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21

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35

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45

arrangements direct to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other

barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment
in international trade relations, Resolved, therefore, to develop an
integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system
encompassing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the
results of past trade liberalization efforts, and all of the results of
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preserve the basic principles and to further the objectives
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liberalization agreement in agricultural products in the history of
trade negotiations. The goals of the agreement were improve
market access for agriculture products , reduce domestic support of
agriculture in the form of price-destorting subsidies and quotas,
eliminate overtime export subsidies on agriculture products and to
harmonize to the extent possible sanitary and phystosanitary
measures between countries. And Reduce tariffs and export
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taxes ( including tariffs) or other trade barriers ( e.g , quotas on
imports or subsidies for producer) ; trade in services without taxes
or other trade barriers; The absence of trade-distorting policies
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GKwU MelYv wbe hv,Holicon publishing KZK cKvwkZ Zv-The Free
Dictionary by Farlex Gi Financial dictionary Z Afy nqQ
Multinational Corporation wkibvg| ZvZ ejv nqQ - Company
or enterprise operating in several countries, usually defined as one
that has 25% or more of its output capacity located outside its
country of origin. The world four largest multinationals in 2000,
were Exxon Mobil , Wal-Mart Stores, General Motors, and Ford
Motor- their joint revenues were more than the combined gross
national product of all Africans countries. 22 multinationals made
more than $ 6 billion profit in 2000, and Exxon Mobil made $ 17.7
billion profit, a 124% increase over the previous year. The value of
mergers and acquisitions in 2000 was estimated at $ 3.2 trillion,
the most notable being Pfizer with Wamer-Lambert in a $116
billion deal, and Glaxo Wellcomes purches of Smith Kline
Beecham for $ 76 billion ( to create GlaxoSmithKline).
Multinationals are seen in some quarters as posing a threat to
individual national sovereignty, and as using undue influence to
secure favourable operating conditions. In 1992, it was estimated
that the worlds 500 largest companies controlled at least 70% of
world trade,80% of foreign investment, and 30% of global GDP.
50

The 100 largest had assets of $ 3,400 billion, of which 40% were
located outside their home countries.
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51

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mK Dciv gZi c Gevi gvwbvkbvj KvvbxR I wek evwYR
msvi cwZ m wek cwiwwZ mK WORLD: Multinationals and the World Trade Organization ,
World Development Movement, wkivbvg cKvwkZ CORP WATCH,
www.corpwatch .org/ G Septmber 1st,1999, ZvwiLi GKwU weeiY
DjL Kiv Mj- Again and again we hear homage to the free
market, Liberalisation is the mantra of global decision making.
Reduce government rules and the free market will bring about
economic growth which benefits all , we are promised. But reality
is very different . For most of the world, we are anything but free.
The gaint multinationals are concentrating power and wealth at an
alarming rate. Just one man, Bill Gates , has as much money as 450
million of worlds poorest people. The WTO has become the
vehicle for liberalization, with the multinationals at the wheel. It
has the power to punish governments who interfere with free
trade, leaving the field wide open for multinationals in pursuit of
profit. More and more the WTO is under pressure to expand its
agenda because more and more it is seen as the focal point for the
many challenges and concers of globalization. Renato Ruggierro,
former WTO Director General.
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54

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^xKvivw g~jK 3q cvivq ewYZ AvQ- Root Causes of the Current
Crisis- 3. During a period of strong global growth , growing capital
flows, and prolonged stability earlier this decade , markets
participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation
of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence. At the same
time, weak underwriting standards , unsound risk management
practices, increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and
consequent excessive leverage combined to creat vulnerabilities in
the system. Policy makers, regulators and supervisors, in some
advanced countries , did not adequately appreciate and address the
risks building up in financial markets, keep peace with financial
innovation, or take into accouant the systematic ramifications of
domestic regulatory actions.
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55

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between expansion of production and production of surplus-value
Ask gvKm wjLQb Capitaist production seeks continually to overcome those
immanent barriers, but overcomes them only by means which
again place these barriers in its way and on a more formidable
scale. The real barrier of capitalist production is capital itself. It is
that capital and its self-expansion appear as the starting and closing
point, the motive and the purpose of production.; that production is
only for capital and not vice versa, the means of production are not
mere means for a constant expansion of the living process of the
society of producers. The limits within which the preservation and
self-expansion of the value of capital resting on the expropriation
and pauperization of the great mass of producers can alone move
these limits come continually into conflict with the methods of
production employed by capital for its purpose, which derive
towards unlimited extension of production, towards production as
an end in itself, towards unconditional development of the social
productivity of labour. The means-unconditional development of
the productive forces of society-comes continually into conflict
with the limited purpose, the self- expansion of the existing capital.
The capitalist mode of production is, at the same time, a continual
conflict between this its historical task and its own corresponding
relations of social production.
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ewk| ZvQvov, hnZz gvbyli `ni 64.7% AwRb, 18.2% Kveb, 10.%
nvBWvRb, 3.% bvBUvRb Ges Abvb nQ 4.1% Ges GmKj Dcv`vbB cvwb,
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cvwi wg_jvRxI gvbe BwZnvm nZ wejy ne|
Ze. Gwelq weklZ Lv` BZvw` mK August Bebel KZK wjwLZ
Society of the Future hv, Published: Progress

67

Publishers, 1971; Online Version: Marxists

Internet Archive, 2004 nZ wbg wKQz Ask DZ Kiv nj :
In a speech delivered at a banquet of the Association of Chemical
Manufacturers in the spring of 1891, Professor Berthelot (died
March 18, 1907), the former French Minister of Public Instruction,
outlined fantastic prospects for chemistry's future. Berthelot
described the probable position of chemistry in the year 2000, and
although his speech contains many a droll exaggeration, it also has
much that is apt and we shall therefore give some excerpts from it.
Monsieur Berthelot described chemistry's achievements over the
past few decades and among them mentioned the following: "The
manufacture of sulphuric acid and soda, bleaching and dying, beetsugar, therapeutic alkaloids, gas, gilding and silvering, etc.; then
came electrochemistry, which radically transformed metallurgy,
thermal chemistry and the chemistry of explosives, which supplies
the mining industry, as also warfare, with new sources of power,
and the wonders of organic chemistry in the manufacture of dyes,
perfumes, of therapeutic drugs and antiseptics, etc. This is,
however, only a start, soon much more important problems are to
be solved. By the year 2000 there will be no more agriculture and
no peasants, for chemistry will have put an end to the present
forms of agriculture. There will also be no more coal mines and,
hence, no miners' strikes. Fuels will be replaced by chemical and
physical processes. Duties and wars will have been abolished:
aerial navigation, which will use chemical substances for motive
power, will have pronounced the death sentence upon those
obsolete institutions. Industry's problem will be to find sources of
energy which are inexhaustible and can be restored with a
minimum of effort. Until now we have produced steam with the
help of chemical energy released by burning coal; but coal is
difficult to mine and its deposits decrease from day to day. Man
should turn his thoughts to the utilisation of solar heat and heat
from the earth's interior. There is reason to hope that both sources
will be used boundlessly. To bore a well of 3,000 to 4,000 metres
is not beyond the powers of present-day engineers, let alone those
of the future. The source of all heat and of all industry will thus be
68

