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radio spectrum.
Provide for the sharing of channel capacity between
signals in such way that each signal can be received without interference from another
(CD with interference reduced by the code spreading gain) techniques may be used
Random Access
No dedicated channel assigned to each user Users contend for channel when they have data to send Very efficient when users rarely active; very inefficient when
users have continuous data to send Scheduling and hybrid scheduling used to combine benefits of multiple and random access
FDD Scheme Reverse channel for uplink Forward for downlink Frequency split is to avoid self interference
information is achieved Using the simplex-type scheme Automatically alternating in time the direction of transmission on a single frequency A high enough transmission rate on the channel for a very short delay.
TDD Scheme
NOTE
Both FDD and TDD uses same spectrum
downlink communication. For TDD a single frequency channel both the downstream and upstream directions means more user.
whereby a fixed spectrum resource is partitioned and shared among different users FDD creates channels by dividing total system bandwidth into frequency channels TDD further divide each frequency channel into time channels
used by analog systems) It separates users by assigning a different carrier frequency Multiple users are isolated by bandpass filters Frequency guard bands between adjacent signal are used to avoid cross talking
FDMA SCHEME
ADVANTAGES
Capacity can be increased by reducing the
information bit rate by using efficient speech coding method Capacity can be increased by reducing the information bit rate Transmit simultaneously and continuously Hardware simplicity
DISADVANTAGES
Used for narrowband systems due to which not
suitable for large data rates e.g.; computer file transfer Inefficient use of spectrum I.e.; FDMA if a channel is not in use, it remains idle and cannot be used Crosstalk arising from adjacent channel interference by non linear effects
transmit more power on single antenna Causes inter modulation (signals are not integral multiples of each other) Occupies more bandwidth Definitely interference occurs RF filters needed - higher costs
a fraction of time. Time is divided into equal time intervals, called slots. Several slots make up a frame. Guard times are used to minimize interference.
TDMA (continue)
Data is transmitted via a radio-carrier in downlink
frequency for TDMA in uplink TDMA has TDD and FDD modes TDM mode for downlink and a TDMA mode for the uplink direction
TDMA SCHEME
ADVANTAGES OF TDMDA
TDMA permits a flexible bit rate
enable either mobiles or base stations to initiate and execute handoffs. used exclusively i.e.; not with FDMA, utilizes bandwidth more efficiently because no frequency guard band is required between channels. Transmits each signal with sufficient guard time between time slots to accommodate time inaccuracies because of clock instability and transmission delay due to propagation distance
DISADVANTAGES
TDMA on the uplink demands required high peak
power in transmit mode, that shortens battery life Requires synchronization. For a TDMA system propagation time for a signal from a mobile station to a base station varies with its distance
continuous.
channel access used in 3G communication networks. Each user in CDMA technique uses the same spectrum at the same time A unique code is assigned to each communication by Pseudorandom Generator to isolate one communication from other.
CDMA (Continue)
Spread signal means each signal is spread by
adding more bits to it. Each bit in this case is called chip and is greater than a conventional bit. Wider bandwidths are required for CDMA techniques.
CDMA scheme
ADVANTAGES
Superior voice quality
DISADVANTAGES
Problem occurs at a CDMA Receiver if an undesired
(Pseudorandom noise actually a code ), independent of information data, is employed as a modulation waveform to spread the signal energy over a bandwidth much greater than the signal information bandwidth.
At the receiver the signal is despread using a
SSMA TYPES
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
KNOWN as CDMA. Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is the repeated switching of carrier frequency fc from one band to another during radio transmission according to some specified algorithm uses wideband, not occur naturally.
References:
[1] WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING by Vijay Garg [2] https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:zw4CJgjNR7gJ:www.netkrom.com/support/whitepapers/TDD_vs_ FDD_in_wireless_backhaul_white_paper.pdf+tdd+vs+fdd&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESindWZTDz5KGE7MdE mmFpl02Ca4UWw2EElFYvbqEaESFMe2tL_CtKr4CUmNq2g52gz1ApdcqgWzCYuvUG1MGBSeHJcrZmrJ84v4ilQ-aKeaT6L7XKpfZeQd2DtwB_QSR4Zl_V&sig=AHIEtbThIzdRqKT-IjOPufzhxYUmCCp4GA [3] https:///~wl/ofdm/class/class%2520ppt/Multiple%2520Access%2520Techniques%2520for%2520Wireless%2520 Communications940706.pps+MULTIPLE+ACCESS+TECHNIQUES+PPT+SLIDES&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg2dpnBauNvtpRrDU60HGCShwxYB40gIfn9HJwc3FH05YSALyStA5_Yf3JjlH5lC9zxUlOAoZDpBoWBwiI1VxJXU3RA82EyE 7pcN58cBbnxnw5P_EVvx0A_fmOBP3TXVbPVq6i&sig=AHIEtbQolvjI6JdodrBUhnw2tTof63c6Dw [4] https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:v9E7EVbUif4J:www2.spsc.tugraz.at/wwwarchive/AdvancedSignalProcessing/WS03WirelessCommunication/schaeffner.ppt+MULTIPLE+ACCESS+TECHNIQUES+PPT+SLIDES&hl=en&pid=bl&src id=ADGEESjs5PbEKYEwvz46OJiSyxvC3Dsx_87HID3WyQ4DGDwzP0xxwLC4XqWJhCNuVcPkxkJnnrhDCJEE 0Z0DCty6UhPI541Dl_3dvXQ8dwr5zXL30lcUVmWD9Ajl1JWGo8qDV9HBYb7&sig=AHIEtbS7YZdH1A8hGIi9fonH6Rxk QcQFmQ [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulation