earthquakes
10
Zone 70
Caceres
Zone 150
Albacete
Zone 1000
Ciudad Real
Badajoz
February 2001
Alicante
38
Cordoba
Huelva
Jaen
Murcia
50
Sevilla
Malaga
Granada
100
200
Kilometers
Almeria
Cadiz
50
50
100
Miles
1-2
Page 51
36
1-2
Earthquakes
Page 52
10
42
Porto
Feira
41
Castro
Daire
Arouca
Gu arda
Viseu
Manteigas
Sabugal
Soure
40
Pombal
Sert a
Vil la De
Ria
Obidos
Nisa
Almeirim
39
Cadaval
Cart axo
Coruche Mora
Lisbon
Evora
Cuba
38
PORTUGAL
Legend (Fig. 5F)
Serpa
20 0 20 40 60
M ertola
Zone 150
Zone 1000
Kilometers
20
0
20
February 2001
37
Miles
40