unlocked and if water is taken into consideration as well, all

imaginable machinery on earth could operate, and there would not
be any noticeable decrease in this source of energy in hundreds of
years.
"Terrestrial heat would help to solve numerous chemical problems,
including the supreme problem of chemistry, the production of
food. In principle, the problem has already been solved. The
synthesis of oils and fats has been known for a long time, sugar
and carbo-hydrates are also known, the method of compounding
nitrogen elements will soon be learned. The food problem is a
purely chemical one; the day the necessary cheap power is
obtained it will be possible to use the carbon from carbon dioxide,
hydrogen and oxygen from water and nitrogen from the
atmosphere to produce foods of all kinds. What plants have done
up to now will be carried out by industry and more effectively than
by Nature. The time will come when everybody will carry with
him a box of chemicals in his pocket from which he will satisfy his
daily quota of protein, fat and carbo-hydrates, paying no heed to
the time of day or season, to rain and drought, frost, hail and insect
pests. A revolution will then set in which is inconceivable today.
Orchards, vineyards and pastures will disappear; man will gain in
gentleness and morality, because he will no longer live by the
murder and destruction of living beings. Then the difference
between fertile and barren areas will disappear, the deserts may
become man's favourite habitat, because they are healthier than the
infested alluvial land and foul swampy plains where agriculture is
now practised. When art and all that is beautiful in human life will
come into their own as well. The earth will no longer be, as it
were, marred by geometrical shapes now drawn by agriculture, but
it will be a garden in which grass and flowers, bushes and woods
can be allowed to grow as they please, and in which mankind will
live in abundance in a golden age. People will, therefore, not sink
into indolence and corruption. Work is necessary for happiness,
and man will work as much as ever before, because he will be
working only for himself, in order to raise his mental, moral and
aesthetic development to the highest possible level."
69

The reader may accept what he wishes in Berthelot's speech;

however, it is certain that in future progress in diverse fields will
enormously increase the quality, volume and variety of products
and that for future generations the good things in life will be
improved to an almost inconceivable degree.
Professor Elihu Thomson agrees with Werner Siemens, who as
early as 1887, at the Berlin Conference of Naturalists, expressed
the view that it would be possible with the help of electricity to
transform chemical elements directly into food. While Werner
Siemens was of the opinion that it would be possible, even if in the
remote future, to produce artificially a carbo-hydrate such as
grape-sugar, and later also starch, so closely related to the former,
which would enable people to make "bread out of stones", the
chemist Dr. V. Meyer claimed that it would be possible to use
wood fibre as a source of human food. In the meantime (1890)
Emil Fischer has actually produced grape-sugar and fruit-sugar
artificially and thus made a discovery which Werner Siemens
thought possible only "in the remote future". Since then chemistry
has made further progress. Indigo, vanillin and camphor have all
been artificially produced. In 1906, W. Lb succeeded in
assimilating carbon dioxide as far as the sugar stage outside plants
by means of high voltages. In 1907, Emil Fischer obtained one of
the most intricate synthetic substances, one very closely related to
natural protein (an albumen). In 1908, R. Willsttter and Benz
produced pure chlorophyl and proved that it is a magnesium
compound. In addition, a series of important substances that play a
role in reproduction and heredity have also been produced
artificially. The solution of the main problem of organic chemistry
the production of protein can thus be expected in the not too
distant future.
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70

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71

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gvbweK evai gvbweK wk, mvwnZ -msMxZ BZvw` Z_v meRbxb mswZ;

72

S. ivgvb mvgvRi cwZvZv ivRv ivgjvm ^xq KZZ I AvwacZ wbwwZZ I

gZjweg~j meZ ZuviB iwPZ Kvwnbxg~j ^xq Rb weeiYi LwZqvb ZuviB Mv
dv`vi MW RywcUvi I RywcUvii cwievii Avkq wbR Avkq AqKiY MW
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cw_exi Pviw`K c`wY Ki; Abyic gZ- GwivUjI cvlY KiZb; Ges
evBejI mgw_Z ejB weeZ AvQ - Psalm 104:5, The LORD set the
earth on its foundations; it can never moved, And Ecelesiastes
1:5, And the sun rises and sets and to returns to its place. Abyqvqx
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73

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74

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81

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82

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83

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Gd Ges wekevsK| GQvovI wekevKi mnhvMxInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development-(IBRD),
International
Development
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Finance Corporation (IFC) , Multinational Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA) and International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes( ICSID) wbq MwVZ nqQ wekevsK Mc| m`m
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84

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weeZ Kiv MjIBRD Articles of Agreement:
Article1. Purpose (ii) To promote private foreign investment by
means of guarantees or participations in loans and other
investments made by private investors; and when private capital is
not available terms, to supplement private investment by
providing, on suitable conditions, finance for productive purposes
out of its capital, fund raised by its other resources.
(iii) To promote the longrange balanced growth of international
trade and the maintenance of equilibrium in balances of payments
by encouraging international investment for the development of the
productive resources of members, thereby assisting in raising
85

productivity , the standard of living and conditions of labor in their

territories.
And IFC Articles of Agreement: Article -1. Purpose, The purpose
of the Corporation is to further economic development by
encouraging the growth of productive private enterprise in member
countries, particularly in the less develop areas, thus
supplementing the activities of the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development ( hereafter called the Bank) . In
carrying out this purpose, the Corporation shall:
(i)
In association with private investors, assist in financing
the establishment, improvement and expansion of
productive private enterprises which would contribute
to the development of its members countries by making
investments, without guarantee of repayment by the
member government concerned , in cases where
sufficient private capital is not available on reasonable
terms;
(ii)
Seek to bring together investment opportunities,
domestic and foreign private capital, and experienced
management; and
(iii) Seek to stimulate, and to help create conditions
conducive to, the flow of private capital, domestic and
foreign, into productive investment in member
countries;
The Corporation shall be guided in all its decisions by the
provisions of this Article.
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1 bs AbyQ` ewYZ AvQ*To promote international monetary co-operation,
* To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international
tarde,
* To promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchange
91

arrangements among membes, and to avoid competitive

exchange depreciation.
* To assist in the establishment of a multinational system of
payments,
*Making its resources available (with adequate safeguards) to
members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
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92

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The Fund may arrange to obtain further information by agreement
with members. It shall act as a centre for the collection and
exchange of information on monetary and financial problems, thus
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101

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The Bengali poet Babu Rabindranath Tagore sang a song
composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor.
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109

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110

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111

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112

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114

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116

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gZv -GLwZqvi I KZZ mwKZ AbyQ`wU ey DjL KivB kq Article ix-Status, Immunities, and Privileges
Section 1. Purpose of ArticleTo enable the fund to fulfill the functions with it is entrusted, the
status, immunities, and privileges set forth in this Article shall be
accorded to the Fund in the territories of each member.
Section2. The Fund shall possess full juridical personality, and in
particular.the capacity:
117

