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,
IEEEStd C57.lM-1991
<R-_nollttE0i7.IlH-m8)
RORftized 0.1 aft
Ameriun Na.riona.! Standard (ANSI)
IEEE Guide for the
Interpretation of Gases
Generated in Oil-Immersed
Transformers
and Device!>
Communicatiun!>
Compulpr
Eleclrumagnelit.8 und
Radiation
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Sponsored by the
Transformers Committee
Industrial Applications
'. . . . . . 'Signo.ls and
'. . Applications
IEEE
.... , .. SlanJards- .- , '.'
:, ;',: :!.., " . '. t. Coordinating ..
'-,'-. '-, Conunittff.s ".
PubJislHtd by th.lnstitut. of EllricM.r>d It><:- 345 EMf ..7tJI SfrHt. N.... Y""k, NY IOOIZ tISA
July 22, 1992
!>y '.M IIr.iTlTurE OF HECTF1CA!.. s. ,.r.;t'iH"S (lEHl
"'p 01 I ......
IEEE (57. ),04 910 4B05702 0504352 TSD
ReooClIiud.1t lin
American National Standard (ANSI)
IEEE
Std C57.1041991
(Rlln-ionllf
IEEE C57.104-1978l
an oilimpregnated structure. d
Principal Gas - Carbon Mon- II:
oxide
100 I 92
'" ..
'" 6C
so
.,
"20
"
, L-'-Rr----;:,----=-c:o:--,,:o--r=--
co I-I
t
CH. c,ft. C,H.
Gas
3. Electrical----CQ[Qoa: Low- !:
energy electrical discharges III
produce hydrogen and rneth- Q
CAse I
PO
RAOK>
INFLUENCE
VOlTAGE
lRIV)
R'
.1-1
y
CAS< ,
Y HIGH-
-.. ENERGY
,,"'ING
Fig6
Rogers Rutio Method Flow Chnrt
5.2 Fixed Instru.ments. The reliability oftTansformers can be improved by either monitor-
ing the gas space or the gn5e$ dissolved in the oil using self-contained. fixedmounted instru-
ments. These eontinuous monitoring instruments indicate the presence of a certain gas or the
total combustible gases as well as sound an warm when the combustible gases exceed a prede-
termined level. Optional recorders can also be used to provide u duily record or Ole combusti-
ble gllse5 pre5ent.
Jr the amount of the individual gas components is desired, a laboratory analytical method
using a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer should be used.
There ure three somewhnt rlllated methods or monitoring the gases, as de&cribed in the fol-
lowing subsections.
N07E: Th..... .,..;U be a "".,.L.IX')' for the ratioe R2 aD<! R$ to ;lK........ tD a .atio
above 3 .. lhe clie<:l... "i& dlrvelo", in i""""aity
5.2.1 Method 1. The nr"t type of ga" monitor continually compores the thermal conductiv-
ity of the trnnllformer gall with that or pure nitrogen and is suitable for any transformer of the
closed t)"J)e wiU1 a gas space llbove the transrormer oil.
It is calibrated v.;th hydrogen. although Ule proportions of the combustibles are not
obtained from the measurements.
25
boy .... H.:.TtTUIE 01' l Eterranc::; E'lGl'lEEl><; lIEHl
l 22,3<>,Q.l lOG"
IEEE (57.104 91 .. 050437b 494 ..
TF.F:E GUIDE FOR THE INTERPRF:TATION OF GASES
Table 6
Rogers Ratios for Key Gases
'2 R> RO
SuggetlWdFBult
C_
'ifj(
CHi
H,
DiB!fnOolo;a
<0.1 >0.1
<I.'
Uni\ non..-l
d.'
,'"
<0.1 <1.0 I..,,,,,..:<ncrgy deMity
NOTE)
2 0.1- 0.1- >3.0 Amng---.}figb.....""Ky
,., ..,
di..,"ugc
,
>0.1
1.'
Low lCmpc"\urc
<1.0
,.,
lh..no.J
,
<0.1 >1.0 ..... TMI'lNoI <700C
'"
,
<0.1 >1.0 >3.0 'fhertt\Al >7ooC
IEEE
The transformer gas is continually circulaU!d through one section of a Wheatstone bridge
and returned to the trflnsformer. The other sedion of the bridge cOntains pure nitrogen and is
balnnccd ngninst the tTllnsformer gas.
\Vhen combustible gases are produced in the transformer, they mix with the tnmdhrmer
gas and increase the thermal conductivity of the transformer gas. The increase in the thermal
conductivity of the trnnsformer gas unbalances the Wheatstone bridge, and the unbalance ig
proportional to the tolal of the combustible gases as indicated on a meter.
5.2.2 Method 2. The second type of gas monitor continuously samples the transformer gas
at fixed intervals and bums any combustible gases present to provide a measure ofthe total of
the combustible gases. This type ofmonil.or is used only on transformers with a positive pres
sure of nitrogen over the oil.
At a fixed interval (usually 24 h), a samplt! or the transformer gas is pumped from the unit,
mixed with air, and passed over 8 platinum heating sensor of a Wheatstone bridge. Any com
bustible gas in the sumple is burned. This raises the temperature of the sensor alld unbul-
ances the bridge, which was balanced against a second platinum sensor in air. The degree of
unbahmce is proportional to the amount of total combust.ible gas present in the transformer
gas as indicated on a meter.
5.2.3 Method 3. 'l'he third type orgas monitor continuously measures the amount of hydro.
gen and other combustible gases dissolved in the transfonner oil.
Hydrogen and the other combustible gases of unknown proportions diffusing through a per-
meable membrane will be oxidized on a platinum gfls-permellble electrode; oxygen from the
a mbient air will be electrochemically reduced on a second electrode. The ionic contact between
the two electrodes is provided by a gelled highconcentration sulfuric acid electrolyte. The
electric signal generated by this fuel cell is directly proportional to the total combustible gas
concentration and is sent to a conditioning electric circuit. 1'he resulting output signal is wm
perature compensated.
A relay is operated in conjunction with the percent. gus meter so that when the combustible
gases exceed a preset value the relay sounds an alarm.
26
by the lNS1JIUTE:JF & ElEC1PClHCS EI1G!NEERS llEEEI
01 22,3b'0': 1"9b
IEEE (57.104 91 .. 460570Z 0504377 320 ..
