The Vowels in the Divine Name(s)

jwr The Web allows us to intensively investigate historical quotations, allowing research methods which would have been impossible a few decades ago. Traces of evidence that the divine names had been based on series of vowels seemed to be fueled by records of the paleo-Hebrew and Akkadian as well as the inscriptions of the Church Fathers. I decided to list the available sources in a compact chronological overview with a various references to other relevant, detailed web-links. This list is documented in the appendix.

Conclusion
The most common observation for all of these names (including the name Jew itself) is the abundance of vowels in these names, varying between I, U, A, Y, O, E. In case we may interpret the consonant W to a variant of the letter W (which probably is to be understood as a double U, respectively UU or OU or ) the names exclusively have been built from series of vowels. Some of the documents seem to refer to the similarity of the vowel cores of the Hebrew and the Roman names. According to John Pic della Mirandola (1463-1494) numerous Hebrew scholars believed that the name Iehoua had been derived from the name Ioue (Jupiter) converting into Ioua and subsequently to Iehoua1. This however has been rejected by archbishop Gilbert Gnbrard (in his book written in 1568 to defend the Trinity). He attacked the form Ioua used by Chateillon reminding that St Augustine had explained according to the writer Varro that the Jews had worshiped Ioue (Jupiter!), and that the use of Ioua was thus a return to paganism. He proposed the verbal form Iehue or Iihue for the divine name corresponding to the Aramaic yihweh, rather than Iehoua, the usual Hebrew name2. This should be sufficient to deny any correlation between Jupiter and Iehoua. Apparently none of these scholars ever referred to the PIE-core yau of the sky-god Dyaus/Dyeus, which of course implicitly also correlate with Jupiter, its derivatives Dieu, Jeu, Jove, Dios, Dio, Dis, and many similar variants, including the southern German names Tyr, Tuis, Ziu, Dius, Deus, and e.g. the Greek deity Zeus. No correlation ever has been diagnosed between the divine names and the ego-pronouns as well. Although correlations exist for numerous divine names and their corresponding ego-pronouns (equally overloaded with vowels3).the common root for Jupiter respectively the sky-god Dyaus/Dyeus and Iehoua seems to be absent.

1 The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux A8 - Was the pronunciation Jehovah widely accepted in the 16th century ? 2 The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux 3 See The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism

Date

Divine Name(s)

Author(s) Amenhotep III paleo-Hebrew Shalmaneser Kuntillet Ajrud Nebuchadnezzar Cyrus

a e i o 1 1 3 2 1 1 1

u y v 1 1 1 1 1 1

h w 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 -

1400 BCE yehua 1100 BCE Yawhanan (Yhanan) 900 BCE Ia-u-a (Ia-u) 900 BCE YHW 600 BCE Yah 539 BCE Jehovah 500 BCE YH (Yah) & Yahu (Hebrew) Ia & Ia (Greek)

1 1 1 1 1 1 -

numerous archaeological 1 and historical witnesses 1

Introduction of the Substitute 300 BCE Adonay (Lord) for the Great Name 50 BCE 200 200 420 500 1195 1200 1278 1303 1455 1474 1509 1555 1490 1480 1535
4 5 6 7

IA4 5 Iaoue IA ( in Greek, [Iah] in Latin) Iabe (for Samaritans) resp. Aa for the Jews6. IOA () Ieue Ieue Yohoua Yohouah Ieoa, Ihehoua, Jehovah7 Hiehouahi Ihevhe Ioua

Diodorus Siculus Egypt Titus Flavius Clemens Irenaeus of Lyons Theodoret of Cyrus Severus of Antioch, & Codex Coislinianus Joachim of Fiore Pope Innocent III Ramn Mart Porchetus de Salvaticis Nicholas of Cusa Marsilio Ficino Lefvres d'taples Sbastien Chateillon Johannes Wessel Gansfort Pierre Robert Olivtan

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Iehoua, Ioua /Ioue (Jupiter) John Pic della Mirandola 1 1 1 1 1 Iohauah Iehouah (instead of Ioua) 2 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

The Name The Name Quaestiones in Exodum cap. XV quoted in The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux A7 - Is Galatino the first who introduced the name Jehovah in 1518?

Date

Divine Name(s)

Author(s)

a e i o

u y v

h w -

1568

Iehue (resp. Iehoua or Iihue not derived from Ioue Gilbert Gnbrard (Jupiter!), but from from Aramaic yihweh, respectively Hebrew Iehoua 8 Iaoouee, Iabe Iouiee9 The Church Fathers (according to the Jewish Encyclopedia) 1 1 1 1

2 1

1901

1 2 1 2

1 1 1 2

1 2 1

1 1 1

1 -

Table 1:Vowel structures in the Divine Name between 1400 BCE and 1901 CE

8 However, there are other equally reputable scholars who can provide evidence that the underlying Greek of Jave is "" and not "". 9 London Papyri. Xlvi, 446-482