(i) to contract;
(ii) to acquire and dispose of immovable and movable
property;
(iii) to institute legal proceding.
Section 3. Immunity from judicial processThe Fund, its property and its assets, wherever located and by
whomsoever held, shall enjoy immunity from every form of
judicial process except to the extent that expressly waives its
immunity for the purpose of any proceedings or by the terms of
any contract.
Section 4. Immunity from other actionProperty and assets of the Fund, wherever located and by
whomsoever
held,
shall
be
immune
from
search,requisition,confiscation , expropriation, or any other form of
seizure by executive or legislative action.
Section 5. Immunity of archivesThe archives of the Fund shall be inviolable.
Section 6. Freedom of assets from restrictions To the extent necessary to carry out the activities provided for in
this Agreement, all property and assets of the Fund shall be free
from restrictions, regulations, controls, and moratoria of any
nature.
Section 7. Privilege for communications The official communications of the Fund shall be accorded by
members the same treatment as the official communications of
other members.
Section 8. Immunities and Privileges of officers and employeesAll Governors, Executive Directors, Alternates, members of
committees, representatives appointed under Article xii , Section 3
(j), advisors of any of the foregoing persons, officers, and
employees of the Fund.
118

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

shall be immune from legal process with respect to acts

performed by them in their official capacity except
when the Fund waives this immuniy;
not being local nationals, shall be granted the same
immunities from immigration restrictions, alien
registration requirements, and national sevice
obligations and the same facilities as regards exchange
restrictions as are accorded by members to the
respresentives, officials and employees of comparable
rank of other members; and
shall be granted the same treatment in respect of
traveling facilities as is accorded by members to
representatives, officials , and employees of comparable
rank of other members.

Section 9. Immunities from taxation(a) The Fund , its assets, property, income, and its operations
and transactions authorized by this Agreement shall be
immune from all taxation and from all customs duties. The
Fund shall also be immune from liability for the collection
or payment of any tax or duty.
(b) No tax shall be levied on or in respect of salaries and
emoluments paid by the Fund to Executive Directors,
Alternates, officers, or employees of the Fund who are not
local citizens, local subjects,or other local nationals.
(c) No taxation of any kind shall be levied on any obligation or
security issued by the Fund, including any dividend or
interest thereon, by whomsoever held:
(i)
Which discriminates against such obligation or
security solely because of its origin;or
(ii)
If the sole jurisdictional basis for such taxation is the
place or currency in which it is issued , made payable
or paid,or the location of any office or place of
business maintained by the Fund.
Section 10. Application of ArticleEach member shall take such action as necessary in its own
territories for the purpose of making effective in terms of its own
119

law the principals set forth in this Article and shall inform the Fund
of the detailed action which it has taken.
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120

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121

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cvivwU ey DZ KivB kq All men are created equal; they are endowed by their Creator
with certain inalienable Rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and
the pursuit of Happiness.
178

This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of

Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a
broader sense, this means : All the peoples on the earth are equal
from birth, all the peoples have a right to live , to be happy and
free.
The Declaration of the French Revolution made in 1791 on the
Rights of Man and the the Citizen also states : All men are born
free and with equal rights and must always remain free and have
equal right. Those are undeniable truths.
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weeZ e AwfhvMi ga AbZg wnmve ewYZ AvQ For Cutting off our Trade with all parts of the World. For
Imposing Taxes on us without our consent.
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180

gvwjKi wbKU cZvcYi wbwg The Fugitive Slaves Act-1793 Rvix

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ijm, Avei 1864 nZ wKQz Ask ey DZ njvThe International Workingmen's Association 1864

General Rules, October 1864

Written: between October 21 and 27, 1864;
First published: in The Bee-Hive Newspaper, November 12, 1864,
and in the pamphelt Address and Provisional Rules of the Working
Men's International Association ., London, November 1864.
Considering,
That the emancipation of the working classes must be conquered
by the working classes themselves, that the struggle for the
emancipation of the working classes means not a struggle for class
privileges and monopolies, but for equal rights and duties, and the
abolition of all class rule;
That the economical subjection of the man of labor to the
monopolizer of the means of labor that is, the source of life
lies at the bottom of servitude in all its forms, of all social misery,
mental degradation, and political dependence;
That the economical emancipation of the working classes is
therefore the great end to which every political movement ought to
be subordinate as a means;
That all efforts aiming at the great end hitherto failed from the
want of solidarity between the manifold divisions of labor in each
country, and from the absence of a fraternal bond of union between
the working classes of different countries;
212

That the emancipation of labor is neither a local nor a national, but

a social problem, embracing all countries in which modern society
exists, and depending for its solution on the concurrence, practical
and theoretical, of the most advanced countries;
That the present revival of the working classes in the most
industrious countries of Europe, while it raises a new hope, gives
solemn warning against a relapse into the old errors, and calls for
the immediate combination of the still disconnected movements;
For these reasons
The International Working Men's Association has been founded.
It declares:
That all societies and individuals adhering to it will
acknowledge truth, justice, and morality as the
basis of their conduct toward each other and toward
all men, without regard to color, creed, or
nationality;
That it acknowledges no rights without duties, no
duties without rights;
And, in this spirit, the following Rules have been drawn up.
1. This Association is established to afford a central medium
of communication and co-operation between workingmen's
societies existing in different countries and aiming at the
same end; viz., the protection, advancement, and complete
emancipation of the working classes.
2. The name of the society shall be "The International
Working Men's Association."
( Source- Marx-Engels Archive, www.marxists .org)
213

Ges GZwlq HwZnvwmK avivevwnKZvq KwgDwb jxMi wbqgvejx nZI wKwZ

DwZ ey DjL Kiv njvThe Communist League
Rules of the Communist League

Working Men of All Countries, Unite!

Written: December 1847;Source: MECW Volume 6, p. 633;First
published: Wermuth und Stieber, Die CommunistenVerschwrungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Erster Theil,
Berlin, 1853;
SECTION I
THE LEAGUE

Art. 1. The aim of the League is the overthrow of the bourgeoisie,

the rule of the proletariat, the abolition of the old bourgeois society
which rests on the antagonism of classes, and the foundation of a
new society without classes and without private property.
Art. 2. The conditions of membership are:
A) A way of life and activity which corresponds to
this aim;
B) Revolutionary energy and zeal in propaganda;
C) Acknowledgment of communism;
D) Abstention from participation in any anticommunist political or national association and
notification of participation in any kind of
association to the superior authority.
( Source-Marx Engels Archive)
214

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kwgKkYxi Abyic Aa:cvZi cve MnY-mg_bKvix`i Aciva KwYKvjI gvi
hvM?

