PREPAID ENERGY METER USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION
The scope of the project work is to introduce advanced technology in converting dc voltage in to ac voltage and introducing prepaid energy metering concept. The energy meter used in this project work produces pulses according to the load and this meter is converted as prepaid energy meter using smart card, hence this meter can be called smart energy meter. This kind of smart energy meters also can be installed at each and every house, where the state electricity department going to supply the conventional energy. Now a days energy Measurement and electric energy pilferage detection has become prime importance for the state electricity department.

INTRODUCTION With the help of this project work lot of Manpower can be reduced and power pilferage can be controlled. The overall system can be called as AMR (Automatic Meter reading) system, the main advantage of AMR system is that the consumed energy price can be calculated and at the same time price (amount in rupees) can be displayed automatically. Finally the simplest form of smart metering is a display meter, which allows consumers to monitor consumption in money terms rather than kWh.

Outlook
Monitor Unit of Split Meter

LCD Button

IC card socket

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
U3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 14 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 D6 D7 D8 D9 TE DOUT 15 to RF transmitter

RS

11

CTC

12

LCD1
LM016L

RTC

13

M145026

C2 X1 22p

C1
22p

RS RW E 4 5 6

TO reader
CRYSTAL

U1
13 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RB3/PGM RB4 RB5 RB6/PGC RB7/PGD 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30

1 2 3

from RF reader
C1+ 11 12 10 9 T1IN R1OUT T2IN R2OUT C1T1OUT R1IN T2OUT R2IN VS+ VSC2+ 4 C214 13 7 8 2 6

C6 1u
1k 1u

LED-BIRG D1

OUT IR
LED-BIRG

8 9 10 1

C5
1u

MAX232

R1(1)

R1
10k

C3
10u

RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 RD7/PSP7 PIC16F877A

51%

D2

RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1 RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/DT

RV1 C7
C7(-)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1u

U2

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

RV1(2)

VSS VDD VEE

C4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

C2 X1 22p

C1
22p

LCD1
LM016L

CRYSTAL

U1
13 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RB3/PGM RB4 RB5 RB6/PGC RB7/PGD 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 15 14 13 12 11

U2
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 D6 D7 D8 D9 VT DIN 9 FROM RF transmitter RV1(2)

R1(1)

R1
10k

RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1 RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/DT RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 RD7/PSP7 PIC16F877A

R1

VSS VDD VEE

RS RW E 4 5 6

C1

1 2 3

R2/C2

10

M145027

RV1
51%

1k

C3
10u

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY

CARD READER UNIT

GSM

LOAD

P I C 1 6 F 8 7 7 A

LCD DISPLAY

RF RECEIVER

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

In this system the user has to purchase an EEPROM based recharge card and it should be inserted in the slot provided on prepaid energy meter kit. After inserting the recharge card into the system, Then the system will be loaded with specific units as per the recharge card value. A 16X2 LCD is provided to read units available. Here the system is connected with three to four loads. If the load increases in the system, current also increases and is calculated by an ADC and its corresponding count is also calculated. Whenever the count value reaches one thousand, 1unit is decremented from EEPROM and these values are displayed on LCD. An EEPROM is provided on the board to store the updated recharge units and energy meter pulse count. At every instant the count value and units values are stored in EPROM so that the data will not be lost even in power failure cases. When 1 unit is decremented from EEPROM the system will give a beep sound. If recharge value below 10 units the GSM modem send alert message to owner .When the recharged units become zero on power consumption, the system shutdown all the loads connected to it by giving a continuous beep sound.

Hardware Components
Power supply[5v] PIC16F877A microcontroller GSM modem Current Transformer Voltage Transformer Max232 serial communication

Power Supply Circuit

1

D1 JP2 2 1 220 VAC 2 -

VDD +4 1 VIN VOUT

GND

VDD R4 220 ohm D2

U2 7805 C6 100 uF C7 0.1 uF

C5 470 uF

LED

Power Supply Circuit Description

The operation of power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with an AC voltage, a steady DC voltage is obtained by rectifying the AC voltage, Then filtering to a DC level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed DC voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator Unit, which takes a DC voltage and provides a somewhat lower DC voltage, Which remains the same even if the input DC voltage varies, or the output Load connected to the DC voltage changes.

About Microcontroller
PIC16F877A microcontroller is used for this project It is 8-bit Microcontroller System is RISC Architecture It has Small set of Instruction set It has 35-Instructions only Compatibility: avail 28/40 Pin ICs

Microcontroller overview
Operating Speed Max 20 MHz, Voltage-(25.5)v Memory: Flash Program 8Kx14 Words, RAM 368 Bytes, EEPROM Data Memory 256 Bytes Low power, High speed Flash/EEPROM Technology

Features of Microcontroller
It has 5 Ports for Internal and External usage It has on chip Timers. 3 Timers are avail It has in built Analog to Digital Converter In built Multiplexer availability for signal Selection It has serial as well as Parallel Communication facilities In built Capture, Compare and Pulse width modulation

UART pins inPIC16f877A

The UART always transmits data on pin RC6/TX The UART always receives data on pin RC7/RX The RS-232 standard defines lots of other signals other than TX and RX used for handshaking.

Voltages
The UART input/output uses 0V for logic 0 and 5V for logic 1. The RS-232 standard (and the COM port) use +12V for logic 0 and 12V for logic 1. To convert between these voltages levels we need an additional integrated circuit (such as Maxims MAX232).

MAX232
VDD C1 10 uF

16

R2IN TX C2 10 uF

13 8 11 10 1 3 4 5 6

R1IN R2IN T1IN T2IN C+ C1C2+ C2V-

R1OUT R2OUT T1OUT T2OUT MAX232 U1

GND

12 9 14 7

VCC

V+

RX T2OUT

C3 10 uF

C4 10 uF

15

GSM modem
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves. A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.

AT COMMANDS
computers use AT commands to control modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems support a common set of standard AT commands. GSM modems support an extended set of AT commands.

Operations
Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages. Sending SMS messages. Monitoring the signal strength. Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery. Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.

GSM phone or modem supports SMS text mode

Check if your GSM phone or modem supports SMS text mode To check if your modem supports this text mode, you can try the following command: AT+CMGF=1 <ENTER>

If the modem responds with "OK" this mode is supported.

Software Tools
MPLAB IDE Hitech c compiler Win pic programmer ORCAD design

MPLAB IDE

Winpic800 Programmer

Prepaid meters advantages

High accuracy over a wide current dynamic range Reliability and robustness Flexibility of design Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) More easily enable new functionalities Multi tariff billing Tamper proofing Prepayment meters Power out range detection Power factor detection Easily reconfiguration, upgrade Do not use gears that wear out or magnets that saturate with DC current Do not require precision mechanics or have large tolerance variations over temperature

Why Prepayment Energy Supplier?

Pay before use Keep customers on supply Recover money owed (debt) Lower Overheads No bill production No bill distribution No need to chase payments No further actions such as disconnections

Why Prepayment Energy Supplier?

Social Acceptability Customer responsible for Disconnection Load and Demand Side Management Limit load Load based Time based

Why Prepayment The Customer?

>80% Mobile phones used in India are prepaid Flexible Payment Solution Pay to suit your income status Daily, Weekly , Monthly Budgeting Show true cost of consumption and money Left Reduce consumption when income is tight make money last Reduce waste conserve energy

Why Prepayment The Customer?

No Bills No hidden surprises No having to find the money No billing errors No socially unacceptable disconnections

CONCLUSIONS
Advanced electricity meters that generate consumption data enabling customers to see when they are using energy, to manage that use more efficiently To save money by adjusting energy use in response to price signals.

To save money, the consumed energy corresponding price is displayed for the consumer benefits.
This project work has been taken up which serves the purpose of energy monitoring and controlling by implementing prepaid system. It is hoped that this work helps the electrical engineers for better energy management and its utility in the distribution system for economic liability of the electrical companies.

THANK YOU