CDo'ERATED IN OIL-IMMERSED 'IltANSFORMER5
IEEE
Sl.d Cli7.164_1991
Alllll1it. lhat soundfti an ClIClnn .hould lH! wmplul for 4rnJi)'si.s by a chro-
maUlgraph or m(1S$ Fipectromder.
At the time of installation and each year thereafter, the equipment should be 5tandardized
to be surc the monitor is operating properly. The operator !>hould follow the instruction guide
Qf the manufacturer.
6. Procedures for Obtaining Samples of Gas nnd Oil From the
Transformer for Laboratory Analysis
6.1 Gas Sllmplcs for Labomwry Analysis. All samples of gas from the g:lS blanket above
the oil should be taken in accordance with ASTM D3305-84 (2).
6.2 Gas DislIJolved in Oil. All samples of oil from electrical apparatus being taken for the
purpose of dissolved gas in-oil analysis should be taken in accordance with ASTM D3613-87
[4].
Under certain ronditions, stratification of dissolved gases in the oil may and complete
milling could n'lQuire many hours. In these cases, where possible, oil samples should be
obtained from more than one location on the transformer.
7. Laboratory Methods (or Analyzing the Gas Blanket and the Gases
Extracted From the Oil
Comparative tests on essentially identical samples of oil (for instance, from the same trans
former) by various laboratories have indicated a lack of precision, with the measured concen-
tration of certain key gases reported to differ by a factor of 3 or more. The principal reason
appears to be lack of uniformity in the degree, i.e., the efficiency of gas extraction. For e:13ct
and generally applicable threshold or limit values of concentrations or evolution rates of key
gases, it would be necessary to obLain uniform and high (for instance, 97%) efficiencies of
edraction for individual characterislic gases.
7.1 Determination of Total Dissolved Gal. Determination oftolal dissolved gas should be
mode in acc:ordWlce ",ith ASTM D2945-90 fl).
7.2 Determination of Individual Dissolved Gases. Detennination of the individual dis
solved gases should be made in accordance with ASTr.l D361290 [3].
7.3 Determination of Individual Gases Present in the Gas Blanket. Analysis of the
individual cases present in the gas blanket above the oil rna)' be made by using ASTM 03612
90 (3], beginning at Section 10 of that stand:.wd. Sections 13.1 and 13.2 ofASTM D3612-90 [3J
nrc not applicable in this casco
27
OF" I. [1'-:IIIEI'5 IIEH)
I .. ,04 1"<>0
IEEE C57.l04 91" 48057020504378 2b7 ..
IEEE
Sid ClI7.104-1 991
8.1 Sources. The sources used fire:
IEEE CUIDE FOR THE INTERPR.TA110N OF CASES
8. Bibliography
IE,.., and IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems (PA)
Doble Indices of Minutes ofAnnual International
COllfcrCllces of Doble Clients
lEE Procudings
Electr-ical World
Citation Indu
Bulletin Analytique et Signaletique de France
Infonnation and technical papers supplied by
Memben orthe IEEE Trflnsformer Committee
(in particular a comprehensive list by T. K. Sloat>
Chemical Abstracts
Eb:c1r-ic;ul and Electr-onics Abstr-acts
CQmpendex und lnspec
8.2 Gas EvolutioD
1939-19i5
1935-19i5
1949-1972
1949-1969
196{)-1969
1950-1972
1969-1971
1973-1975
197&--1987
(81] Clerk, F. M., '"TI>e Role of DissoJved Gases in Detennining the Behavior of Mineral Insu-
latin&" Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 215, p. 39, Jan. 1933.
(B2) Berberich, L. J. "I nnuance of Gaseous Electric Disc:har-ge of H,)rdrocarbon Oils, Indus
tr-ial and EngiJU!er-ing Chemistry, vol. 30, pp. 280-228, 1938.
[B3] Murphy, E. J., "Gases Evolved by the Themlnl Decomposition Transactions of
Electrochemical S()(;iety, vol. 83, p. 161, 1943.
(B4) Vogel, }'. J., Peterson, C. C., nnd Mntsch, L. M., "Deterioration of Transfonner Oil and
Paper Insulation by AlEE Transactions, vol. 78, no. I, pp. 18-21 {tithIes), 1951.
[85J Worner, T., "Behavior oflnsulating Oil Under Dielectric Stress with Respect to G::as E\o
lulion undlor Absorplion,- (in Gennan), Eltktrotech, Z. Desch, (Nuremberg), vol. 72, no. 22, pp.
656-658,1951.
[06) Oroce, C. E. Rand Whilney, W. 8., Note on thr Quantity and Constitution of Gas Liber-
ated During Arcing ill Oil CircuiJ Br-rokers. British Electrical and Allied Industries, Research
Association Technicnl Reports: G'X1'35 and ClXT66 (1951) and GlI'260 (1954).
rB7l Slelchely, V. C., Between Cas Evolution and the Physicnl Properties of Liq
uids, Applud Physics, vol. 22, p. 627, 1951.
28
lar. L, ,h 1,;"TlfUT OF g ElECfQ(llIIC<: [,lIlEr":> IIEEE
01 22,:;:',0
IEEE (57.104 91 .. 0504379 1T3 ..
CENERATED TN O[[,.lMJ>fERSED TRANSFORMERS
IEEE
Std CS7
rnSI Dassechf!!o, H. and McClean, D. A., MGaning of Liquid DielectriC!. Under Electrical
Stre!os; lndustridi and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 47, no. 9, part J, pp. 1782-1794, 1955.
[89] Paul, Mlnformation on Hydrogen Generat.ion by fieat Decomposition ofPapcr," AlEE c.P.,
pp.57-21,1957.
[BIOI Meador, J. R. Bnd Dillon, K E., 'TrOonsfonner Oil AlEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Syste.ms, vol. 33, pp. 1208-1211,1957.
[81I] HarriSOll, D., "Field Method Finds Arc-Formed Gas in Oil Filled Transformers," Eiectrj
('ai World. p. 94, August 4,1958.
[BI2} Kaufman, R. B., Pierce, J. L., and Uhlig, E. R, "The Effect ofTransformer-Oil-Preserva-
tion Methods on the. Dielectric Strength of Oil," IEEE PA, vol. 34, pp.1315-1321,1958.