215

Abyic RvZxqZvev`x bq, Zey GK `k A_vr Kejgv Bsji Rb Avjv`v

msMVbi `vex Zvjvi cwZ c_g AvRvwZKi wmvvski mswkvsk eyn
DZ Kiv njv-

Importance and Weakness of English Labour

Source: Labour Monthly, July 1923, pp. 30-36, Selection from the
Literary Remains of Karl Marx, III England and Revolution, Max
Beer;
Original German: Reprinted in Neue Zeit, Stuttgart, Vol. XX, part
2, p. 475. This article (Importance and Weakness) was a
Confidential Circular of the General Council to the branches of
the International;
Transcribed: by Ted Crawford.
In 1869, the General Council of the International Working Mens
Associations, who also functioned as Regional Council of England,
was assailed from two opposite sides from Bakunins Geneva
paper, Egalit, and from some English members, both opposition
elements demanding a division of function, that is, the severance of
the English Regional Council from the General Council. In a
meeting, held for this purpose on January 1, 1870, the General
Council rejected the motion of the Bakuninists in the following
reply formulated and drafted by Karl Marx.
Long before the Egalit was founded the motion to sever the
General Council from the Regional Council was repeatedly
brought forward and supported by two English members of the
Council. It has always been rejected with practical unanimity. Our
opinion is that, while the revolutionary impulse may perhaps come
from France, it is surely England only that can be made into a lever
for a lasting economic revolution. It is the only country which has
no peasantry to speak of, and where landed property is
concentrated in a few hands. It is the only country where the
capitalist form, that is, combined living and mechanical labour on a
large scale controlled by capitalist employers, has got hold of the
216

whole production. It is the only country where the great majority of

the population consists of wage workers. It is the only country in
which the class division and the organisation of the working class
through the trade unions have attained a certain degree of maturity
and comprehensiveness. Owing to her predominance on the world
markets England is the only country where a transformation of its
economic conditions must immediately react on the whole world.
If landlordism and capitalism have their classical seats in that
country, so are also all the material conditions of their destruction
most highly developed there. The General Council, by functioning
also as Regional Council, is in a position to get immediate hold of
that great lever of proletarian revolution. How stupid, how criminal
would it be to surrender such an instrument into English hands
only!
( Source- Marx-Engels Archive, www.marxists .org)
eyRvqv`i `vex I eyRvqv`i ^v_B c~evci eeZ I KvhKi RvZxq AvZ
wbqY AwaKvii c 2q AvRvwZKK eenviKvix Rvgvb KZv`i i I
Aybmvix`i welq Lv` gvKm-GvsMjmi AviKwU AwfgZ ey DjL KivUv
2q AvRvwZKi eyRvqv KwgDwb`i fvwg Dcjw KiZ mnvqK weePbvq
Zv Kiv njvStrategy and Tactics of the Class Struggle
Abstract
Written: September 17-18 1879;
Transcribed: by Zodiac.
A Private Circulation Letter from Marx and Engels, (First drafted
by Engels) to Germany's Social-Democratic leadership Bebel,
Liebknecht, Fritzsche, Geiser, Hasenclever, Bracke.
This was in response to an August 1879 article written by Karl
Hochberg, Eduard Bernstein, and Carl August Schramm, entitled
217

"Retrospects on the Socialist Movement in Germany". The

magazine piece advocated transforming the German SocialDemocratic party from a revolutionary to a reformist platform.
It is an unavoidable phenomenon, well established in the course of
development, that people from the ruling class also join the
proletariat and supply it with educated elements. This we have
already clearly stated in the Manifesto. Here, however, two
remarks are to be made:
First, such people, in order to be useful to the proletarian
movement, must bring with them really educated elements. This,
however, is not the case with the great majority of German
bourgeois converts. Neither the Zukunft [fortnightly Berlin
magazine] nor the Neue Gesellschaft [monthly Zurich periodical]
has provided anything to advance the movement one step. They are
completely deficient in real, factual, or theoretical material.
Instead, there are efforts to bring superficial socialist ideas into
harmony with the various theoretical viewpoints which the
gentlemen from the universities, or from wherever, bring with
them, and among whom one is more confused than the other,
thanks to the process of decomposition in which German
philosophy finds itself today. Instead of first studying the new
science [scientific socialism] thoroughly, everyone relies rather on
the viewpoint he brought with him, makes a short cut toward it
with his own private science, and immediately steps forth with
pretensions of wanting to teach it. Hence, there are among those
gentlemen as many viewpoints as there are heads; instead of
clarifying anything, they only produce arrant confusion
fortunately, almost always only among themselves. Such educated
elements, whose guiding principle is to teach what they have not
learned, the party can well dispense with.
Second, when such people from other classes join the proletarian
movement, the first demand upon them must be that they do not
bring with them any remnants of bourgeois, petty-bourgeois, etc.,
prejudices, but that they irreversibly assimilate the proletarian
viewpoint. But those gentlemen, as has been shown, adhere
218

overwhelmingly to petty-bourgeois conceptions. In so pettybourgeois a country as Germany, such conceptions certainly have
their justification, but only outside the Social-Democratic Labor
party. If the gentlemen want to build a social-democratic pettybourgeois party, they have a full right to do so; one could then
negotiate with them, conclude agreements, etc., according to
circumstances. But in a labor party, they are a falsifying element. If
there are grounds which necessitates tolerating them, it is a duty
only to tolerate them, to allow them no influence in party
leadership, and to keep in mind that a break with them is only a
matter of time.
In any case, the time seems to have come.
It is inconceivable to us how the party can any longer tolerate in its
midst the authors of that [Hochberg, Bernstein, Schramm] article.
If the party leadership more or less falls into the hands of such
people, the party will simply be emasculated and, with it, an end to
the proletarian order.
So far as we are concerned, after our whole past only one way is
open to us. For nearly 40 years we have raised to prominence the
idea of the class struggle as the immediate driving force of history,
and particularly the class struggle between bourgeois and the
proletariat as the great lever of the modern social revolution;
hence, we can hardly go along with people who want to strike this
class struggle from the movement. At the founding of the
International, we expressly formulated the battle cry: The
emancipation of the working class must be the work of the
working class itself.
We cannot, therefore, go along with people who openly claim that
the workers are too ignorant to emancipate themselves but must
first be emancipated from the top down, by the philanthropic big
and petty bourgeois. Should the new party organ take a position
that corresponds with the ideas of those gentlemen, become
bourgeois and not proletarian, then there is nothing left for us,
sorry as we should be to do so, than to speak out against it publicly
219

and dissolve the solidarity within which we have hitherto

represented the German party abroad. But we hope it will not come
to that.
This letter is to be communicated to all the five members of the
Committee in Germany, as well as Bracke....
On our part, we have no objection to this being communicated to
the gentlemen in Zurich.
(Source- Marx-Engels Archive )
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248

