+nowledge ,-/Ê, - 1/-Ê,"Ê/ Ê" Ê ,", Ê ",Ê /, /" Ê-/1 /Ê - /Ê - ®êóäää /%#$ /2'!.) 3!4)

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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into
force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
shall promote policies designed:
to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of
living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the
development of the world economy;
to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the
process of economic development; and
to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in
accordance with international obligations.
The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries
became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan
(28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973),
Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland
(22nd November 1996), Korea (12th December 1996) and the Slovak Republic (14th December 2000). The
Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD
Convention).
Publi en franais sous le titre :
CONNAISSSANCES ET COMPTENCES : DES ATOUTS POUR LA VIE
PREMIERS RSULTATS DE PISA 2000
OECD 2001
Permission to reproduce a portion of this work for non-commercial purposes or classroom use should be obtained
through the Centre franais dexploitation du droit de copie (CFC), 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris,
France, tel. (33-1) 44 07 47 70, fax (33-1) 46 34 67 19, for every country except the United States. In the United States
permission should be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, (508)750-8400,
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA, or CCC Online: www.copyright.com. All other applications for
permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this book should be made to OECD Publications, 2, rue Andr-Pascal,
75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
!
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Readers` Guide !1
|tc: ! What rIsA shovs that 1s-year-oids can do:
a proie o student perormance in reading iiteracy !!
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|tc: + Generai outcomes o iearning -
l:t:ocuctio: -
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kcci:g ctivitics :c c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g 10+
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lc::i:g st:tcgics 10-
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ooc:tivc :c couctitivc lc::i:g 11+
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|tc: . Gender dierences 1!1
l:t:ocuctio: 1!!
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Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: su||cct i:tc:cst 1!
Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g 1!0
Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: lc::i:g st:tcgics :c sclico:cct 1!!
o:clusio:s 1!.
|tc: o Iamiiy background and student perormance1!
l:t:ocuctio:1!
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luil, wclt| 1+!
losscssio:s :c ctivitics :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c 1+!
ouuu:ictio: o: socil issucs :c sccts oi cultu:c 1+o
l:c:tl ccuctio: 1+-
luil, st:uctu:c 1.1
llcc oi |i:t| :c l:gugc so|c: t |ouc 1.!
o:clusio:s 1.o
|tc: 1he iearning environment and the organisation o schooiing 1.-
l:t:ocuctio:1o0
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A:oc|cs to sc|ool u:gcuc:t :c |::ci:g 1+
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IAlll l :Il:I
|tc: What makes a dierence to rIsA resuits: some indications or poiicy 1!

l:t:ocuctio: i:0uc:ccs i:sicc :c outsicc sc|ool 1+
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A glo|l c:scctivc 1+
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I|c couo:c:ts oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c 1-!
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ociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c :c v:itio: i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools 1-
low t|c socil u|cu oi t|c sc|ool :ci:io:ccs t|c ciicct
oi stucc:ts` i:civicul |c|g:ou:cs 1-
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sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c !01
o:clusio:s !10
2EFERENCES !1
Anne A
A::cx A1 o:st:uctio: oi i:ciccs :c ot|c: cc:ivcc ucsu:cs i:ou t|c stucc:t :c
sc|ool co:tcxt qucstio::i:cs !!0
A::cx A! lxli:cc v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc !!-
A::cx A! I|c llA t:gct oultio: :c t|c llA sulcs !!1
A::cx A+ t:c:c c::o:s, sig:i|c:cc tcsts :c uultilc cou:iso:s !!
A::cx A. Qulit, ssu::cc !!
A::cx Ao Dcvclouc:t oi t|c llA sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts !!-
A::cx A kcli|ilit, oi t|c u:|i:g oi oc:c:ccc itcus !+!
Anne B
A::cx l1 Dt t|lcs io: t|c c|tc:s !+o
A::cx l! lc:io:u:cc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c llcuis| :c l:c:c| ouuu:itics oi lclgiuu
:c t|c ciiic:c:t li:guistic couuu:itics i: witzc:l:c !1
Anne c
I|c ccvclouc:t :c iulcuc:ttio: oi llA coll|o:tivc ciio:t !!0
IAlll l :Il:I
,)34/&&)'52%3
ligu:c 11 ou:t:ics :ticiti:g i: llA 1.
ligu:c 1! lcuctio:, litc:c, :c t|c :o||ilit, oi |vi:g w|itccoll: |ig|l,s|illcc |o| !0
ligu:c !1 W|t t|c :o|cic:c, lcvcls ucsu:c !o
ligu:c !! ulcs oi t|c :cci:g ts|s uscc i: llA !
ligu:c !! lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g t cc| oi t|c :o|cic:c, lcvcls o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc +.
ligu:c !+ \ultilc cou:iso:s oi uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc.!
ligu:c !. Dist:i|utio: oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ..
ligu:c !o V:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools :c wit|i: sc|ools o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclco1
ligu:c !1 ulcs oi t|c ut|cutics ts|s uscc i: llA!
ligu:c !! \ultilc cou:iso:s oi uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc-
ligu:c !! Dist:i|utio: oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc1
ligu:c !+ A sulc oi t|c scic:cc ts|s uscc i: llA +
ligu:c !. \ultilc cou:iso:s oi uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclc
ligu:c !o Dist:i|utio: oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclc -
ligu:c ! tucc:t c:io:u:cc :c :tio:l i:couc -1
ligu:c !| tucc:t c:io:u:cc :c sc:ci:g c: stucc:t -1
ligu:c +1 l:tc:cst i: :cci:g :c ut|cutics, :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 101
ligu:c +! l:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 10.
ligu:c +! Iiuc sc:t :cci:g io: c:|o,uc:t :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 10
ligu:c ++ l:occ: c:ggcuc:t wit| sc|ool 10-
ligu:c +. o:t:olli:g t|c lc::i:g :occss :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 111
ligu:c +o \cuo:istio: :c cl|o:tio: st:tcgics, :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 11!
ligu:c + ooc:tivc :c couctitivc lc::i:g 11.
ligu:c + l:tc:cst i: couutc:s 11o
ligu:c +- ouio:t wit| :c c:ccivcc |ilit, to usc couutc:s 11
ligu:c .1 Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc 1!!
ligu:c .! l:oo:tio:s oi ulcs :c iculcs uo:g t|c lowcst c:io:uc:s o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc 1!
ligu:c .! kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: i:tc:cst i: :cci:g :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc io: ulcs :c iculcs 1!
ligu:c .!| kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc
iculcs io: ulcs :c 1!-
ligu:c .+ Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g ttituccs tow:cs :cci:g 1!0
ligu:c .. Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g tiuc sc:t :cci:g io: c:|o,uc:t 1!1
ligu:c .o Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g civc:sit, oi :cci:g utc:ils 1!!
ligu:c . kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: sclico:cct i: :cci:g :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc io: ulcs :c iculcs 1!+
ligu:c .| kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: sclico:cct i: ut|cutics :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc io: ulcs :c iculcs 1!+
ligu:c o1 ccutio:l sttus oi :c:ts :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 1+1
ligu:c o! losscssio:s :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 1+.
ligu:c o! ocil :c cultu:l couuu:ictio: wit| :c:ts :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 1+
IAlll l :Il:I
-
ligu:c o+ \ot|c:s` ccuctio: :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 1.0
ligu:c o. llcc oi |i:t|, |ouc l:gugc :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 1.+
ligu:c 1 Icc|c: suo:t :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 1o!
ligu:c ! I|c cliutc io: lc::i:g t|c sc|ool :i:cils` c:scctivc 1o!
ligu:c ! I|c cliutc io: lc::i:g t|c stucc:ts` c:scctivc 1o+
ligu:c + I|c cliutc io: lc::i:g suuu:, ictu:c 1oo
ligu:c . Icc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc 1o
ligu:c o Iiuc sc:t o: |oucwo:| 10
ligu:c l:i:cils` vicws o: t|c qulit, oi ccuctio:l :csou:ccs t sc|ool 1!
ligu:c c|ool uto:ou, :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc 1.
ligu:c - tucc:t c:io:u:cc :c u|lic :c :ivtc co:t:ol 10
ligu:c 1 kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c io: t|c lD :c s w|olc 1.
ligu:cs ! :c !c
kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c io: cc| cou:t:, 11-!
ligu:c + liiccts oi stucc:ts` :c sc|ools` sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc 1--
ligu:c . Avc:gc ciicct oi t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, io: ll lD cou:t:ics cou|i:cc !0!
,)34/&"/8%3
lox 11 llA !000 : i:tc::tio:ll, st:c:ciscc sscssuc:t oi 1.,c:olcs 1o
lox 1! Docs |ig|c: :cci:g litc:c, iu:ovc t|c :osccts io: culo,uc:t !0
lox !1 low to :cc ligu:c !! !
lox !! l:tc::cti:g sulc sttistics.1
lox !! l:tc::cti:g ciiic:c:ccs i: llA sco:cs |ow l:gc g.
lox !+ lcto:s ssocitcc wit| |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o!
lox +1 l:tc::cti:g stucc:ts` scli:co:ts --
lox .1 |:gcs i: gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: ut|cutics :c scic:cc c:io:u:cc s stucc:ts gct olcc: 1!+
lox o1 l:tc::cti:g t|c llA i:ciccs 1!
lox o! low to :cc ligu:c o1 1+0
lox 1 l:tc::cti:g t|c llA i:ciccs 1o0
lox 1 low to :cc ligu:c 1 1o
lox ! ou:i:g t|c iuct oi ciiic:c:t icto:s !0.
lox ! low to :cc I|lc o !0
,)34/&4!",%3
I|lc A11 lcvcls oi :c:tl ccuctio: co:vc:tcc i:to ,c:s oi sc|ooli:g !!!
I|lc A!1 lxli:cc v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc ;k
!
, !!-
I|lc A!1 llA t:gct oultio:s :c sulcs !!!
I|lc A!! kcso:sc :tcs !!.
I|lc Ao1 Dist:i|utio: oi itcus |, t|c ciuc:sio:s oi t|c llA i:ucwo:|
io: t|c sscssuc:t oi :cci:g litc:c, !!-
I|lc Ao! Dist:i|utio: oi itcus |, t|c ciuc:sio:s oi t|c llA i:ucwo:|
io: t|c sscssuc:t oi ut|cuticl litc:c, !+0
I|lc Ao! Dist:i|utio: oi itcus |, t|c ciuc:sio:s oi t|c llA i:ucwo:|
io: t|c sscssuc:t oi scic:ti|c litc:c, !+1
IAlll l :Il:I
10
I|lc !1 lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts t cc| lcvcl oi :o|cic:c, o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc !+o
I|lc !1| lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts t cc| lcvcl oi :o|cic:c, o: t|c :cci:g:ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc !+
I|lc !1c lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts t cc| lcvcl oi :o|cic:c, o: t|c :cci:gi:tc::cti:g tcxts sclc !+
I|lc !1c lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts t cc| lcvcl oi :o|cic:c, o: t|c :cci:g:c0cctio: :c cvlutio: sclc !+-
I|lc !! \ultilc cou:iso:s oi uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c :cci:g:ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc !.0
I|lc !!| \ultilc cou:iso:s oi uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c :cci:gi:tc::cti:g tcxts sclc !.1
I|lc !!c \ultilc cou:iso:s oi uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c :cci:g :c0cctio: :c cvlutio: sclc !.!
I|lc !! V:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc !.!
I|lc !!| V:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c :cci:g:ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc !.+
I|lc !!c V:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c :cci:gi:tc::cti:g tcxts sclc !..
I|lc !!c V:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c :cci:g:c0cctio: :c cvlutio: sclc !.o
I|lc !+ lctwcc:sc|ool :c wit|i:sc|ool v:itio: o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc !.
I|lc !. c|ool`s o: clss:oou tcc|c:`s ssiil t|:cs|olc :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc !.
I|lc !1 V:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc !.-
I|lc !! c|ool`s o: clss:oou tcc|c:`s ssiil t|:cs|olc :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc !o0
I|lc !! V:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclc !o1
I|lc !+ c|ool`s o: clss:oou tcc|c:`s ssiil t|:cs|olc :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclc !o!
I|lc !. lctwcc:sc|ool :c wit|i:sc|ool v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl :c scic:ti|c
litc:c, sclcs !o!
I|lc !o tucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g, scic:ti|c :c ut|cuticl litc:c,
sclcs :c :tio:l i:couc !o+
I|lc +1 l:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: :cci:g :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !o.
I|lc +! l:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !oo
I|lc +! l:ccx oi c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !o
I|lc ++ Iiuc stucc:ts usull, sc:c cc| c, :cci:g io: c:|o,uc:t :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc !o
I|lc +. l:ccx oi co:t:ol st:tcgics :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !o-
I|lc +o l:ccx oi ucuo:istio: st:tcgics :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !0
I|lc + l:ccx oi cl|o:tio: st:tcgics :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !1
I|lc + l:ccx oi cooc:tivc lc::i:g :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !!
I|lc +- l:ccx oi couctitivc lc::i:g :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !!
I|lc +10 l:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: couutc:s :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !+
I|lc +11 l:ccx o: couio:t wit| :c c:ccivcc |ilit, to usc couutc:s :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !.
I|lc .1 tucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclcs, |, gc:cc: !o
I|lc .1| tucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio:, i:tc::cti:g tcxts,
:c :c0cctio: :c cvlutio: sclcs, |, gc:cc: !
I|lc .! lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts t cc| lcvcl oi :o|cic:c, o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, gc:cc: !
I|lc .!| lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts sco:i:g |clow +00 oi:ts :c |ovc o00 oi:ts o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc !-
IAlll l :Il:I
11
I|lc .! Iiuc stucc:ts usull, sc:c cc| c, :cci:g io: c:|o,uc:t !0
I|lc .+ l:ccx oi sclico:cct i: :cci:g, |, gc:cc: :c c:io:u:cc o:
t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !1
I|lc .+| l:ccx oi sclico:cct i: ut|cutics, |, gc:cc: :c c:io:u:cc o:
t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !!
I|lc o1 l:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus ;lll, :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !!
I|lc o1| l:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus ;lll, :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !+
I|lc o1c l:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus ;lll, :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !.
I|lc o! l:ccx oi iuil, wclt| :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !o
I|lc o! l:ccx oi osscssio:s i: t|c iuil, |ouc :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !
I|lc o+ l:ccx oi ctivitics :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !
I|lc o. l:ccx oi socil couuu:ictio: wit| :c:ts :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !-
I|lc oo l:ccx oi couuu:ictio: wit| :c:ts :cltcc to sccts oi cultu:c :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !-0
I|lc o lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g,
ut|cuticl :c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclcs, |, lcvcl oi uot|c:s` ccuctio: !-1
I|lc o lc:cc:tgc oi t|c cult oultio: w|o |vc coulctcc tc:ti:, ccuctio:
:c t|c :o||ilit, oi o|ti:i:g tc:ti:, quli|ctio:, |, :c:ts` lcvcl oi ccuctio: !-!
I|lc o- lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, t,c oi iuil, st:uctu:c !-!
I|lc o10 lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g, ut|cuticl
:c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclcs, |, stucc:ts` :tio:lit, :c t|c :tio:lit, oi t|ci: :c:ts !-!
I|lc o11 tucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclcs,
|, l:gugc so|c: t |ouc !-+
I|lc 1 l:ccx oi tcc|c: suo:t :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !-.
I|lc ! l:ccx oi stucc:t:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !-o
I|lc ! l:ccx oi ciscili::, cliutc :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !-
I|lc + l:ccx oi tcc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !-
I|lc . l:ccx oi :i:cils` c:cctio: oi tcc|c:s` uo:lc :c couuituc:t :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !--
I|lc o l:ccx oi tiuc sc:t o: |oucwo:| c: wcc| i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t, ut|cutics :c scic:cc cou:scs
:c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !00
I|lc tucc:t :ticitio: i: ccuctio:l cou:scs outsicc sc|ool !01
I|lc l:ccx oi tcc|c: s|o:tgc :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc,
|, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !0!
I|lc - l:ccx oi t|c qulit, oi t|c sc|ools` |,sicl i:i:st:uctu:c :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !0!
I|lc 10 l:ccx oi t|c qulit, oi t|c sc|ools` ccuctio:l :csou:ccs :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx !0+
IAlll l :Il:I
1!
I|lc 11 lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sc|ools w|ic| |vc t lcst souc :cso:si|ilit,
io: t|c iollowi:g sccts oi sc|ool olic, :c u:gcuc:t !0.
I|lc 1! lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sc|ools i: w|ic| tcc|c:s |vc t lcst souc :cso:si|ilit,
io: t|c iollowi:g sccts oi sc|ool olic, :c u:gcuc:t !0o
I|lc 1! lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |, t,c oi sc|ool !0
I|lc 1 kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c !0
I|lc ! liiccts oi sclcctcc iuil, |c|g:ou:c :c ccuog:|ic icto:s o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc !0-
I|lc ! V:itio: i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc cxli:cc
|, sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c !10
I|lc + liiccts oi t|c stucc:ts` :c sc|ools` sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c
o: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc !11
I|lc . liiccts oi stucc:tlcvcl :c sc|oollcvcl icto:s o: c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclcs, io: ll lD cou:t:ics cou|i:cc !1!
I|lc . liiccts oi stucc:tlcvcl :c sc|oollcvcl icto:s o: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc !1+
I|lc o ou:t:, uc:s oi sclcctcc sc|oollcvcl i:ciccs :c t|ci: co::cltio: wit| t|c
sc|ool uc: cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus ;l, !1o
I|lc l!1 lc:io:u:cc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c llcuis| :c l:c:c| ouuu:itics
oi lclgiuu :c t|c li:guistic couuu:itics i: witzc:l:c !1
1
c|o..
1lL OLCl lkOGk^!!L lOk
lN1LkN^1lON^L
1LlLN1 ^L!LN1
cHAr1IR 1 1/c C|/ l|oq|annc jo| |r/c|ra//oral /tacr/ -cncr/
1+
!NOVERVIEWOF0)3!
I|c lD`s l:og:uuc io: l:tc::tio:l tucc:t Asscssuc:t ;llA, is
coll|o:tivc ciio:t uo:g t|c \cu|c: cou:t:ics oi t|c lD to ucsu:c |ow
wcll ,ou:g cults, t gc 1. :c t|c:cio:c :oc|i:g t|c c:c oi couulso:,
sc|ooli:g, :c :c:cc to ucct t|c c|llc:gcs oi toc,`s |:owlccgc socictics
1