1Bl3] Deenan, w. J. and Doucette, G. G., "Improved Method of Oil Preservation and Its Effect
on Gas Evolution," IEEE PA, vol. 28, pp. 657-666,1958.
(Bl"] BIlS$Khes, H. and Barnes, H. W., -oassing of Liquid Dielectric Under Electrical Stress,
Influence of Voltage and Pressure," Industrial Engineering Chemistry, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 959-
966,1958.
18151 Krasucki, Z., Church, H. }O":, and Garton, C. G., "ANew Explanation of Gas Evolution in
Electrically Stressed Oil Impregnated Paper Insulation; Journal of the Electrochemical Soci
ety, '1.'01.107, no. 7, pp. 598-602, 1960.
(816) Saito, Y. and Hino, T., "Study of'l'hermal Deterioration of Enameled Wires by the foolass
Spectrometer Method," IEEE PA, vol. SO, pp. 653-657,1960.
(BI7] Rey, E. and Ehurt, L., "Die BeurieiluflG' vun inhibieTten und nicht inhibierten: lsolie-
rolen fUr HochspannWlgs-Transformatoren und Mcsswandler." Bull. As. Elec. vol. 52,
110. 11, p. 401, 1961.
(B181 8aguhn, A. H., Reinhard, R E., and Oake, S. 4, "Gas Generation During Interruption
under Oil," AJJ!,'E, vol. 237, 1962.
em 9] Dlodg-ett, R. B. and Bartlett,. S. C., MParnmetcrs for Predicting Gassing of Oils Under
Electric Stress," IEEE PA, vol. 55, pp. 528-536, 1961.
[820] Dnkin, T. W. and Sloat, T. K, Generation and Its Relation to the Dielectric
Strength Electrical Insulation Conference (JESEJ, 1963, pp.13O-133.
11321] Sheppard, H. R., "The Mechnnism of Gas Generntion ill Oil-Filled Transformers," Doble
Conference Index of Minutes, 1963, Slle. 6-601.
[D22) I-Iornsl>y, E. A., Irving, ft., and Patterson, E. A., "New Criterion of the Gassing l\.'Ilden
cies of Insulating Oils," Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, vol. 112, no. 3,
pp. 590--596, March 1965.
(B23) Znky, A. S. and Hawley, R., MGas Evolut.ion from Insulating Oils," Electrical Reuicw, vol.
3, p. 828, June 1966.
(824) 81"Zusku, L. and Widmann, w., MZur Prufung der Gasfestigkeit von Isolierolen und Iso-
Jierun{;en, Elchtrotech. Z., pt. A, vol. 88, flO. 3, p. 69,1967.
29
V> '.!>e 1I.$TIT'J1E (IF ElECTPICIol.; ['<G't.'Ef"'S lE[[
1_
IEEE
Std C!>7.100t_1991
IEEE (57.\04 9l .. 0504360 915 ..
IEEE GUIDE rOll TllE D\-rERPRETATtON or GASF$
{D25] Sloat, T. K, Johnson, J. L., and Sommerman. G. M. L., Evolution from Trans-
former Oils under High Voltage Stress," IEEE Transactions on Power ApparatllS arad System.s,
vol. PA-86, no. 3, p. 374, 1967.
[826] Pedersen, G., of Insulating Oils under the lnAuence or an Electric Discharge/
Bfl)Wn &weri vol. 55, no. 415, pp. 222-228, ApriVJI.fay 1968.
(8271 Morrison, E. L., "Evaluation of Thermal Stability of Electrical Insulating Paper," IEEE
1l'on.sactions all Electrical Insulation, vol. 1-3. pp. 76-82, August 1968.
(828) Lipsey. G. Jo-: and Ettlinger, L. T., "PermaleJ: II Insulation System." IEEE Electrical
Insulation Conference Proceeding" pp.15D-151,1969.
[8291 Varshavskij, D. S. Influence de la Valeur SpeifiQue du Dcgagcmcnt Ga.zeux Bur lo
Duree de Vie Descondensateurer au Papier Huile, Izvestia Vys$hikh Uchebnykh Zovendenii
Elekcomrkhanika, no. 7, pp. 800-803, 1970.
ra30) Gusev, N. r.. -Gas Shielding of a Transformer," En.ercetik., vol. 10, p. 24, 1970.
(831] Forster, J. A and McCrae, G. G., "Gassing Tendency Tests on Service-Aged Insulating
Oils; Dahle Conference Proceedings, 1974, See-IO-ISOl.
8.3 Detection and Interpretation
8.S.1 Gas Detector Relay
[B32) Bucholt, M., -rhe Bucholz Protective System and its Practical Applications; Elektro-
tech. Z., vol. 49, pp. 1257-1261, 1929, (In German).
[833l"Preliminary Report of Subcommittee on Gas Detector Relay,, listed in Advance Report
{Ot' 56th Ann.ual Meet.ing o{ Canadian Electrical Association Engineering Section. p. 39,
June 1946.
1834J AlEE Relay Subcommittee, "Relay Protection of Power Transfonnen.... AlEE 7l-an.soc-
tUlliS, vol. 66, pp. 9lJ-917, 1947.
[835] Gross, E. T. G., "Simplicity in Transformers Protection," ErectricaJ Enginuring, vol. 66.
pp. 564-569, June 19017.
[n36] Madill, J. T., "'Typical Transformer Faults and Gas Detector Relay Protection; AlEE
Tran.sactiolls, vol. 66. pp. 1052-1OliO, 1947.
fB37] "Nipping Incipient Faults," editorial, Electrical World, vol. 128, p. 68, July 5, 1947.
(838j Gudmundsson, E., "Auxiliary Apparatus for Service Supervision and l>laintcnance of
Transformers," Journal of/he ASEA (Sweden), vol. 22, no. 10, PI). 159-167, 1949.
[O39} Streuli, W. R. ''Tranfoscope (Gas Actuated Transformer Protective Relay of Buchhol7.
Type," Doble Conference Index of Minute", 1949, Sec. 6-01.
(D40) Duffy, F. H. "Gas Detector Relay Experience on Saguenay System, Doble C<Jnfenncf!
Index of Afinute" 1951, See. 6-501.
30
9M bv U'e j'ISTIT'J-E or .lHE)
Cl l"?b
IEEE (57.104 91 .. 851 ..
GE....""ERATED OIl...IMMERSED TRANSFOR.\1ERS
rEIU:
Std C57.1D-l1991
f841 J Bean, H. L.. and Cole, H. L.., "ASudden Gas PTeuure Relay for Transformer Protection,"
AlEE 7J-ansactions, vol. 72, no. 3. pp. 480-483, 1953.
[8421 Rossier, C. "Design of Large Power Trnnsformen; Bull. SteherOlt (Suisse). no. 25f, pp.
9-25,1956.
1B431 Howe, V. H., Massey, L. nnd Wilson, A C. M., 'The Identity lind Significance of Gases
Collected in Buchholz Protectors," The Metropolitan VICkers Gazette, Manchester, England,
vol. 27, pp. 138-148, 296, 1956.
[B44] Aptov, 1. S., "Determination of the Character of Defects Inside Transformers fronl the
Composition ofGns Evolved in the Gas Relay," British Electric and Alied lndul':tries
Associations 7ralUaction IB1532, pp. 1-6, June 18, 1957.
[845] Hnrrison, D., 'Tnmsformer Gas Testing," Onlario Hydro Research Ntws, vol. 9, no. 4,
pp. 11-15. 1957.
[B461 Sterner, V., "Report an the Work of the Study Group on Protection and Relaying. Part II:
The Protection of Large Transformers," CIGRE C. R. 7hrnSQction$ (l8th SusionJ, 24 X 16, no.
334, pp. 8-13, Paris, 1960.
[B47] Vanlund, J. A, "General Electric Transformers," Doble Conferenct Index of .lI,{inules,
1961, Se<:. 6-301.
[B48] Sturtevant, D. D., "E:o;perience with Buchholz Gas-Operated Relay," Doble Conference
Index of Minutct, 1964, See. 6-101.
[B49) Seiler, H. "Gas Test Device for Protection of Transformer,'" Electroteeh. Z, vol. 19, no. 5,
pp. IIJ-116, 1967.
[B50J McDermid, w., -Generation of Combustible Gas in 230 kV Oil Filled CutTent Trans-
formers; Doble Confenru:e lrtiUz of Minutes, 1968, See. &-301.
8.3.2 Gas Cushion in Sealed Transform.ers
[B5]j Wacner, H. H., -Method Dete<:ls Incipient. Power Transformer Faults," Electrical World,
p. 80, Dec. 1959.
[n52l Wagner, H. I-I., "Detect.ion of Incipient Faulls in Power Transformers by Gas Analysis,"
Doble Conference Index of Minutes, 1960, Sec. 6-801.
(853) PuCh, P. S. and Wagner, H. II., "Detection on Incipient. faults in 'l'rnnsformers by Gus
Analysis," AlEE c.P., pp. 60-950.1960.
[854] Wagner, H. H., "Gas Analysis Detects Incipient Faults; Electrical \\IOrld, pp. 114, June
20,1960.
{85S] Pugh, P. S. and Wagner, H. H., -Detection of Incipient. Faults in Transformers by Gas
Analysis," AlEE Transadions, vol. 80, pp. 189-195,1961.
[B56] Wagner, H. H., -Experience with Transfonner GasFault DetectorTl!Stings," Doble Con,-
ferenee Indu 0( Minutes, 1961, Sec. 6-701.
31
.".. mS+HIHE OF ELECll;!CAl ;. ElECI"::fllCS Or,l.lED'S It(EEI
.. ,o.:. 1<><>"
"'E
Std C67.104.1991
IEEE (57 .04 9\ .. 4eOS702 OS043e2 79B ..
a: CUrD I'OR TIlE INTERPRETATION CASES
113571 Horelick.A 4, "Incipient Fault Detection Method Proves Valuable for Transformer Pro
teeth'e Maintenance," Tra11Jmission and Distribution, p. 34, Jan. 1961.
[B58] Bore, Gordon llnd Reichart, "'Incipient Transformer Faults Quickly Detected," Electrkol
World, vol. 155, pp. ao-B3,April24, 1961.
[D59] Wagner, H. B., "Pennsylvania Transformers," Dobh Conference Index of Minutu, 1961,
Sec. 6-701.
1060] Duke, C. A and Tuylor, R. 0., "Detection of Combustible Gases in Nitrogen Sealed
Power Transformers; Doble Conference lndu of Minutes, 1962, Sec. 6-101.
(B61] Gronberg, W. L., "Detection of Incipient Power Transformer faults with Combustible
Gus Jet," Doble Omference Index of Minutes, 1962, Sec. 6-301.
r062] Wagner, H. H., "Field Experiences with the TrorJsfonner Fault Gas Doble
Conference Index of Minutes, 1962, Sec. &-801.
[863) Taylor, R 0., Experiences in Analyzing Combustible Gases in Nitrogen Sealed
Power 1Tansformers," AlEE C.P., pp. 62-528, 1962.
{B64) Rickley, A L. and Clark, R. E., "Combustible Gu Detection in Transformers; Doble
Index ofMinuteJl, 1963, See.. 6-S01.
IB6S1 Taylor, R 0., Gas Tests Warn ofTrMsformer Failure,; Electrical World,
pp. 74-75, April 22, 1963.
[866] Burrett, R D. and Parker, J. C., "Experience in 'fusling NitrOl,;en in OilFilled Trans
former!i; Doble Con.ference Index of Minutes, 1963, Sec. 6-201.
(B67J Cromley, R J., MFailure and Repair of a Transformer Doble Con{ereru::e Index of
Minutes, 1963, Sec. 6--701.
(B6S) Vanlund, J. A, "Gas Analysis for Detection of Incipient Power Transfonner
Doble Confennce Indu of Minutu, 1963, Sec. 6--401.
[869J Vora, J. P. and Aicher, L. C., "Incipient Transformer }'ault Detection and Interpreta-
tion; IEEE G.P., pp. 63-584,1963.
IB70J Bellnschi, P. L., Mlntroduction to Symposium on Gs!t Analysis for Detection of Incipient
Faults in Power Doble Con{uence Index of Minutes, 1963, Sec. 6-101.
IBn] Horelick, A. L., Wagner, H. H., and Lynch, J. C. , for Testing Electricallnstru-
mentalities for Incipient Faults," U.S. Patent No. 3111 388, November 19, 1963.