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cqvRb nqwQj c~evci weeZ welq weePbv bv Ki wVK ZLb Zgb eeweewZ w`qwQj ejB DjwLZ ic ^weivax I mvgmnxb weewZ ev AbwZnvwmK
I AhwK Ges KvwbK Mvj-M `uvo KivZ nqwQj vwjbK|
AZ:ci, mgvRZ welq KwgDwb BvnviK hviv KwgDwbRgi cv_wgK msweavb
wnmve MY I gvb Ki bv ev KwgDwb Bvnvi iPbvKvix`i `vexgZv Bvnvi
iPwqZvMY KwgDwb nj Ze evwbK mgvRZi wevb I Z`v_ evwbK
m~K A^xKviKvix jwbb-vwjbiv nZ cvib eU Zuv`iB `vexgZv
gvKmev`x ev jwbbev`x wK KwgDwb bq|
Avi wbcxwoZ eyRvqv ^v_i mg_K ev Kejgv GKwU `k Z_v ivwkqvi gZv
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A_ev me`v-me kwgKkYxi ^v_ iv I mg_bKvix Z_v KwgDwb Bvnvi
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hw` nq _vK eei I RNb Ze mB Pzwi cyb:bexKiY I ewaZKiY 17
RyjvB-2AvM 1945 mvj BD.Gm.Gm.Avi, BD.K Ges BD.Gm.G GB ivqi
wZb cavbi Rvgvbxi cvWvg Kbdvi ev evwjbPzw Ges 15 AvM-1945
mvj Rvcvbi civRqi ci 24 Avei,1945 mvj nZ AvbyvwbKfve hvvKvix
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Kb Rbve jwbbi gZB eei I RNb ew wnmve MY-wPwZ ne bv ?

250

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Gi cmwWs Gi msw mviv_ GB:K) cvU 2, viv Rvgvbxi mKj mvgwiK kw I vcbv cwic~Y I P~ovfve
wejyKiY;
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M) cvU-4, Gi kZ Rvgvb bevwnbxi RvnvR I weklZ weRqx`i
`Ljvaxb mvegwib ewZZ mKj mvegwib I RvnvR eni Wyweq `Iqv;
N) cvU-6, viv hyvcivaxi wePvi Kvh mv`b;
O) cvU-10, viv wUDUvwiqvj Uvwkxc MVb BZvw`;
P) cvU-2, Gi 13 aviv gZ Rvgvbxi Kwl-wk Drcv`b wbqY Z_v
WvgwK chvq mxwgZKiY;
Q) cvU-3, viv hyi wZc~iY Ges
R) cvU-3 Gi 10 aviv gZ weRqx evwnbx KZK `LjxKZ ^Yi `vex bv
Kivi kZ mvwfqU BDwbqb 1 wewjqb gvwKb Wjvi I Abvbiv
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Dchy `vg eU-jLK )
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wbixKiY bZzev Pig ` `vb; Ges
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251

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wekmiv jwbbev`x wnmve AvLvwqZ I cyiZ Kiv ne?
Aviv DjL- 12 gvP, 1919 mvj Rvgvbxi RvZxq msm` c` fvlY Rvgvwbi
c_g wbevwPZ Pvji wdwjc kwPWBgvb fvmvB PzwK gvWvivm cvb
wnmve AvLvwqZ KiwQjb Ges wZwb c`ZvM Kivi ciB KvDrwi wkl`i
Abygv`b fvmvB PzwZ mwn-mv`b I Abygv`b KiwQj Rvgvbx | D PzwK
1920 mvj jwbb ejjb- eei I RNb Pzw| dj- DjwLZ RNb Pzw evwZj
ev AKvhKi KivB jwbbev`i bxwZZ Dchy Kg I jwbbxq `vwqZ wnmve
^xKZ-MY njv| AZ:ci, gvP, 1935 mvj GWjd wnUjvi fvmvB PzwK
fvqvjU Ki Rvgvbxi wbR^ mbvevwnbx MoZ i Ki| cwiYwZZ- 2q
wekhy Ges wekevmx Aveviv GK bwRiwenxb wnsm-NwYZ I bviKxq nZvh I
fqvbK asmjxjvi RNb -jvgnlK I `y:LRbK AwfZv jvf Kijv|
GZ`KviY-2q wekhyi m~Pbvq wnUjvii Mvcb mnhvMx ^qs vwjb gnvkqi
gnvi gnvb jwbb mvne wK RvZxq mgvRZx wnUjviiI bZv bq ?
myZivs, hyvbv` I wekv wnUjvii `vli Lywb vwjbiv KwgDwb nj nZvLybi weivax,kvkZ kvwev`x gvKm-GvsMjmmn KwgDwb Bvnvi gvbKvix ev
mgvRZK wevb wnmve MnYKvixMY KwgDwb bq|
ZvQvov, jwbbi RevbxZ jxM Ae bvk MVbKvix 1919 mvji fvmvB Pzw hw`
nq _vK eei I RNb Ze fvmvB Pzwg~j MwVZ jxM Ae bvki m`mc`
jvfKvix mvwfqZ BDwbqbi gvoj vwjb ;Ges fvmvB Pzwi cyb:bexKiY I
ewaZKiY 17 RyjvB 1945 mvj Rvgvbxi cvWvg Kbdvii mwq
Askx`vi mvwfqZ BDwbqbi hyevR vwjb; Ges 15 AvM-1945 mvj
Rvcvbi civRqi ci 24 Avei,1945 mvj nZ AvbyvwbKfve hvvKvix
RvwZmsN cwZvKvix iRfi AbZg mnhvMx-ez I wek cywjk- kxhy
vwjb gnvkq Kb gnvi jwbbi bvq wePvwiK ivqB eei I RNb wnmve
MY-wPwZ ne bv ?
(2) 2| K) cmsMA_P, mvwfqZ ivR Kx e ? wbe gvP,1919 mvj jwbb wjLQbmvwfqZ ivR nj mgvRZ hvevi c_, Zv Avwevi KiQ gnbZx
RbmvaviY, Avi ZvB Zv mwVK, ZvB Zv AcivwRZ| A_vr cvix KwgDb KZK
AvweZ I gvKm-GvsMjm Ges c_g AvRvwZK KZK ^xKZ I Abygvw`Z
cjZvixq GKbvqKZ& bq,eis Rvi-jwbbi ivwkqvi gnbZx RbmvaviY
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252