Appendix List of the divine Vowel-Names

A short inscription dated of the time of Amenhotep III (circa 1400 BCE) has been found at Soleb. The inscription may be translated as: "land of the bedouins those of yehua"10.. At present, the oldest likely theophoric name is Yhanan (ywhnn) or Yawhanan, written in paleo-Hebrew and dated 11-th century BCE11. The name Yehu was transcribed Ia-u-a (and Ia-u) in Shalmaneser III's texts, dated 9th century BCE because of the lack of vowel e in Akkadian12. In the Assyrian black obelisk13, Jehu's name appears as mIa--a mar mHu-um-ri-i, or "Jehu son of Omri (Bit-Khumri"). Kuntillet Ajrud's writings, dated from the ninth century BCE uses the name YHW alone, written next to the Tetragram (YHWH)14. The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar (ca. 600 BCE) knew the divine name, but only the more familiar form Yah, and not the form of the great name (2 Kings 24:17): 17 And the king of Babylon made Mattaniah15 his father's brother king in his stead, and changed his name to Zedekiah16. Nebuchadnezzar would establish as vassal King Mattaniah (gift of Yah) and change his name to Zedekiah (rightness of Yah)17. Cyrus was probably the last (just after 539 BCE) who used the name Jehovah (Ezr 1:2)18. Cyrus said that Yahweh, the God of heaven, had appointed him to build a temple at Jerusalem19): 'Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia: All the kingdoms of the earth hath Yahweh, the God of heaven, given me; and He hath charged me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whosoever there is among you of all His people may Yahweh, his God, be with him let him go there.' (2 Chronicles 36:23) The Hebrew considered the use of the Tetragram reserved to the Temple and outside of it they preferred sometimes using the two substitutes Yah and Yahu in Hebrew or Ia and Ia in Greek (numerous archaeological and historical witnesses during the period 500 BCE to 500 CE.)20. The short name YH is vocalized Yah (Hallelu-Yah in Hebrew and Allelou-ia in Greek). The great name was replaced around the third century BCE by its substitute Adonay (Lord)21 Diodorus Siculus (90 to 21 BC) translates the Tetragrammaton to IA22.

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux NABU 1997-19 Nadav Naaman quoted in The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux gift of Yah rightness of Yah The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux Short Commentary On Ezra The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux The Name

The author of the 'Treatise on Interpretations' says, "The Egyptians express the name of the Supreme Being by the seven Greek vowels "23 Titus Flavius Clemens (c.150 c. 215), known as Clement of Alexandria explained that God's name Iaoue may be translated into "the one who is and who will be" 24. The Hebraic Bible itself gives an etymological definition of this name in Exodus 3:14 which is I shall be which (who) I shall be. This however may be a coincidence if for etymological reasons the language uses the same vowels for the expression I shall be and the divine name. Irenaeus of Lyons (130-202) believed that the word IA ( in Greek, [Iah] in Latin) meant Lord25. The Greek Ia (which comes from the old Hebrew Yahu) and the Samaritan Iabe (which comes from the Aramaic Yaw) are not the pronunciation of the only name YHWH. The name Aa (probably) represents a transcription of ehyeh form. Theodoret of Cyrus (c. 393 c. 457) is very often quoted to support the pronunciation Yahweh by claiming: the name of God is pronounced Iabe (for the Samaritans) respectively Aa for the Jews26. The Church Father Severus of Antioch (465-538) wrote in his comments on John chapter eight that the Hebrew name of God is IOA (). Furthermore, this name IOA () is found in the sixth-century Codex Coislinianus. Between 1195 and 1555 a variety of names has been used27: Date 1195 1200 1278 1303 1455 1474 1509 1555 Divine Name Ieue Ieue Yohoua Yohouah Ieoa, Ihehoua, Jehovah28 Hiehouahi Ihevhe Ioua Author Joachim of Fiore Pope Innocent III Ramn Mart Porchetus de Salvaticis Nicholas of Cusa Marsilio Ficino Jacques Lefvres d'taples Sbastien Chateillon

Table 2: Translations of the Divine Name between 1195 and 1555 According to John Pic della Mirandola (1463-1494) numerous Hebrew scholars believed that the name Iehoua had been derived from the name Ioue (Jupiter) converting into Ioua and subsequently to Iehoua29.

23 The Name and Iao Es El Dios Verdadero 24 The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux 25 The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux - A9 - Today, is the pronunciation Yahweh widely accepted ? 26 Quaestiones in Exodum cap. XV quoted in The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux 27 The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux A6 - Improvements (1500-1600) 28 The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux A7 - Is Galatino the first who introduced the name Jehovah in 1518? 29 The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux A8 - Was the pronunciation Jehovah widely accepted in the 16th century ?

Johannes Wessel Gansfort (1480) proposed Iohauah for the name of the Father in his comment on the prayer called Our Father30. The French translator Pierre Robert Olivtan also recognized in his Apologie du translateur (Apology of the Translator) written in 1535, that God's name was in Hebrew Iehouah rather than Ioua, because this last form did not express the aspiration of the letter H31. Archbishop Gilbert Gnbrard (in his book written in 1568 to defend the Trinity) dedicated several pages to prove the errors of S. Chateillon, P. Galatin, S. Pagnin, etc. He attacked the form Ioua used by Chateillon reminding that St Augustine had explained according to the writer Varro that the Jews had worshiped Ioue (Jupiter!), and that the use of Ioua was thus a return to paganism. He proposed the verbal form Iehue or Iihue for the divine name corresponding to the Aramaic yihweh, rather than Iehoua, the usual Hebrew name32. The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 states that "33" was used in the writings of the Church Fathers to represent the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, and into the magic papyri containing the following forms, written in Greek letters: Iaoouee, Iaoue, Iabe;... The quoted three forms are merely three ways of writing the same word, though "Iabe" is designated as the Samaritan pronunciation."34. The best Greek transcription is Iouiee35 ().

30 31 32 33

The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, By Grard Gertoux However, there are other equally reputable scholars who can provide evidence that the underlying Greek of Jave is "" and not "". 34 Iaoue - Definition 35 London Papyri. Xlvi, 446-482