[B72] Wagner, H. H., Trnnsfonner Towl Combustible Gas (TCG), Incipient
Fault Detector; Doble Conference Index of Minutes, 1963, Sec. 6-302.
(B731 Wagner, H. H., Report on TeG Incipient Fault Detecl.or Practice," IEEE C.P.,
pp. 63-585, 1963.
IB741 Syrjamaki, E. M., Calibration and Comparison of Fault GllS DCtcctoT6," Doble Confer.
ence Inde:c of Minutes, 1964, Sec. 2-101.
32
< t> .'c 1,.:.,TI1l'lE OF " E!;'H',EEll$ ,IFH
I....t>
IEEE (57.104 91 .. 4A05702 0504383 624 ..
GENERATED IN OfL-U>L".u;RSED TRANSFOR..'oU:RS
IF:n:
StdC57.1041991
{B75) Fer-guson, M. L., Gas Analysis as II. Prevenlive Maintenance Doble
Conference Index of Minutes, 1964, Sec 6--1801.
[D761 Duke, C. A., Goodroe, C. n., Taylor, R. 0., and Thompson, W. W., "Detection of Combus-
tiblll Gases in Nitrocen Sealed Power Doble Crmfp.reru:e ltldex of Minutes,
19GJI, 6-1 00t.
{B7?] Wagner, H. H., "Development of Continuous Monitoring Total Combustible Cas (TeG)
Incipient Fault Doble Conference Index of Minutes, 1964, Sec. 6-1901.
[D78) Cra;vford, C. E. and Wilson, A. F., Transformer Fault Detected by Combusti
ble Gas Monitoring Prob'Tllm and Ultra Sound Tests," Doble Confereru:c Index of Minutes,
11164, Sec. &-1201.
(B79j Wogner, H. H., "Survcy ofTCG Tests on Transformers," IEEE G.P., pp. 6--4209.
[DBOI Parker, J. C., "Testing Nitrogen O\'cr Oil in Power Transformers," Doble Conference
Index of Minutes, 19601, Sec. 6-1501.
fDSl] Ferguson, M. L., "Combustible Gas Problem," Doble Conference Index of Minutes, 1965,
Sec. 6-401.
[B82J Graham, W. R. and Riner, R. B., Mlncipi(mt Fault Detection in Power
Doble Conference Index of Minutes, 1965, Sec. 6-201.
[B83] Wllgner, H. H., YeliTS Experience with Transfontler TeG Incipient Fllult Detccwr
IEEE Transactions on Power Appamtlls and Systems, vol. PAS-84, no. 8, pp. 700-706,
1965.
LB84] Yom, J. P. and Aicher, L. C., "Transformer Fault Gas Anlllysis Interpretntion," IEEE
Transactions on Powcr Apparatus and Systems, vol. PASB4, no. 2, pp. 172-176, discussion on
p. 487, 1965.
[B85] Thomas, D. J., Gas in Power TransfonneTS (Its DetR.ction and Signifi-
cance)," Doble CrmferelU:.e Index of Minutes, 1966, Sec. 6-1010.
lB861 Gochmauer, E. L., "TCGAnalysis of Incipient Fault Forecasted," Doble Conference Index
of Minutes, 196G, Sec. 6-201.
fB871 Price, R. C., "Transformcr Failure at the Allen Steam Plants," Doble Conference Index
of Minutes, 1966, Sec. 6-301.
(E88) Rose, M., "Automatic Sampling and Measurement of Combustible Gases in TrOllsfonll-
ers," Doble Conference Index of Minutes, 1967, Sec. 6-801.
[BB9] Thompson, W. W., "Modification of Conservator Transformers to Permit Combustible
Gas Doble Conference Index of Minutes, 1967, See. 6-601.
[B90] Wagner, H. H., TCG Transformer Fault-Gas Continuous Monitor," Doble
Conference Index of Minutes, 1967, Sec. 6-701.
[B91] Sheppllrd, H. R., "Dangerous Conditions Are Detected by Analyzing Transfonner
Gases," Transmission and Distribution, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 71-74, 1968.
33
the l'JSTITUTF OF FlEC1RICAI. ENGIIJEEIIS tlt(()
>1
IEEE
Std C51.104.1991
IEEE (57.\04 9L .. 48057DZ 0504384 SbO ..
IEEE GUIDE FOR TIlE U.'TERPRl:TAT!ON GASES
[892J Hahn. J. H., "Field Un tanking and Repair of a 2301U5 kV, 40150, 3/66.7 MVA, OAIFAJ
FA, Doble Confertnce IMIlI( of Minuter. 196B, Sec. 6-101.
(893] McDermid, W., "Generation of Combustible Gas in 230 kV Oilfoll1ed Current Trans
Doble Confeflm lrulu of Minutrs, 1968, Sec. 6-301.
[8941 Sheppard, H. R., "Why is Gas Generated in OilFilled T'ransfonners?" Transmi.uion
and Distribution, voL 20, no. I, pp. 63-65, 196B.
rB95] eillies, D. A. and Muckerhelde, L. H.. "Combustible Gas Monitorinl;--SOO kV Current
T'ransformers," [)obIt. Conferenu Index of Minutu, 1973. Sec. 6-201.
B.3..1 Dissolved Gall in Transformer Oil
(896) Clark, F M. '"The Role of Dissolved Gases in Determining the Behavior of Mineral
Insulating Oils; Journal oftM PranJdin Inuit ute. vol. 215, no. 1, p. 39, 1933.
(8971 Dornenberg, E. and Gerber, O. E., "Analysis of Dissolved and Free Gases for Monitor-
ing Performance of Oil-Filled T'ransformers," Brown BOlleri RelJiew, vol. 54, no. 213, p. 104,
1967.
[B9B1 Stamm, H. and Schul%e. w.. "Deterioration oflnsul.ators Consisting of Paper-Oil La)'ers
and its Study by Gas Chromatography,- presented at CIGRE, Paper 12-14,1968.
(8991 Sheppard, H. R.. "Why is Gas Generated in Oil-Filled Transformers?" 1rafl.llmjssion
and Distributwn, pp. Jan. 1968.
{BIOOI Strom, R and Takahashi, S., MAnalysis of Fault Gases in Transformer Oil by Improved
Method of Gas Chromatography; Ontario Research Qunrterly, second quarter, pp. 21-25,
1968.
[BIOIl Hahn, J. H., "Field Untnnking and Repair ofa 23M15 kV, 40150, 3/66.7 MVA, OA/I'"AI
FAAutotrnnsformer: Doble Canferenot index of Minutes, 1968, Sec. 6-101.
[BI021 Thibault, M. and Galand, J., "Modem Physical Chemistry Methods for Analysis of
InsulaUon Degradation in Service,M Review Generale de fElectricitt, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 301-
302,1969.
[BI031 Waddington, fo-: B. and Allan, D. J., 'Transformers Fault Delel:tion by Dissolved Gas
Electrical Review, pp. 751-755, M.lI.Y 23,1969.
181G41 Coltong, R., "Combustible Gas Testing on Large OilPilled T'runsfonners," Electrical
InslJlation Conference 69C 33EJ-37, pp.1l5-118,1969.
[DI051 Muller, R., Potthoff, K, and Soldner, K., MAnnlyse des Gas Dissous dans I'Huile en
Tant que Moyen de Surveillance des T'runsrormnteurs et de Detection de Defaults Naissants,
Ilresented.at CIGRE, Paper 12-<12, 1970.
[BI06] t'allou, 8., Viale, F., Devaux, A., FOUTnie, R, Galand, J., Vuarthes, P., Davies, I., Rog_
ers, R R., Reynolds. E. H., and Dornenburg, E., MApplicatioll des Methodes d'Analyse Physico-
Chimiques Al'Etude des Degradations dans I'lsolation des Materiels Eledriques," presented
at CleRE, Paper 15-07,1970.
34
"'. by th or CUCiPl('.Al I HEClROU1CS [!V,)!l;;[U'l> (!E[[l
01 1_
IEEE 91 .. ..
CENEllATED IN OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
lEEE
Sld C57.1041991
[BI07) Moraro, D., Popesco, C. Stoic&, M., and Tanaseseo, F. I, -Detection des Degradations
Produite5par des Decharges PaTtielles pour les Types d'bolation Papier-Huile." presented at
CIGRE. Paper 15---05, 1970.
(8108) Wilputte, R., -Contribution a l'Etude de I'Evolution de Gas dans les Isolnnu LiQuides
et Solides Soumis a rAttion de Contraintes Electriques,- presented at CIGRE, Paper 15---03.
(SI09] Beer, G., Onerii, A., Bossi, A., Hjrra, C., "Contribution ezperimenLnle 8: I'etude de 1a
degradation produiLs par les delchargu partielles dans Ie papier isolant impregne a. I'huile;
presented at CIGRE, Paper 15-02, 1970.
(8110) Discussion ofPapeTS from Group 15 (Insulating Materia!), presented a1 CIGRE, 1970.
(8111 J Lindeman, K., -Analyze Transfonner Gas To Identify Faulta," Power, vol. 114, no. 4, p.
74,1970.
(81121 "Detection of Developing DaDlage in Transformer; Gorchokollo Elek. Sta., vol. 41, no.
4,p. 51, 1970.
(8113] Ishii, T. and Namba, S., "Les Gu Produits LoTS de 10 Deterioration de l'Isolation des
'ITansfonnateurs; Jour1UZ1 of the lnstitute of Electrical Ertginur. of Japan, vol. 90, no. 5, p.
910,1970.
[O1l4) Dind, J., Daoust., R, Regis, and Morgan, J . -Analysis of Gases Dissolved in 'ITans-
fonner Oil,- Doble Conferena./Il(fu: of Minutes, vol. 38, AlC71 , 1971, Sec. 6-U01.
(BllS) Morpn-Schaffer CeJrporlltion, rra.n,fonntr Fault Ddedwn &flIice.
(BlI6] Collins, R. L.. -Hydrogen Detector," US Patent 3 559 457, 1971.
(DU7] Stoll, P. and Vuillemier, C., -Une Methode ChromaloiTaphiQue de Mesure Absolue de
C02 dans I'Huille des 1'ransfonnateun; BuU. Ass. Suisu Elee., vol. 62, no. 23, p. 1113, 1971.
(8118) Hino, T. and Suganuma, Y., -Rapid MealUTement of the Deterioration of Oil.Immersed
Eketricol/n,ula1ion Conference, 71 C 38EI-41, 129,1971.
rB119) Davies, 1., MComposition oflhe Gases Formed in Electricallnsul!lting Oils: Journal of
Applied Chemi!!ry and Bio!ec;hnolO{JY, vol. 21. p. 194. 1971.
lD120) Thibault, M. and Galand, J., "Methodes Physico-Chimiques d'Etude de DCr,Tadntions
en ServiCC,R Rell. Gen. Eke., vol. 80, no. 1, p. 46, Jan. 1971.
fB121) Thibault, M. and Galand, J., "M:ethode, Physico.Chimiquel d'Etude de Degradation
en Service; ReI). Gen. Eke., vol. 81, no. 1, p. 48, 1972.
18122) Daoust, R., MAnalysis of GasCll Dissolved in Transfonner Oils,R Doble Confuenu Index
ofMinutu, vol. 39, AlC71,1972, Sec. 1()....601.
(BI23) McCrae. G. G_, "Experience with Incipient Faults Detection by Gasin-Oil Analysis:
Doble COIlfu'cnoe /ndero( Minu!u, vol. 39, lAC72, 1972, Sec. 6-101.
(8124) Hardy, Hurworth, and Robinson, -Diagnostic Testing of 1'Tens(ormer Insulation by
Gas-in-Oil Analysis: presented a1 SUPEC 72 Conference, University of Bradford, 1972.
35
by WSlllUIE OF ElECIIlICAL & ELEC1R(J-llCS F.tlGltlEEIl$ (IEEEI
lq<jl>
IEEE
Sld C57J04-l991
IEEE .. 4605102 333"
1 GUID FOR nmINTt:RPRTAnON OF GASES
(8125) Analysis as an Aid to Transfonner Fault Location; 7Tmu, vol. 161, no. 5,
p. 46. 1972.
181261 Cameron, D. I.. "Gas-in-OilAnalysis: A'Thol for Early Warning of Equipment
presented at CEA, Spring 1972.
[B1271 Barraclough, B., Bayley, E., Davies, I., Robinson. K., Rogers, R R., nnd Shanks, E.
KCEGB Experience of the Amdysis of Dissolved Gas in Transfonner Oil for the Detection of
Incipient Faults," I n TEE Conference Publication, no. 94, Sec. 1, Part 2. March 1973.
[8128) 8allaschi. P. L.. "Application of Fault-Gas Detection Methods on Transfonner Test at
the Factory," Doble Conference Twx 0{ Minutrs. 1973, Sec. 10-301.
(8129] Pugh. D. R., "Combustible G8I Analysis, Doble COTIferrna Iru;ux 0{ Minutes, 1973.
Sec. 10-401.
{BISOJ Martin. W. 8. Jr. and 1'I.ylor, R. 0., -Experience with Chromatcgraphic Analysis of
Fault Gases in Power Transfonners; Doble Conference Index 0{ Minutu, 1973, Sec. 11)....201.
[8131) Booker, J. R., "Ellperience with Incipient Fault Detedion Ulili:ting Gas Chromatogra-
phy Analysis,- Doble Index ofMinwtJ, 1973, Sec. 10-.501.
[B132J Raab. E. L., "Symposium on Gas Chromatography: Doble Confereme Index of Min-
ules, 1973, Sec. 10-501 A.
fBI33l Yamaok, M. et al., "GJO Analyser (Auto.Analyser for Gases in Fuji Elretr. Rev.
(Japan), vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 83-86, 1973.
18134J Smimov, M. A. et al.. "Gas-Content of the Oil in Working Transformers," Elektr. Ston-
tsii (RusJ, no. 8, pp. 57-60, 1973.
(BI35] Pugh. D. R., "Advances in Fault Diagnosis by Combustible Gas Analysis: Doble Con
ferenu Indu of 1974, Sec. 10-1201.
rB136) Beeler. G., "Cambustible Gas Analysis on Peach Bottom No.1 Transformer: Doblt
COIIferrnce 1nOOo(Minutes, 1974, Sec. 10-1401.
[BI37) Keene. D. J., -rransfonner Problem Delected by F.o.uItrGosAnalysis," Doble Confer-
tmt Tndex of Minutes, 1974, Sec. 10-1301.
[8138] Duval, M., "Fault Gasu lo'ormed in Oil-Filled Breathing E.H.V. Transformers; Inter
prel.Rlion of Gas Analysia D.o.ta, IEEE C.P" no. C 74, pp. 476-478,1974.
[lU39) Domenburg, E. and Strittmatter, w., -Monitoring Oil Cooled Transformers by Gas
Analysis.- Brown Bovui Revitw, vol. 61, nO. 5, pp. 238-247. May 197<1..
[8140) Muller. R, Schliesing. H., and Soldner, K., "Testing and Supervision of Transformers
by Analysis oftbe Cases Dissolved in the Oil,- Ehlt.trizitoetswirlsch4tt (Germany), vol. 73, no.
239.pp.683-687.1974.
[8141]" Discussion From Group 15 ((nsulating Materials): CIGRE Conference Proc:rrdings,
vol. 1.1974.
3.
'.I,IM try .. WSTITUTE Of' ELECUlIUol. !. [lEClllONICS EH3WHRS IIHE!
s..p 01 22,:>t>,().ol tQ<Jt>
IEEE (57.11J4 91 40305702 QS043B7 27T
GENERATED IN OIL1MMERSED TRANSFORMERS
IF.F.E
9t.d C5? .1Q.f-19111
[BI42} Rogers, R. R., "U.K Experience in the Interpretation of Incipient Faults in Power
Transformers by Dissolved Gas-In-Oil Chromatographic DobIe Conference Index of
Minutes, 1975, Sec. 10-201.
IB143] Armstrong, G. W. Jr., and B::aker, A. E., "Transformer Problems Detected or Confirmed
by Use ofCombustibJe Gas Analysis," Doble Conference Index of Minutes, 1975, Sec. 1()-301.
[B144J Dvoracek, E. and Walla, J., "Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Transformer Oils." Enerae-
/ika, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 8-11,Jan.1975.
[D145J Pejovic, V. and Bojkovic, A., "Control of Transformer Insulation Systems by Gas Anal-
ysis," Thknika (Yugoslavia). vol. ao, no. 5, 1975.
[B146] Thibault, M. and Rabaud, J., "Application of the Analysis of Dissolved Gases to the
Maintenance of Transformers," Rev. Gen. Elec., vol. 84, no. 2, p. 21, Feb. 1975.
IB147J Dind, J. E. and Regis, J., "How HydroQuebec Diagnoses Incipient Transformer Faults
by Using Gas-inOil Analysis," Pu.lp Paper Can., vol. 76, no. 9:T264, Sept. 1975.
[B148] Davies, I. A., "'Review of Methods for Examining the Analysis of Gases in Oil Filled
Electrical Equipment, With ObselVations on the Concentrations Found and Their Depen-
dence an Time," G.E.G.B., Paper No. SSD/SElRR/68J75.
[B149] Hubacher, E. J., "Analysis of Dissolved Gas in Transformer Oil to Evaluate Equip-
ment Condition," P.C.E.A. Engineering and Operation Section Spring Conference, March
1976.
(BI50) Tsukioka, H., Sugawara, K, Mori, E., Hukumori, S., and Sakai, S., "New Apparatus
fur Detecting H
2
, CO, and CHi Dissolved in 'lTansformer Oil," IEEE 'I'ransactions on Electri-
cal Insulation, vol. EI-18, no. 4, pp. 409-419, Aug. 1983.
[BI5Il Lampe, W., Spicar, E., and CarTender. K.., "Gas Analysis as a Means of Monitoring
Powcr ASEA Journal (Allmaenna Svenska Elektrisha Aktiebol!llget), vol. 52,
no. 2, pp. 39-42, 1979.
[BI52l DiGiorgio, J. B., Jakob, F., and Haupert, T., 'Transformer Fault Gas Analysis," min-
utes of the meeting of Pennsylvania Electr. Assoc. Eng. Sect. Electr. Equip. Cerom., Bedford.
PA. Oct. 18-19,1977. Published by Pennsylvania Electr. Assoc. Eng. Sect., HafTisburg, p. 22,
1977.
(B153] Aiyar, D. and Nanda, J. R., "Identification and Estimation orGnses DissO'lved in Elec-
tric!!l Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography," Electric India, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 17-21, May
15,1976.
lDI5-1] Tsukioka, H., Sugawara, K, More, E., Hukumori, S., and Sakai, S. , "New Apparatus
for Detc<:ting H2, CO, and CH
4
Dissolved in Transfonner Oil," IEEE Transformer Ekctrical
IMulation (USA), vol. EL-18, no. 4, pp. 409-419, Aug. 1983.
[B15sJ Surakka, M. L., "Gas AnRlysis of Oil Monitors Transformer Condition," Modern Power
Systems {USA}, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 60-61, April 1983.
[B1561 Surakka, M. L. and ,Jaakkola, V. K.., "Gassing Properties ofTransfonner Oils," Pre-
sented at Nordisk Isolation Symposium, 1982, Odense, Denmark. Published: ASEA, Stock-
holm, Sweden.
37
'y th. INSTlTUT OF ElfCTRIClll & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS II((EI
22,36,04
IEEE
Std. CS7.llM.lelll
1E[E (57.104 91 .. 4605702 05043&8 lOb ..
1EE GUIDE FOR THE D-."TERPRETATJON OF CASES
(DIS?] Kelly. J. J. and Myers. S. D., "The Value of Gas-in-Oil Analysis as II Guide to the
Operational Conditions Existing in a Power Transformer," Conference Record of the 1972
Thirty-Fourth Annual Conference of Electrical Engineering Problems in the Rubber and Plas-
t.ics Industries.
rB158J Yamada. H., Nomura, Y., Kat.ayma, Y., Ishii, '1':, Imamura, 0 . and buchiyama, K..,
'"Automatic: Field Monitoring of Dissolved Gas in Transformer Oil," IEEE TrallSformer Power
Apparatus and Systems (USA), vol. PAS-lOO, no. 4, pp. 1538-1544,AprilI981.
[13159] Brasel. E. and Langec:ker, K., '"E.traction of the Gas Dissolved in the Transformer
Oil," EleJctrie (Germany), vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 637-641,1980.
(B160] Kan, B., '"Automatic Dissolved-Gas Analyzers for Transformer Monitoring," Mit:tub
ilfhl" Electric Adt> (Japan), vol. 12, pp. 8-10, June 1980.
[B161] Groves, B. C. and Brinkworth, D. C. "On-Line Gasin-Oil Monitor," CEGB nchnical
Disdosun Bulletin (GB), no. 349, pp. 1-2. June 1980.
rB162J Kelly. J. J . 'Transformer Fault Diagnosis by Dissolved-GuAnalysis: presented at
IEEE 26th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, pp. 145-151, 1979. San
Diego, CA, Sept.10-l2, 1979.
(8163J Rogers, R. R, "IEEE and IEC Code. to Interpret Incipient Faults in Tranlformers
Using Gas-in-Oil Analysis: IEEE Transforme,. Eleetricallruulation (USA), vol. EI-13, no. 5.
pp. 349-354, Oct. 1978
[B164] Belanger, G. and Duval, H.. "Monitor for Hydrogen Dissolved in Transformer Oil,
IEEE Transfonner Elmricollnsulation (USA), vol. EI-12, no. 5, pp. 334-340, Oct. 1977.
{DIG51 Kauffman, G. H., "Gas Bubbles in Distribution Transformers; IEEE Transformer
Power Apparatus and Systems (USA). vol. PAS96. no. 5, pp.1596-1601, Sept.-Oct. 1977.
[BI661 Shirai, H., Shimoji. 5., and Ishii, T., 'Thermodynamic Study on the Thermal Decompo-
5ition oflnsulating Oil," IEEE '1hJruformer ElectrkallnsuJation (USA), vol. EI-12, no. 4, pp.
272-280, Aug. 1971_
(B167J Muller, R., Schliesing, "., and Soldner, K, Assessing the Operational Stale ofTrana-
formers by Gas Analyai5," EleJctriziJ.oetw;irtschoft (Gennany), vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 345-349,
May 23, 1977.
[B1GB] Glass, R. H. "Dissolved GasAnlllysis ofTrnnsfonner Oil," 'n-ansmisswn and Distribu-
tion (USA), vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 22-24, 26, 28-29, Jan. 1977.
[B169] Domenburg, E. and Hutzel. 0., "Operational Supervision by Testing the Insulating
Oil; Ele.lttrotech. Z. A (Germany), vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 211-215, March 1977.
(B170] Heinrichs, F. W, "'I'he Impact of Fault-Detection Methods and Analysis on the Trans-
former Operating Decision," presented at IEEFJPES Transmission and Distribution Confer-
ence, Paper 86 T&D 559-9, Anaheim, California, Sept. 1986.
(DI7l) Haupert, T. J., Jakob, F., DiGiorgio, J. and Sperry, M., "Use ofTransfonner Oil Anal
ysis for Reducing Equipment Failures," Electrical World, vol. 192, no. 7, 1979.
38
I'''t by 0.... INSTI1UIE OF (LEctPIC"," " HEClROIllCS ENGTIlEEPS !lEUI
~ p 01 22,36,(),( \qq6
IEEE (57.104 91 4B05702 0504369 042
GENERATED mOILIMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
lEEE
SldC57JQ.I,I991
[BI72) Jokob, F., Haupert, T. J., ond DiGiorgio, J., Cut Failures by Analy>;ing Trnnsfonner
Oil," Electrical World, pp. 52-54, Oct. 1, 1979.
[BI73] Jakob, P., Haupert, T. J., and DiGiorgio, J., "New Technique Pinpoints Fault Loco.
tions," Ekctrical World, pp. 119-121, May 1981.
[B1741 Church, J. 0., Haupert, T. 0., Jakob, F., "Analy:t.e Incipient Faults with Dissolved Gas
Electrical World, Oct. 1987.
[B17S] Haupert, T. O. and Jakob, F., "AReview of the Operating and Practice of Dissolved Gas
Analysis," Ekctricallnsulation Oils, STP 998, pp. 108-115, 1928.
[B176) Haupert, T. 0., Jakob, F., and Hubo.cher, E.J., "Application of a New 'Thchnique for the
1nterprelation of Dissolved Gas Analysis Data," Il1h Annual Thchnical Conference of the
International Electrical Thsting Association, PP. 43-51, 1989.
39
y the INSTITUTE OF ElECTRICAl! ElECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEEI
22.36,04 1"1"16