AZ:ci, gvKm`i ev c_g AvRvwZKi Abygvw`Z I ^xKZ mgvRZZv bqB

eis ivwkqvi gnbZx RbmvaviY KZK AvweZ mvwfqZ ivR nQ mgvRZ
hvevi c_, ZvIZv jwbbi DjwLZ weewZ viv wbwZ nq| myZivs, jwbbi
mgvRZi AvweviK eU ivwkqvi gnbZx RbmvaviY, gvUB bq gvKm`i
^xKZ I c_g AvRvwZKi Abygvw`Z -cvix KwgDb|
Zey, jwbb mgvRZx ev KwgDwb ? Ze jwbb h mgvRZ hgb Avwevi
Kiwb Zgb mgvRZ cwZvI Kiwb eis ikx gnbZx RbmvaviYi AvweZ
mgvRZ hvevi c_ cv wgwjqQb ev nuUQb gv Ges 1919 mvjI ZvIZv
jwbbi DcivZ eeB wbwZ Ki|
AZ:ci, mvwfqZi AvweviK welq K mwVK jwbb bv vwjb? wK
Zwlq Zuviv `yRbB Kvb mv-cgvY `bwb| A_P, iki BwZnvm mK
huviv mvgbZg LuvR-Lei ivLb Zviv mKjB wbwZ h, GZwlq jwbb`i
Kviv `vexB mwVK bq, mZ bq|
KviY(K) ivwkqvq mvgvwRK mK cmsM 1875 mvj GvsMjm h wbewU
wjLQb ZvZ h_ KvR Kg h_ cwZvb hv mycvPxb Kvj nZ Mvxq
mKi Dci cwZwZ AvZj ev mvwfqZi Rb wev hgb weeZ nqQ
Zgb mvwfqZi wqvw` mK DjwLZ AvQ- AZGe cuywRcwZi viv
gRywi-kwgK`i kvlYK fvjv iKgB mvnvh Ki GB AvZj| Abw`K GgbI
AvZj AvQ hMywj wbRivB Ggb gRywi-kwgK LvUvq hviv Zv`i mwgwZi m`m
bq| A_vr GvsMjmi mvgZ Mvc_vi mvwfqU jwbb`i gnv
Avwevii e eQi c~e nZB ivwkqvq weivwRZ wQj |
myZivs, jwbbi-vwjbi ee mwVK nj GvsMjmi ee ewVK, Ges
GKB nZzev` nq GvsMjm, bv nq jwbb-vwjb ivwkqvi BwZnvm weKwZKvix|
wK, 1875 mvj GvsMjmi wjLvwU cKvwkZ njI ZvI jwbb ev vwjb ev
jwbbi `vexKZ ivwkqvi gnbZx RbMY ev AvweviK RbmvaviYi c nZ
KD KLbv GvsMjmi DjwLZ eei mZZv welq wgZ KivZv `~ii K_v
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ivwkqviB RbK ew whwb cwg BDivci c~eB ivwkqvq mgvRZ cwZvi
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I AvMnx Ze ^c wejvmx AvjvP ewi ZZvwaK Kbv wejvmxZv I AZvi
Dchy Reve wnmveB GvsMjmK D wbewU wjLZ nqwQj; Ges

253

(L) jwbb KZK cYxZ I KvhKZ Ges jwbbi gZv `Lji w`b jwbb KZK
NvwlZ f~wg wWw hgb mvwfqZ Avwevi welq jwbb I vwjbi eei
mZZv wbwZ Ki bv Zgb iki msweavb ev mvsweavwbK BwZnvm ev jwbbi
KZZ cYxZ 1918 mvji msweavb ev vwjb`i 1924 mvji msweavb
BZvw`I jwbb-vwjbi GZwlqK eei AmZZv wbwZ Ki bv| KviYGB Dfq msweavbB mvwfqU iZc~Y ivwK AsM wnmve ^xKwZ cjI
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msweavb mfvi Abygv`b mvc cUvMvW mvwfqU KZK MnxZ nqQ;Ges
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msweavbB ewYZ AvQ|
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A_bwZK gywmvab KvhKi KiZ ne| ej dv Mnhy wbe gvKm
wjLjb Ges kgRxex gvbyli AvRvwZK mwgwZ Zv Abygv`b Ki wbj Ges
GvsMjm H cyKi f~wgKvq 18 gvP, 1891 mvj wjLjb- Zv ek gnvkqiv,
Avcbviv wK RvbZ Pvb mB GKbvqKZ `LZ Kgb ? cvwim KwgDbi cwZ
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Zrm, gvKmev`x jwbb Kvb hywZ mvwfqZ ivR Ges jwbbev`x vwjb
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Kibwb ^NvwlZ miv mvgev`x Ze ivRvwaivR jwbb|
254

(3) mvgvRev` I jwbbev` cmsMjwbbev`i wfw cyK jwbbev`i HwZnvwmK Drm wbe jwbbK DZ
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255

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256

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258

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259

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261

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ivwkqvi gZv `Lji ci RvwiKZ 3wU wWwi AbZg 26 Avei, 1917 mvji
f~wg wWw hv jwbbB wjLwQjb ZvZ ewYZ AvQ- The land question in
its full scope can be settled only by the Constituent Assembly.
Ges GZ Aviv ewYZ AvQ- The question of compensation shall be
examined by the Constituent Assembly,
But on december-26,1917, Lenins Thesis on Constituent
Assembly were published and he argued that the Soviets were a
higher form of democracy than the Constituet Assembly. Ges
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282

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302

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China has brought forth a Mao Zedong.
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Hurrah, he leads us forward!
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Endless night deep in the Taiga please tell me
Immortal guerilla warrior, who is he?
Outstanding patriot, who is it?
3.Liberator of the working people, our saviour
Democratic new Chosn(Joseon), great Sun
We rally around the 20 Principles
Everywhere in North Korea is spring
305

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Oh- Our brilliant and beloved General
Oh- Our exalted leader General Kim Il-sung.
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317

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AbZg 8g kZ ewYZ AvQ-A particularly marked and clear attitude
on the question of the colonies and oppressed nations is necessary
on the part of the communist parties of those countries whose
bourgeoisies are in possession of colonies and oppress other
318

nations. Every party that wishes to belong to the Communist

International has the obligation of exposing the dodges of its 'own'
imperialists in the colonies, of supporting every liberation
movement in the colonies not only in words but in deeds, of
demanding that their imperialist compatriots should be thrown out
of the colonies, of cultivating in the hearts of the workers in their
own country a truly fraternal relationship to the working
population in the colonies and to the oppressed nations, and of
carrying out systematic propaganda among their own countrys
troops against any oppression of colonial peoples.
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319

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ewYZ AvQ Liquidation of the Fund(a) The Fund may not be liquidated except by decision of the
Board of Governors, In an emergency, if the Executive Board
decides that liquidation of the Fund may be necessary, it may
temporarily suspend all operations and transactions, pending
decision by the Board of Governors.
(b) If the Board of Governors decides to liquidate the Fund, the
Fund shall forthwith cease to engage in any activities except those
to the orderly collection and liquidation of its assets and settlement
of its liabilities, and all obligations of members under this
Agreement shall cease except those set out in this Article, in
Article xxix(c).
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wbwZ KiQb A wWwi AbyQ`-18 I 19 viv| Dchcywi, mKjB Rvbb h,
40 eQi hver wbexo MelYv Ki gvKm enyfve eevi wbwZfve cgvY KiQb
h, kg Ges Kejgv kg nZB D-g~j mw nq weavq Drcv`bi DcKiY ev
kw nZ D-g~j mw nq bv | KvRB f~wgI Drcv`bi DcKiY nZz f~wg
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f~wg`vm`i i-Nvg Z_v kgkw kvlYi myweav_ gvKmev`x jwbb A wWwZ
weeZ Kijb Art-17, Surplus income derived from natural fertility of the soil
or from nearness of market is to be turned over the organs of the
Soviet Government.
A_vr evRvii bKU I f~wgi DeiZv nZ cv D Avq miKvi cve | D
Avqi Di~c msv Rvbvi ci eyRvqv A_bxwZI jv bv cvIqvi Rv bvB| Ges
Abyic D Kej bq mvgMxKfve Kwl D AvZmvZi Rb jwbb 11
Rvbyqvix,1919 Ges 21 gvP, 1921 mvj Decree on Surplus
Appropriation System Bm~ Ki H wWwK ej Pvlxi wbKU nZ Mg, `ya-wWg
meB Av`vq Ki Z_vKw_Z iW Avwg mn ivxK `sMj evwnbx BZvw`i
cwicvlY- 1920-21 mvj Kejgv Lv` Av`vq KiwQj-6,010,000 gwUK
Ub| PvjvK-PZzi jwbb mvne 1921 mvj bqv A_bwZK bxwZ Pvjy Ki
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mvj nZ mvwfqZ BDwbqb gy`vq Ki Av`vq Kiv nZ|
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7,000--(3) Aciv vi
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vwjb mvneK civwRZ KiZ Zrci nIqv `jxq bZv-Kgxiv weklZ
gZvevb I mwevbiv wbR`i KZZ Kvqg mP nqwQj ejB Zv`iK
kMY `gb- 1934 mvj mskvwaZ cbvj KvWi 58(16) avivq we`vnx mbv
m`mK gZz` c`vbmn mw evRqvKiYi weavb Rvix Ki KvhZ mwi
ewgvwjKvbvK AmvsweavwbKfve ^xKvi I MvnZv c`vb KiwQjb jwbbev`xmgvRZx vwjb|

