Programmed Instruction

Introduction
Important Innovation in 20th century teaching learning process. It is a self-instructional technique. Subject matter is logically arranged in a small segments.

The learning experience is self-corrective.

Meaning
Learning material arranged in a series of small steps (known to unknown) A programme takes the place of a Tutor (framing specified behaviour) Student will behave given derived way. Most efficient, Pleasant and permanent learning takes place

Definition
Programmed learning is a systematic, step by step, self-instructional programme aimed to ensure the learning of stated behaviour. Dale, Edgar (1962)

Characteristics
1. It is a method of individualized instruction 2. Instructional material is logically sequenced 3. The learner is required to read or listen and then respond actively

Characteristics
4. It has adequate provision for feed-back 5. Interaction between the learner and the learning material is very important 6. Provides self-pacing to the learner

7. Provides continuous evaluation

Types
1. The teaching machine 2. Programmed text book 3. The scrambled book

Principles
Principle of 1.Small steps

2.Active responding
3.Reinforcement

4.Self Packing
5.Student Evaluation or student testing

Merits
1. It is tailored to the needs of the individual learner 2. Permits progress in his own speed 3. It overcomes the inertia and passivity on the part of the learner 4. Learning becomes interesting game 5. Developed by experts. (tested and modified)

Merits
6. Learner immediately reinforced to correct his response 7. Complexity is simplified 8. Great significance in developing countries 9. Good teachers are freed from boredom 10.Creative thinking and judgement

Merits
11.Motor skills, Intellectual abilities and Memorization effectively taught 12.Helps the teacher problems of individual learner 13.Useful where human instructors are not available

Limitations
Criticized as threat to replace the teacher. Too much emphasis in learning facts and very little emphasis on the mastery of principles and concepts.

Limitations
Some times learner doesnt know where he is headed to. Materials very costly Material required expert knowledge and training