387

AZ:ci, 1924 mvji msweavb evwZj bv KiB cuywRi cqvRb gZv GKwU
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hw`P, jwbb-vwjbiv msweavbi avi aviZb bv | Zey , mveRbxb
fvUvwaKvii ceZb I msm`xq cwZi miKvi eev Pvjy KijI msm`xq
cwZi weavb I `vexgZv wbRi ^iZvwK cvwU Qvov Avi Kvb ivRbwZK
`jK ^xKvi bv KijI ciRxex`i mwi AvBbvbyM ^xKwZ c`vbi Rb
DjwLZ msweavb mshvwRZ AbyQ`-9 I 10 viv ewgvwjKvbvi AwaKvi Ges
Zv DivwaKvi my fvM-eenvii wenxZvw` mv`b KiwQjb vwjb|
BZ:ga mwZ cuywRi mvjb wbwZKiY cuywRev`x ewkK msMVb jxM Ae
bk hvM`vb Ki wnUjvii PgrKvwiZ wegvwnZ nq vwjb 1939 mvj
wnUjvii mv_ RvU euvajI cyivbv mvgvRev`i Rq-RqKvi Aev
Abyaveb Ki Aveviv wgkwi mv_ RvUe nq ewkK cuywRi Aeva kvlY
wbwZKiY weki mek I mevwaK gZvai wdbv wmwKU Mo ZzjZ
wnmvgZv cuywR wewbqvM I Z`gg mvgMxK mnhvMxZv Ges D`vMx f~wgKv cvjb
KiwQj vwjbB| wewbqvwRZ cuywRi wnmvq mvwfqZ wQj 3q jviR m`m|
wK, mvwfqZ BDwbqbi ciRxex Mvxi nvZ h, wecyj cwigvb cuywR mwZ
nqQ Zv mvjb Z_v wewbqvM Dchy cwiek wbwZ Kiv AvekK weavq Ges
Zuv`i ab-m`i Aev-eev welq mvwfqZi kwgKkYxK duvwK `Iqv I
Zv`i mv_ cZivYv Kivi Rb zPfiv 1977 mvj Avevi Rvix Kijv bZzb
msweavb|
D msweavbi AbyQ`-13 ewYZ njv- The personal property of
citizens and the right to inherit it are protected by the state. A_vr
DivwaKvi mn mwi ewMZ AwaKvi iv myiv Kie| mwevbiv hvZ wbR wbR mwi myivq ivxq gZvq AwawZ nZ cvi I ivK mfve
eenvi KiZ cvi Zb AbyQ`-100 (2) viv mvwfqUi cZK
bvMwiKi ivi cwZwU i wbevPb cwZhvwMZv Kivi AwaKvi I myhvM wbwZ
Kiv nqQ| GgbwK, cm,iwWI-wUwf I mfv-mgvek cv_xMYi cPviccvMvvi myhvM mn Z`gg LiPvw`I ivxKfve enbi eevI Kiv nqQ
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kgRxex`i A_B wbevPb Ki ivxq gZvq AwawZ ev Askx`vixZ wbwZ
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njI Zv myivq mwevb`iK h_vh_ AwaKvi `Iqv nqwb ej Z`gg
mvsweavwbK Ac~YZv-mxgveZv I cwZeKZv `~ixKiY 1977 mvji msweavb
Rvix Kiv nqQ| DjL- nvji wmwfj mvmvBwUi ^bvgab wPvwe`iv hgb
388

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h_vixwZ Ki c`vb mn AvBbgvbKvix ew wnmve wbRi I mgvRi kvw wbwZ
Kiv AvekK | A_vr mwevb ciRxex`i kvw eRvq ivLZ wbRiv mivmwi
bq, ivK w`q ev ivxq vevwnbx w`q kvwlZ-w I wez kwgKkYxK
`gb-cxob KiZ ne| hvZ-cuywRcwZkYxZv eUB GgbwK ew cuywRcwZi
weiI wevf-we`vn KiZ bv cvi kwgKkYx|
DjL- iPvlv gkv ev RuvK ZvovZ Ag cvYxi `n nZ kvwc~Yfve
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weivax I kwgKkYxi cfy`iK ewnivMZ BZKvi bvbvb AwfhvM Awfhy
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KiQ|
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bwQnr Ki _vKb wmwfj mvmvBwUi md` eywweZvMY| Ze- Zuv`i iiv
A_vr iRf-vwjbiv Abyic ewkK kvw wbwZKiY cwZv KiwQjb
weki kvwi fvvi- RvwZmsN| AZci, bwRiwenxb nZv-Lyb, jyb, kvlY,
cxob, AbvPvi ,AZvPvi BZKvi hveZxq ivwK `ygi gvag AwRZ ewMZ
m` myivq I mvwfqU BDwbqbi mwevb`i kvw ivq ciiv bxwZ
wnmve jwbbxq mgvRZvwK bq Ggb ivi mv_I kvwc~Y mnvevbi bxwZ
avivevwnK I wbiewQbfve AbymiY Kiv cmsM 1977 mvji msweavb
AbyQ`-28 (3) G ewYZ GB: In the USSR war propaganda is
banned.
mvevm | Ggb NUbv mvwfqU NUe meZ GUv Abygvb Ki A_ev kvw wbq
fviZI Ggb fvwg weivwRZ wQj ejB evsjv cev` mw nqQ- evUv
evZ, mviv Rxeb cii cvQvq euvk w`q GLb kl eqm gvn mRQ|
A_P, mvwfqZ BDwbqbi 1977 mvji msweavbi cvebvq ewYZ njvSocial ownership of the means of production and genuine
389

democracy for the working masses were establishd. For the first
time in the history of mankind a socialist society was created. and
in same preamble is mention that- Socio-political and ideological
unity of Soviet society, in which the working class is the leading
force, has been achieved. The aims of the dictatoship of the
proletariat having been fulfilled, the Soviet state has become a
state of the whole peoples. The leading role of the communist
Party, the vanguard of all the people, has grown.
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dywiqQ Kejgv RbMYi mvweK DbwZ weavb RbMYi cvwU wnmve bZzb
`vwqZ jvf KiQ Ges mvwfqU ivwUI mgM RbMYi iv| AZ:ci,
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cwZwZ nj| gvinvev-gvkvjvn |
Ze, mwevbi mwnZ mwnxb kYxi mK, mvgvwRK gvwjKvbv I
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cuywRi Avw`-AKwg wbqgB cuywR mvwjZ nZ bv cij KvbvKwoI hy nq bv|
mB RbBZv weMZ kZKi 70 Gi `kK wdbv cuywR wewbqvM msKU wbcwZZ
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Ges K`xfebi nZzev` b mgvUi mvgvR fsM b`vijv ev ejwRqvg
BZKvi iv mw nqQ|
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ivi cuywRcwZMYi c Kejgv gvi KZZ gvb cuywRi AbyKzj myhvM
wbwZ KivI me wQj bv ejB Kejgv mvwfqZ BDwbqbi wejywB bq eis
BDwbqbi eav fvM-wefwI wQj AvekKxq I Awbevh|
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BDwbqb hgb wejy I wef njv, Zgb hyMvkvwfqvI invB cjbv wefwi
nvZ nZ Ges cvjv, igvwbqv BZKvi meKwU ivxq cuywRev`x eei iv
BwZnvmi AvvKuyo wbcwZZ nj| gRvi welq nQ- cuywRcwZiv mKjB jwbbi
RvZxq AvZ wbqY AwaKvi cqvM KiwQj LyeB mdjfve Ges RbMYi AvZ
wbqY AwaKvi h, KejB ewMZ mwi wbivcv weavb ZvIZv wbwZKvix
ik dWvikbi 1993 mvji msweavbi cvebvq RbMYi AvZ wbqY
AwaKvi mywbwwZi AsMxKvi mn ik dWvikbi 1993 mvji msweavbi
AbyQ`-35 G ewYZ njv (1) The right of private property shall be protected by law;
(2) Every one shall have the right to have property, posses,
use and dispose of it both personally and jointly with other
people;
(4) The right of inheritance shall be guaranteed.
DjL, kwgKkYx ev RbMYi MY Av`vjb ev MYmZv QvovB c~e cwiKbv
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391

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Ki A_vr ewgvwjKvbv I gybvdvK `bxq MY cYxZ mvsweavbi AbyQ`- 3
K AmvsweavwbKfve AKvhKi Ki KejB ivwK gZvq envj _vKZ cwU
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c~evci mjvwg ev Nyl-Nvl w`q, eyRvqv cwZi Avkq wbq, we`kx cuywRi
wewbqvM wbwZ Ki cuywRi kvlY wbwZK c_xexi RNb-eei mbvevwnbx
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mKj cKvi `vmZi Pq PigZg-wbKZg `vmZi wenxZvw` viv mKj Kvji
mKj cKvi kvlY cwqvK jv w`q mevwaK gvvq kgkw kvlY Kivi gvag
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cuywR mq KiZ mg nq|
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KiwQj vwjb| ZviB avivevwnKZvq cvmvbvj ccvwU ivq iv gZvq
Avmxb I Askx`vi nZ zPfiv 1977 mvj Rvix KiwQj Z`vbic I Z`vbyKzj
msweavb | AZ:ci, 1977 mvji msweavbi cwiYwZ I djkwZZ cYxZ nqQ
iyk dWvikbi 1993 mvji msweavb| A_vr mKj ivL-WvK, fvb-fwbZv ev
gyLvk cwinvi Ki ^ic AvZcKvk KiQ cuywRev`| myZivs, GwU
m`nvZxZfve cgvwYZ I wbwZ nqQ h, jwbbev`i Awbevh cwiYwZB nQ
eZgvb ivwkqvmn c~e BDivcxq cuywRev`x ivQ| Ze, cuywRi ^fve`vl GK`v
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agi wRwMiI ZzjQ| msMZKviYB wef Rvgvbx GKxf~Z nqQ| myZivs- w`
dv cwZvKvj mvwfqZ ivwK wmwKU 3q m`m wnmve A_vr mvwfqZi
cfve ejqfy ivjv mn c~e BDivcxq ivwK cuywRev`xiv w` dvi gZv
KvVvgvZ h wiRvf vb jvf KiwQj Zv bvB ej cwZc hyiv GKvB GLb
wdbv cuywRi wek gvoj| wK, cwZc RvgvbxK Zve ivLZ KvhKi mnhvMx
I wek wg mvwfqU ejq wejy nIqvq wZI Kg nqwb Lv` hyivi|
Z`cywi, Rvgvbx vb Ki wbqQ w` dvi 3q gZvai kwi| AZ:ci,
`ywbqvgq K`xf~Z cuywRi Aevb-Aev wMqQ cv A_vr w` dvi gZvi
fvimvg wewb nqQ nZz Kejgv c~e BDivcxq ivjvi z`vwZ-z` fvM392

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nZz w` dvI msKUvcb I wecb Z_v wjK~BWU nZ cvi; Ges
O)eyRvqv A_bxwZi Rb`vl eyRvqv `kb hgb fyqv Zgb h_v_ I mwVK bq
eyRvqv wnmvec| AZ:ci, wm.AvB.G-qi dveyKi wnmvecI ewea KviY
ewe` mwVK bq | Zey, wek cwiwwZi GKUv gvUvgvwU wnmve cvIqvi Rb
wekevsK-AvB.Gg.Gd I wm.AvB.Gi DciB wbfi Kiv Qvov AvcvZ:Z weK
bvB| 7 RyjvB, 2009 mvj AvcWUW - wm.AvB.G. Iqv dveyK, Abyhvqx2008 mvj weki gvU ivbx evwYR-16.28 wUwjqb gvwKb Wjvii gahyiv -13.7%, Rvgvbx-7.3%, Pxb-6.2%, dv-4.6% , hyivR- 4.5% Ges
Rvcvb-4.1%| Rvgvbx I dv h_fve hyiv Acv gv-0.2% Kg| RyjvB,
2009 mvj wek gvU RbmsLv- 6,790,062,216 | Ze, 2008 mvj- gvU
jei dvm-3.167 wewjqb, eKviZi nvi 30%, gvU wR.wW.wc-69.49
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nvi-mewbg 10%: 2.5% Ges mevP 10%:29.9% |
A_P, awixi mgM Drcv`b msNwUZ KiQ ewYZ msLK jei dvmi GKUv Ask
Ges eKviiv Drcv`bx KvR hy nZ PvBjI cuywRev` AwZwi D-g~j
nvwmji Rb gvU kgkwi GKUv AskK eKvi ivL | ZvQvov, AwZ Drcv`b
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