I|c sscssuc:t is io:w:cloo|i:g, iocusi:g o: ,ou:g colc`s |ilit, to usc
t|ci: |:owlccgc :c s|ills to ucct :clliic c|llc:gcs, :t|c: t|: o: t|c cxtc:t
to w|ic| t|c, |vc ustc:cc scciiic sc|ool cu::iculuu I|is o:ic:ttio:
:cilccts c|:gc i: t|c gols :c o||cctivcs oi cu::icul t|cusclvcs, w|ic|
:c i:c:csi:gl, co:cc::cc wit| w|t stucc:ts c: co wit| w|t t|c, lc:: t
sc|ool, :c :ot uc:cl, wit| w|ct|c: t|c, |vc lc::cc it
llA is t|c uost cou:c|c:sivc :c :igo:ous i:tc::tio:l ciio:t to ctc to sscss
stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c to collcct ct o: t|c stucc:t, iuil, :c i:stitutio:l
icto:s t|t c: |cl to cxli: ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc Dccisio:s |out t|c
scoc :c :tu:c oi t|c sscssuc:ts :c t|c |c|g:ou:c i:io:utio: to |c collcctcc
wc:c ucc |, lcci:g cxc:ts i: :ticiti:g cou:t:ics, :c stcc:cc |oi:tl, |, t|ci:
govc::uc:ts o: t|c |sis oi s|:cc, olic,c:ivc: i:tc:csts u|st:til ciio:ts :c
:csou:ccs wc:c ccvotcc to c|icvi:g cultu:l :c li:guistic |:cct| i: t|c sscss
uc:t utc:ils t:i:gc:t qulit, ssu::cc ucc|:isus wc:c licc i: t::sl
tio:, suli:g :c ct collcctio: As co:scquc:cc, t|c :csults oi llA |vc |ig|
ccg:cc oi vlicit, :c :cli|ilit,, :c c: sig:iiic:tl, iu:ovc ou: u:cc:st:ci:g oi
t|c outcoucs oi ccuctio: i: t|c wo:lc`s uost ccvclocc cou:t:ics
llA is |scc o: c,:uic uoccl oi liiclo:g lc::i:g i: w|ic| :cw |:owlccgc
:c s|ills :cccss:, io: succcssiul cttio: to c|:gi:g wo:lc :c co:ti:uousl,
cqui:cc t|:oug|out liic llA iocuscs o: t|i:gs t|t 1.,c:olcs will :ccc
i: t|ci: iutu:c livcs :c scc|s to sscss w|t t|c, c: co wit| w|t t|c, |vc
lc::cc I|c sscssuc:t is i:io:ucc |ut :ot co:st:i:cc |, t|c couuo:
cc:oui:to: oi :tio:l cu::icul llA cocs sscss stucc:ts` |:owlccgc, |ut it
lso cxui:cs t|ci: |ilit, to :cilcct o: t|c |:owlccgc :c cxc:ic:cc, :c to
l, t|t |:owlccgc :c cxc:ic:cc to :cl wo:lc issucs lo: cxulc, i: o:cc:
to u:cc:st:c :c cvlutc scic:tiiic cvicc o: iooc sict,, : cult woulc :ccc
:ot o:l, to |:ow souc |sic icts |out t|c couositio: oi :ut:ic:ts, |ut lso to
|c |lc to l, t|t i:io:utio: I|c tc:u litc:c, is uscc to c:csultc t|is
|:occ: co:cctio: oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills
I|c ii:st llA su:vc, ws co:cuctcc i: !000 i: !! cou:t:ics ;i:cluci:g
! lD \cu|c: cou:t:ics,, usi:g w:ittc: ts|s :swc:cc i: sc|ools u:cc:
i:ccc:cc:tl, suc:viscc tcst co:citio:s A:ot|c: 1! cou:t:ics will coulctc t|c
suc sscssuc:t i: !00! ;scc ligu:c 11, llA !000 su:vc,cc :cci:g litc:c,,
ut|cuticl litc:c, :c scic:tiiic litc:c,, wit| :iu:, iocus o: :cci:g
\csu:cs oi ttituccs to lc::i:g, :c i:io:utio: o: |ow stucc:ts u:gc t|ci:
ow: lc::i:g, wc:c lso o|ti:cc i: !. cou:t:ics s :t oi : i:tc::tio:l
otio: I|c su:vc, will |c :cctcc cvc:, t|:cc ,c:s, wit| t|c :iu:, iocus
s|iiti:g to ut|cutics i: !00!, scic:cc i: !00o :c |c| to :cci:g i: !00-
l|- cck /o ac
/ow wcll I5-yca|-ola
a|c |ca|ca jo| l/jc
./allcrqc
I/// //c wo|la lcaa/rq
cxc|/ a|//./a//rq
.otr/|/c ara //c C|/
/avc .|ca/ca val/a .|o-
.otr/|y acncr/.
.oj /ow /tacr/ .ar
tc w/a/ //cy /avc
lca|rca /r |caa/rq
na//cna//. ara
./cr.c
l|- 2JJJ cxan/rca
|caa/rq l//c|a.y /r
q|ca/c/ ac/a/l |r a
.or//rt/rq .y.lc l|-
2JJ w/ll jo.t or
na//cna//.al l//c|a.y
l|- 2JJ6 or ./cr//j/.
l//c|a.y ara o or
1/c C|/ l|oq|annc jo| |r/c|ra//oral /tacr/ -cncr/ cHAr1IR 1
1.
l:qurc !.!
ou:t:ics :ticiti:g i: llA
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:ct|c:l:cs
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
Al|:i
A:gc:ti:
lulg:i
|ilc
|i:
ccil Acui:ist:tivc
kcgio: oi lo:glo:g
l:co:csi
ls:cl
lit|u:i
\ccco:i
lc:u
kou:i
I|il:c
lov| kcu|lic
Iu:|c,
lD cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i:
llA i:ou !00! o:w:cs
lD cou:t:ics
:ticiti:g i: llA!000
:o:lD cou:t:ics
:ticiti:g i: llA !000
ou:t:ics w|c:c t|c
sscssuc:t will |c
coulctcc i: !00!
1o
lox 11 rIsA 2000 - an internationaiiy standardised assessment o 1s-year-oids
xomple s:e
\o:c t|: qu:tc: oi uillio: stucc:ts, :c:csc:ti:g luost 1 uillio: 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc
i: t|c sc|ools oi t|c !! :ticiti:g cou:t:ics, wc:c sscsscc i: !000 A:ot|c: 1! cou:t:ics will
cui:istc: t|c suc sscssuc:t i: !00!
content
llA !000 covc:cc t|:cc coui:s :cci:g litc:c,, ut|cuticl litc:c, :c scic:tiiic litc:c,
llA !000 loo|cc t ,ou:g colc`s |ilit, to usc t|ci: |:owlccgc :c s|ills i: o:cc: to ucct
:clliic c|llc:gcs :t|c: t|: |ow wcll t|c, |c ustc:cc scciiic sc|ool cu::iculuu
I|c cu|sis ws lccc o: t|c ustc:, oi :occsscs, t|c u:cc:st:ci:g oi co:ccts, :c t|c
|ilit, to iu:ctio: i: v:ious situtio:s wit|i: cc| coui:
As :t oi : i:tc::tio:l otio: t|c: u i: !. cou:t:ics, llA !000 collcctcc i:io:utio: o:
stucc:ts` ttituccs to lc::i:g
metnoJs
llA !000 uscc c:cil:cc: sscssuc:ts, lsti:g two |ou:s io: cc| stucc:t
llA !000 uscc |ot| uultilcc|oicc itcus :c qucstio:s :cqui:i:g stucc:ts to co:st:uct t|ci:
ow: :swc:s ltcus wc:c t,icll, o:g:iscc i: u:its |scc o: ssgc ccsc:i|i:g :clliic
situtio:
A totl oi scvc: |ou:s oi sscssuc:t itcus ws i:cluccc, wit| ciiic:c:t stucc:ts t|i:g ciiic:c:t
cou|i:tio:s oi t|c sscssuc:t itcus
tucc:ts :swc:cc |c|g:ou:c qucstio::i:c t|t too| |out !0 ui:utcs to coulctc :c, s
:t oi : i:tc::tio:l otio:, coulctcc qucstio::i:cs o: lc::i:g :c stuc, :cticcs s wcll
s iuili:it, wit| couutc:s
c|ool :i:cils coulctcc qucstio::i:c |out t|ci: sc|ool
Ontcomes
A :oiilc oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills uo:g 1.,c:olcs
o:tcxtul i:cicto:s :clti:g :csults to stucc:t :c sc|ool c|:ctc:istics
A |:owlccgc |sc io: olic, :l,sis :c :csc:c|
I:c:c i:cicto:s s|owi:g |ow :csults c|:gc ovc: tiuc, o:cc ct |ccouc vil|lc i:ou
su|scquc:t c,clcs oi llA
Intnre ossessments
llA will co:ti:uc i: t|:cc,c: c,clcs l: !00!, t|c iocus will |c o: ut|cutics :c i: !00o
o: scic:cc I|c sscssuc:t oi c:osscu::icul: couctc:cics is |ci:g :og:cssivcl, i:tcg:tcc i:to
llA, |cgi::i:g wit| : sscssuc:t oi :o|lcusolvi:g s|ills i: !00!
1
I|is :co:t suuu:iscs t|c c:io:u:cc oi stucc:ts :c uscs llA to :l,sc
w|t icto:s :ouotc succcss i: ccuctio: lt :csc:ts t|c cist:i|utio:s oi
c:io:u:cc i: cc| cou:t:,, :ot o:l, vc:gc sco:cs l: ccitio:, it uscs
|c|g:ou:c i:io:utio: o: stucc:ts, t|ci: sc|ools :c t|ci: ccuctio: s,stcus
to cxui:c ::gc oi icto:s ssocitcc wit| ciiic:c:t lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc
l, :cvcli:g ttc::s oi stucc:t :oiicic:c, i: ciiic:c:t cou:t:ics lo:gsicc
i:io:utio: |out t|c c|:ctc:istics :c cxc:ic:ccs oi stucc:ts, llA :oviccs
owc:iul tool to iu:ovc u:cc:st:ci:g oi w|t :ouotcs succcss i: ccuc
tio: I|c :cui:cc: oi t|is c|tc: loo|s i: tu:: t
t|c llA :oc|,
w|t llA ucsu:cs, ovc:ll :c wit|i: cc| litc:c, coui:, :c t|c uct|ocs
t|t wc:c culo,cc,
|ow t|c :csults c: |c i:tc::ctcc :c |ow llA c: cc to t|c u:cc:st:ci:g
oi ccuctio: :c liiclo:g lc::i:g, i: w,s :clcv:t to olic,u|c:s i: cc|
cou:t:,,
|ow llA ws ccvclocc, :c
|ow t|c :co:t is o:g:iscc
4HE0)3!APPROACH
llA sscsscs t|c lcvcls oi wicc ::gc oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills tti:cc |,
1.,c:olcs i: t|c :i:cil i:cust:iliscc cou:t:ics I|c ui: ictu:cs c:ivi:g
t|c ccvclouc:t oi llA |vc |cc:
its olic, o:ic:ttio:, wit| ccsig: :c :co:ti:g uct|ocs cctc:ui:cc |, t|c
:ccc oi govc::uc:ts to c:w olic, lcsso:s,
its i::ovtivc :oc| to litc:c,, :ot o:l, i: :cci:g |ut lso i: scic:cc :c
ut|cutics,
its iocus o: t|c ccuo:st:tio: oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills i: io:u t|t is
:clcv:t to cvc:,c, liic,
its |:cct| oi gcog:|icl covc:gc, wit| +. cou:t:ics :ticiti:g,
:c:csc:ti:g o:c t|i:c oi t|c wo:lc oultio:,
its :cgul:it,, wit| couuituc:t to :cct t|c su:vc, cvc:, t|:cc ,c:s,
its coll|o:tivc :tu:c, wit| govc::uc:ts i:ou t|c :ticiti:g cou:t:ics
|oi:tl, stcc:i:g t|c :o|cct, :c co:so:tiuu oi t|c wo:lc`s lcci:g i:stitu
tio:s i: t|c iiclc oi sscssuc:t l,i:g cutti:gccgc scic:tiiic |:ow|ow
I|:oug| llA, lD \cu|c: cou:t:ics :c coll|o:ti:g to iu:ovc
cou:tivc i:cicto:s o: t|c c:io:u:cc oi ccuctio: s,stcus I|c lD
u|lis|cs ::gc oi i:cicto:s ::ull, i: i1o.o.c o o c!o.. ;., lD,
!001, I|csc i:cicto:s :ovicc i:io:utio: o: t|c |uu: :c ii::cil
:csou:ccs i:vcstcc i: ccuctio:, o: |ow ccuctio: :c lc::i:g s,stcus oc:tc
:c cvolvc, :c o: t|c i:civicul, socil :c cco:ouic :ctu::s i:ou ccuctio:l
1// |co|/ tnna|/c
//c c|jo|nar.c oj
/tacr/ /r l|- 2JJJ
l|- / a nao|
.ollabo|a//vc cjjo|/
anorq .otr/|/c /o
/n|ovc cat.a//or
ol/.y
.by aaa/rq a /|orq
orqo/rq jo.t or
ot/.onc /o //c C|/
wo|k or /r/c|ra//oral
cat.a//or /ra/.a/o|
1
i:vcstuc:t l: t|c st, t|c |sc:cc oi :cgul: :c :cli|lc i:cicto:s oi
ccuctio:l co.c. c:oss cou:t:ics, csccill, i:cicto:s oi |:owlccgc :c
s|ills, |s |cc: sig:iiic:t g i: t|c vil|lc ct Wit|out suc| i:cicto:s,
olic,u|c:s, tx,c:s, ccucto:s :c :c:ts lc| uc:s oi |ucgi:g t|c
cou:tivc ciicctivc:css oi t|ci: ccuctio: s,stcus
l: :cso:sc, t|c lD |s |cc: wo:|i:g wit| \cu|c: cou:t:ics to ucsu:c
s|ills ci:cctl,, t|:oug| i:tc::tio:l cou:tivc su:vc,s I|c l:tc::tio:l Acult
litc:c, u:vc, ;lAl,, |oi:tl, co:cuctcc |ctwcc: 1--+ :c 1-- |, ttistics
:c :c t|c lD, :oviccc cou:tivc sscssuc:t io: cults llA is :ow
cci:g ucsu:cs oi s|ills io: liic uo:g sc|oolgc stucc:ts
l: o:cc: to c:su:c t|c cou:|ilit, oi t|c :csults, llA :cccs to sscss
cou:|lc t:gct oultio:s Diiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics i: t|c :tu:c :c
cxtc:t oi :c:iu:, ccuctio: :c c:c, i: t|c gc oi c:t:, to io:ul sc|ooli:g,
:c i: t|c st:uctu:c oi t|c ccuctio: s,stcu, co :ot llow sc|ool g:ccs to |c
ccii:cc so t|t t|c, :c i:tc::tio:ll, cou:|lc Vlic i:tc::tio:l cou:i
so:s oi ccuctio:l c:io:u:cc uust, t|c:cio:c, ccii:c t|ci: oultio:s wit|
:cic:c:cc to t:gct gc llA covc:s stucc:ts w|o :c gcc |ctwcc: 1. ,c:s
! uo:t|s :c 1o ,c:s ! uo:t|s t t|c tiuc oi t|c sscssuc:t, :cg:clcss oi t|c
g:cc o: t,c oi i:stitutio: i: w|ic| t|c, :c c::ollcc :c oi w|ct|c: t|c, :c
i: iulltiuc o: :ttiuc ccuctio: llA cxcluccs 1.,c:olcs :ot c::ollcc i:
ccuctio:l i:stitutio:s l: t|c :cui:cc: oi t|is :co:t 1.,c:olcs is uscc s
s|o:t|:c to cc:otc t|is oultio: Wit| t|c cxcctio: oi l:zil, luxcu|ou:g
:c lol:c, t lcst -. c: cc:t oi t|is t:gct oultio: ws covc:cc i: llA !000
|, t|c ctul sulcs, :c uo:c t|: - c: cc:t i: t|c u|o:it, oi cou:t:ics ;io:
iu:t|c: i:io:utio: o: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c llA oultio: :c t|c covc:gc oi
sulcs scc A::cx A!, I|is |ig| lcvcl oi covc:gc co:t:i|utcs to t|c cou:|il
it, oi t|c sscssuc:t :csults
As :csult, t|is :co:t is |lc to u|c sttcuc:ts |out t|c |:owlccgc :c
s|ills oi i:civiculs |o:: i: t|c suc ,c: :c still t sc|ool t 1. ,c:s oi gc,
|ut |vi:g ciiic:i:g ccuctio:l cxc:ic:ccs, |ot| wit|i: :c outsicc sc|ool
I|c :uu|c: oi sc|ool g:ccs i: w|ic| t|csc stucc:ts :c to |c iou:c ccc:cs
o: cou:t:,`s olicics o: sc|ool c:t:, :c :ouotio: lu:t|c:uo:c, i: souc
cou:t:ics, stucc:ts i: t|c llA t:gct oultio: :c:csc:t ciiic:c:t ccuctio:
s,stcus, t:c|s o: st:cus
7HAT0)3!MEASURES
l:tc::tio:l cxc:ts i:ou lD \cu|c: cou:t:ics ccii:cc cc| oi t|c
t|:cc litc:c, coui:s cxui:cc i: llA !000 :cci:g, scic:cc :c ut|
cutics :c c:cw u i:ucwo:| io: sscssi:g it ;lD, 1---o, I|c co:
cct oi litc:c, uscc i: llA is uuc| |:occ: t|: t|c |isto:icl :otio: oi t|c
|ilit, to :cc :c w:itc litc:c, is ucsu:cc o: co:ti:uuu, :ot s souc
t|i:g t|t : i:civicul cit|c: cocs o: cocs :ot |vc lt u, |c :cccss:, o:
ccsi:|lc io: souc u:oscs to ccii:c oi:t o: litc:c, co:ti:uuu |clow
1/c otla//or t|vcyca
/ I5-yca|-ola cr|ollca
/r cat.a//or jtll-//nc
o| a|/-//nc
.crabl/rq .|o-
.otr/|y .ona|/or oj
//c /na./ oj a/jjc|/rq
cat.a//oral cxc|/cr.c
l|- ncat|c |caa/rq
na//cna//.al ara ./cr//j/.
l//c|a.y or .or//rtot
.alc |a//c| //ar /nly
a/v/a/rq colc /r/o //oc
w/o a|c l//c|a/c ara //oc
w/o a|c ro/
1-
w|ic| lcvcls oi couctc:cc :c co:sicc:cc i:ccqutc, |ut t|c u:cc:l,i:g
v:i|ilit, is iuo:t:t A litc:tc c:so: |s ::gc oi couctc:cics I|c:c
is :o :ccisc civici:g li:c |ctwcc: c:so: w|o is iull, litc:tc :c o:c w|o
is :ot
I|c cquisitio: oi litc:c, is liiclo:g :occss t|i:g lcc :ot |ust t
sc|ool o: t|:oug| io:ul lc::i:g |ut lso t|:oug| i:tc:ctio:s wit| cc:s,
collcgucs :c wicc: couuu:itics liitcc:,c:olcs c::ot |c cxcctcc to
|vc lc::cc cvc:,t|i:g t|c, will :ccc to |:ow s cults, |ut t|c, uust |vc
solic iou:ctio: oi |:owlccgc i: :cs suc| s :cci:g, ut|cutics :c
scic:cc l: o:cc: to co:ti:uc lc::i:g i: t|csc coui:s :c to l, t|ci:
lc::i:g to t|c :cl wo:lc, t|c, lso :ccc to u:cc:st:c clcuc:t:, :occsscs
:c :i:cilcs :c to usc t|csc ilcxi|l, i: ciiic:c:t situtio:s lt is io: t|is :cso:
t|t llA sscsscs t|c |ilit, to coulctc ts|s :clti:g to :cl liic, ccc:ci:g
o: |:oc u:cc:st:ci:g oi |c, co:ccts, :t|c: t|: sscssi:g t|c osscssio:
oi scciiic |:owlccgc
As wcll s sscssi:g couctc:cics i: t|c t|:cc co:c coui:s, llA ius
:og:cssivcl, to cxui:c couctc:cics c:oss ciscili::, |ou:c:ics llA
!000 sscsscc stucc:t uotivtio:, ot|c: sccts oi stucc:ts` ttituccs tow:cs
lc::i:g, iuili:it, wit| couutc:s :c, u:cc: t|c |cci:g scli:cgultcc
lc::i:g, sccts oi stucc:ts` st:tcgics io: u:gi:g :c uo:ito:i:g t|ci: ow:
lc::i:g l: su|scquc:t llA su:vc,s, iu:t|c: c:osscu::icul: couctc:cics,
suc| s :o|lcusolvi:g :c s|ills i: i:io:utio: tcc|:ologics, will l,
g:owi:g :olc
Io w|t cxtc:t cocs llA succccc i: ucsu:i:g s|ills io: liic I|c :swc:
will |c |scc :ot o:l, o: su||cctivc |ucgcuc:ts |out w|t is iuo:t:t i:
liic, |ut lso o: cvicc:cc oi w|ct|c: colc wit| t|c |ig| lcvcls oi s|ills oi t|c
t,c w|ic| llA ucsu:cs :c ctull, li|cl, to succccc i: liic Alt|oug| t|c
iutu:c outcoucs io: t|c stucc:ts :ticiti:g i: llA c::ot ,ct |c |:ow:,
t|c l:tc::tio:l Acult litc:c, u:vc, ;lAl, s|ows t|t cults` :cci:g
:c ut|cuticl litc:c, s|ills :c closcl, :cltcc to t|ci: l|ou:u:|ct suc
ccss :c c::i:gs, :c |vc : ciicct t|t is i:ccc:cc:t oi t|ci: ccuctio:l
tti:uc:t ;scc lox 1!,
I|c coui:s covc:cc |, llA :c ccii:cc i: tc:us oi
t|c content o: strnctnre oi |:owlccgc t|t stucc:ts :ccc to cqui:c
i: cc| coui: ;., iuili:it, wit| scic:tiiic co:ccts o: v:ious tcxt
t,cs,,
t|c processes t|t :ccc to |c c:io:ucc ;., :ct:icvi:g w:ittc: i:io:utio:
i:ou tcxt,, :c
t|c contexts i: w|ic| |:owlccgc :c s|ills :c licc ;., u|i:g cccisio:s
i: :cltio: to o:c`s c:so:l liic, o: u:cc:st:ci:g wo:lc iii:s,
l//c|a.y a.t////or /
a l/jclorq |o.c l|-
//c|cjo|c acc
/tacr/ .aa.//y /o
.or//rtc lca|r/rq.
.ara //c/| ab/l//y /o tc
krowlcaqc /r |cal l/jc
|rowlcaqc / acca
/r /c|n oj .or/cr/
|o.cc ara .or/cx/
!0
lox 1! Does higher reading iiteracy improve the prospects or empioyment:
I|c l:tc::tio:l Acult litc:c, u:vc, ;lAl, iou:c t|t colc wit| |ig|c: lcvcls oi :cci:g
litc:c, :c uo:c li|cl, to |c culo,cc :c to |vc |ig|c: vc:gc sl:ics t|: t|osc wit| lowc:
lcvcls ;lD :c ttistics :c, !000, ls t|is siul, |ccusc t|c, |vc |cttc: ccuctio:l
quliiictio:s li it is, t|c: lAl ;:c llA, woulc, t |cst, |c ucsu:i:g couctc:cics t|t
|cl colc to gi: |cttc: ccuctio: :c, t|:oug| it, |cttc: |o|s l: lAl, cults w|o |c
coulctcc souc io:u oi tc:ti:, ccuctio: sco:cc, o: vc:gc, |ctwcc: o:c :c two :cci:g
litc:c, lcvcls |ig|c: t|: t|osc w|o cic :ot coulctc scco:c:, ccuctio:, |ut t|c:c wc:c sig
:iiic:t :uu|c:s oi cults i: t|c !! :ticiti:g cou:t:ics wit| |ig| lcvcl oi :cci:g litc:c,
:c low lcvcl oi ccuctio:, o: vicc vc:s \ost iuo:t:tl,, :cci:g litc:c, lcvcls c: |cl to
:ccict |ow wcll colc will co i: t|c l|ou: u:|ct c.. o1 o/c. w|t c: |c :ccictcc i:ou
t|ci: ccuctio:l quliiictio:s lo:c
ligu:c 1! illust:tcs t|is |, s|owi:g t|c li|cli|ooc oi ,ou:g colc wit| ciiic:c:t cou|i:tio:s
oi :cci:g litc:c, :c ccuctio: |vi:g w|itccoll:, |ig|l, s|illcc |o| I|c gs |ctwcc:
lAl :osc litc:c, sco:c
0
10
!0
!0
+0
.0
o0
0
0
-0
100
0 .0 100 1.0 !00 !.0 !00 !.0 +00 +.0 .00
l:qurc !.2
lcuctio:, litc:c, :c t|c :o||ilit, oi |vi:g w|itccoll: |ig|l,s|illcc |o|
t.c/o/.!., c .!c,. . |. |...c!!o. |.|!,|.!!.1 /o.. ..c., /, !..! c .1o.o.c
o1 ....o. !...o., .c.., o!! .co... .c/..1, i+t: .c. .o!., co!o.c o.1 2o+, :vv.:vv
:co... lD :c ttistics :c ;!000,
l:o||ilit, 100
oulctcc tc:ti:, ccuctio:
oulctcc uc: scco:c:, ccuctio:
Wit| lcss t|: uc: scco:c:, ccuctio:
!1
\tc:ils i: llA :c ccsig:cc to sscss stucc:ts i: cc| oi t|c t|:cc coui:s
l: o:cc: to o|ti: cccc: u:cc:st:ci:g oi cc| coui: ovc: tiuc, |owcvc:,
cc| c,clc oi llA cu|siscs o:c coui: llA !000 co:cc:t:tcc o: :cci:g
litc:c,, to w|ic| twot|i:cs oi sscssuc:t tiuc wc:c ccvotcc o:scquc:tl,,
uost oi t|is :co:t ciscusscs t|c :csults oi llA !000 i: t|c iiclc oi :cci:g
litc:c, l: t|c ot|c: two coui:s, t|c :co:t :oviccs suuu:, :oiilc oi
s|ills l: !00!, llA will loo| uo:c closcl, t ut|cuticl litc:c,, :c i:
!00o, t scic:tiiic litc:c,
2EADINGLITERACYIN0)3!
kcci:g litc:c, is ccii:cc i: llA s t|c |ilit, to u:cc:st:c, usc :c :cilcct
o: w:ittc: tcxts i: o:cc: to c|icvc o:c`s gols, to ccvclo o:c`s |:owlccgc :c
otc:til, :c to :ticitc ciicctivcl, i: socict, I|is ccii:itio: gocs |c,o:c
t|c :otio: t|t :cci:g litc:c, uc:s cccoci:g w:ittc: utc:il :c litc:l
cou:c|c:sio: kcci:g i:co:o:tcs u:cc:st:ci:g :c :cilccti:g o: tcxts
litc:c, i:volvcs t|c |ilit, oi i:civiculs to usc w:ittc: i:io:utio: to
iuliil t|ci: gols, :c t|c co:scquc:t |ilit, oi coulcx uocc:: socictics to
usc w:ittc: i:io:utio: to iu:ctio: ciicctivcl, llA !000 culo,cc |out
1+0 itcus :c:csc:ti:g t|c |i:cs oi :cci:g litc:c, t|t 1.,c:olcs woulc
:cqui:c i: t|c iutu:c lxulcs oi t|c sscssuc:t itcus uscc i: llA to
sscss :cci:g litc:c, c: |c iou:c i: |tc: ! :c t|c llA Wc| sitc
.oc..1c.
kccc:s :cso:c to givc: tcxt i: v:ict, oi w,s s t|c, scc| to usc :c
u:cc:st:c w|t t|c, :c :cci:g I|is c,:uic :occss |s u:, ciuc:sio:s,
t|:cc oi w|ic| wc:c uscc to co:st:uct t|c llA sscssuc:ts
t|c li:cs s|ow t|c ciiccts oi i:c:csi:g lcvcls oi ccuctio:, t|c slocs oi t|c li:cs s|ow t|c
ciicct oi |ig|c: :cci:g litc:c, t givc: lcvcl oi ccuctio: lo: c:so: w|o is |ctwcc: !o
:c !. ,c:s oi gc :c wo:|i:g i: t|c |usi:css sccto:, t|c :o||ilit, oi wo:|i:g i: w|itc
coll:, |ig|l, s|illcc |o| :iscs :icl, wit| : i:c:csc i: :cci:g litc:c, s|ills I|c i:ccc:cc:t
ciicct oi :cci:g litc:c, o: l|ou:u:|ct outcoucs is cou:|lc to t|c i:ccc:cc:t ciicct
oi ccuctio:l quliiictio:s ouco:c wit| ucciuu quliiictio:s ;uc: scco:c:, o:l,, |s
twoi:iivc c|:cc oi |ci:g i: |ig|lcvcl |o| ii t|ci: :cci:g litc:c, lcvcl is !00 ;t t|c low
c:c oi t|c sclc, :c iou:i:iivc c|:cc ii it is +00 ; |ig| sco:c, o:vc:scl,, souco:c wit|
ucciuu lcvcl oi :cci:g litc:c, ; sco:c oi !00,, |s twoi:iivc c|:cc oi gctti:g suc| s
|o| wit| low lcvcl oi ccuctio: ;lowc: scco:c:, ccuctio: o:l,, :c uo:c t|: iou:i:iivc
c|:cc wit| |ig| lcvcl oi ccuctio: ; tc:ti:, quliiictio:,
:co... lD :c ttistics :c ;!000,
l|- acj/rc |caa/rq
l//c|a.y a //c ab/l//y
/o trac|/ara tc ara
|cjlc./ or w|///cr /cx/
/r o|ac| /o a|//./a/c
cjjc.//vcly /r l/jc
l|- |caa/rq l//c|a.y
/ak.
!!
I|c jorm oj reoJ:nq moter:ol, o: tcxt \:, st sscssuc:ts oi :cci:g
litc:c, |vc iocuscc o: :osc o:g:iscc i: sc:tc:ccs :c :g:|s, o:
co:ti:uous tcxts llA i:cluccs co:ti:uous .c. ssgcs :c cisti:guis|cs
|ctwcc: ciiic:c:t t,cs oi :osc, suc| s o..o.c, .c..c :c o.o.o.c
l: ccitio:, llA i:cluccs :o:co:ti:uous tcxts, w|ic| :csc:t i:io:utio:
i: ot|c: w,s, i:cluci:g !., c., .o| :c 1.o.o I|is v:ict, is |scc
o: t|c :i:cilc t|t i:civiculs c:cou:tc: ::gc oi w:ittc: tcxts t sc|ool
:c i: cult liic t|t :cqui:c ciiic:c:t i:io:utio::occssi:g tcc|:iqucs
llcxi|ilit,, o: t|c s|ill to utc| t|c t,c oi tcxt to t|c tcc|:iqucs t|t
:c :o:itc io: locti:g :clcv:t i:io:utio: i: t|c tcxt, c|:ctc:iscs
ciiicic:t :cci:g
I|c type oj reoJ:nq tosI I|is is cctc:ui:cc, t o:c lcvcl, |, t|c cog:itivc
s|ills t|t :c :ccccc to |c : ciicctivc :ccc: :c, t :ot|c:, |, t|c
c|:ctc:istics oi t|c qucstio:s i: llA I|c iocus oi llA is o: :cci:g to
lc::, :t|c: t|: lc::i:g to :cc tucc:ts :c t|us :ot sscsscc o: t|c
uost |sic :cci:g s|ills, it is ssuucc t|t uost 1.,c:olcs |vc l:cc,
cqui:cc t|csc kt|c:, t|c, :c cxcctcc to ccuo:st:tc t|ci: :oiicic:c, i:
...... i:io:utio:, o1..o1. tcxts t gc:c:l lcvcl, ...... t|cu,
..!... o: t|c co:tc:t :c io:u oi tcxts i: :cltio: to t|ci: ow: |:owlccgc
oi t|c wo:lc, :c .o!oo. :c o.o. t|ci: ow: oi:t oi vicw
I|c nse jor wn:cn tne text wos constrncteJ its co:tcxt o: situtio: lo:
cxulc, :ovcl, c:so:l lcttc: o: |iog:|, is w:ittc: io: colc`s ..o.
usc iiicil cocuuc:ts o: ::ou:ccuc:ts :c io: o/!.. usc A u:ul
o: :co:t u, |c io: c..oo.co! usc :c tcxt|oo| o: wo:|s|cct io:
.1o.o.co! usc
-ATHEMATICALLITERACYIN0)3!
\t|cuticl litc:c, is ccii:cc i: llA s t|c ccit, to icc:tii,, u:cc:st:c
:c c:ggc i: ut|cutics, :c to u|c wclliou:ccc |ucgcuc:ts |out t|c
:olc t|t ut|cutics l,s i: : i:civicul`s cu::c:t :c iutu:c :ivtc liic,
occutio:l liic, socil liic wit| cc:s :c :cltivcs, :c liic s co:st:uctivc,
co:cc::cc :c :cilcctivc citizc: As wit| :cci:g, t|c ccii:itio: :cvolvcs :ou:c
t|c wicc: uscs oi ut|cutics i: colc`s livcs :t|c: t|: |ci:g liuitcc to
ucc|:icl oc:tio:s \t|cuticl litc:c, is uscc |c:c to i:cictc t|c
|ilit, to ut ut|cuticl |:owlccgc :c s|ills to iu:ctio:l usc :t|c: t|:
|ust ustc:i:g t|cu wit|i: sc|ool cu::iculuu Io c:ggc i: ut|cutics
covc:s :ot siul, |,sicl o: socil ctio:s ;suc| s cccici:g |ow uuc| c|:gc
to givc souco:c i: s|o, |ut lso wicc: uscs, i:cluci:g t|i:g oi:t oi vicw
:c :cciti:g t|i:gs cx:csscc ut|cuticll, ;suc| s |vi:g : oi:io:
|out govc::uc:t`s sc:ci:g l:s, \t|cuticl litc:c, lso iulics t|c
|ilit, to osc :c solvc ut|cuticl :o|lcus i: v:ict, oi situtio:s, s wcll
s t|c i:cli:tio: to co so, w|ic| oitc: :clics o: c:so:l t:its suc| s scli
co:iicc:cc :c cu:iosit,
.a|c baca or a va|/c/y
oj /cx/ jo|n ro/ t/
|oc
/tacr/ a|c cxc./ca /o
|c/|/cvc /rjo|na//or
j|on a /cx/ /o
trac|/ara // ara /o
|cjlc./ or //.
. ara /o |cla/c // /o a
va|/c/y oj //ta//or /r
w//./ w|///cr na/c|/al
a|c cr.otr/c|ca
l|- acj/rc
na//cna//.al l//c|a.y a
//c ab/l//y /o jo|ntla/c
ara olvc na//cna//.al
|oblcn /r //ta//or
cr.otr/c|ca /r l/jc
!!
l: o:cc: to t::sio:u t|is ccii:itio: i:to : sscssuc:t oi ut|cuticl litc:c,,
t|:cc |:oc ciuc:sio:s wc:c icc:tiiicc io: usc i: llA !000
I|c content oj motnemot:cs. o:tc:t is ccii:cc :iu:il, i: tc:us oi clustc:s
oi :clcv:t, co::cctcc ut|cuticl co:ccts t|t c: i: :cl situtio:s :c
co:tcxts I|csc i:clucc qu:tit,, scc :c s|c, c|:gc :c :cltio:s|is,
:c u:cc:ti:t, I|c c|oicc oi t|csc toics cocs :ot uc: t|t uo:c scciiic
st::cs oi t|c sc|ool cu::iculuu, suc| s :uu|c:s, lgc|: :c gcouct:,,
|vc |cc: ig:o:cc llA !000 cst|lis|cc ts|s t|t :cqui:cc stucc:ts to
|vc ustc:cc |l:ccc ut|cuticl cu::iculuu lowcvc:, cuc to t|c ict
t|t ut|cutics ws o:l, ui:o: coui: i: llA !000, t|c scoc oi t|c
sscssuc:t i: t|is :c ws uo:c liuitcc, wit| : cu|sis o: .|o. o1
..!o.c|. :c o.. o1 |o. I|csc co:ccts wc:c sclcctcc to llow wicc
::gc oi cu::iculuu st::cs to |c :c:csc:tcc, wit|out givi:g u:cuc wcig|t to
:uu|c: s|ills
I|c process oj motnemot:cs. Qucstio:s i: llA :c st:uctu:cc :ou:c
ciiic:c:t t,cs oi s|ills :ccccc io: ut|cutics uc| s|ills :c o:g:iscc
i:to t|:cc couctc:c, clustc:s t|c ii:st clustc: ...c1o..c co:sists oi
siulc couuttio:s o: ccii:itio:s oi t|c t,c uost iuili: i: co:vc:tio:l
sscssuc:ts oi ut|cutics, t|c scco:c .c...c :cqui:cs t|c |:i:gi:g
togct|c: oi ut|cuticl iccs :c :occcu:cs to solvc st:ig|tio:w:c :c
soucw|t iuili: :o|lcus, :c t|c t|i:c clustc: ..!...c co:sists oi
ut|cuticl t|i:|i:g, gc:c:listio: :c i:sig|t, :c :cqui:cs stucc:ts to
c:ggc i: :l,sis, to icc:tii, t|c ut|cuticl clcuc:ts i: situtio:, :c to
osc t|ci: ow: :o|lcus
I|c s:tnot:ons :n wn:cn motnemot:cs :s nseJ. \t|cuticl litc:c, is
sscsscc |, givi:g stucc:ts ut|c:tic ts|s |scc o: situtio:s w|ic|,
w|ilc souctiucs iictio:l, :c:csc:t t|c |i:cs oi :o|lcu c:cou:tc:cc i: :cl
liic I|c situtio:s v:, i: tc:us oi cist:cc i:ou i:civiculs i:ou t|osc
iiccti:g colc ci:cctl, ;., cccici:g w|ct|c: u:c|sc oiic:s vluc io:
uo:c,, to scic:tiiic :o|lcus oi uo:c gc:c:l i:tc:cst l: o:cc: oi closc:css
to t|c stucc:t, t|c situtio:s :c clssiiicc s ..o. !....co!, .|cc! !..,
c.| o1 c., !c.o! .co., o1 c...,, :c ......
3CIENTIFICLITERACYIN0)3!
cic:tiiic litc:c, :cltcs to t|c |ilit, to t|i:| scic:tiiicll, i: wo:lc i: w|ic|
scic:cc :c tcc|:olog, s|c livcs uc| litc:c, :cqui:cs : u:cc:st:ci:g oi
scic:tiiic co:ccts s wcll s : |ilit, to l, scic:tiiic c:scctivc llA
ccii:cs scic:tiiic litc:c, s t|c ccit, to usc scic:tiiic |:owlccgc, to icc:tii,
qucstio:s, :c to c:w cvicc:cc|scc co:clusio:s i: o:cc: to u:cc:st:c :c
|cl u|c cccisio:s |out t|c :tu:l wo:lc :c t|c c|:gcs ucc to it t|:oug|
|uu: ctivit,
cic:tiiic litc:c, is co:sicc:cc |c, outcouc oi ccuctio: |, gc 1. io: ll
stucc:ts, w|ct|c: o: :ot t|c, co:ti:uc to lc:: scic:cc t|c:citc: cic:tiiic
l|- na//cna//.al
l//c|a.y /ak.
.|ct/|c /tacr/ /o bc
jan/l/a| w/// kcy
na//cna//.al
.or.c/.
. /o |c|oat.c /araa|a
na//cna//.al
oc|a//or /o nakc
.orrc.//or ara /o
crqaqc /r w/ac|
na//cna//.al
///rk/rq.
./r va|/ot |cal-l/jc
//ta//or
l|- acj/rc ./cr//j/.
l//c|a.y a //c ab/l//y /o
///rk ./cr//j/.ally.
./r //c bcl/cj //a/ t./
///rk/rq / rccaca by
//c nary ro/ //c jcw
!+
t|i:|i:g is :cqui:cc |, citizc:s, :ot |ust scic:tists I|c i:clusio: oi scic:tiiic
litc:c, s gc:c:l couctc:c, io: liic :cilccts t|c g:owi:g cc:t:lit, oi
scic:tiiic :c tcc|:ologicl qucstio:s I|c ccii:itio: uscc i: llA cocs :ot
iul, t|t touo::ow`s cults will :ccc l:gc :csc:vcs oi scic:tiiic |:owlccgc
I|c |c, is to |c |lc to t|i:| scic:tiiicll, |out t|c cvicc:cc t|t t|c, will
c:cou:tc: llA !000 ws ccvclocc :ou:c t|:cc ciuc:sio:s oi scic:tiiic
litc:c,
xc:ent:j:c concepts tucc:ts :ccc to g:s :uu|c: oi |c, co:ccts i:
o:cc: to u:cc:st:c cc:ti: |c:ouc: oi t|c :tu:l wo:lc :c t|c c|:gcs
ucc to it t|:oug| |uu: ctivit, I|csc :c t|c |:oc i:tcg:ti:g iccs
t|t |cl to cxli: sccts oi t|c |,sicl c:vi:o:uc:t llA s|s qucstio:s
t|t |:i:g togct|c: co:ccts c:w: i:ou |,sics, c|cuist:,, t|c |iologicl
scic:ccs, :c c:t| :c scc scic:ccs \o:c scciiicll,, co:ccts :c c:w:
i:ou :uu|c: oi t|cucs i:cluci:g |iocivc:sit,, io:ccs :c uovcuc:t, :c
|,siologicl c|:gc
xc:ent:j:c processes. llA sscsscs t|c |ilit, to o. scic:tiiic |:owlccgc
:c u:cc:st:ci:g, :ucl, stucc:ts` |ilit, to cqui:c, i:tc::ct :c ct o:
cvicc:cc llA cxui:cs iivc suc| :occsscs t|c :ccog:itio: oi scic:tiiic
o..c, t|c icc:tiiictio: oi ..1..., t|c c:wi:g oi .c.!o.c, t|c .co.
.o.c oi t|csc co:clusio:s, :c t|c ccuo:st:tio: oi o1..o1. oi scic:tiiic
co:ccts
xc:ent:j:c s:tnot:ons :c :cs oi lictio: I|c co:tcxt oi scic:tiiic litc:c,
i: llA is :i:cill, cvc:,c, liic :t|c: t|: t|c clss:oou o: l|o:to:,
As wit| t|c ot|c: io:us oi litc:c,, t|c co:tcxt t|us i:cluccs issucs t|t |vc
|c:i:g o: liic i: gc:c:l s wcll s uttc:s oi ci:cct c:so:l co:cc::
Qucstio:s i: llA !000 wc:c g:oucc i: t|:cc :cs i: w|ic| scic:cc is
licc scic:cc i: liic :c |clt|, scic:cc i: c:t| :c t|c c:vi:o:uc:t, :c
scic:cc i: tcc|:olog,
(OW0)3!ASSESSESSTUDENTSANDCOLLECTSINFORMATION
llA !000 ws c:ciull, ccsig:cc |, : i:tc::tio:l :ctwo:| oi lcci:g
i:stitutio:s :c cxc:ts to sc:vc t|c u:oscs ccsc:i|cc |ovc lc| stucc:t
:ticitcc, i: |is|c: ow: sc|ool, i: w:ittc: sscssuc:t scssio: oi two
|ou:s, :c sc:t |out |li : |ou: :cso:ci:g to qucstio::i:c |out |iuscli
o: |c:scli c|ool :i:cils wc:c s|cc to givc iu:t|c: i:io:utio: o: sc|ool
c|:ctc:istics i: :ot|c: !0ui:utc qucstio::i:c
I|c stucc:t sscssuc:ts iollowcc t|c suc :i:cilcs i: cc| oi t|c t|:cc
coui:s :c will co so i:ou o:c su:vc, to t|c :cxt, lt|oug| t|c uou:t oi
sscssuc:t utc:il i: cc| coui: will ciiic: i: cc| t|:cc,c: c,clc l: llA
!000, w|c:c t|c ui: iocus ws :cci:g litc:c,, llA ws iulcuc:tcc i: t|c
iollowi:g w,s ;io: cctils, scc t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c.,
l|- ./cr//j/. l//c|a.y
/ak |ct/|c /tacr/ /o
trac|/ara .c|/a/r kcy
./cr//j/. .or.c/.
.ara /o /ow //a/ //cy
.ar a.t/|c /r/c||c/
ara a./ or cv/acr.c.
. /r //ta//or w/c|c
./cr.c .ar bc al/ca
/tacr/ wc|c acca
jo| /wo /ot| /r l|-
ara j/llca ot/ a
tc//orra/|c a a/a
//c/| |/r./al
1/c acncr/
.or/a/rca nary a/jjc|cr/
k/ra oj /ak.
!.
+ w:Je ronqe oj ossessment :tems llA !000 sscssuc:ts wc:c i: :i:tcc
io:u, wit| qucstio:s t|i:g ::gc oi io:uts tucc:ts wc:c :cqui:cc to
co:sicc: w:ittc: ssgcs :c cig:us, :c to :swc: sc:ics oi qucstio:s
o: cc| \uc| oi t|c utc:il ws ccsig:cc to cctc:ui:c w|ct|c: stucc:ts
coulc :cilcct :c t|i:| ctivcl, |out t|c coui: lxulcs oi itcus :c givc:
i: |tc:s ! :c !
rooJ coveroqe oj tne Jomo:n lc| stucc:t ws sscsscc io: two |ou:s,
|ut :ot ll stucc:ts wc:c givc: t|c suc sscssuc:t itcus A ::gc oi itcus,
cquivlc:t to scvc: |ou:s oi sscssuc:t tiuc, ws c:w: u i: o:cc: to covc:
ll t|c :cs Diiic:c:t cou|i:tio:s oi itcus wc:c g:oucc i: :i:c ciiic:c:t
sscssuc:t |oo|lcts lc| itcu c:cc i: scvc:l |oo|lcts, w|ic| c:su:cc
t|t cc| ws :swc:cc |, :c:csc:ttivc sulc oi stucc:ts lc| stucc:t
:cccivcc o:c |oo|lct
co-operot:on Ietween oll port:c:pot:nq conntr:es :n tne Jevelopment
oj :nternot:onolly vol:J ossessments : t|c |sis oi t|c i:tc::tio:ll,
g:ccc sscssuc:t i:ucwo:|s :c tcst scciiictio:s, cou:t:ics ccvclocc
sscssuc:t itcus t|t wc:c :cvicwcc |, su||cctuttc: sccilists :c sscss
uc:t cxc:ts Accitio:l itcus wc:c ccvclocc to c:su:c t|t ll :cs
oi t|c i:ucwo:|s wc:c covc:cc ccqutcl, ltcus wc:c ilot tcstcc, t|c
:csults wc:c :cvicwcc, :c t|c :cviscc sct oi itcus ws t|c: vlictcc i:
iiclc t:il li:ll,, i: o:cc: to c:su:c t|t t|c itcus wc:c vlic c:oss
cou:t:ics, l:gugcs :c cultu:cs, itcus wc:c :tcc |, :ticiti:g cou:t:ics
io: cultu:l :o:itc:css, cu::icul: :c :o:cu::icul: :clcv:cc, :c
:o:itc lcvcl oi ciiiicult,
xtonJorJ:seJ proceJnres jor tne preporot:on onJ :mplementot:on oj tne
ossessment llA :c:csc:ts : u::ccccc:tcc ciio:t to c|icvc cou:
|ilit, oi :csults c:oss cou:t:ics, cultu:cs :c l:gugcs l: ccitio: to
cou:c|c:sivc covc:gc oi 1.,c:olc stucc:ts i: cc| cou:t:,, t|csc ciio:ts
|vc i:cluccc cooc:tio: wit| wicc ::gc oi cxc:ts i: ll :ticiti:g
cou:t:ics, t|c ccvclouc:t oi st:c:ciscc :occcu:cs io: t|c :c:tio:
:c iulcuc:ttio: oi t|c sscssuc:t, :c :igo:ous ttc:tio: to qulit, co:t:ol
t|:oug|out I|c sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts wc:c :c:cc i: |ot| l:glis| :c
l:c:c|, :c t|c: t::sltcc i:to t|c l:gugcs oi :ticiti:g cou:t:ics usi:g
:occcu:cs t|t c:su:cc t|c li:guistic i:tcg:it, :c cquivlc:cc oi t|c i:st:u
uc:ts lo: :o:l:glis| :c :o:l:c:c| sc|i:g cou:t:ics, two i:ccc:cc:t
t::sltio:s oi t|c sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts wc:c :c:cc :c t|c: co:solictcc,
c:wi:g, i: uost cscs, o: |ot| sou:cc vc:sio:s lo: iu:t|c: i:io:utio: o: t|c
llA st:c:cs :c :occcu:cs scc A::cxcs A!A
kcci:g litc:c, ws sscsscc usi:g sc:ics oi tcxts, stucc:ts |ci:g sct :uu|c:
oi ts|s o: cc| tcxt lo:t,iivc c: cc:t oi t|c ts|s :cqui:cc stucc:ts to
co:st:uct t|ci: ow: :cso:scs, cit|c: |, :ovici:g |:ici :swc: i:ou wicc
::gc oi ossi|lc :swc:s o: |, co:st:ucti:g lo:gc: :cso:sc, llowi:g io:
t|c ossi|ilit, oi civc:gc:t, i:civicul :cso:scs :c oosi:g vicwoi:ts I|c
.w/// w/acly va|/ca
.or/cr/
1/o|otq/ |o.cat|c
crt|ca //a/ /ak wc|c
val/a a.|o .otr/|/c.
.ara |/qo|ot cjjo|/
wc|c naac /o acl/vc| //c
/c/ /r ct/valcr/ way
/r a/jjc|cr/ .otr/|/c
-bot/ /alj oj //c
|caa/rq l//c|a.y
tc//or |ct/|ca
/tacr/ /o .or/|t./
//c/| owr |corc.
!o
lttc: itcus usull, s|cc stucc:ts to :cltc i:io:utio: o: iccs i: t|c stiuulus
tcxt to t|ci: ow: cxc:ic:cc o: oi:io:s, t|c ccct|ilit, oi t|ci: :swc:
ccc:ci:g lcss o: t|c ositio: t|c: |, t|c stucc:t t|: o: t|c |ilit, to usc
w|t t|c, |c :cc w|c: |ustii,i:g o: cxli:i:g t|t ositio: l:til c:ccit
ws :oviccc io: :till, co::cct o: lcss so|istictcc :swc:s, :c ll oi t|csc
itcus wc:c u:|cc |, |:c A iu:t|c: +. c: cc:t oi t|c itcus wc:c s|cc i:
uultilcc|oicc io:ut, i: w|ic| stucc:ts cit|c: ucc o:c c|oicc i:ou uo:g
iou: o: iivc givc: ltc::tivcs o: sc:ics oi c|oiccs |, ci:cli:g wo:c o: s|o:t
|:sc ;io: cxulc ,cs o: :o, io: cc| oi:t I|c :cui:i:g 10 c: cc:t oi
t|c itcus :cqui:cc stucc:ts to co:st:uct t|ci: :cso:sc i:ou uo:g liuitcc
::gc oi ccct|lc :swc:s
\t|cuticl litc:c, ws sscsscc t|:oug| cou|i:tio: oi qucstio: t,cs As
wit| :cci:g litc:c,, t|c:c wc:c :uu|c: oi u:its, cc| :csc:ti:g situtio:
o: :o|lcu o: w|ic| stucc:ts wc:c sct scvc:l qucstio:s o: ts|s Diiic:c:t
cou|i:tio:s oi cig:us :c w:ittc: i:io:utio: i:t:ocuccc cc| u:it A|out
twot|i:cs oi t|c itcus wc:c i: io:u t|t coulc |c u:|cc u:u|iguousl,
s co::cct o: i:co::cct tucc:ts ccuo:st:tcc t|ci: :oiicic:c, |, :swc:i:g
:o|lcus co::cctl, :c s|owi:g w|ct|c: t|c, u:cc:stooc t|c u:cc:l,i:g
ut|cuticl :i:cilcs i:volvcc i: t|c ts| lo: uo:c coulcx itcus, stucc:ts
coulc gi: iull o: :til c:ccit
cic:tiiic litc:c, ws sscsscc i: u::c: siuil: to t|t oi ut|cuticl
litc:c,, usi:g sc:ics oi u:its, cc| oi w|ic| :csc:tcc :cl scic:tiiic situtio:,
iollowcc |, qucstio:s |out it ouc twot|i:cs oi t|c itcus wc:c i: io:u
t|t coulc |c u:|cc u:u|iguousl, s co::cct o: i:co::cct lo: uo:c coulcx
itcus, stucc:ts coulc gi: iull o: :til c:ccit
I|c llA co:tcxt qucstio::i:cs collcctcc i:io:utio: t|t ws iuo:t:t io:
t|c i:tc::cttio: :c :l,sis oi t|c :csults I|c qucstio::i:cs s|cc |out
stucc:ts` c|:ctc:istics, suc| s gc:cc:, cco:ouic :c socil |c|g:ou:c, :c
ctivitics t |ouc :c sc|ool As :t oi : i:tc::tio:l otio:, u:, stucc:ts
lso :co:tcc o: t|ci: ttituccs tow:cs lc::i:g, iuili:it, wit| couutc:s
:c, u:cc: t|c |cci:g scli:cgultcc lc::i:g, st:tcgics io: u:gi:g :c
uo:ito:i:g t|ci: ow: lc::i:g c|ool :i:cils i: t|c sc|ools i: w|ic|
stucc:ts wc:c sscsscc wc:c s|cc |out t|c c|:ctc:istics oi t|ci: sc|ool ;suc|
s sizc :c :csou:ccs, :c |ow t|c, o:g:iscc lc::i:g
)NTERPRETINGTHERESULTSOF0)3!
li o:c cou:t:,`s llA sco:cs :c |ig|c: t|: t|osc oi :ot|c: cou:t:,, it c::ot
utouticll, |c i:ic::cc t|t t|c sc|ools i: t|c io:uc: :c uo:c ciicctivc, si:cc
lc::i:g st:ts wcll |cio:c sc|ool :c occu:s i: ::gc oi i:stitutio:l :c out
oisc|ool sctti:gs :o:ct|clcss, ii cou:t:,`s llA sco:cs :c |ig|c:, o:c c:
lcgitiutcl, co:clucc t|t t|c cuuultivc iuct oi ll t|c lc::i:g cxc:ic:ccs
i: t|t cou:t:,, i:ou c:l, c|ilc|ooc u to t|c gc oi 1., i: :c out oi sc|ool,
|s :csultcc i: uo:c ccsi:|lc outcoucs i: t|c coui:s t|t llA sscsscs
.w//lc //c nao|//y oj
/ak .
.ara ./cr//j/. l//c|a.y
/ak /aa
tranb/qtotly |/q//
ara w|orq arwc|
/tacr/ tc//orra/|c
qa//c|ca /rjo|na//or or
/tacr/ ba.kq|otra
ara a.//v///c /r nary
.otr/|/c /tacr/ alo
|co|/ca or /ow //cy
lca|rca
l|- |ctl/ a|c
ot/.onc ro/ orly oj
./ool/rq bt/ alo oj
lca|r/rq no|c
qcrc|ally.
!
As :ccc:s oi t|is :co:t will :oticc, t|c :csults oi llA !000 oitc: co:ii:u :c
coulcuc:t t|c ii:ci:gs oi :cvious i:tc::tio:l sscssuc:ts, suc| s t|c I|i:c
l:tc::tio:l \t|cutics :c cic:cc tuc, ;Il\,, w|ic| ws co:cuctcc i:
1--. |, t|c l:tc::tio:l Associtio: io: t|c lvlutio: oi lcuctio:l Ac|icvc
uc:t ;llA, uo:g stucc:ts i: g:ccs !+, :c t|c ii:l ,c: oi scco:c:,
sc|ool, :c :cctcc i: 1--- uo:g stucc:ts i: t|c
t|
g:cc lowcvc:,
souc llA ii:ci:gs ciiic: i:ou t|c :csults oi Il\ uc| ciiic:c:ccs :c :ot
u:cxcctcc, givc: t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c two stucics I|c sscssuc:t
utc:ils i: Il\ wc:c co:st:uctcc o: t|c |sis oi : :l,sis oi t|c i:tc:ccc
cu::iculuu i: cc| :ticiti:g cou:t:,, so s to covc: t|c co:c utc:il
couuo: to t|c cu::iculuu i: t|c u|o:it, oi :ticiti:g cou:t:ics I|c
sscssuc:t utc:ils i: llA !000, s ccsc:i|cc |ovc, covc:cc t|c ::gc
oi s|ills :c couctc:cics t|t wc:c, i: t|c :cscctivc sscssuc:t coui:s,
co:sicc:cc to |c c:ucil to : i:civicul`s ccit, to iull, :ticitc i:, :c
co:t:i|utc uc:i:giull, to, succcssiul uocc:: socict, li:ll,, it :cccs to |c
|o::c i: ui:c t|t t|c gc|scc llA t:gct oultio: oi 1.,c:olcs ciiic:s
i:ou t|c g:cc|scc oultio: culo,cc i: Il\
(OW0)3!CANINFORMPOLICY
llA :oviccs |:oc sscssuc:t oi cou:tivc lc::i:g outcoucs tow:cs
t|c c:c oi couulso:, sc|ooli:g, w|ic| c: |ot| guicc olic, cccisio:s :c
:csou:cc lloctio:s, :c :ovicc i:sig|ts i:to t|c icto:s t|t co:t:i|utc to t|c
ccvclouc:t oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills, :c t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|csc icto:s :c
couuo: to ciiic:c:t cou:t:ics
llA :oviccs i:tc::tio:l cou:iso:s oi t|c c:io:u:cc oi ccuctio:
s,stcus, wit| st:o:g, c:osscultu:ll, vlic ucsu:cs oi couctc:cics t|t :c
:clcv:t to cvc:,c,, cult liic Asscssuc:ts t|t tcst o:l, ustc:, oi t|c sc|ool
cu::iculuu c: oiic: ucsu:c oi t|c ...o! ciiicic:c, oi sc|ool s,stcus I|c,
co :ot :cvcl |ow ciicctivcl, sc|ools :c:c stucc:ts io: liic itc: t|c, |vc
coulctcc t|ci: io:ul ccuctio:
I|c i:io:utio: ,iclccc |, llA llows olic,u|c:s to loo| closcl, t t|c
icto:s ssocitcc wit| ccuctio:l succcss, :ot |ust to u|c cou:iso:s
|ctwcc: :csults i: isoltio: llA c: tcll t|cu, io: cxulc, |ow wicc t|c
c:io:u:cc g is |ctwcc: stucc:ts i:ou :ic|c: :c oo:c: |oucs i: t|ci:
ow: cou:t:,, i: cou:iso: wit| t|osc i: ot|c: cou:t:ics llA lso oiic:s
i:sig|ts i:to t|c c|:ctc:istics oi sc|ools suc| s t|c w, i: w|ic| lc::i:g is
o:g:iscc :c |ow t|csc c|:ctc:istics :c ssocitcc wit| lcvcls oi stucc:t
:oiicic:c, Dt i:ou llA c: |c uscc to loo| t w|ic| sccts oi stucc:t
ttituccs sccu to u|c t|c g:ctcst co:t:i|utio: to lc::i:g l: t|csc :c u:,
ot|c: w,s, llA oiic:s :cw :oc| to co:sicc:i:g sc|ool outcoucs, usi:g
s its cvicc:cc |sc t|c cxc:ic:ccs oi stucc:ts c:oss t|c wo:lc :t|c: t|: i:
t|c scciiic cultu:l co:tcxt oi si:glc cou:t:, I|c i:tc::tio:l co:tcxt llows
olic,u|c:s to qucstio: ssuutio:s |out t|c qulit, oi t|ci: ow: cou:t:,`s
ccuctio:l outcoucs
.ara //c|cjo|c a/jjc|
/r onc |cc./ j|on
//c |ctl/ oj acncr/
jo.t/rq or //c ./ool
.t||/.tltn
l|- |ov/ac /r/q//
/r/o w/a/ .or/|/bt/c /o
lca|r/rq ot/.onc
|/ cck /o .ona|c /ow
wcll a/jjc|cr/ ./ool
y/cn |ca|c /tacr/
jo| l/jc
|/ /acr//j/c ara
.ona|c //c
|cla//or// oj
/ra/v/atal /onc ara
./ool ./a|a./c|///.
w/// /tacr/
c|jo|nar.c.
!
I|c i:tc::tio:l c:scctivc oi llA oiic:s olic,u|c:s lc:s t|:oug| w|ic|
to :ccog:isc t|c st:c:gt|s :c wc|:csscs oi t|ci: ow: s,stcus I|c ict t|t
souc cou:t:ics c: c|icvc |ig| vc:gc lcvcl oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc wit| o:l,
uoccst g |ctwcc: t|c |ig|cst :c lowcst lcvcl oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc, s
s|ow: i: |tc: !, suggcsts t|t l:gc cis:itics i: outcoucs co :ot |vc to
|c t|c :icc io: |ig| vc:gc c:io:u:cc iuil:l,, t|c ict t|t t|c st:c:gt|
oi t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: socil |c|g:ou:c :c lc::i:g outcoucs v:ics
wiccl, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, s s|ow: i: |tc: , ccuo:st:tcs t|t sc|ools
:c ccuctio: s,stcus c: succccc i: uocc:ti:g t|is :cltio:s|i low lcvcls oi
c:io:u:cc |, stucc:ts i:ou lowc: socil |c|g:ou:cs is :ot i:cvit|lc I|c:c
:c t|i:gs t|t sc|ools :c olic,u|c:s c: co |out oo: c:io:u:cc
li:ll,, |, :co:ti:g o: stucc:t couctc:cics to :csct tiuct|lc, llA
will c:|lc govc::uc:ts :cgul:l, to uo:ito: t|c :og:css oi t|ci: ccuctio:
s,stcus i: tc:us oi stucc:t outcoucs :c to cvlutc :tio:l olicics i: t|c
lig|t oi ot|c: cou:t:ics` c:io:u:ccs I|c :csults oi llA !000 :co:tcc |c:c
:ovicc |scli:c l: !00!, !00o, !00- :c so o:, cou:t:ics will |c |lc to scc
w|t :og:css t|c, |vc ucc
l: :llcl wit| t|is ii:st i:tc::tio:l :co:t, uost :ticiti:g cou:t:ics :c
u|lis|i:g :tio:l :co:ts t|t cxui:c t|c ii:ci:gs i:ou llA :c t|ci: olic,
iulictio:s i: t|c :tio:l cco:ouic, socil :c ccuctio:l co:tcxt lu:t|c:,
uo:c cctilcc i:tc::tio:l, t|cutic :co:ts :c |ci:g :c:cc, usi:g t|c
outcoucs i:ou llA !000 to cxlo:c scciiic issucs :c t|ci: iulictio:s
io: olic, I|csc t|cutic :co:ts will givc :ticul: ttc:tio: to issucs oi
cquit, gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc, ttituccs :c uotivtio:,
t|c :cccs oi |ot| t|c uost vul:c:|lc :c t|c cxcctio:ll, wcllc:io:ui:g
stucc:ts, t|c :olc oi c:ggcuc:t :c uotivtio: s :c:cquisitcs io: ccqutc
c:io:u:cc :c iutu:c ccsti:tio:s, t|c :tu:c, ccvclouc:t :c iuct oi
litc:c, s|ills, :c sccts oi lc::i:g st:tcgics :c sclico:cct
$EVELOPING0)3!nACOLLABORATIVEEFFORT
llA is su|st:til, coll|o:tivc ciio:t |, t|c \cu|c: cou:t:ics oi t|c
lD to :ovicc :cw |i:c oi sscssuc:t oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc o:
:ccu::i:g |sis I|c sscssuc:ts wc:c ccvclocc cooc:tivcl,, g:ccc
|, :ticiti:g cou:t:ics, :c iulcuc:tcc |, :tio:l o:g:istio:s I|c
co:st:uctivc cooc:tio: |, tcc|c:s :c :i:cils i: :ticiti:g sc|ools |s
|cc: c:ucil icto: co:t:i|uti:g to t|c succcss oi llA cu:i:g ll stgcs oi t|c
ccvclouc:t :c iulcuc:ttio:
A lo:c oi l:ticiti:g ou:t:ics, :c:csc:ti:g ll cou:t:ics t sc:io: olic,
lcvcls, lic cow: olic, :io:itics :c st:c:cs io: t|c ccvclouc:t oi
i:cicto:s, t|c cst|lis|uc:t oi t|c sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts, :c t|c :co:ti:g
oi :csults lxc:ts i:ou :ticiti:g cou:t:ics sc:vcc o: wo:|i:g g:ous
li:|i:g t|c :og:uuc`s olic, o||cctivcs wit| t|c |cst i:tc::tio:ll, vil|lc
tcc|:icl cxc:tisc i: t|c t|:cc sscssuc:t coui:s l, :ticiti:g i: t|csc
.ara //t allow
.otr/|/c /o look a/ //c/|
owr cat.a//or y/cn
/r //c l/q// oj o//c|
.otr/|/c c|jo|nar.c
1/c orqo/rq l|- .y.lc
w/ll allow .otr/|/c /o
nor//o| ./arqc /r
c|jo|nar.c ovc| //nc
l|- / //c |ctl/ oj
cjjc.//vc .o-oc|a//or
bc/wccr ra//oral
o|qar/a//or tbc./-
na//c| cxc|/ ara
./ool at//o|///c.
.ara / /cc|ca o/r/ly
by qovc|rncr/ or //c
ba/ oj /a|ca ol/.y-
a|/vcr /r/c|c/.
!-
cxc:t g:ous, cou:t:ics c:su:cc t|t t|c i:st:uuc:ts wc:c i:tc::tio:ll,
vlic :c too| i:to ccou:t t|c cultu:l :c ccuctio:l co:tcxts oi t|c
ciiic:c:t lD \cu|c: cou:t:ics, t|t t|c sscssuc:t utc:ils |c st:o:g
ucsu:cuc:t otc:til, :c t|t t|c i:st:uuc:ts cu|siscc ut|c:ticit, :c
ccuctio:l vlicit,
l:ticiti:g cou:t:ics iulcuc:tcc llA t t|c :tio:l lcvcl t|:oug| :tio:l
l:o|cct \:gc:s, su||cct to tcc|:icl :c cui:ist:tivc :occcu:cs couuo:
to ll :ticiti:g cou:t:ics I|csc u:gc:s l,cc vitl :olc i: t|c ccvclo
uc:t :c vlictio: oi t|c i:tc::tio:l sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts :c c:su:cc
t|t t|c iulcuc:ttio: oi llA ws oi |ig| qulit, I|c, lso co:t:i|utcc to
t|c vc:iiictio: :c cvlutio: oi t|c su:vc, :csults, :l,scs :c :co:ts
I|c ccsig: :c iulcuc:ttio: oi llA !000, wit|i: t|c i:ucwo:| cst|lis|cc
|, t|c lo:c oi l:ticiti:g ou:t:ics, ws t|c :cso:si|ilit, oi : i:tc::tio:l
co:so:tiuu lcc |, t|c Aust:li: ou:cil io: lcuctio:l kcsc:c| ;Alk, I|c
ot|c: :t:c:s i: t|is co:so:tiuu wc:c t|c :tio:l l:stitutc io: lcuctio:l
\csu:cuc:t ;lI, i: t|c :ct|c:l:cs, Wcstt :c t|c lcuctio: Icsti:g
c:vicc ;lI, i: t|c D:itcc ttcs, :c t|c :tio:l l:stitutc io: lcuctio:l
lolic, kcsc:c| ;:llk, i: :
I|c lD cc:ct:it |c ovc:ll u:gc:il :cso:si|ilit, io: t|c :og:uuc,
uo:ito:cc its iulcuc:ttio: o: c,toc, |sis, sc:vcc s t|c scc:ct:it
io: t|c lo:c oi l:ticiti:g ou:t:ics, iostc:cc t|c |uilci:g oi co:sc:sus
|ctwcc: t|c cou:t:ics i:volvcc, :c sc:vcc s t|c i:tc:locuto: |ctwcc: t|c
lo:c oi l:ticiti:g ou:t:ics :c t|c i:tc::tio:l co:so:tiuu
llA is |oi:tl, ii::ccc |, ll :ticiti:g cou:t:ics
/RGANISATIONOFTHISREPORT
cnopters 2 :c 1 ccsc:i|c stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: t|c t|:cc llA litc:c,
coui:s, :c cnopter o cxtc:cs t|is wit| :oiilc oi w|t stucc:ts :c li|c
s lc::c:s t gc 1. i: tc:us oi t|ci: uotivtio:, t|ci: c:ggcuc:t, t|ci:
lc::i:g st:tcgics :c t|ci: |clicis i: t|ci: ow: ccitics lt lso i:cluccs
ccsc:itio: oi stucc:ts` iuili:it, wit| couutc:s
cnopter cxui:cs gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: t|c t|:cc
litc:c, coui:s, io: stucc:ts ovc:ll :c io: scciiic su|g:ous oi stucc:ts
cnopters o :c t|c: situtc stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: t|c co:tcxt oi stucc:ts`
|c|g:ou:cs :c t|c |:occ: lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t |tc: o iocuscs o:
ccsc:itio: oi t|c iuil, |c|g:ou:cs oi stucc:ts, i:cluci:g sccts oi t|c
cco:ouic, cultu:l :c socil |c|g:ou:c, iollowcc |, |tc: w|ic| t|c:
cxui:cs |ow t|c lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t :c t|c o:g:istio: oi sc|ools v:ics
|ctwcc: cou:t:ics |tc: lso loo|s t t|c |uu: :c ii::cil :csou:ccs
t|t cou:t:ics i:vcst i: ccuctio:, :c t sclcctcc c|:ctc:istics oi :tio:l
ccuctio: s,stcus
.//|otq/ //c C|/
1// |co|/ look /r /t|r
a/ /tacr/
c|jo|nar.c.
.a/ qcrac| a/jjc|cr.c.
.a/ //c c|jo|nar.c oj
/tacr/ w/// a/jjc|cr/
ba.kq|otra ara
lca|r/rq cxc|/cr.c.
!0
li:ll,, cnopter scc|s to cx:c uo: t|csc ii:ci:gs :c cc:csscs qucstio:s
|out t|c :tu:c oi t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: sc|ool c:io:u:cc :c socil
|c|g:ou:c I|:oug| : :l,sis oi t|c siuult:cous :cltio:s|is |ctwcc:
scvc:l ciiic:c:t v:i|lcs i: wicc ::gc oi sctti:gs :c :uu|c: oi cou:t:ics,
i:cluci:g |ot| iuil, :c sc|ool icto:s, it is ossi|lc to cstiutc t|c sc:tc
:c ovc:li:g i:iluc:ccs oi t|csc icto:s, :c to gugc t|c :cltivc iuo:t:cc
oi sc|ool :csou:ccs :c sc|ool olic, :c :cticcs i: ciiic:c:t t,cs oi sc|ool
s,stcu I|is c: :ovicc i:cictio:s oi w|t ccuctio:l olic, c: co |ot| to
iu:ovc vc:gc c:io:u:cc :c to uocc:tc t|c iuct oi iuil, |c|g:ou:c
o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
.ara a/ w/a/ //cc
a/jjc|cr.c /cll ol/.y-
nakc| abot/ w//./
ja./o| a|c /no|/ar/
Note
1 l: uost lD cou:t:ics, t|c gc t w|ic| couulso:, sc|ooli:g c:cs is 1. o: 1o ,c:s, |ut i: t|c D:itcc ttcs it is 1 ,c:s
:c i: lclgiuu, Gc:u:, :c t|c :ct|c:l:cs it is 1 ,c:s ;lD, !001,
!1
$ATAUNDERLYINGTHEFIGURES
I|c ct :cic::cc to i: |tc:s ! to oi t|is :co:t :c :csc:tcc i: A::cx l1 :c, wit| ccitio:l
cctil, o: t|c wc| sitc .oc..1c. lou: s,u|ols :c uscc to cc:otc uissi:g ct
o I|c ctcgo:, cocs :ot l, i: t|c cou:t:, co:cc::cc Dt :c t|c:cio:c uissi:g
. I|c:c :c too icw o|sc:vtio:s to :ovicc :cli|lc cstiutcs ;.., t|c:c :c icwc: t|: iivc
sc|ools o: icwc: t|: !0 stucc:ts wit| vlic ct io: t|is ccll,
Dt :c :ot vil|lc D:lcss ot|c:wisc :otcc, t|csc ct wc:c collcctcc |ut su|scquc:tl,
:cuovcc i:ou t|c u|lictio: io: tcc|:icl o: ot|c: :cso:s t t|c :cqucst oi t|c cou:t:,
co:cc::cc
Dt :c i:cluccc i: :ot|c: ctcgo:, o: coluu: oi t|c t|lc
#ALCULATIONOFINTERNATIONALAVERAGES
A: lD vc:gc ws clcultcc io: uost i:cicto:s :csc:tcc i: t|is :co:t l: t|c csc oi souc
i:cicto:s, totl :c:csc:ti:g t|c lD :c s w|olc ws lso clcultcc
I|c/%#$AVERAGE, souctiucs lso :cic::cc to s t|cCOUNTRYAVERAGE, is t|c uc: oi t|c ct
vlucs io: ll lD cou:t:ics io: w|ic| ct :c vil|lc o: c: |c cstiutcc I|c lD vc:gc
c: |c uscc to scc |ow cou:t:, cou:cs o: givc: i:cicto: wit| t,icl lD cou:t:,
I|c lD vc:gc cocs :ot t|c i:to ccou:t t|c |solutc sizc oi t|c stucc:t oultio: i: cc|
cou:t:,, .., cc| cou:t:, co:t:i|utcs cqull, to t|c vc:gc
I|c/%#$TOTALt|cs t|c lD cou:t:ics s si:glc c:tit,, to w|ic| cc| cou:t:, co:t:i|utcs
i: :oo:tio: to t|c :uu|c: oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: its sc|ools ;scc A::cx A! io: ct, lt
illust:tcs |ow cou:t:, cou:cs wit| t|c lD :c s w|olc
I|:cc lD cou:t:ics :c cxcluccc i:ou t|c clcultio: oi vc:gcs o: ot|c: gg:cgtc cstiutcs
t|c :ct|c:l:cs, t|c lov| kcu|lic ;w|ic| |ccuc \cu|c: oi t|c lD i: !000, :c Iu:|c,
I|c :ct|c:l:cs :c cxcluccc |ccusc low :cso:sc :tcs :cclucc :cli|lc cstiutcs oi uc:
sco:cs ;scc A::cx A!, I|c lov| kcu|lic :c Iu:|c, will |oi: llA i:ou t|c !00! su:vc, c,clc
o:w:cs
l: t|c csc oi ot|c: cou:t:ics, ct u, :ot |c vil|lc io: scciiic i:cicto:s, o: scciiic ct
ctcgo:ics u, :ot l, kccc:s s|oulc, t|c:cio:c, |cc i: ui:c t|t t|c tc:us oic o..o. :c
oic co! :cic: to t|c lD cou:t:ics i:cluccc i: t|c :cscctivc cou:iso:s
ri+ir: cuii
2%!$%23'5)$%
!!
2EPORTINGOFSTUDENTDATA
I|c :co:t usull, uscs 1.,c:olcs s s|o:t|:c io: t|c llA t:gct oultio: l: :cticc,
t|is :cic:s to stucc:ts w|o wc:c gcc |ctwcc: 1. ,c:s :c ! ;coulctc, uo:t|s :c 1o ,c:s
:c ! ;coulctc, uo:t|s t t|c |cgi::i:g oi t|c sscssuc:t c:ioc :c w|o wc:c c::ollcc i: :
ccuctio:l i:stitutio:, :cg:clcss oi t|c g:cc lcvcl o: t,c oi i:stitutio:, :c oi w|ct|c: t|c, wc:c
ttc:ci:g iulltiuc o: :ttiuc ;io: cctils scc A::cx A!,
2EPORTINGOFSCHOOLDATA
I|c :i:cils oi t|c sc|ools i: w|ic| stucc:ts wc:c sscsscc :oviccc i:io:utio: o: t|ci: sc|ool`s
c|:ctc:istics |, coulcti:g sc|ool qucstio::i:c W|c:c :cso:scs i:ou sc|ool :i:cils :c
:csc:tcc i: t|is u|lictio:, t|c, :c wcig|tcc so t|t t|c, :c :oo:tio:tc to t|c :uu|c: oi
1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: t|c sc|ool
2OUNDINGOFFIGURES
lccusc oi :ou:ci:g, souc iigu:cs i: t|lcs u, :ot cxctl, cc u to t|c totls Iotls, ciiic:c:ccs :c
vc:gcs :c lw,s clcultcc o: t|c |sis oi cxct :uu|c:s :c :c :ou:ccc o:l, itc: clcultio:
!BBREVIATIONSUSEDINTHISREPORT
GDl G:oss Doucstic l:ocuct
llD l:tc::tio:l t:c:c lssiiictio: oi lcuctio:
lll lu:c|si:g lowc: l:it,
kl kcso:sc :o||ilit,
D t:c:c ccvitio:
l t:c:c c::o:
&URTHERDOCUMENTATION
lo: iu:t|c: i:io:utio: o: t|c llA sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts :c t|c uct|ocs uscc i: llA, scc t|c
ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c. ;vil|lc i: lc|:u:, !00!, :c t|c llA Wc| sitc ;.oc..1c.,
2
c|o..
\l^1 ll^ lO\ 1l^1
!5-YL^k-OLl C^N lO.
^ lkOllLL Ol 1LlLN1 lLklOk!^NCL
lN kL^llNG Ll1Lk^CY
cHAr1IR 2 I/a/ l|- /ow //a/ I5-yca|-ola .ar ao a |olc oj /tacr/ c|jo|nar.c /r |caa/rq l//c|a.y
!+
)NTRODUCTION
I|is c|tc: :oviccs :oiilc oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c,
li:st, t|c c|tc: cxli:s |ow :oiicic:c, i: :cci:g litc:c, is sco:cc i:
llA, usi:g t|:cc sclcs o: w|ic| stucc:ts :c ssig:cc .c.. cco:ci:g to
t|ci: c:io:u:cc i: ts|s oi v:,i:g ciiiicult,
cco:c, t|c c|tc: ccsc:i|cs :oiicic:c, i: cc| cou:t:, i: tc:us oi t|c
::gc oi c:io:u:cc oi its stucc:ts Io icilittc t|is ccsc:itio:, cc|
sclc is civiccc i:to iivc lcvcls oi i:c:csi:g :oiicic:c,, :c cc| cou:t:,`s
cist:i|utio: is :co:tcc i: tc:us oi t|c c:cc:tgcs oi stucc:ts t cc| lcvcl
I|c lcvcls :c illust:tcc wit| cxulcs oi t|c ts|s t|t stucc:t uust
coulctc stisicto:il, i: o:cc: to :cc| cc| succcssivc lcvcl
I|i:c, t|c c|tc: suuu:iscs c:io:u:cc i: cc| cou:t:, i: tc:us oi t|c
.o sco:cs c|icvcc |, stucc:ts :c t|c 1.../o.c oi sco:cs c:oss stucc:t
oultio:s
|tc: ! coulcuc:ts t|is wit| : :l,sis oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc i:
ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,, :c : cxui:tio: oi |ow c:io:u:cc i:
t|csc coui:s ciiic:s i:ou c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c, |tc: + |:occ:s
t|c :oiilc oi llA :csults iu:t|c: wit| stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|ci: iuili:it, wit|
couutc:s, t|ci: lc::i:g st:tcgics :c :o:cog:itivc outcoucs oi sc|ooli:g
t|t :c iuo:t:t io: liiclo:g lc::i:g t|ci: uotivtio:, t|ci: c:ggcuc:t, :c
t|ci: |clici i: t|ci: ow: ccitics
(OWREADINGLITERACYISMEASUREDIN0)3!
I|c co:cct oi :cci:g litc:c, i: llA |s t|:cc ciuc:sio:s, w|ic| |vc
guiccc t|c ccvclouc:t oi t|c sscssuc:t t|c t,c oi :cci:g ts|, t|c io:u
:c st:uctu:c oi t|c :cci:g utc:il, :c t|c usc io: w|ic| t|c tcxt ws
co:st:uctcc lc:so:l couctc:cc is |cst u:cc:stooc i: tc:us oi t|c ii:st oi
t|csc I|c ot|c: two :c :oc:tics oi t|c ts| utc:ils t|t wc:c |cliul i:
c:su:i:g t|t ::gc oi civc:sc ts|s wc:c i:cluccc i: t|c tcsts
I|c t,c oi :cci:g ts| ciuc:sio: is ucsu:cc o: t|:cc sclcs A :ct:icvi:g
i:io:utio: sclc :co:ts o: stucc:ts` |ilit, to loctc i:io:utio: i: tcxt A:
i:tc::cti:g tcxts sclc :co:ts o: t|c |ilit, to co:st:uct uc:i:g :c c:w
i:ic:c:ccs i:ou w:ittc: i:io:utio: A :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc :co:ts
o: stucc:ts` |ilit, to :cltc tcxt to t|ci: |:owlccgc, iccs :c cxc:ic:ccs
l: ccitio:, cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc suuu:iscs t|c :csults i:ou t|c
t|:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclcs
Io icilittc t|c i:tc::cttio: oi t|c sco:cs ssig:cc to stucc:ts, t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc ws ccsig:cc to |vc : vc:gc sco:c oi .00 oi:ts, wit|
|out twot|i:cs oi stucc:ts c:oss lD cou:t:ics sco:i:g |ctwcc: +00 :c
o00 oi:ts
1
I|csc :cic:c:cc oi:ts :ovicc : :c|o: io: t|c ucsu:cuc:t
1// ./a/c| ac.|/bc
/ow l|- ncat|c
|caa/rq l//c|a.y /ow
nary /tacr/ a|c
|oj/./cr/ a/ a/jjc|cr/
lcvcl oj |caa/rq l//c|a.y
ara /ow c|jo|nar.c
.o|c a|c a//|/bt/ca
a.|o .otr/|/c
/a/c| ara + look
a/ na//cna//.al ara
./cr//j/. l//c|a.y ara a/
/ow /tacr/ lca|r
l|- 2JJJ |ccr/ca
/tacr/ w/// a |arqc
oj |caa/rq /ak t/rq
a/jjc|cr/ /cx/ jo|n ara
.or/cx/.
.ara |co|/ca //c/|
k/ll /r |c/|/cv/rq
/rjo|na//or /r/c||c//rq
/cx/ ara |cjlc.//or ara
cvalta//or.
.or .alc /r w//./
/wo-///|a oj /tacr/
.o|ca w////r IJJ o/r/
oj a 5JJ-o/r/ avc|aqc
I/a/ l|- /ow //a/ I5-yca|-ola .ar ao a |olc oj /tacr/ c|jo|nar.c /r |caa/rq l//c|a.y cHAr1IR 2
!.
oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc I|c uc: sco:cs io: t|c t|:cc sclcs t|t co:t:i|utc to
t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g sclc ciiic: slig|tl, i:ou .00
I|c sco:cs o: cc| sclc :c:csc:t ccg:ccs oi :oiicic:c, i: :ticul: scct
oi :cci:g litc:c, lo: cxulc, low sco:c o: t|c i:tc::cti:g sclc i:cictcs
t|t stucc:t |s liuitcc s|ills i: u:cc:st:ci:g :cltio:s|is, co:st:ucti:g
uc:i:g o: c:wi:g i:ic:c:ccs i:ou o:c o: uo:c :ts oi tcxt l, co:t:st,
|ig| sco:c o: t|c i:tc::cti:g sclc i:cictcs t|t stucc:t |s cv:ccc s|ills
i: t|is :c
I|c:c :c csic: :c |:cc: ts|s io: cc| oi t|c t|:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclcs :c
t|c:c is :o |ic::c|icl :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: t|c t|:cc sclcs lc| oi t|c t|:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclcs is civiccc i:to iivc lcvcls oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills lcvcl .
co::cso:cs to sco:c oi uo:c t|: o!., lcvcl + to sco:cs i: t|c ::gc ..! to
o!., lcvcl ! to sco:cs i:ou +1 to ..!, lcvcl ! to sco:cs i:ou +0 to +0, :c
lcvcl 1 to sco:cs i:ou !!. to +0
tucc:ts t :ticul: lcvcl :ot o:l, ccuo:st:tc t|c |:owlccgc :c s|ills
ssocitcc wit| t|t lcvcl |ut lso t|c :oiicic:cics :cqui:cc t lowc: lcvcls
I|us ll stucc:ts :oiicic:t t lcvcl ! :c lso :oiicic:t t lcvcls 1 :c ! All
stucc:ts t givc: lcvcl :c cxcctcc to :swc: t lcst |li oi t|c itcus t t|t
lcvcl co::cctl,
tucc:ts sco:i:g |clow !!. oi:ts, .., t|osc w|o co :ot :cc| lcvcl 1, :c
:ot |lc :outi:cl, to s|ow t|c uost |sic s|ills t|t llA scc|s to ucsu:c
W|ilc suc| c:io:u:cc s|oulc :ot |c i:tc::ctcc to uc: t|t t|osc stucc:ts
|vc :o litc:c, s|ills t ll,
!
c:io:u:cc |clow lcvcl 1 cocs sig:l sc:ious
cciicic:cics i: stucc:ts` |ilit, to usc :cci:g litc:c, s tool io: t|c cquisitio:
oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills i: ot|c: :cs
I|c civisio: oi t|c sclcs i:to lcvcls oi ciiiicult, :c oi c:io:u:cc u|cs it
ossi|lc :ot o:l, to ::| stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc |ut lso to ccsc:i|c w|t t|c,
c: co ;scc ligu:c !1, lc| succcssivc :cci:g lcvcl is ssocitcc wit| ts|s
oi scc:ci:g ciiiicult, I|c ts|s t cc| lcvcl oi :cci:g litc:c, wc:c |ucgcc
|, :cls oi cxc:ts to s|:c u:, ictu:cs :c :cqui:cuc:ts :c to ciiic:
co:sistc:tl, i:ou ts|s t cit|c: |ig|c: o: lowc: lcvcls I|c ssuucc ciiiicult,
oi ts|s ws t|c: vlictcc cui:icll, o: t|c |sis oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc i:
:ticiti:g cou:t:ics
I|c :cci:g litc:c, ts|s uscc i: llA !000 v:, wiccl, i: tc:us oi tcxt t,c,
situtio: :c ts| :cqui:cuc:ts ;scc |tc: 1, s wcll s ciiiicult, ligu:c !!
s|ows sulc itcus i:ou t|:cc oi t|c !o u:its co:ti:i:g ts|s t|t wc:c uscc i:
llA !000, togct|c: wit| t|c ssocitcc :cci:g litc:c, s|ills ccuo:st:tcc |,
stucc:ts t t|c v:ious lcvcls oi t|c t|:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclcs I|c ccsc:itio:s
:cilcct t|c s|ills sscsscc |, cc| itcu I|csc ccsc:itio:s :ovicc souc i:sig|t
i:to t|c ::gc oi :occsscs :cqui:cc oi stucc:ts :c t|c :oiicic:cics w|ic| t|c,
:ccc to ccuo:st:tc t v:ious oi:ts lo:g t|c :cci:g litc:c, sclcs A uo:c
coulctc sct oi sulc ts|s c: |c iou:c t .oc..1c.
|ctl/ a|c tnna|/ca
by j/vc lcvcl oj
|oj/./cr.y.
. /tacr/ bc/rq
a/qrca /o //c //q/c/
lcvcl a/ w//./ //cy .ar
bc cxc./ca /o ao no/ oj
//c /ak
|a./ lcvcl .ar bc
ac.|/bca /r /c|n oj
w/a/ /tacr/ a/ //a/
lcvcl .ar ao
!o
.
+
!
!
1
l:qurc 2.!
W|t t|c :oiicic:c, lcvcls ucsu:c
:co... lD llA, !001
Retrieving inormation Reiection and evaiuation Interpreting tets
W|t is |ci:g sscsscc o: cc| oi t|c :cci:g litc:c, sclcs
kct:icvi:g i:io:utio: is ccii:cc s locti:g
o:c o: uo:c icccs oi i:io:utio: i: tcxt
l:tc::cti:g tcxts is ccii:cc s co:st:ucti:g
uc:i:g :c c:wi:g i:ic:c:ccs i:ou o:c o:
uo:c :ts oi tcxt
kcilccti:g :c cvlutio: is ccii:cc s :clti:g
tcxt to o:c's cxc:ic:cc, |:owlccgc :c iccs
|:ctc:istics oi t|c ts|s ssocitcc wit| i:c:csi:g ciiiicult, o: cc| oi t|c :cci:g litc:c, sclcs
Is| ciiiicult, ccc:cs o: t|c :uu|c: oi icccs
oi i:io:utio: t|t :ccc to |c loctcc Diiiicult,
lso ccc:cs o: t|c :uu|c: oi co:citio:s t|t
uust |c uct to loctc t|c :cqucstcc i:io:utio:,
:c o: w|ct|c: w|t is :ct:icvcc :cccs to |c
scquc:ccc i: :ticul: w, Diiiicult, lso
ccc:cs o: t|c :oui:c:cc oi i:io:utio:, :c
t|c iuili:it, oi t|c co:tcxt t|c: :clcv:t
c|:ctc:istics :c t|c coulcxit, oi t|c tcxt,
:c t|c :csc:cc :c st:c:gt| oi coucti:g
i:io:utio:
Is| ciiiicult, ccc:cs o: t|c t,c oi
i:tc::cttio: :cqui:cc, wit| t|c csicst ts|s
:cqui:i:g icc:tii,i:g t|c ui: icc i: tcxt, uo:c
ciiiicult ts|s :cqui:i:g u:cc:st:ci:g :cltio:s|is
t|t :c :t oi t|c tcxt, :c t|c uost ciiiicult
:cqui:i:g cit|c: : u:cc:st:ci:g oi t|c uc:i:g
oi l:gugc i: co:tcxt, o: :logicl :cso:i:g
Diiiicult, lso ccc:cs o: |ow cxlicitl, t|c tcxt
:oviccs t|c iccs o: i:io:utio: t|c :ccc: :cccs
i: o:cc: to coulctc t|c ts|, o: |ow :oui:c:t
t|c :cqui:cc i:io:utio: is, :c o: |ow uuc|
coucti:g i:io:utio: is :csc:t li:ll,, t|c
lc:gt| :c coulcxit, oi t|c tcxt :c t|c
iuili:it, oi its co:tc:t iicct ciiiicult,
Is| ciiiicult, ccc:cs o: t|c t,c oi :cilcctio:
:cqui:cc, wit| t|c csicst ts|s :cqui:i:g siulc
co::cctio:s o: cxl:tio:s :clti:g t|c tcxt to
cxtc::l cxc:ic:cc, :c t|c uo:c ciiiicult
:cqui:i:g : |,ot|csis o: cvlutio: Diiiicult,
lso ccc:cs o: t|c iuili:it, oi t|c |:owlccgc
t|t uust |c c:w: o: i:ou outsicc t|c tcxt,
o: t|c coulcxit, oi t|c tcxt, o: t|c lcvcl oi
tcxtul u:cc:st:ci:g ccu:ccc, :c o: |ow
cxlicitl, t|c :ccc: is ci:cctcc to :clcv:t icto:s
i: |ot| t|c ts| :c t|c tcxt
I|c ccou:t oi si:glc c:itc:io: to loctc
o:c o: uo:c i:ccc:cc:t icccs oi
cxlicitl, sttcc i:io:utio:
kccog:isc t|c ui: t|cuc o: ut|o:'s
u:osc i: tcxt |out iuili: toic,
w|c: t|c :cqui:cc i:io:utio: i: t|c
tcxt is :oui:c:t
\|c siulc co::cctio: |ctwcc:
i:io:utio: i: t|c tcxt :c couuo:,
cvc:,c, |:owlccgc
loctc :c ossi|l, scquc:cc o: cou|i:c
uultilc icccs oi cccl, cu|ccccc
i:io:utio:, souc oi w|ic| u, |c outsicc
t|c ui: |oc, oi t|c tcxt l:ic: w|ic|
i:io:utio: i: t|c tcxt is :clcv:t to t|c ts|
Dcl wit| |ig|l, lusi|lc :co: cxtc:sivc
coucti:g i:io:utio:
lit|c: co:st:uc t|c uc:i:g oi :u:ccc
l:gugc o: ccuo:st:tc iull :c
cctilcc u:cc:st:ci:g oi tcxt
:iticll, cvlutc o: |,ot|csisc, c:wi:g
o: scciliscc |:owlccgc Dcl wit|
co:ccts t|t :c co:t::, to cxccttio:s
:c c:w o: ccc u:cc:st:ci:g oi lo:g
o: coulcx tcxts
loctc o:c o: uo:c icccs oi i:io:utio:,
cc| oi w|ic| u, |c :cqui:cc to ucct
uultilc c:itc:i Dcl wit| coucti:g
i:io:utio:
lcc:tii, t|c ui: icc i: tcxt,
u:cc:st:c :cltio:s|is, io:u o: l,
siulc ctcgo:ics, o: co:st:uc uc:i:g
wit|i: liuitcc :t oi t|c tcxt w|c:
t|c i:io:utio: is :ot :oui:c:t :c
lowlcvcl i:ic:c:ccs :c :cqui:cc
\|c cou:iso: o: co::cctio:s
|ctwcc: t|c tcxt :c outsicc |:owlccgc,
o: cxli: ictu:c oi t|c tcxt |, c:wi:g
o: c:so:l cxc:ic:cc :c ttituccs
loctc, :c i: souc cscs :ccog:isc, t|c
:cltio:s|i |ctwcc: icccs oi
i:io:utio:, cc| oi w|ic| u, :ccc to
ucct uultilc c:itc:i Dcl wit|
:oui:c:t coucti:g i:io:utio:
l:tcg:tc scvc:l :ts oi tcxt i: o:cc: to
icc:tii, ui: icc, u:cc:st:c :cltio:s|i
o: co:st:uc t|c uc:i:g oi wo:c o: |:sc
ou:c, co:t:st o: ctcgo:isc t|i:g u:,
c:itc:i i:to ccou:t Dcl wit| coucti:g
i:io:utio:
\|c co::cctio:s o: cou:iso:s, givc
cxl:tio:s, o: cvlutc ictu:c oi tcxt
Dcuo:st:tc cctilcc u:cc:st:ci:g oi
t|c tcxt i: :cltio: to iuili:, cvc:,c,
|:owlccgc, o: c:w o: lcss couuo:
|:owlccgc
loctc :c ossi|l, scquc:cc o: cou|i:c
uultilc icccs oi cu|ccccc i:io:utio:,
cc| oi w|ic| u, :ccc to ucct uultilc
c:itc:i, i: tcxt wit| u:iuili: co:tcxt
o: io:u l:ic: w|ic| i:io:utio: i: t|c
tcxt is :clcv:t to t|c ts|
usc |ig| lcvcl oi tcxt|scc i:ic:c:cc
to u:cc:st:c :c l, ctcgo:ics i: :
u:iuili: co:tcxt, :c to co:st:uc t|c
uc:i:g oi scctio: oi tcxt |, t|i:g
i:to ccou:t t|c tcxt s w|olc Dcl
wit| u|iguitics, iccs t|t :c co:t::,
to cxccttio: :c iccs t|t :c :cgtivcl,
wo:ccc
usc io:ul o: u|lic |:owlccgc to
|,ot|csisc |out o: c:iticll, cvlutc
tcxt |ow ccu:tc u:cc:st:ci:g oi
lo:g o: coulcx tcxts
Ievei
!
lvc: cu:so:, gl:cc t ligu:c !! will :cvcl t|t, s uig|t |c cxcctcc,
ts|s t t|c lowc: c:c oi cc| sclc :cqui:c vc:, ciiic:c:t s|ills i:ou t|osc
t t|c |ig|c: c:c A uo:c c:ciul :l,sis oi t|c ::gc oi ts|s lo:g cc|
:cci:g litc:c, sclc :oviccs souc i:cictio: oi : o:cc:cc sct oi |:owl
ccgcco:st:uctio: s|ills :c st:tcgics lo: cxulc, ll ts|s o: t|c :ct:icv
i:g i:io:utio: sclc :cqui:c stucc:ts to loctc i:io:utio: i: :osc tcxts
o: ot|c: io:us oi w:iti:g I|c csicst ts|s o: t|is sclc :cqui:c stucc:ts
to loctc cxlicitl, sttcc i:io:utio: cco:ci:g to si:glc c:itc:io: w|c:c
t|c:c is littlc, ii :,, coucti:g i:io:utio: i: t|c tcxt
l, co:t:st, ts|s t t|c |ig| c:c oi t|is sclc :cqui:c stucc:ts to loctc
:c scquc:cc uultilc icccs oi cccl, cu|ccccc i:io:utio:, souctiucs
i: cco:c:cc wit| uultilc c:itc:i itc: t|c:c is coucti:g i:io:utio:
i: t|c tcxt t|t s|:cs souc ictu:cs wit| t|c i:io:utio: :cqui:cc io: t|c
:swc: iuil:l,, o: t|c i:tc::cti:g sclc :c t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio:
sclc, ts|s t t|c lowc: c:c ciiic: i:ou t|osc t t|c |ig|c: c:c i: tc:us
oi t|c :occss :ccccc to :swc: t|cu co::cctl,, t|c ccg:cc to w|ic| t|c
:cci:g st:tcgics :cqui:cc io: co::cct :swc: :c sig:llcc i: t|c qucstio:
o: t|c i:st:uctio:s, t|c lcvcl oi coulcxit, :c iuili:it, oi t|c tcxt, :c t|c
qu:tit, oi coucti:g o: cist:cti:g i:io:utio: :csc:t i: t|c tcxt
A ccsc:itio: oi t|c co:cctul i:ucwo:| u:cc:l,i:g t|c llA sscssuc:t oi
:cci:g litc:c, is :oviccc i: M.oo.. :o1. xc!.1. o1 :|.!! + :.
t.o.c.| c. +.. ;lD, 1---o,
0ERCENTAGEOFSTUDENTSPROFICIENTATEACHLEVELOFREADINGLITERACY
li stucc:ts` :oiicic:c, is ccsc:i|cc i: tc:us oi iivc lcvcls oi :cci:g litc:c,, it is
ossi|lc cit|c: to i:cictc w|t :oo:tio: oi t|cu :c :oiicic:t t :ticul: lcvcl
o: to icc:tii, t|c c:cc:tgc t|t :c :oiicic:t o c t t|t lcvcl ;s :csc:tcc
i: I|lcs !1c, uc:i:g t|t it is t|ci: |ig|cst lcvcl oi :oiicic:c, lowcvc:,
|:owi:g t|t 10 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i: o:c cou:t:, :c !0 c: cc:t i: :ot|c:
:c cxctl, t, s,, lcvcl ! is :ot csccill, uc:i:giul wit|out lso |:owi:g t|c
c:cc:tgcs t t|c ot|c: lcvcls lt is t|c:cio:c gc:c:ll, uo:c usciul to |:ow t|c
1ak a/ //c lowc| cra oj
ca./ oj //c //|cc |caa/rq
.alc |ct/|c a/|c./ ara
/|a/q//jo|wa|a tc oj
/cx/
lox !1 Hov to read Iigure 2.2
l: t|c suc w, t|t stucc:ts :c lloctcc c:io:u:cc sco:c o: cc| llA sclc, t|c lcvcl oi
ciiiicult, oi t|c ts|s sct c: lso |c cx:csscc i: tc:us oi t|csc sclcs W|ilc stucc:ts :cccivc sclc
sco:cs cco:ci:g to t|ci: c:io:u:cc i: t|c sscssuc:t ts|s, t|c ciiiicult, oi ts| is cc:ivcc i:ou
t|c vc:gc c:io:u:cc i: t|t ts| oi stucc:ts i: ll cou:t:ics
lo: cxulc, Qucstio: 1! i:ou t|c kcci:g u:it c.o.., s|ow: i: ligu:c !!, :cqui:cs stucc:ts
to cou:c clius ucc i: two s|o:t tcxts wit| t|ci: ow: vicws :c ttituccs, :c |s :otio:l
lcvcl oi ciiiicult, oi +1 oi:ts A stucc:t wit| sco:c oi +1 is cxcctcc to |c c|lc oi ccli:g
1/c |ctl/ jo| a otla//or
.ar bc cx|cca a //c
c|.cr/aqc oj /tacr/ w////r
a a|//.tla| lcvcl o| a //c
c|.cr/aqc |ca.//rq a/ lca/
a a|//.tla| lcvcl //a/ / a/
//a/ lcvcl o| abovc'
//jj/.tl/ /ak a/ //c /o
cra |ct/|c no|c
.onlcx tc oj /cx/ ara oj
//c /aca cx|cca /r //
!
wit| ts|s u to t|is lcvcl oi ciiiicult, I|t cocs :ot uc: t|t cvc:, stucc:t :cccivi:g sco:c oi
+1 o: |ovc will |vc :swc:cc t|is itcu co::cctl, o: t|t ll stucc:ts :cccivi:g sco:cs |clow +1
will |vc :swc:cc it i:co::cctl, :o: cocs it uc: t|t stucc:ts wit| sco:c oi +1 will :swc:
co::cctl, ll itcus wit| :otio:l lcvcl oi ciiiicult, |clow t|is oi:t :c will :swc: i:co::cctl,
ll itcus wit| lcvcl oi ciiiicult, |ovc it I|c ciiiicult, oi ts| is cst|lis|cc i: suc| s w, t|t
stucc:ts wit| sco:c cqul to t|t oi givc: itcu will |vc |:ow:
!
:o||ilit, oi :swc:i:g it
co::cctl, tucc:ts wit| sco:cs |ovc|clow +1 oi:ts will |vc g:ctc:sullc: li|cli|ooc oi
:swc:i:g t|c itcu t|c: s : cxulc |c:c ;:c ot|c:s li|c it, co::cctl,
tucc:ts` :swc:s to souc oc:c:ccc qucstio:s u, |c :till, co::cct, i: w|ic| csc t|c,
:cccivc :til c:ccit, co::cso:ci:g to lowc: sco:c o: t|c :oiicic:c, sclc t|: t|t oi iull,
co::cct :swc:
GK+III1I
lù siuuc:i:g wit| :gc: s t|c sc|ool wll
is clc:cc :c :ci:tcc io: t|c iou:t| tiuc
to gct :ic oi g:iiiti :ctivit, is cui:|lc
|ut colc s|oulc ii:c w,s to cx:css
t|cusclvcs t|t co :ot i:ilict cxt: costs uo:
socict,
W|, co ,ou soil t|c :cuttio: oi ,ou:g colc
|, i:ti:g g:iiiti w|c:c it`s io:|iccc:
l:oicssio:l :tists co :ot |:g t|ci: i:ti:gs
i: t|c st:ccts, co t|c, l:stcc t|c, scc| iu:ci:g
:c gi: iuc t|:oug| lcgl cx|i|itio:s
l: u, oi:io: |uilci:gs, ic:ccs :c :|
|c:c|cs :c wo:|s oi :t i: t|cusclvcs lt`s
:cll, t|ctic to soil t|is :c|itcctu:c wit|
g:iiiti :c w|t`s uo:c, t|c uct|oc ccst:o,s
t|c ozo:c l,c: kcll,, l c:`t u:cc:st:c w|,
t|csc c:iui:l :tists |ot|c: s t|ci: :tistic
wo:|s :c |ust :cuovcc i:ou sig|t ovc: :c
ovc: gi:
lclg
I|c:c is :o ccou:ti:g io: tstc ocict, is iull
oi couuu:ictio: :c cvc:tisi:g ou:,
logos, s|o :ucs l:gc i:t:usivc ostc:s o:
t|c st:ccts A:c t|c, ccct|lc Ycs, uostl,
ls g:iiiti ccct|lc ouc colc s, ,cs,
souc :o
W|o ,s t|c :icc io: g:iiiti W|o is
ultiutcl, ,i:g t|c :icc io: cvc:tiscuc:ts
o::cct I|c co:suuc:
lvc t|c colc w|o ut u |ill|o:cs s|cc
,ou: c:uissio: :o |oulc g:iiiti i:tc:s co
so t|c: ls:`t it ll |ust qucstio: oi
couuu:ictio: ,ou: ow: :uc, t|c :ucs oi
g:gs :c l:gc wo:|s oi :t i: t|c st:cct
I|i:| |out t|c st:icc :c c|cquc:cc clot|cs
t|t c:cc i: t|c sto:cs icw ,c:s go
A:c s|i wc: I|c ttc::s :c colou:s wc:c
stolc: ci:cctl, i:ou t|c ilowc:, co:c:ctc wlls
lt`s quitc uusi:g t|t t|csc ttc::s :c
colou:s :c ccctcc :c cui:cc |ut t|t
g:iiiti i: t|c suc st,lc is co:sicc:cc c:cciul
Iiucs :c |:c io: :t
o|i
1|.. c !... .c. .c |. i... o1 o.. o/co .o.. c.o.. . .!!.o! o.. o1 ... c o!! o1
.!.|... r... c |. !... c o.. |. o..c
l:qurc 2.2
ulcs oi t|c :cci:g ts|s uscc i: llA
!-
.
+
!
!
1
o!o
..!
+0
+0
!!.
00
l
c
l
o
w

1
l
c
l
o
w

1
l
c
l
o
w

1
IIVII
Retrieving
inormation
Interpreting
tets
IIVII
Reiection
and evaiuation
IIVII
OU$TtON 11
cr+tti1i
I|c u:osc oi cc| oi t|csc lcttc:s
is to
A lxli: w|t g:iiiti is
l l:csc:t : oi:io: |out
g:iiiti
Dcuo:st:tc t|c oul:it,
oi g:iiiti
D Icll colc |ow uuc| is sc:t
:cuovi:g g:iiiti
OU$TtON 14
cr+tti1i
Wc c: tl| |out w|t lcttc: s,s
;its co:tc:t,
Wc c: tl| |out t|c w, lcttc:
is w:ittc: ;its st,lc,
kcg:clcss oi w|ic| lcttc: ,ou g:cc
wit|, i: ,ou: oi:io:, w|ic| co ,ou
t|i:| is t|c |cttc: lcttc: lxli:
,ou: :swc: |, :cic::i:g to t|c w,
o:c o: |ot| lcttc:s :c w:ittc:
:.c.. : ;+!1,
l :csc:t : oi:io: |out g:iiiti
:.c.. : ;.1,
A:swc:s w|ic| cxli: oi:io: wit|
:cic:c:cc to t|c st,lc o: io:u oi
o:c o: |ot| lcttc:s I|c, s|oulc
:cic: to c:itc:i suc| s st,lc oi
w:iti:g, st:uctu:c oi :guuc:t,
cogc:c, oi :guuc:t, to:c, :cgistc:
uscc, o: st:tcgics io: c:suci:g
:ccc:s Ic:us li|c "|cttc:
:guuc:ts" uust |c su|st:titcc
1|. o| ..o... o1. c .o!oo. |.
....' ..o /, .co.. c |c. !...
c |. c.. c .o..:o1. ..1 c
1.o c |... o1..o1. c |o
.c.o. cc1 ,!. . ...
1|. o| ..o... o1. c .co..
.!o. o1. . c |c. . .|
c .. o1 o.o1. :o1. o..
o!c ..o...1 c 1.c.o. /.co1
o1..o1. c o !.o c. c |.
c !...
1|. o| ..o... o1. c .1..,
|. o.c. |o c |c. . |o.
. .cc /, .co.. |. o.
.1.o . .o.| c |.
OU$TtON 12
cr+tti1i
W|, cocs o|i :cic: to
cvc:tisi:g
:.c.. : ;.+!,
A:swc:s w|ic| :ccog:isc t|t
cou:iso: is |ci:g c:w: |ctwcc:
g:iiiti :c cvc:tisi:g, :c :c
co:sistc:t wit| t|c icc t|t
cvc:tisi:g is lcgl io:u oi g:iiiti
o:
A:swc:s w|ic| :ccog:isc t|t
:cic::i:g to cvc:tisi:g is st:tcg,
to ccic:c g:iiiti
OU$TtON 13
cr+tti1i
W|ic| oi t|c two lcttc: w:itc:s co
,ou g:cc wit| lxli: ,ou: :swc:
|, usi:g ,ou: ow: wo:cs to :cic: to
w|t is sic i: o:c o: |ot| oi t|c
lcttc:s
:.c.. : ;+1,
A:swc:s w|ic| cxli: t|c stucc:t's
oi:t oi vicw |, :cic::i:g to t|c
co:tc:t oi o:c o: |ot| lcttc:s I|c,
u, :cic: to t|c w:itc:'s gc:c:l
ositio: ;.. io: o: gi:st, o: to
cctil oi |c: :guuc:t I|c
i:tc::cttio: oi t|c w:itc:'s
:guuc:t uust |c lusi|lc I|c
cxl:tio: u, t|c t|c io:u oi
:|:sc oi :t oi t|c tcxt, |ut
uust :ot |c w|oll, o: l:gcl,
coicc wit|out ltc:tio: o:
ccitio:
1|. o| ..o... o1. c ... o
oo!c..o! ..!o.c|. /... c
|.c.o . |. .
I|:cs|olcs, |scc o: kl ~ 0o! ;scc lox !1, :co... lD llA, !001
.
+
!
!
1
.
+
!
!
1
+0
L+OUK
I|c t:cc cig:u |clow s|ows t|c st:uctu:c oi cou:t:,`s l|ou: io:cc o: wo:|i:ggc oultio: I|c
totl oultio: oi t|c cou:t:, i: 1--. ws |out !+ uillio:
1he iabour orce structure year ended 11 March 199s ;000s,
1
l:qurc 2.2 (.on':nucd)
1 :uu|c:s oi colc :c givc: i: t|ous:cs ;000s,
! I|c wo:|i:ggc oultio: is ccii:cc s colc |ctwcc: t|c gcs oi 1. :c o.
! lcolc :ot i: l|ou: io:cc :c t|osc :ot ctivcl, scc|i:g wo:| :co: :ot vil|lc io: wo:|
:co... D \illc:, tc. o i.cc.., lA lu|lictio:s, lox -+.!, :cwu:|ct, Auc|l:c, :Z, o+
u. |. .c.o.c o/co o .co., !o/co. c... c o.. |. o..c
Wo:|i:ggc oultio:
!
!o.o.
:ot i: l|ou: io:cc
!
-+-- !.
l: l|ou: io:cc
10o. o+!
lulltiuc
1!!1 +
lulo,cc
1.+ -!.
u:culo,cc
1!1 .
l:ttiuc
!+1! !1o
cc|i:g iulltiuc
wo:|
101o -!
:ot scc|i:g
iulltiuc wo:|
!11 -!!
cc|i:g :ttiuc
wo:|
!o. !0
cc|i:g
iulltiuc wo:|
!!! o
+1
.
+
!
!
1
l
c
l
o
w

1
.
+
!
!
1
.
+
!
!
1
l
c
l
o
w

1
l
c
l
o
w

1
o!o
..!
+0
+0
!!.
00
:co... lD llA, !001 I|:cs|olcs, |scc o: kl ~ 0o! ;scc lox !1,
IIVII
Retrieving
inormation
Reiection
and evaiuation
IIVII
Interpreting
tets
IIVII
:.c.. 2 ;!,
. :swc:s co::cct ;c|cc|cc |oxcs,
1|. o| ..o... o1. c oo!,.
o1 o.| ...o! 1..../.1 .o. c
!o/co. c... oo .o.c... |... c.
c |. ..!.o .c.o.c . . ccc.
o1 |...c.. c .c..
OU$TtON 16
t+iour
low u:, colc oi wo:|i:g gc
wc:c :ot i: t|c l|ou: io:cc
;W:itc t|c :uu|c: oi colc, :ot
t|c c:cc:tgc,
:.c.. 2 ;o!1,
A:swc:s w|ic| i:cictc t|t t|c
:uu|c: i: t|c t:cc cig:u A:D
t|c "000s" i: t|c titlcioot:otc
|vc |cc: i:tcg:tcc -+- -00
Allow :oxiutio:s |ctwcc:
-+- 000 :c -.0 000 i: iigu:cs
o: wo:cs Also ccct -00 000
o: o:c uillio: ;i: wo:cs o:
iigu:cs, wit| quliiic:
1|. o| ..o... o1. c !c.o.
.c.... o....o! .c.o.c . o ...
1.o.o o1 .c/.. . .| .c1..co!
.c.o.c .. . o ccc.
:.c.. : ;+,
D l: t|c l|ou: io:cc :c :ot
i: t|c l|ou: io:cc
OU$TtON 1S
t+iour
W|t :c t|c two ui: g:ous i:to w|ic| t|c
wo:|i:ggc oultio: is civiccc
A lulo,cc :c u:culo,cc
l i wo:|i:g gc :c :ot oi wo:|i:g gc
lulltiuc wo:|c:s :c :ttiuc
wo:|c:s
D l: t|c l|ou: io:cc :c :ot i: t|c
l|ou: io:cc
1|. o| ..o... o1. c o1..o1
|. ..!o.c|. c .c.o.c ....1
. o ... 1.o.o
1|. o| ..o... o1. c !c.o.
.c.... o....o! .c.o.c . |.
... 1.o.o + |. !..!,.c1..co!
.c.o.c . c o.1
:.c.. : ;+.,
A:swc:s w|ic| i:cictc t|t t|c
:uu|c: i: t|c t:cc cig:u |s
|cc: loctcc, |ut t|t t|c "000s"
i: t|c titlcioot:otc |s :ot |cc:
co::cctl, i:tcg:tcc A:swc:s
stti:g -+-- i: wo:cs o: iigu:cs
Allow :oxiutio:s
cou:|lc to t|osc io: co:c !
:.c.. : ;+!,
! o: + :swc:s co::cct
1|. o| ..o... o1. c oo!,.
o1 o.| c. 1..../.1 .o. c !o/co.
c... oo .o.c... |... c. c |.
..!.o .c.o.c . . ccc. o1
|...c.. c .c..
OU$TtON 19
t+iour
I|c i:io:utio: |out t|c l|ou:
io:cc st:uctu:c is :csc:tcc s
t:cc cig:u, |ut it coulc |vc
|cc: :csc:tcc i: :uu|c: oi
ot|c: w,s, suc| s w:ittc:
ccsc:itio:, ic c|:t, g:|
o: t|lc
I|c t:cc cig:u ws :o||l,
c|osc: |ccusc it is csccill,
usciul io: s|owi:g
A |:gcs ovc: tiuc
l I|c sizc oi t|c cou:t:,'s totl
oultio:
tcgo:ics wit|i: cc| g:ou
D I|c sizc oi cc| g:ou
:.c.. : ;+o,
ctcgo:ics wit|i: cc| g:ou
1|. o| ..o... o1. c
.o!oo. |. c.o! .oo.. c o
... 1.o.o . c.1.. c ...c..
|. o.c..o.. c .
.o.o.. c. |c. .o.c...
.|. .co
OU$TtON 18
t+iour
uosc t|t i:io:utio: |out
t|c l|ou: io:cc ws :csc:tcc i:
t:cc cig:u li|c t|is cvc:, ,c:
listcc |clow :c iou: ictu:cs oi
t|c t:cc cig:u |ow w|ct|c:
o: :ot ,ou woulc cxcct t|csc
ictu:cs to c|:gc i:ou ,c: to
,c:, |, ci:cli:g cit|c: "|:gc"
o: ":o c|:gc"
:.c.. : ;++.,
! :swc:s co::cct
1|. o| ..o... o1. c 1.o
c |c!.1. c |. c. o1
.c. c o ... 1.o.o o/co |.
!o/co. c... c 1..o.| /...
o..o/!. o1 .o.o.o! .oo..
OU$TtON 1
t+iour
l: w|ic| :t oi t|c t:cc cig:u, ii :,,
woulc cc| oi t|c colc listcc i:
t|c t|lc |clow |c i:cluccc
|ow ,ou: :swc: |, lci:g c:oss
i: t|c co::cct |ox i: t|c t|lc
I|c ii:st o:c |s |cc: co:c io: ,ou
;:cc |ox,
l: l|ou: io:cc
culo,cc
l: l|ou: io:cc
u:culo,cc
:ot i:
l|ou: io:cc
:ot i:cluccc
i: :, ctcgo:,
A :ttiuc witc:,
gcc !.
A |usi:css wou:,
gcc +!, w|o wo:|s
sixt,|ou: wcc|
A iulltiuc stucc:t,
gcc !1
A u:, gcc !, w|o
:ccc:tl, solc |is s|o
:c is loo|i:g io:
wo:|
A wou:, gcc ..,
w|o |s :cvc: wo:|cc
o: w:tcc to wo:|
outsicc t|c |ouc
A g::cuot|c:, gcc
0, w|o still wo:|s
icw |ou:s c, t t|c
iuil,`s u:|ct stll
Ieatures o tree diagram Ansver
I|c l|cls i: cc| |ox :o c|:gc
;. "l: l|ou: io:cc",
I|c c:cc:tgcs ;. "o+!", |:gc
I|c :uu|c:s ;. "!o.o.", |:gc
I|c ioot:otcs u:cc: t|c t:cc cig:u :o c|:gc
+!
3CIENTIFIC0OLICE7EAPONS
r... c |. oo... o...!. c o.. |. o..c
oi t|csc |i:s :c souc oi t|c
suscct`s |looc cclls l: t|c
:uclcus oi cc| ccll i: ou:
|ocics t|c:c is D:A W|t is
it D:A is li|c :cc|lcc ucc
oi two twistcc st:i:gs oi c:ls
lugi:c t|t t|csc c:ls couc
i: iou: ciiic:c:t colou:s :c
t|t t|ous:cs oi colou:cc
c:ls ;w|ic| u|c u gc:c,
:c st:u:g i: vc:, scciiic
o:cc: l: cc| i:civicul t|is
o:cc: is cxctl, t|c suc i: ll
t|c cclls i: t|c |oc, t|osc oi
t|c |i: :oots s wcll s t|osc
oi t|c |ig toc, t|osc oi t|c livc:
:c t|osc oi t|c stouc| o:
|looc lut t|c o:cc: oi t|c
c:ls v:ics i:ou o:c c:so:
to :ot|c: Givc: t|c :uu|c:
oi c:ls st:u:g i: t|is w,,
t|c:c is vc:, littlc c|:cc oi
two colc |vi:g t|c suc
D:A, wit| t|c cxcctio: oi
icc:ticl twi:s u:iquc to cc|
i:civicul, D:A is t|us so:t
oi gc:ctic icc:tit, c:c
Gc:cticists :c t|c:cio:c |lc
to cou:c t|c suscct`s
gc:ctic icc:tit, c:c ;cctc:
ui:cc i:ou |is |looc, wit|
t|t oi t|c c:so: wit| t|c :cc
|i: li t|c gc:ctic c:c is t|c
suc, t|c, will |:ow t|t t|c
'ENETICWHAT
D:A is ucc u oi
:uu|c: oi gc:cs, cc|
co:sisti:g oi t|ous:cs oi
c:ls Iogct|c: t|csc
gc:cs io:u t|c gc:ctic
icc:tit, c:c oi c:so:
\ic:oscoc i:
olicc l|o:to:,
suscct cic i: ict go :c: t|c
victiu |c sic |c`c :cvc: uct
]ust one piece o evidence
\o:c :c uo:c oitc: i: cscs
oi scxul ssult, uu:cc:, t|cit
o: ot|c: c:iucs, t|c olicc :c
|vi:g gc:ctic :l,scs co:c
W|, Io t:, to ii:c cvicc:cc
oi co:tct |ctwcc: two
colc, two o||ccts o: c:so:
:c : o||cct l:ovi:g suc|
co:tct is oitc: vc:, usciul to
t|c i:vcstigtio: lut it cocs
:ot :cccss:il, :ovicc :ooi oi
c:iuc lt is |ust o:c iccc oi
cvicc:cc uo:gst u:, ot|c:s
+. ..o.!!.
7EAREMADEUPOF
BILLIONSOFCELLS
lvc:, livi:g t|i:g is ucc
u oi lots oi cclls A ccll
is vc:, sull i:cccc lt c:
lso |c sic to |c
uic:oscoic |ccusc it c:
o:l, |c scc: usi:g
uic:oscoc w|ic|
ug:iiics it u:, tiucs
lc| ccll |s : outc:
ucu|::c :c :uclcus
i: w|ic| t|c D:A is
iou:c
At t|c c:iuc scc:c,
i:vcstigto:s |vc gt|c:cc cvc:,
ossi|lc s|:cc oi cvicc:cc
iugi:|lc ii|:cs i:ou i|:ics,
|i:s, ii:gc: u:|s, cig:cttc
c:csI|c icw |i:s iou:c o:
t|c victiu`s |c|ct :c :cc A:c
t|c, loo| st::gcl, li|c t|c
suscct`s li it coulc |c :ovcc
t|t t|csc |i:s :c i:cccc |is,
t|is woulc |c cvicc:cc t|t |c
|c i: ict uct t|c victiu
Ivery individuai is unique
ccilists sct to wo:| I|c,
cxui:c souc cclls t t|c :oot
+ mnrJer nos Ieen
comm:tteJ Int tne
snspect Jen:es
everytn:nq. He clo:ms
not to Inow tne
v:ct:m. He soys ne
never Inew n:m,
never went neor n:m,
never toncneJ n:m.
1ne pol:ce onJ tne
nJqe ore conv:nceJ
tnot ne :s not tell:nq
tne trntn. nt now
to prove :t'
(OWISTHEGENETIC
IDENTITYCARD
REVEALED
I|c gc:cticist t|cs t|c
icw cclls i:ou t|c |sc oi
t|c |i:s iou:c o: t|c
victiu, o: i:ou t|c sliv
lcit o: cig:cttc c:c lc
uts t|cu i:to :ocuct
w|ic| ccst:o,s cvc:,t|i:g
:ou:c t|c D:A oi t|c
cclls lc t|c: cocs t|c
suc t|i:g wit| souc
cclls i:ou t|c suscct`s
|looc I|c D:A is t|c:
sccill, :c:cc io:
:l,sis Aitc: t|is, it is
lccc i: sccil gcl :c
: clcct:ic cu::c:t is
sscc t|:oug| t|c gcl
Aitc: icw |ou:s, t|is
:ocuccs st:ics siuil:
to |: cocc ;li|c t|c o:cs
o: t|i:gs wc |u,, w|ic|
:c visi|lc u:cc: sccil
lu I|c |: cocc oi t|c
suscct`s D:A is t|c:
cou:cc wit| t|t oi t|c
|i:s iou:c o: t|c victiu
l:qurc 2.2 (.on':nucd)
+!
.
+
!
!
1
l
c
l
o
w

1
.
+
!
!
1
.
+
!
!
1
l
c
l
o
w

1
l
c
l
o
w

1
00
o!o
..!
+0
+0
!!.
:co... lD llA, !001 I|:cs|olcs, |scc o: kl ~ 0o! ;scc lox !1,
IIVII
Retrieving
inormation
Interpreting
tets
IIVII
Reiection
and evaiuation
IIVII
1|. o| ..o... o1. c ...o.
.c.o.c .c 1.... o.o.o| . c.1..
c .1.., |. o. .1.o c o ......
oo... o...!. ... c. ,co .c!.
OU$TtON 22
:cii:1itic totici Pi+to::
Io cxli: t|c st:uctu:c oi D:A, t|c
ut|o: tl|s |out c:l :cc|lcc low
co t|csc c:l :cc|lccs v:, i:ou o:c
i:civicul to :ot|c:
A I|c, v:, i: lc:gt|
l I|c o:cc: oi t|c c:ls is ciiic:c:t
I|c :uu|c: oi :cc|lccs is ciiic:c:t
D I|c colou: oi t|c c:ls is ciiic:c:t
:.c.. : ;.1.,
l I|c o:cc: oi t|c c:ls is ciiic:c:t
OU$TtON 2S
I|c c:c oi t|c i:t:ocuctio: ;t|c ii:st s|ccc
scctio:, s,s "lut |ow to :ovc it"
Acco:ci:g to t|c ssgc, i:vcstigto:s t:, to
ii:c : :swc: to t|is qucstio: |,
A l:tc::ogti:g wit:csscs
l ::,i:g out gc:ctic :l,scs
l:tc::ogti:g t|c suscct t|o:oug|l,
D Goi:g ovc: ll t|c :csults oi t|c
i:vcstigtio: gi:
:.c.. : ;+0!,
l ::,i:g out gc:ctic :l,scs
1|. o| ..o... o1. c !c.o.
.c.o.c . o ...... oo... o...!.
c. ,co .c!. /, o|. o ,c,co
o.| oc .c.. .c.o.c
OU$TtON 23
W|t is t|c u:osc oi t|c |ox |cccc "low
is t|c gc:ctic icc:tit, c:c :cvclcc"
Io cxli:
A W|t D:A is
l W|t |: sco:c is
low cclls :c :l,scc to ii:c t|c
ttc:: oi D:A
D low it c: |c :ovcc t|t c:iuc
|s |cc: couuittcc
:.c.. : ;.1,
low cclls :c :l,scc to ii:c t|c ttc::
oi D:A
OU$TtON 24
W|t is t|c ut|o:'s ui: iu
A Io w::
l Io uusc
Io i:io:u
D Io co:vi:cc
:.c.. : ;+0o,
Io i:io:u
1|. o| ..o... o1. c .1.., |.
....' ...o! o.c. . o ......
oo... o...!. ... c. ,co .c!.
1|. o| ..o... o1. c ...c.. o
o.c..o. oo., c o .!.o.!, .1....1
o.o.o| . o ...... oo... o...!.
c. ,co .c!. /, ...o. .c.o.c
.c ...o! .... :c. .c..
.c.o.c . ...
++
c:cc:tgc w|o :c o c :oiicic:t t givc: lcvcl si:cc t|is i:io:utio: i:cictcs
w|t :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts :c |lc to coc wit| cc:ti: ccu:cs oi cvc:,c,
liic :c wo:| lo: t|c u:oscs oi :l,sis, ltc: i: t|is :co:t :c clscw|c:c, t|c
tt:i|utcs oi g:ous oi stucc:ts w|o c:io:u t cc:ti: lcvcl u, :cvc:t|clcss |c
usciul, i: o:cc: to cxlo:c t|c liuits oi t|ci: :oiicic:c,
ligu:c !! :csc:ts : ovc:ll :oiilc oi :oiicic:c, o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc ;scc lso I|lc !1,, t|c lc:gt| oi t|c |:s s|owi:g t|c c:cc:tgc
oi stucc:ts :oiicic:t t cc| lcvcl
Proficiency at LeveI 5above 2' points}
tucc:ts :oiicic:t t lcvcl . o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc :c c|lc
oi coulcti:g so|istictcc :cci:g ts|s, suc| s u:gi:g i:io:utio: t|t is
ciiiicult to ii:c i: u:iuili: tcxts, s|owi:g cctilcc u:cc:st:ci:g oi suc| tcxts
:c i:ic::i:g w|ic| i:io:utio: i: t|c tcxt is :clcv:t to t|c ts|, :c |ci:g |lc
to cvlutc c:iticll, :c |uilc |,ot|cscs, c:w o: scciliscc |:owlccgc, :c
ccouuoctc co:ccts t|t u, |c co:t::, to cxccttio:s cc ligu:c !1 io:
uo:c cctilcc ccsc:itio:
tucc:ts c:io:ui:g t t|c |ig|cst llA :oiicic:c, lcvcls :c li|cl, to c:|:cc
t|ci: cou:t:,`s ool oi tlc:t Ioc,`s :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g t
t|csc lcvcls u, lso i:iluc:cc t|c co:t:i|utio: w|ic| t|t cou:t:, will u|c to
t|c ool oi touo::ow`s wo:lcclss |:owlccgc wo:|c:s i: t|c glo|l cco:ou,
ou:i:g t|c :oo:tio:s oi stucc:ts :cc|i:g t|c |ig|cst lcvcl oi :cci:g
:oiicic:c, is, t|c:cio:c, oi :clcv:cc i: itscli
l: t|c cou|i:cc lD :c, 10 c: cc:t oi t|c stucc:ts i: llA !000 :c
:oiicic:t t lcvcl . \o:c t|: 1. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i: Aust:li, :c,
li:l:c, :cw Zcl:c :c t|c u:itcc li:gcou :cc| t|is lcvcl, :c 1! c: cc:t
o: uo:c i: lclgiuu, l:cl:c :c t|c u:itcc ttcs, |ut it is . c: cc:t o: lcss i:
l:zil, G:cccc, ltvi, luxcu|ou:g, \cxico, lo:tugl, t|c kussi: lccc:tio:
:c i: ;I|lc !1,
lt is iuo:t:t to |cc i: ui:c t|t t|c :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g
t lcvcl . is i:iluc:ccc :ot o:l, |, t|c ovc:ll c:io:u:cc oi cou:t:ics i:
:cci:g litc:c, |ut lso |, t|c v:itio: t|t cxists wit|i: cou:t:ics |ctwcc:
t|c stucc:ts wit| t|c |ig|cst :c t|c lowcst lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc W|ilc t|c:c
is gc:c:l tc:cc:c, io: cou:t:ics wit| |ig|c: :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts sco:i:g
t lcvcl . to |vc icwc: stucc:ts t lcvcl 1 :c |clow, t|is is :ot lw,s t|c csc
l: li:l:c, io: cxulc, 1 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cc| lcvcl . w|ilc o:l, ! c:
cc:t :c |clow lcvcl 1, |ut lclgiuu :c t|c u:itcc ttcs, io: cxulc, w|ic|
lso |vc |ig| c:cc:tgcs :cc|i:g lcvcl ., |vc :cltivcl, |ig| :oo:tio:s
oi stucc:ts sco:i:g |clow lcvcl 1 s wcll ; :c o c: cc:t, :cscctivcl,, l,
co:t:st, i: lo:c, o:c oi t|c cou:t:ics t|t c:io:us t vc:, |ig| lcvcl i: ll
t|:cc coui:s i: llA !000, lcss t|: o c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cc| lcvcl . :c
lcss t|: 1 c: cc:t sco:c |clow lcvcl 1
/tacr/ a/ lcvcl 5 a|c
.aablc oj .onlc//rq
o////.a/ca |caa/rq
/ak.
.w/// k/ll //a/ a|c
v//al /r krowlcaqc-baca
c.oron/c
lcvcl 5 a..otr/ jo| ovc|
I5 oj /tacr/ /r onc
.otr/|/c ara trac| 5
/r o//c|
otr/|/c w/// nary
/tacr/ a/ lcvcl 5 a|c
ro/ alway //oc w///
//c nallc/ c|.cr/aqc oj
/tacr/ c|jo|n/rq oo|ly
+.
lxui:i:g t|c t|:cc couo:c:ts oi t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc s|ows
cvc: uo:c v:itio:, :ticul:l, i: t|osc cou:t:ics wit| : |ovcvc:gc
c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g t lcvcl . o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc l: li:l:c, io: cxulc, !o c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cc| lcvcl . o: t|c
:ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc ;I|lc !1|,, |ut o:l, 1+ c: cc:t :cc| lcvcl . o:
t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc ;lD vc:gc 11 c: cc:t, ;I|lc !1c,
A siuil: ictu:c, t|oug| lcss :o:ou:ccc, c: |c o|sc:vcc i: Aust:li,
lclgiuu :c wccc: l, co:t:st, :c :c t|c u:itcc li:gcou s|ow
|ig|c: c:cc:tgcs o: t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc t|: o: t|c :ct:icvi:g
i:io:utio: :c i:tc::cti:g sclcs, suggcsti:g t|t |ig| ovc:ll c:io:u:cc i:
17
2B
2B
1B
7
2
1B
7
3
33
29
10
1B
B
3
30
27
14
19
2
25
17
9
5
1B
25
2
19
9
3
1
24
27
20
9
4
11
2
30
20
9
3
12
2
2
17
11
B
9
25
30
22
10
4
9
25
31
22
11
4
11
24
2B
20
11
B
24
31
22
11
4
12
21
27
21
12
B
22
29
23
12
9
21
2B
21
13
7
4
21
33
2
12
4
7
20
31
25
11
5
19
31
2
14
5
9
19
27
22
13
10
19
2B
24
15
9
5
1B
29
25
1
7
5
17
2B
2
1
9
4
17
27
25
17
10
2
11
25
27
21
14
1
19
30
2B
1
5
19
30
23
15
B
3
13
27
29
1B
9
4
14
25
2
1B
13
1
3
13
2B
33
23
1B
32
29
14
5
2
1
31
39
19
5
100
0
o0
+0
!0
0
!0
+0
o0
0
100
At lcvcl 1
l:qurc 2.3
lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g t cc| oi t|c :oiicic:c, lcvcls
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc !1
I
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G
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lclow lcvcl 1 At lcvcl ! At lcvcl ! At lcvcl + At lcvcl .

1/c c|.cr/aqc oj
/tacr/ a/ lcvcl 5 va|/c
/r //c a/jjc|cr/ ac./
oj |caa/rq
+o
t|csc cou:t:ics is c|icvcc, i: :t, |, st:o:g c:io:u:cc i: ts|s t|t :cqui:c
stucc:ts to c:ggc i: c:iticl cvlutio:, to usc |,ot|cscs, :c to :cltc tcxts
to t|ci: ow: cxc:ic:cc, |:owlccgc :c iccs ;I|lcs !1|, c :c c,
+
Auo:g t|c cou:t:ics wit| t|c lowcst c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts :cc|i:g lcvcl .
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, o:l, + c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i: G:cccc
:cc| lcvcl . o: t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: :c i:tc::cti:g sclcs |ut t|:cc
tiucs t|t :oo:tio:, 1! c: cc:t ;lD vc:gc is 11 c: cc:t, :cc| lcvcl
. o: t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc ;I|lcs !1| :c !1c,
Proficiency at LeveI 4 rron ''3 to 2' points}
tucc:ts :oiicic:t t lcvcl + o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc :c c|lc
oi ciiiicult :cci:g ts|s, suc| s locti:g cu|ccccc i:io:utio:, co:st:ui:g
uc:i:g i:ou :u:ccs oi l:gugc :c c:iticll, cvluti:g tcxt ;scc ligu:c !1
io: cctilcc ccsc:itio:, l: t|c cou|i:cc lD :c, !1 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
:c :oiicic:t t lcvcl + :c |c,o:c ;t|t is, t lcvcls + :c ., ;I|lc !1,
lli oi t|c stucc:ts i: li:l:c :c +0 c: cc:t o: uo:c oi t|osc i: Aust:li,
:c, l:cl:c, :cw Zcl:c :c t|c u:itcc li:gcou tti: t lcst lcvcl +
Wit| t|c cxcctio: oi luxcu|ou:g :c \cxico, t lcst o:c i: iivc stucc:ts
i: cc| lD cou:t:, :cc|cs t lcst lcvcl + l: l:zil, t|c cou:t:, wit| t|c
lowcst c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c, ovc:ll, o:l, + c: cc:t oi stucc:ts sco:c
t lcvcl + o: |ovc
At lcvcl +, t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: t|c t|:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclcs tc:c to |c sullc: t|: t lcvcl . l: l:zil, |owcvc:, t|c :oo:tio:
oi stucc:ts t lcst t lcvcl + o: t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc is uo:c
t|: twicc t|c :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts t t|t lcvcl o: t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio:
sclc c: cc:t :c ! c: cc:t :cscctivcl, ;I|lcs !1|c, l: G:cccc, \cxico,
lo:tugl :c i:, t|c g is o c:cc:tgc oi:ts o: uo:c I|c :cvc:sc is t:uc
i: lclgiuu, li:l:c, l::cc :c licc|tc:stci:
Proficiency at LeveI 3 rron +3! to ''2 points}
tucc:ts :oiicic:t t lcvcl ! o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc :c c|lc
oi :cci:g ts|s oi uocc:tc coulcxit,, suc| s locti:g uultilc icccs oi
i:io:utio:, u|i:g li:|s |ctwcc: ciiic:c:t :ts oi tcxt, :c :clti:g it to
iuili: cvc:,c, |:owlccgc ;scc ligu:c !1 io: cctilcc ccsc:itio:, l: t|c
cou|i:cc lD :c, o0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :c :oiicic:t t lcst t lcvcl !
;t|t is, t lcvcls !, + o: ., o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;I|lc !1,
l: :i:c out oi ! lD cou:t:ics, |ctwcc: twot|i:cs :c 0 c: cc:t oi
1.,c:olc stucc:ts :c :oiicic:t t lcst t lcvcl !
Io w|t cxtc:t is t|c ttc:: oi :oiicic:c, siuil: c:oss cou:t:ics Io cxui:c
t|is, co:sicc: t|c :i:c cou:t:ics t|t |vc |ctwcc: twot|i:cs :c |ust ovc:
t|:ccqu:tc:s oi stucc:ts t lcvcl ! o: |ovc I|csc :c, i: o:cc:, li:l:c,
lo:c, :c, :, l:cl:c, :cw Zcl:c, Aust:li, t|c u:itcc li:gcou
:c wccc: low co t|csc cou:t:ics co i: ot|c: :csccts l: o:c cou:t:,,
1ak a/ lcvcl + a|c //ll
.onlcx ara a/jj/.tl/
ara .ar bc .o||c./ly
arwc|ca by abot/ a
///|a oj all /tacr/.
.w/// jcwc| a/jjc|cr.c
bc/wccr c|jo|nar.c or
//c //|cc ac./ oj
|caa/rq
1/|cc /r j/vc /tacr/
.ar c|jo|n |caa/rq
/ak oj noac|a/c
.onlcx//y /r |/rlara
t /o jot| /r j/vc.
.bt/ .otr/|/c w/c|c
no/ /tacr/ a|c a/ lca/
a/ lcvcl a/jjc| /r o//c|
|cc./
+
li:l:c, :cltivcl, l:gc :oo:tio:s oi stucc:ts :c lso |ig|l, litc:tc ;1 c:
cc:t c:io:ui:g t lcvcl ., cou:cc wit| t|c lD vc:gc oi 10 c: cc:t,,
o1 :cltivcl, l:gc :uu|c: :c |ovc t|c uost |sic lcvcl ;o:l, c: cc:t
i: li:l:c :c t lcvcl 1 o: |clow, li:l:c t|us s|ows st:o:g :csults o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
l: iu:t|c: iivc cou:t:ics, Aust:li, :c, l:cl:c, :cw Zcl:c :c t|c u:itcc
li:gcou, t|c:c :c l:gc :uu|c:s t t|c |ig|cst lcvcl ;|ctwcc: 1+ :c 1- c:
cc:t,, |ut t|c c:cc:tgc wit| c:io:u:cc t o: |clow lcvcl 1 is |ig|c: t|:
i: li:l:c, |ctwcc: 10 :c 1+ c: cc:t ;lD vc:gc is 1 c: cc:t, I|csc
cou:t:ics c:io:u wcll i: gctti:g stucc:ts to t|c |ig|cst lcvcl oi :oiicic:c, |ut
succccc lcss wcll i: :ccuci:g t|c :oo:tio: wit| low s|ills l: :cw Zcl:c, uo:c
stucc:ts t|: i: :, ot|c: cou:t:, :c :oiicic:t t lcvcl . ;1- c: cc:t,, |ut
:cltivcl, |ig| :uu|c: ;1+ c: cc:t, c:io:u o:l, t o: |clow lcvcl 1
I|c :csults io: lo:c s|ow t|t low cis:itics i: litc:c, s|ills t :cltivcl, |ig|
lcvcl :c : tti:|lc gol t|:ccqu:tc:s oi its stucc:ts :c :oiicic:t t lcst t
lcvcl ! :c o:l, o c: cc:t :c t o: |clow lcvcl 1 li|c lo:c, : |s l:gc
:uu|c:s oi stucc:ts wit| t lcst lcvcl ! litc:c, |ut :cltivcl, icw t cit|c: t|c |ig|
cst o: lowcst lcvcls li:ll,, i: wccc:, twot|i:cs oi stucc:ts :c t lcst t lcvcl !,
|ut t|c :uu|c:s wit| |ig| :c low lcvcls oi litc:c, :c closc: to t|c vc:gc
0ROFICIENCYAT,EVELrron +U3 to +3U points}
tucc:ts :oiicic:t t lcvcl ! :c c|lc oi |sic :cci:g ts|s, suc| s locti:g
st:ig|tio:w:c i:io:utio:, u|i:g lowlcvcl i:ic:c:ccs oi v:ious t,cs,
wo:|i:g out w|t wcllccii:cc :t oi tcxt uc:s, :c usi:g souc outsicc
|:owlccgc to u:cc:st:c it ;scc ligu:c !1 io: cctilcc ccsc:itio:, l: t|c
cou|i:cc lD :c, ! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :c :oiicic:t t lcvcl ! o: |ovc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc l: cvc:, lD cou:t:,, t lcst |li oi
ll stucc:ts :c t lcvcl ! o: |ovc ;I|lc !1,
l: i:, o:l, + c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cc| lcvcl ., |ut : |ovcvc:gc + c:
cc:t :cc| t lcst lcvcl ! ;I|lc !1, lt is i:tc:csti:g to co:t:st i:`s
c:io:u:cc wit| :cw Zcl:c`s siuil: :oo:tio:s oi stucc:ts :c t lcst t
lcvcl ! ;+ :c o c: cc:t, :cscctivcl,, |ut t|c :oo:tio: i: :cw Zcl:c
t lcvcl . is luost iivc tiucs |ig|c: t|: t|t i: i: l, co:t:st, i: i:,
:ticul:l, l:gc :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts, +! c: cc:t, |vc lcvcl ! s t|ci:
|ig|cst :oiicic:c, lcvcl
Proficiency at LeveI 1rron 33' to +U/ points}
or beIowless tnan 33' points}
kcci:g litc:c,, s ccii:cc i: llA, iocuscs o: t|c |:owlccgc :c s|ills :cqui:cc
to l, :cci:g io: lc::i:g :t|c: t|: o: t|c tcc|:icl s|ills cqui:cc i:
lc::i:g to :cc i:cc cou:tivcl, icw ,ou:g cults i: lD cou:t:ics |vc
:ot cqui:cc tcc|:icl :cci:g s|ills, llA cocs :ot t|c:cio:c scc| to ucsu:c
onc .otr/|/c w///
nary /|orq |caac| alo
/avc t//c a jcw wcak
orc.
.w//lc /r o//c| //c
q|ca/ nao|//y a|c no|c
/onoqcrcot
/o|c //ar jot| /r j/vc
/tacr/ ovc|all ara
row/c|c jcwc| //ar /alj
.ar c|jo|n ba/.
|caa/rq /ak
1/c /nlc/ /ak /r
l|- |ct/|c /tacr/ /o
ao no|c //ar t/ |caa
wo|a jltcr/ly.
+
suc| t|i:gs s t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| 1.,c:olc stucc:ts :c iluc:t :ccc:s o: |ow
wcll t|c, scll o: :ccog:isc wo:cs l: li:c wit| uost co:tcuo::, vicws |out
:cci:g litc:c,, llA iocuscs o: ucsu:i:g t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| i:civiculs :c
|lc to co:st:uct, cx:c :c :cilcct o: t|c uc:i:g oi w|t t|c, |vc :cc i:
wicc ::gc oi tcxts couuo: |ot| wit|i: :c |c,o:c sc|ool I|c siulcst :cci:g
ts|s t|t c: still |c ssocitcc wit| t|is :otio: oi :cci:g litc:c, :c t|osc t
lcvcl 1 tucc:ts :oiicic:t t t|is lcvcl :c c|lc oi coulcti:g o:l, t|c lcst
coulcx :cci:g ts|s ccvclocc io: llA, suc| s locti:g si:glc iccc oi i:io:
utio:, icc:tii,i:g t|c ui: t|cuc oi tcxt o: u|i:g siulc co::cctio: wit|
cvc:,c, |:owlccgc ;scc ligu:c !1 io: cctilcc ccsc:itio:,
tucc:ts c:io:ui:g |clow !!. oi:ts, .. |clow lcvcl 1, :c :ot c|lc oi
t|c uost |sic t,c oi :cci:g t|t llA scc|s to ucsu:c I|is cocs :ot uc:
t|t t|c, |vc :o litc:c, s|ills l: ict, uost oi t|csc stucc:ts c: :o||l, :cc
i: tcc|:icl sc:sc, :c t|c u|o:it, oi t|cu ;.+ c: cc:t o: vc:gc c:oss
lD cou:t:ics
.
, :c |lc to solvc succcssiull, t lcst 10 c: cc:t oi t|c :o:
uultilc c|oicc
o
:cci:g ts|s i: llA !000 ;:c o c: cc:t qu:tc: oi t|cu,
:o:ct|clcss, t|ci: ttc:: oi :swc:s i: t|c sscssuc:t is suc| t|t t|c, woulc
|c cxcctcc to solvc icwc: t|: |li oi t|c ts|s i: tcst ucc u oi itcus
c:w: solcl, i:ou lcvcl 1, :c t|c:cio:c c:io:u |clow lcvcl 1 uc| stucc:ts
|vc sc:ious ciiiicultics i: usi:g :cci:g litc:c, s : ciicctivc tool to cv:cc
:c cxtc:c t|ci: |:owlccgc :c s|ills i: ot|c: :cs tucc:ts wit| litc:c,
s|ills |clow lcvcl 1 u,, t|c:cio:c, |c t :is| :ot o:l, oi ciiiicultics i: t|ci:
i:itil t::sitio: i:ou ccuctio: to wo:| |ut lso oi iilu:c to |c:ciit i:ou
iu:t|c: ccuctio: :c lc::i:g oo:tu:itics t|:oug|out liic
lcuctio: s,stcus wit| l:gc :oo:tio:s oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g |clow, o:
cvc: t, lcvcl 1 s|oulc |c co:cc::cc t|t sig:iiic:t :uu|c:s oi t|ci: stucc:ts
u, :ot |c cqui:i:g t|c :cccss:, litc:c, |:owlccgc :c s|ills to |c:ciit
suiiicic:tl, i:ou t|ci: ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics I|is situtio: is cvc: uo:c
t:ou|lcsouc i: lig|t oi t|c cxtc:sivc cvicc:cc suggcsti:g t|t it is ciiiicult
i: ltc: liic to couc:stc io: lc::i:g gs i: i:itil ccuctio: lD
ct suggcst i:cccc t|t |o|:cltcc co:ti:ui:g ccuctio: :c t:i:i:g oitc:
:ci:io:cc t|c s|ill ciiic:c:ccs wit| w|ic| i:civiculs lcvc i:itil ccuctio:
;lD, !001, Acult litc:c, s|ills :c :ticitio: i: co:ti:ui:g ccuctio:
:c t:i:i:g :c st:o:gl, :cltcc, cvc: itc: co:t:olli:g io: ot|c: c|:ctc:istics
iiccti:g :ticitio: i: t:i:i:g litc:c, s|ills :c co:ti:ui:g ccuctio: :c
t:i:i:g c: to |c uutull, :ci:io:ci:g, wit| t|c :csult t|t t:i:i:g is lcst
couuo:l, u:succ |, t|osc cults w|o :ccc it uost
l: t|c cou|i:cc lD :c, 1! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts c:io:u t lcvcl 1, :c
o c: cc:t |clow lcvcl 1, |ut t|c:c :c wicc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics l:
li:l:c :c lo:c, o:l, :ou:c . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts c:io:u t lcvcl 1, :c lcss
t|: ! c: cc:t |clow it, |ut t|csc cou:t:ics :c cxcctio:s l: ll ot|c: lD
cou:t:ics, |ctwcc: 10 :c ++ c: cc:t oi stucc:ts c:io:u t o: |clow lcvcl 1
;I|lc !1, vc: ! c: cc:t :c, i: |li oi t|c lD cou:t:ics ovc: . c: cc:t,
c:io:u |clow lcvcl 1
.o //a/ /tacr/ bclow
lcvcl I nay /avc //c
/c./r/.al .aa.//y /o
|caa //otq/ //cy nay
ja.c c|/ot a/jj/.tl//c
/r jt/t|c l/jc.
.ara alorq w/// //oc
a/ lcvcl I nay ro/
a.t/|c //c rc.ca|y
l//c|a.y k/ll /o
tjj/./cr/ly bcrcj// j|on
cat.a//oral oo|/tr///c
1/c c|.cr/aqc oj
/tacr/ a/ o| bclow
lcvcl I va|/c w/acly
j|on a jcw c| .cr/ /o
rca|ly /alj.
+-
I|c cou:t:ics wit| !0 c: cc:t o: uo:c oi stucc:ts t lcvcl 1 o: |clow :c,
i: o:cc:, l:zil, \cxico, luxcu|ou:g, ltvi, t|c kussi: lccc:tio:, lo:tugl,
G:cccc, lol:c, lu:g:,, Gc:u:,, licc|tc:stci: :c witzc:l:c l: l:zil, \cxico,
luxcu|ou:g, ltvi, lo:tugl :c Gc:u:,, |ctwcc: closc to 10 :c !! c: cc:t oi
stucc:ts co :ot :cc| lcvcl 1, ic :c u:|lc :outi:cl, to s|ow t|c uost |sic s|ills
t|t llA scc|s to ucsu:c I|is is uost :cu:||lc i: t|c csc oi Gc:u:,, w|ic|
|s t|c :cltivcl, |ig| iigu:c oi - c: cc:t oi its stucc:ts c:io:ui:g t lcvcl .
tucc:ts t lcvcl 1 :c |clow :c :ot ::cou g:ou Alt|oug| t|c scciiic
c|:ctc:istics oi t|csc stucc:ts c: |cst |c cxui:cc i: t|c :tio:l co:tcxt,
souc couuo:litics :c :c:t i: vi:tull, ll cou:t:ics, t|c u|o:it,
oi t|csc stucc:ts :c ulc ;scc I|lc .!,, :c u:, oi t|cu couc i:ou
ciscv:tgcc |c|g:ou:cs l: ccitio:, i: u:, cou:t:ics, cou:tivcl, |ig|
:oo:tio: oi stucc:ts t lcvcl 1 o: |clow :c io:cig:|o:: o: |vc io:cig:
|o:: :c:ts l: Gc:u:, :c luxcu|ou:g, two oi t|c iou: cou:t:ics wit|
t|c |ig|cst :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g t o: |clow lcvcl 1, uo:c t|:
!o :c !+ c: cc:t oi t|csc stucc:ts, :cscctivcl,, :c io:cig:|o::, w|c:cs
uo:g t|c stucc:ts c:io:ui:g |ovc lcvcl 1, t|c co::cso:ci:g iigu:c is o:l,
:c 11 c: cc:t :cscctivcl,
A uo:c s,stcutic :l,sis oi gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs

uo:g t|c stucc:ts wit| t|c lowcst lcvcl oi c:io:u:cc iollows i: |tc: .,
t|c |c|g:ou:c c|:ctc:istics oi stucc:ts wit| :ticul:l, low o: |ig| lcvcls
oi c:io:u:cc :c :l,scc i: |tc:s o :c
As t t|c |ig|c: c:c oi t|c :oiicic:c, sclc, stucc:t c:io:u:cc t o: |clow
lcvcl 1 s|ows su|st:til ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c t|:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclcs
l: G:cccc, \cxico, lo:tugl :c i:, t|c wc|:csscs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
:c g:ctcst o: t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc, t|c :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts t o:
|clow lcvcl 1 |ci:g |ctwcc: . :c 1. c:cc:tgc oi:ts |ig|c: t|: o: t|c :cilcc
tio: :c cvlutio: sclc o:vc:scl,, i: l::cc, Gc:u:, :c witzc:l:c, t|c
:oo:tio: oi stucc:ts t o: |clow lcvcl 1 is t lcst ! c:cc:tgc oi:ts lowc:
o: t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc t|: o: t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc
l: l:zil, uo:c t|: |li oi t|c stucc:ts co :ot :cc| |c,o:c lcvcl 1 o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc : t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc, uo:c t|:
twot|i:cs oi stucc:ts i: l:zil iil to go |c,o:c lcvcl 1, |ut o:l, +o c: cc:t o:
t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc ;I|lcs !1|c,
Expectations of student performance
l: :, cou:iso: oi suc| ct |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, it uust |c |o::c i: ui:c
t|t ccuctio: s,stcus oc:tc u:cc: v:ict, oi cco:ouic co:citio:s :c
t|t tcc|c:s, sc|ools :c socict, i: gc:c:l u, |vc ciiic:i:g cxccttio:s
oi t|c c:io:u:cc oi t|ci: stucc:ts c|ool :co:ts :c couuo: uc:s
oi i:io:ui:g stucc:ts :c :c:ts |out t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| stucc:ts :c
uccti:g t|c cxccttio:s oi t|ci: tcc|c:s :c sc|ools Alt|oug| sscssuc:t
:cticcs v:, wiccl, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, t|c sclcs t|t tcc|c:s usc oitc:
i:clucc ssiil t|:cs|olc t|t i:cictcs w|ct|c: t|c c:io:u:cc t|t
stucc:ts ccuo:st:tc i: v:ious sc|ool su||ccts is co:sicc:cc ccct|lc low
.ara /r onc
.otr/|/c a .or/ac|ablc
n/ro|//y ao ro/ cvcr
|ca./ lcvcl I
1/c nao|//y oj //c
/tacr/ a/ lcvcl I a|c
nalc j|on
a/aavar/aqca
ba.kq|otra o| w///
jo|c/qr-bo|r a|cr/
cc./ally /r onc
.otr/|/c w/// nary
wcak c|jo|nc|
|at.a//or y/cn va|y
/r //c cxc./a//or //cy
/avc oj //c/| /tacr/.
.0
t|is is cx:csscc i: tc:us oi u:|s u, |c couuo: to ll sc|ools i: cou:t:,,
o: cst|lis|cc |, t|c sc|ool, o: |, i:civicul tcc|c:s io: cc| clss iuil:l,,
t|c :tu:c :c ciiiicult, oi t|c ts|s t|t 1.,c:olcs :c :cqui:cc to c:io:u
succcssiull, i: o:cc: to o|ti: givc: u:| u, v:,, ccc:ci:g o: t|c
ccu:cs oi t|c sc|ool, t|c clss o: t|c stuc, :og:uuc
l: llA !000, stucc:ts wc:c s|cc to :co:t t|c u:|s t|c, |c :cccivcc i: t|ci:
lst sc|ool :co:t i: su||ccts :cltcc to t|c l:gugc uscc i: t|c llA :cci:g
litc:c, sscssuc:t ;io: cctils scc t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c., I|csc u:|s
wc:c t|c: t::sltcc i:to t|:cc ctcgo:ics i:cicti:g w|ct|c: t|c, wc:c |ovc,
t, o: |clow t|c sc|ool`s o: t|c clss tcc|c:`s ssiil t|:cs|olc l:ticul:l,
i: cou:t:ics wit| utoutic :ouotio: olicics, t|c ict t|t stucc:t cocs :ot
:cc| t|c ssiil t|:cs|olc u, :ot |vc :, co:scquc:ccs io: t|c stucc:t`s
ccuctio:l t|w, lowcvc:, it cocs sig:l t|t t|c stucc:t |s :ot uct cxcct
tio:s i: givc: su||cct :c t t|c clss o: sc|ool lcvcl A cou:iso: |ctwcc:
t|is i:io:utio: :c stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc o: t|c llA :cci:g litc:c, sclc c:
:ovicc : ccitio:l i:uc oi :cic:c:cc io: i:tc::cti:g llA sco:cs wit|i: t|c
:tio:l co:tcxt, ccsitc t|c ict t|t sc|ool u:|s i: l:gugc:cltcc su||ccts
:cltc to uuc| wicc: s:cc oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills t|: :cci:g litc:c,
I|c :csults :cvcl t|t cou:tivcl, |ig| c:io:u:cc i: t|c llA sscssuc:ts
cocs :ot :cccss:il, t::sltc i:to |ig| :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts uccti:g t|c
cxccttio:s oi t|ci: tcc|c:s o:vc:scl,, i: cou:t:ics wit| cou:tivcl, low
uc: c:io:u:cc, t|c vst u|o:it, oi stucc:ts u, still livc u to w|t is
cxcctcc oi t|cu
l::cc, io: cxulc, is o:c oi t|c cou:t:ics wit| cou:tivcl, |ig|
:oo:tio: oi stucc:ts :co:ti:g :ot :cc|i:g t|c ssiil t|:cs|olc ;!1 c:
cc:t, :cvc:t|clcss, t|csc stucc:ts sco:cc : vc:gc oi +-! oi:ts, wcll wit|i:
lcvcl ! ;I|lc !., :c closc to t|c lD vc:gc
l: \cxico, t|c c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts t lcvcl 1 o: |clow is ++ c: cc:t
Dcsitc t|is c:cc:tgc, t|c vc:gc sco:c oi t|c -o c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :co:ti:g
t|t t|c, |c :cc|cc o: cxcccccc t|c ss u:| i: su||ccts :cltcc to t|c
l:gugc oi sscssuc:t i: t|ci: lst sc|ool :co:t ws o:l, +!+ oi:ts ;I|lc !.,
o:scquc:tl,, cvc: t|oug| t|csc stucc:ts u, c:io:u oo:l, |, i:tc::tio:l
st:c:cs, -o c: cc:t :co:t t|t t|c, ucct o: cxcccc t|c c:io:u:cc cxcct
tio:s oi t|ci: tcc|c:s t|c: cou:t:ics i: w|ic| stucc:ts :co:tcc :ot :cc|i:g
t|c ssiil t|:cs|olc sco:c t cou:tivcl, low lcvcls ;:ou:c +00 oi:ts,
i:clucc G:cccc, lol:c, wccc: :c t|c u:itcc li:gcou l: t|csc cou:t:ics,
|owcvc:, t|c c:cc:tgc oi suc| stucc:ts is o:l, ! c: cc:t o: lcss
4HEMEANPERFORMANCESOFCOUNTRIES
I|c ciscussio: |ovc |s iocuscc o: cou:iso:s oi t|c cist:i|utio: oi stucc:t
c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: cou:t:ics A:ot|c: w, to suuu:isc stucc:t c:io:u:cc
:c to cou:c t|c :cltivc st:ci:g oi cou:t:ics i: :cci:g litc:c, is |, w,
.a / /owr /r
/tacr/ |co|/ oj //c/|
./ool na|k
|r .otr/|/c w/// //q/
avc|aqc c|jo|nar.c /r
l|- /ca./c| ao ro/
rc.ca|/ly q/vc a
na|k /o all /tacr/.
.w//lc /r onc
.otr/|/c w/// low
avc|aqc c|jo|nar.c /r
l|- no/ /tacr/
ncc/ //c/| /ca./c|
cxc./a//or
-vc|aqc .o|c .ar
tcjtlly tnna|/c
.otr/|y c|jo|nar.c.
.1
oi t|ci: uc: sco:cs Io t|c cxtc:t t|t |ig| vc:gc c:io:u:cc t gc 1.
is :ccictivc oi |ig|l, s|illcc iutu:c wo:|io:cc, cou:t:ics wit| |ig| vc:gc
c:io:u:cc will |vc co:sicc:|lc cco:ouic :c socil cv:tgc
lt s|oulc |c :ccitcc, |owcvc:, t|t vc:gc c:io:u:cc iigu:cs us|
sig:iiic:t v:itio: i: c:io:u:cc wit|i: cou:t:ics, :cilccti:g ciiic:c:t lcvcls
oi c:io:u:cc uo:g u:, ciiic:c:t stucc:t g:ous As i: :cvious i:tc:
:tio:l stucics oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc, suc| s t|c llA I|i:c l:tc::tio:l
\t|cutics :c cic:cc tuc, ;Il\,, o:l, :ou:c o:c tc:t| oi t|c totl
v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: llA lics |ctwcc: cou:t:ics :c c:, t|c:c
io:c, |c ctu:cc t|:oug| cou:iso: oi cou:t:, vc:gcs ;scc I|lc !,
I|c :cui:i:g v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc occu:s wit|i: cou:t:ics, t|t
is, |ctwcc: ccuctio: s,stcus :c :og:uucs, |ctwcc: sc|ools :c |ctwcc:
stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools
ligu:c !+ suuu:iscs t|c c:io:u:cc oi :ticiti:g cou:t:ics o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, :c I|lcs !!, | :c c s|ow t|c co::cso:ci:g
i:io:utio: io: t|c t|:cc couo:c:t sclcs ligu:c !+ lso s|ows w|ic|
cou:t:ics c:io:u |ovc, |clow, o: t t|c lD vc:gc
.bt/ nak //c w/ac/
a/jjc|cr.c /r /tacr/
c|jo|nar.c w//./ a|c
jotra w////r .otr/|/c
|/qt|c 2+ /ow
.otr/|y ncar.
lox !! Interpreting sampie statistics
standard errors and conidence intervais I|c sttistics i: t|is :co:t :c:csc:t ..o. oi
:tio:l c:io:u:cc |scc o: sulcs oi stucc:ts :t|c: t|: t|c vlucs t|t coulc |c clcultcc ii
cvc:, stucc:t i: cvc:, cou:t:, |c :swc:cc cvc:, qucstio: o:scquc:tl,, it is iuo:t:t to |:ow
t|c ccg:cc oi u:cc:ti:t, i:|c:c:t i: t|c cstiutcs l: llA !000, cc| cstiutc |s : ssocitcc
ccg:cc oi u:cc:ti:t,, w|ic| is cx:csscc t|:oug| st:c:c c::o: I|c usc oi co:iicc:cc i:tc:vls
:oviccs uc:s oi u|i:g i:ic:c:ccs |out t|c oultio: uc:s :c :oo:tio:s i: u::c:
t|t :cilccts t|c u:cc:ti:t, ssocitcc wit| sulc cstiutcs lt c: |c i:ic::cc t|t t|c o|sc:vcc
sttisticl :csult io: givc: oultio: woulc lic wit|i: t|c co:iicc:cc i:tc:vl i: -. out oi 100
:clictio:s oi t|c ucsu:cuc:t, usi:g ciiic:c:t sulcs c:w: i:ou t|c suc oultio:
]udging vhether popuiations dier I|is :co:t tcsts t|c sttisticl sig:iiic:cc oi ciiic:c:ccs
|ctwcc: t|c :tio:l sulcs i: c:cc:tgcs :c i: vc:gc c:io:u:cc sco:cs i: o:cc: to |ucgc
w|ct|c: t|c:c :c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c oultio:s w|ou t|c sulcs :c:csc:t lc| sc:tc
tcst iollows t|c co:vc:tio: t|t, ii i: ict t|c:c is :o :cl ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: two oultio:s,
t|c:c is :o uo:c t|: . c: cc:t :o||ilit, t|t : o|sc:vcc ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c two sulcs
will c::o:cousl, suggcst t|t t|c oultio:s :c ciiic:c:t s t|c :csult oi suli:g :c ucsu:c
uc:t c::o: l: t|c iigu:cs :c t|lcs s|owi:g uultilc cou:iso:s oi cou:t:ics` uc: sco:cs, t|c
sig:iiic:cc tcsts :c |scc o: :occcu:c io: uultilc cou:iso:s t|t liuits to . c: cc:t t|c
:o||ilit, t|t t|c uc: oi givc: cou:t:, will c::o:cousl, |c cccl:cc to |c ciiic:c:t i:ou t|t
oi :, ot|c: cou:t:,, i: cscs w|c:c t|c:c is i: ict :o ciiic:c:cc ;io: cctils scc A::cx A+,
.!
li:l:c`s c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc is |ig|c: t|:
t|t oi :, ot|c: lD cou:t:, ;ligu:c !+, lts cou:t:, uc:, .+o oi:ts,
is luost twot|i:cs oi :oiicic:c, lcvcl |ovc t|c lD vc:gc oi .00
;o: i: sttisticl tc:us luost |li t|c i:tc::tio:l st:c:c ccvitio: |ovc
t|c uc:, ou:t:ics wit| uc: c:io:u:ccs sig:iiic:tl, |ovc t|c lD
vc:gc i:clucc Aust:li, Aust:i, lclgiuu, :c, li:l:c, lccl:c, l:c
l:c, :, lo:c, :cw Zcl:c, wccc: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou livc
cou:t:ics c:io:u :ou:c t|c lD vc:gc ;Dc:u:|, l::cc, :o:w,,
witzc:l:c :c t|c D:itcc ttcs, :c 1+ sig:iiic:tl, |clow t|c lD
vc:gc ;l:zil, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Gc:u:,, G:cccc, lu:g:,, ltl,,
ltvi, licc|tc:stci:, luxcu|ou:g, \cxico, lol:c, lo:tugl, t|c kussi:
lccc:tio: :c i:,
As ciscusscc i: lox !!, w|c: i:tc::cti:g uc: c:io:u:cc, o:l, t|osc

ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics w|ic| :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t s|oulc |c t|c:
i:to ccou:t Acco:ci:gl,, cou:t:,`s ::|i:g i: ligu:c !+ s|oulc |c :cc
i: t|c lig|t oi w|ct|c: cou:t:ics ::|cc closc to it :c sig:iiic:tl, ciiic:c:t
i:ou it ligu:c !+ s|ows t|osc i:s oi cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c ciiic:c:cc i: t|ci:
uc: sco:cs is suiiicic:t to s, wit| co:iicc:cc t|t t|c |ig|c: c:io:u:cc
|, sulcc stucc:ts i: o:c cou:t:, |olcs io: t|c c:ti:c oultio: oi c::ollcc
1.,c:olcs kcc c:oss t|c :ow io: cou:t:, to cou:c its c:io:u:cc
wit| t|c cou:t:ics listcc lo:g t|c to oi t|c iigu:c I|c s,u|ols i:cictc
w|ct|c: t|c vc:gc c:io:u:cc oi t|c cou:t:, i: t|c :ow is sig:iiic:tl, lowc:
t|: t|t oi t|c cou:iso: cou:t:,, :ot sttisticll, ciiic:c:t, o: sig:iiic:tl,
|ig|c: lo: cxulc, :cw Zcl:c is s|ow: i: ligu:c !+ to |c sig:iiic:tl,
lowc: t|: li:l:c, :ot sig:iiic:tl, ciiic:c:t i:ou Aust:li, :c, l:cl:c,
:, lo:c :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, :c sig:iiic:tl, |ig|c: t|: ll oi t|c
ot|c:s li:l:c is sig:iiic:tl, |cc oi ll ot|c: cou:t:ics
l:zil :c \cxico |vc c:io:u:ccs sig:iiic:tl, lowc: t|: t|osc oi ll ot|c:
cou:t:ics :c uo:c t|: iull :oiicic:c, lcvcl |clow t|c lD vc:gc
W|c: t|ci: uc: sco:cs :c i:tc::ctcc, |owcvc:, it :cccs to |c |o::c i: ui:c
t|t 1.,c:olc stucc:ts i: |ot| cou:t:ics :c s:cc c:oss wicc ::gc oi
g:cc lcvcls liitcc:,c:olcs i: t|csc cou:t:ics w|o :c c::ollcc i: g:cc 10
;t|c uocl g:cc oi 1.,c:olcs i: lD cou:t:ics, sco:c o: vc:gc +o! :c
+oo oi:ts, :cscctivcl,, .., |ctwcc: t|c vc:gc sco:cs oi t|c kussi: lccc:
tio: :c lo:tugl ;io: ct scc .oc..1c.,
I|lcs !!, | :c c :ovicc i:io:utio: o: uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c t|:cc
sc:tc sclcs i: t|c w, t|t ligu:c !+ cocs io: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc lt is :ot :o:itc to cou:c :uuc:icl sclc sco:cs ci:cctl, |ctwcc:
t|c ciiic:c:t sccts oi :cci:g :cvc:t|clcss, it is ossi|lc to cctc:ui:c t|c
:cltivc st:c:gt|s oi cou:t:ics i: t|c ciiic:c:t sccts oi :cci:g litc:c,, o: t|c
|sis oi t|ci: :cltivc ::|o:cc: ositio:s o: t|c :cscctivc sclcs
-
;vlucs i:
:c:t|csis :c:csc:t uc: sco:cs io: t|c :ct:icvi:g :c io: t|c :cilcctio: :c
cvlutio: sclcs :cscctivcl,,
.w/// |/rlara .lca|ly
a/caa oj //c o//c|
.otr/|/c.
.bt/ ro/ all oj //c
a/jjc|cr.c /owr a|c
/a////.ally /qr/j/.ar/
|r .otr/|/c w/// low avc|aqc
c|jo|nar.c w/c|c oo|ly
c|jo|n/rq /tacr/ oj/cr
|cca/ q|aac //oc /r //c
ttal q|aac jo| //c/| aqc ao
nt./ bc//c| /r /r/c|ra//oral
.ona|/or
|r onc .otr/|/c
/tacr/ c|jo|n bc//c|
or orc oj //c l//c|a.y
.alc //ar //c o//c| -
bt/ orly /r a n/ro|//y
a|c t./ a/jjc|cr.c
/no|/ar/
.!
l:qurc 2.=
\ultilc cou:iso:s oi uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc

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Mean
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.! ;!!,
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.!! ;!o,
.!! ;.!,
.1o ;!!,
.0 ;!+,
.0 ;!o,
.0 ;1.,
.0. ;!,
.0. ;!,
.0+ ;0,
+- ;!+,
+-+ ;+!,
+-! ;!,
+-! ;!+,
+ ;!-,
++ ;!.,
+! ;+1,
+0 ;+0,
+- ;+.,
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++1 ;1o,
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li:l:c
:c
:cw Zcl:c
Aust:li
l:cl:c
lo:c
D:itcc li:gcou
:
wccc:
Aust:i
lclgiuu
lccl:c
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l::cc
D:itcc ttcs
Dc:u:|
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i:
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Gc:u:,
licc|tc:stci:
lu:g:,
lol:c
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lo:tugl
kussi: lcc
ltvi
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
l:zil
ttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, |ovc t|c lD vc:gc
:ot sttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c lD vc:gc
ttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, |clow t|c lD vc:gc
\c: c:io:u:cc sttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, |ig|c: t|: i: cou:iso: cou:t:,
:o sttisticll, sig:i|c:t ciiic:c:cc i:ou cou:iso: cou:t:,
\c: c:io:u:cc sttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, lowc: t|: i: cou:iso: cou:t:,
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001
1 ! ! ! ! + . ! - 11 11 11 11 11 10 1o 1o 1 1 1- !1 !0 !1 !1 !! !+ ! ! !0 !1 !!
1 + - - - - 10 11 1o 1o 1. 1o 1o !0 1- !1 !1 !1 !+ !. !o !o ! ! ! !- !- !0 !1 !!
Dc: ::|
lowc: ::|
:c. lccusc ct :c |scc o: sulcs, it is :ot ossi|lc to :co:t cxct ::| o:cc: ositio:s io: cou:t:ics lowcvc:, it is ossi|lc to
:co:t t|c ::gc oi ::| o:cc: ositio:s wit|i: w|ic| t|c cou:t:, uc: lics wit| -. c: cc:t li|cli|ooc
Instructions
kcc c:oss t|c :ow io: cou:t:, to cou:c c:io:u:cc wit| t|c cou:t:ics
listcc lo:g t|c to oi t|c c|:t I|c s,u|ols i:cictc w|ct|c: t|c uc:
c:io:u:cc oi t|c cou:t:, i: t|c :ow is sig:i|c:tl, lowc: t|: t|t oi
t|c cou:iso: cou:t:,, sig:i|c:tl, |ig|c: t|: t|t oi t|c cou:iso:
cou:t:,, o: ii t|c:c is :o sttisticll, sig:i|c:t ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c uc:
c:io:u:cc oi t|c two cou:t:ics
.+
: t|c |sis oi t|is cou:iso:, Aust:i ;.0!, .1!,, :c ;.!0, .+!,,
l:cl:c ;.!+, .!!,, lo:tugl ;+.., +0,, i: ;+!, .0o, :c t|c D:itcc
li:gcou ;.!!, .!-, s|ow st:o:gc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c :cilcctio: :c
cvlutio: sclc t|: o: t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc
Aust:li ;.!o, .!o,, lclgiuu ;.1., +-,, li:l:c ;..o, .!!,, l::cc ;.1.,
+-o,, Gc:u:, ;+!, +, :c witzc:l:c ;+-, +, s|ow st:o:gc:
c:io:u:cc o: t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc t|: o: t|c :cilcctio: :c
cvlutio: sclc
I|c :cltivc st:c:gt|s oi t|c :cui:i:g cou:t:ics c::ot |c cctc:ui:cc wit|
sttisticl sig:iiic:cc
4HEDISTRIBUTIONOFREADINGLITERACYWITHINCOUNTRIES
\c: c:io:u:cc sco:cs :c t,icll, uscc to sscss t|c qulit, oi sc|ools :c
ccuctio: s,stcus lowcvc:, it |s |cc: :otcc |ovc t|t uc: c:io:u:cc
cocs :ot :ovicc iull ictu:c oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c c: us| sig:iiic:t
v:itio: wit|i: : i:civicul clss, sc|ool o: ccuctio: s,stcu \o:covc:,
cou:t:ics iu :ot o:l, to c:cou:gc |ig| c:io:u:cc |ut lso to ui:iuisc
i:tc::l cis:itics i: c:io:u:cc lot| :c:ts :c t|c u|lic t l:gc :c
w:c oi t|c g:vit, oi low c:io:u:cc :c t|c ict t|t sc|oollcvc:s w|o
lc| iu:cuc:tl s|ills icc oo: :osccts oi culo,uc:t A |ig| :oo:tio:
oi stucc:ts t t|c lowc: c:c oi t|c :cci:g litc:c, sclc u, givc :isc to
co:cc:: t|t l:gc :oo:tio: oi touo::ow`s wo:|io:cc :c votc:s will lc|
t|c s|ills :cqui:cc io: t|c i:io:ucc |ucgcuc:ts t|t t|c, uust u|c
I|c :l,sis i: t|is scctio: :cccs to |c cisti:guis|cc i:ou t|c cxui:tio:
oi t|c cist:i|utio: oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc c:oss t|c llA :oiicic:c, lcvcls
ciscusscc |ovc W|c:cs t|c cist:i|utio: oi stucc:ts c:oss :oiicic:c, lcvcls
i:cictcs t|c :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts i: cc| cou:t:, t|t c: ccuo:st:tc
scciiicc lcvcl oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills, :c t|us cou:cs cou:t:ics o: t|c |sis
oi o/c!o. |c:c|u:|s oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc, t|c :l,sis |clow iocuscs o:
t|c ..!o.. cist:i|utio: oi sco:cs, .., t|c o t|t cxists |ctwcc: stucc:ts wit|
t|c |ig|cst :c t|c lowcst lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc .|. cc| cou:t:, I|is is :
iuo:t:t i:cicto: oi t|c cqulit, oi ccuctio:l outcoucs i: t|c coui: oi
:cci:g litc:c, ;scc lox !!,
ligu:c !. s|ows t|c cist:i|utio: oi c:io:u:cc sco:cs o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc ;I|lc !!, i:cc t|c :csults :c :cltivcl, siuil: io:
cc| oi t|c t|:cc couo:c:t sclcs, t|csc sclcs :c :ot cxui:cc sc:tcl,
i: t|is scctio: I|c ct io: t|c cist:i|utio: oi c:io:u:cc sco:cs o: t|c
couo:c:t sclcs c: |c iou:c i: I|lcs !!|, c :c c
I|c g:ctio: |:s i: ligu:c !. s|ow t|c ::gc oi c:io:u:cc i: cc| cou:t:,
|ctwcc: t|c .
t|
c:cc:tilc ;t|c oi:t |clow w|ic| t|c lowcstc:io:ui:g . c:
cc:t oi t|c stucc:ts i: cou:t:, sco:c, :c t|c -.
t|
c:cc:tilc ;t|c oi:t |clow
w|ic| -. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts c:io:u o:, ltc::tivcl,, |ovc w|ic| t|c . c:
H/q/ avc|aqc .o|c a|c
ro/ crotq/ .otr/|/c
alo war/ /o |a/c //c
lcvcl oj a.//cvcncr/ oj
oo| c|jo|nc|
1/c cx/cr/ oj va|/a//or
/r /tacr/ c|jo|nar.c
/ra/.a/c //c naqr//tac
oj //c /ak.
.ara / /owr /r
|/qt|c 25
.w//./ /acr//j/c //c
.o|c oj /tacr/ a/
a/jjc|cr/ o/r/ or ca./
.otr/|y a//|/bt//or
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Dist:i|utio: oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc !!
Ievei
l:oiicic:c, sclc
\c: sco:c oi ulcs
\c: sco:c oi iculcs
\c: sco:c o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
-. co:iicc:cc i:tc:vl :ou:c t|c uc: sco:c
lD vc:gc
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G:ctio: |:s cxtc:c i:ou t|c .
t|
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t|
c:cc:tilcs
.o
|/qt|c 25 /ow //a/
//c |arqc oj /tacr/
.o|c w////r .otr/|/c
cx.cca //c |arqc oj
a/jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
ra//oral avc|aqc.
.ara //a/ cvc|y
.otr/|y /a onc
/tacr/ abovc //c ncar
oj //c bc/-c|jo|n/rq
.otr/|y ara bclow //c
ncar oj //c wo|/
|vcr w/c|c /tacr/ /r
//c bo//on ta|/c| ao
|cla//vcly wcll by
/r/c|ra//oral /araa|a
w/ac a/a|//y w////r a
.otr/|y nay .atc
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-|c //cc obc|vca
a/a|///c /rcv//ablc`
1/a/ / /a|a /o ay.
cc:t |ig|cstc:io:ui:g stucc:ts i: cou:t:, sco:c, I|c cc:sit, oi t|c |:
:c:csc:ts t|c :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g t t|c co::cso:ci:g sclc oi:ts
l: ccitio:, I|lcs !!c i:cc:tii, t|c !.
t|
:c .
t|
c:cc:tilcs, .., t|c sclc oi:ts
t|t u:| t|c |ottou :c to qu:tc:s oi c:io:uc:s i: cc| cou:t:, I|c cottcc,
|o:izo:tl |lc| li:c :c: t|c uicclc s|ows t|c uc: sco:c io: cc| cou:t:,
;.., t|c su||cct oi t|c ciscussio: i: t|c :cccci:g scctio:, :c is loctcc i:sicc
s|ccc |ox t|t s|ows its co:iicc:cc i:tc:vl
ligu:c !. s|ows t|t t|c:c is wicc v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc wit|i: cou:t:ics I|c uicclc -0 c: cc:t oi t|c
oultio: s|ow: |, t|c lc:gt| oi t|c |:s cxccccs |, i: t|c ::gc |ctwcc:
t|c uc: sco:cs oi t|c |ig|cst :c lowcst c:io:ui:g cou:t:ics l: luost
ll lD cou:t:ics, t|is g:ou i:cluccs souc stucc:ts :oiicic:t t lcvcl .
:c ot|c:s :ot :oiicic:t |ovc lcvcl 1 l: ll |ut iivc lD cou:t:ics,
cvc: uo:g t|c uicclc |li oi t|c oultio: ;i:ou t|c !.
t|
to t|c .
t|
c:
cc:tilcs,, c:io:u:cc v:ics |, uo:c t|: t|c ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c uc:
sco:c oi t|c |ig|cst :c lowcst c:io:ui:g cou:t:ics l: ll cou:t:ics, t|c ::gc
oi c:io:u:cc i: t|c uicclc |li oi t|c stucc:ts cxccccs t|c ug:itucc oi
o:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl :c i: Aust:li, lclgiuu, Gc:u:, :c :cw Zcl:c it
cxccccs twicc t|is ciiic:c:cc ;lD vc:gc 1, I|is suggcsts t|t ccuctio:l
:og:uucs, sc|ools :c tcc|c:s :ccc to coc wit| wicc ::gc oi stucc:t
|:owlccgc :c s|ills
l: cvc:, cou:t:,, t lcst . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts co :ot :cc| t|c uc:
:oiicic:c, lcvcl i: t|c lD cou:t:, wit| t|c lowcst lcvcl oi c:io:u:cc,
\cxico ;I|lc !!, l: Gc:u:,, lu:g:,, :c lol:c, qu:tc: oi stucc:ts
co :ot :cc| t|c lowcst uc: cou:t:, sco:c, |ut qu:tc: cxcccc t|c |ig|cst
cou:t:, uc: At t|c ot|c: c:c oi t|c sclc, cvc:, cou:t:, |s t lcst . c: cc:t
oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g |ovc t|c uc: i: li:l:c, t|c cou:t:, wit| t|c |ig|cst
vc:gc c:io:u:cc
l: souc cou:t:ics wit| |ig| vc:gc c:io:u:cc, suc| s Aust:li, :cw Zcl:c
:c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, t|c !.
t|
c:cc:tilc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc lics wcll wit|i: :oiicic:c, lcvcl ! ;:ou:c +. oi:ts,, i:cicti:g t|t
stucc:ts t t|c !.
t|
c:cc:tilc :c coi:g :cso:|l, wcll i: |solutc tc:us
:cvc:t|clcss, t|c ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc t t|c !.
t|
:c .
t|

c:cc:tilcs oi t|c :tio:l c:io:u:cc cist:i|utio: i: t|csc cou:t:ics coulc
i:cictc t|t t|c stucc:ts t t|c !.
t|
c:cc:tilc :c su|st:till, |clow w|t is
cxcctcc oi t|cu wit|i: t|ci: :tio:l ccuctio: s,stcu
Io w|t cxtc:t :c ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :cilcctio: oi t|c :tu:l
cist:i|utio: oi |ilit, :c, t|c:cio:c, ciiiicult to i:iluc:cc t|:oug| c|:gcs i:
u|lic olic, lt is :ot cs, to :swc: suc| qucstio: wit| ct i:ou llA lo:c,
:ot lcst |ccusc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics :c i:iluc:ccc |, t|c socil
:c cco:ouic co:tcxt i: w|ic| ccuctio: :c lc::i:g t|c lcc :o:ct|clcss,
scvc:l ii:ci:gs suggcst t|t u|lic olic, c: l, :olc
.
li:st, t|c wit|i:cou:t:, v:itio: i: c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c, v:ics
wiccl, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, t|c ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c .
t|
:c !.
t|
c:cc:tilcs
::gi:g i:ou -! oi:ts i: lo:c to uo:c t|: 1+0 oi:ts i: Aust:li,
lclgiuu, Gc:u:,, :cw Zcl:c, witzc:l:c :c t|c D:itcc ttcs ;I|lc
!!, lclgiuu s|ows t|c wiccst ciiic:c:ccs, wit| 1.0 oi:ts sc:ti:g t|c
.
t|
:c !.
t|
c:cc:tilcs I|is ciiic:c:cc c: |c cxli:cc, t lcst :till,, |,
t|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: t|c llcuis| :c l:c:c| ouuu:itics
i: lclgiuu, ;scc A::cx l! io: cctils,
cco:c, cou:t:ics wit| siuil: lcvcls oi vc:gc c:io:u:cc s|ow
co:sicc:|lc v:itio: i: cis:it, oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc lo: cxulc,
lo:c :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou |ot| s|ow |ovcvc:gc c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc t :ou:c .!. oi:ts I|c ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc:
t|c .
t|
:c !.
t|
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.bt/ onc .otr/|/c
.or/a/r //cn w////r a
ja| ra||owc| |arqc //ar
o//c|
lox !! Interpreting dierences in rIsA scores: hov iarge a gap:
W|t is uc:t |, ciiic:c:cc oi, s,, .0 oi:ts |ctwcc: t|c sco:cs oi two ciiic:c:t g:ous oi
stucc:ts A ciiic:c:cc oi ! oi:ts o: t|c llA sclc :c:csc:ts o:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl i: :cci:g
litc:c, A ciiic:c:cc oi o:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl c: |c co:sicc:cc cou:tivcl, l:gc ciiic:c:cc
i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: su|st:tivc tc:us lo: cxulc, o: t|c i:tc::cti:g sclc, lcvcl !
cisti:guis|cs stucc:ts w|o c: t,icll, i:tcg:tc scvc:l :ts oi tcxt, u:cc:st:c :cltio:s|i
o: co:st:uc t|c uc:i:g oi wo:c o: |:sc, :c c: cou:c, co:t:st :c ctcgo:isc coucti:g
i:io:utio: cco:ci:g to ::gc oi c:itc:i, i:ou t|osc t lcvcl ! w|o c: |c cxcctcc o:l, to
icc:tii, t|c ui: icc i: tcxt, to u:cc:st:c :cltio:s|is, u|c :c l, siulc ctcgo:ics,
:c co:st:uc uc:i:g wit|i: liuitcc :t oi tcxt w|c:c i:io:utio: is :ot :oui:c:t |ut o:l,
lowlcvcl i:ic:c:ccs :c :cqui:cc ;scc lso ligu:c !1,
A:ot|c: |c:c|u:| is t|t t|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc |ctwcc:
t|c lD cou:t:ics wit| t|c t|i:c |ig|cst :c t|c t|i:c lowcst uc: c:io:u:cc is .- oi:ts, :c t|c
ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c iiit| |ig|cst :c t|c iiit| lowcst lD cou:t:ics is + oi:ts
Diiic:c:ccs i: sco:cs c: lso |c vicwcc i: tc:us oi t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
ccuo:st:tcc |, ciiic:c:t g:ous oi stucc:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
I|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: t|c |ig|cst :tio:l qu:tc:s oi stucc:ts o: t|c llA
i:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus :c t|c |ottou qu:tc:s cquls, o: vc:
gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, 1 oi:ts ;I|lc o1, I|t is, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics,
1 oi:ts sc:tc stucc:ts w|o :co:t t|t t|ci: :c:ts :c, io: cxulc, scco:c:, sc|ool
tcc|c:s o: u:gc:s oi sull |usi:css c:tc::isc i:ou t|osc w|osc :c:ts :c |:ic|l,c:s,
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stucc:ts closc: to t|ci: cu::c:t uc: woulc |c o:c w, io: cou:t:ics wit|
wicc i:tc::l cis:itics to :isc t|c cou:t:,`s ovc:ll c:io:u:cc
I|i:c, it is cvicc:t i:ou cou:iso: |ctwcc: t|c ::gc oi c:io:u:cc
wit|i: cou:t:, :c its vc:gc c:io:u:cc t|t wicc cis:itics i:
c:io:u:cc :c :ot :cccss:, co:citio: io: cou:t:, to tti: |ig|
lcvcl oi ovc:ll c:io:u:cc As : illust:tio:, t|c t|:cc cou:t:ics wit| t|c
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co:t:st, o:c oi t|c t|:cc cou:t:ics wit| t|c |ig|cst c:io:u:cc ciiic:c:ccs,
Gc:u:,, sco:cs sig:iiic:tl, |clow t|c lD vc:gc
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oi t|c :cscctivc cou:t:, Docs t|c ::gc oi c:io:u:cc |ccouc wicc: t
t|c |ottou c:c oi t|c cist:i|utio: Gc:c:ll,, cou:t:ics wit| :::ow ::gc
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t t|c |ottou c:c oi t|c c:io:u:cc cist:i|utio:, t|c ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c !.
t|

:c .
t|
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l: t|c iou: lD cou:t:ics wit| t|c lowcst c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc, G:cccc, luxcu|ou:g, \cxico :c lo:tugl, lcss t|:
qu:tc: oi stucc:ts sco:c |ovc t|c uc: oi t|c |ig|cstc:io:ui:g cou:t:, :c
i: o:c oi t|csc, \cxico, lcss t|: 10 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cc| t|is lcvcl l:
l:zil, ovc: . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts sco:c |clow t|c lD vc:gc I|c to
10 c: cc:t oi l:zili: stucc:ts sco:c |ust |ovc t|c lD vc:gc, :c t|c
to . c: cc:t sig:iiic:tl, |ovc
l: souc cou:t:ics wit| |clowvc:gc c:io:u:cc, t|c stucc:ts w|o c:io:u
|cst :cvc:t|clcss co cxt:cucl, wcll lo: cxulc, . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i:
Gc:u:, sco:c |ovc o.0 oi:ts, w|ilc t|c to . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i: lo:c
o:l, sco:c |ovc o!- oi:ts cvc: t|oug| t|c uc: sco:c oi Gc:u:, is
sig:iiic:tl, |clow, :c t|t oi lo:c sig:iiic:tl, |ovc, t|c lD vc:gc
o:vc:scl,, t|c lcst :oiicic:t stucc:ts c: co oo:l, i: cou:t:ics wit| gooc
vc:gc c:io:u:cc l: o:c oi t|c cou:t:ics wit| t|c |ig|cst vc:gc :cci:g
c:io:u:cc, :cw Zcl:c, . c: cc:t oi t|c oultio: :c |clow t|c cou
:tivcl, low sco:c oi !! |ig|c: :oo:tio: oi low sco:cs t|: i: scvc:l
cou:t:ics wit| o:l, uocc:tc vc:gc c:io:u:cc
/o/ /no|/ar/ly onc
.otr/|/c a.//cvc bo//
//q/ avc|aqc
c|jo|nar.c ara nall
a/a|///c
otr/|/c w/// //c
q|ca/c/ a/jjc|cr.c
ovc|all alo /avc la|qc
a/jjc|cr.c anorq //c
lca/ ablc /tacr/
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bclow-avc|aqc .otr/|/c
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wcll cvcr .ona|ca w///
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I|csc :csults oi:t iu:t|c: to t|c :ccc io: tcc|c:s, sc|ools :c ccuctio:
s,stcus to cc:css t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc t|t cxist wit|i: clsscs,
sc|ools :c cou:t:ics
(OWSTUDENTPERFORMANCEVARIESBETWEENSCHOOLS
liitcc:,c:olcs i: lD cou:t:ics ttc:c sc|ools i: v:ict, oi ccuctio:l
:c i:stitutio:l sctti:gs l: cc:ti: cou:t:ics, souc stucc:ts c::ol i: voctio:ll,
o:ic:tcc sc|ools w|ilc ot|c:s ttc:c sc|ools :iu:il, ccsig:cc to :c:c stucc:ts
io: c:t:, i:to u:ivc:sit,lcvcl ccuctio: iuil:l,, i: cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c t::si
tio: i:ou lowc: to uc: scco:c:, ccuctio: occu:s :ou:c t|c gc oi 1., souc
stucc:ts su:vc,cc |, llA u, still |c ttc:ci:g sc|ool t t|c lowc: scco:c:,
lcvcl w|ilc ot|c: stucc:ts |vc l:cc, :og:csscc to t|c uc: scco:c:, lcvcl
lu:t|c:uo:c, w|ilc t|c u|o:it, oi stucc:ts i: ll |ut two lD cou:t:ics ttc:c
u|lic sc|ools, sig:iiic:t ui:o:it, oi stucc:ts i: scvc:l lD cou:t:ics ttc:c
sc|ools t|t :c :ivtcl, u:gcc :c, i: souc cscs, :ivtcl, ii::ccc
I|c :cccci:g :l,sis |s s|ow: t|t, i: uost cou:t:ics, t|c:c :c co:sicc:|lc
ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc wit|i: cc| ccuctio: s,stcu I|is v:itio: u,
:csult i:ou t|c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs oi stucc:ts :c sc|ools, i:ou t|c
|uu: :c ii::cil :csou:ccs vil|lc to sc|ools, i:ou cu::icul: ciiic:c:ccs,
i:ou sclcctio: olicics :c :cticcs :c i:ou t|c w, i: w|ic| tcc|i:g is
o:g:iscc :c cclivc:cc ;scc lso |tc:s o :c , ouc cou:t:ics |vc
:o:sclcctivc sc|ool s,stcus t|t scc| to :ovicc ll stucc:ts wit| t|c suc
oo:tu:itics io: lc::i:g :c t|t llow cc| sc|ool to ctc: io: t|c iull ::gc
oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc t|c: cou:t:ics :cso:c to civc:sit, cxlicitl, |,
io:ui:g g:ous oi stucc:ts oi siuil: c:io:u:cc lcvcls t|:oug| sclcctio:
cit|c: wit|i: o: |ctwcc: sc|ools, wit| t|c iu oi sc:vi:g stucc:ts cco:ci:g
to t|ci: scciiic :cccs A:c i: ,ct ot|c: cou:t:ics, cou|i:tio:s oi t|c
two :oc|cs occu: lvc: i: cou:c|c:sivc sc|ool s,stcus, t|c:c u, |c
sig:iiic:t v:itio: |ctwcc: sc|ools cuc to t|c sociocco:ouic :c cultu:l
c|:ctc:istics oi t|c couuu:itics t|t t|c sc|ools sc:vc o: to gcog:|icl
ciiic:c:ccs ;suc| s ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: :cgio:s, :ovi:ccs o: sttcs i: iccc:l
s,stcus, o: ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: :u:l :c u:|: :cs, li:ll,, t|c:c u, |c
sig:iiic:t v:itio: |ctwcc: i:civicul sc|ools t|t c::ot |c csil, qu:tiiicc
o: ot|c:wisc ccsc:i|cc, :t oi w|ic| coulc :csult i:ou ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c
qulit, o: ciicctivc:css oi t|c tcc|i:g t|t t|osc sc|ools :ovicc
lowcvc:, uig|t wit|i:cou:t:, ciiic:c:ccs |c tt:i|ut|lc to ot|c: icc:tiii|lc
icto:s, |csiccs v:itio: i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools o: socil g:ous
low co t|c olicics :c |isto:icl ttc::s t|t s|c cc| cou:t:,`s sc|ool
s,stcu iicct :c :cltc to t|c ovc:ll v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc Do
cou:t:ics wit| cxlicit t:c|i:g :c st:cui:g olicics s|ow |ig|c: ccg:cc oi
ovc:ll cis:it, i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc t|: cou:t:ics t|t |vc :o:sclcctivc
ccuctio: s,stcus uc| qucstio:s occu: :ticul:l, i: cou:t:ics w|c:c o:c
o|sc:vcs cou:|l, l:gc v:itio: i: ovc:ll stucc:t c:io:u:cc, suc| s
lclgiuu, Gc:u:,, :cw Zcl:c, :o:w, :c t|c D:itcc ttcs
//jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
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bc aaa|cca
1/c I5-yca|-ola /r l|-
a|c /r nary a/jjc|cr/
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o|qar/ca a..o|a/rq /o
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ligu:c !o s|ows t|c cxtc:t oi v:itio: tt:i|ut|lc to ciiic:c:t icto:s i: cc|
cou:t:, I|c lc:gt| oi t|c |:s i:cictcs t|c totl o|sc:vcc v:itio: i: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;oluu: ! i: I|lc !+,
10

:otc t|t t|c vlucs i: ligu:c !o :c I|lc !+ :c cx:csscc s c:cc:tgcs
oi t|c vc:gc v:itio: |ctwcc: lD cou:t:ics i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o:
t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, w|ic| is cqul to - ! u:its
11
A vluc
i: oluu: ! l:gc: t|: 100 i:cictcs t|t v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc is
g:ctc: i: t|c co::cso:ci:g cou:t:, t|: i: t,icl lD cou:t:, iuil:l,,
vluc sullc: t|: 100 i:cictcs |clowvc:gc v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
I|c |: io: cc| cou:t:, is lig:cc i: ligu:c !o so t|t v:itio: |ctwcc:
sc|ools is :c:csc:tcc |, t|c lc:gt| oi t|c |: to t|c lcit oi t|c vc:ticl li:c
cow: t|c cc:t:c oi t|c iigu:c, :c v:itio: wit|i: sc|ools is :c:csc:tcc |,
t|c lc:gt| oi t|c |: to t|c :ig|t oi t|t vc:ticl li:c lo:gc: scguc:ts to
t|c lcit oi t|c vc:ticl li:c i:cictc g:ctc: v:itio: i: t|c uc: c:io:u:cc
oi sc|ools lo:gc: scguc:ts to t|c :ig|t oi t|c vc:ticl li:c i:cictc g:ctc:
v:itio: uo:g stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools
As s|ow: i: ligu:c !o, i: uost cou:t:ics co:sicc:|lc o:tio: oi t|c
v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc lics |ctwcc: sc|ools : vc:gc, c:oss t|c
!o lD cou:t:ics i:cluccc i: t|is cou:iso:, ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools
ccou:t io: !o c: cc:t oi t|c lD vc:gc |ctwcc:stucc:t v:itio: l:
Aust:i, lclgiuu, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Gc:u:,, G:cccc, lu:g:,, ltl, :c
lol:c, uo:c t|: .0 c: cc:t oi t|c lD vc:gc |ctwcc:stucc:t v:itio:
is |ctwcc: sc|ools ;oluu: ! i: I|lc !+, W|c:c t|c:c is su|st:til v:itio:
|ctwcc: sc|ools :c lcss v:itio: |ctwcc: stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools, stucc:ts
will gc:c:ll, |c i: sc|ools i: w|ic| ot|c: stucc:ts c:io:u t lcvcls siuil:
to t|ci: ow: I|is sclcctivit, u, :cilcct iuil, c|oicc oi sc|ool o: :csicc:til
loctio:, o: olicics o: sc|ool c::oluc:t, lloctio: oi stucc:ts o: t|c
cu::iculuu
l: lo:c, ovc:ll v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc is |out |li t|c lD vc:gc v:itio:, :c o:l, !0 c:
cc:t oi t|c lD vc:gc v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc is tt:i|ut|lc
to ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools lo:c t|us :ot o:l, c|icvcs |ig| vc:gc
c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g :c low ovc:ll cis:it, |ctwcc: stucc:ts, |ut cocs so
wit| :cltivcl, littlc v:itio: i: uc: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools i: lso
s|ows low ovc:ll v:itio: ;:ou:c t|:ccqu:tc:s oi t|c lD vc:gc, :c
low |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: ;1o c: cc:t oi t|c lD vc:gc v:itio: i:
stucc:t c:io:u:cc, |ut, u:li|c lo:c, |s uc: sco:c sig:iiic:tl, |clow
t|c lD vc:gc ;ligu:c !+,
I|c sullcst v:itio: i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc uo:g sc|ools occu:s i: li:l:c,
lccl:c :c wccc:, w|c:c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools ccou:t io: o:l,
|ctwcc: :c 11 c: cc:t oi t|c vc:gc |ctwcc:stucc:t v:itio: i: lD
cou:t:ics l: t|csc cou:t:ics c:io:u:cc is l:gcl, u::cltcc to t|c sc|ools
i: w|ic| stucc:ts :c c::ollcc I|c, :c t|us li|cl, to c:cou:tc: siuil:
|/qt|c 26 .ona|c //c
cx/cr/ oj //c va|/a//or
w////r .otr/|/c.
.ara b|cak // aowr
/r/o bc/wccr-./ool ara
w////r-./ool
a/jjc|cr.c.
./ow/rq //a/ ovc| /alj
//c va|/a//or /r
c|jo|nar.c /
a//|/bt/ablc /o
a/jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
./ool /r no|c clc.//vc
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va|/a//or bc/wccr
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./ool.
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va|/a//or
o1
1!0 100 0 o0 +0 !0 0 !0 +0 o0 0 100 1!0
33.
35.1
35.B
7.0
B.9
10.7
12.
15.9
17.1
17.1
19.
19.7
20.1
20.9
22.4
33.4
35.1
3.5
37.5
42.9
4B.7
50.9
51.9
53.B
7.0
B.
71.2
74.B
7.0
57.1
77.5
47.1
B5.0
B3.0
7.5
102.4
0.9
B0.1
79.2
B5.9
33.0
103.9
90.
B2.3
74.9
50.9
50.2
34.B
45.7
3B.9
52.9
45.3
43.4
3.7
37.4
4.3
43.9
B3.
l:qurc 2.c
V:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools :c wit|i: sc|ools o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
i...1 o o ....o. c |. o..o. o..o.c . o1. ..c.o.. . oic .co...
Between-scnooI variation Witnin-scnooI variation
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc !+
V:i:cc cxli:cc |, gcog:|icl, s,stcuic :c i:stitutio:l icto:s
Beigium
Germany
Hungary
Austria
roiand
Greece
czech Repubiic
Itaiy
svitzeriand
Meico
rortugai
]apan
Iuembourg
united Kingdom
Austraiia
Nev Zeaiand
Korea
Denmark
Ireiand
canada
spain
Norvay
Iiniand
sveden
Iceiand
Brazii
Iatvia
Russian Iederation
united states
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lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t i: tc:us oi t|c |ilit, cist:i|utio: oi stucc:ts lt is
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|clow t|c lD vc:gc :c t|t vc:, icw stucc:ts c:io:u |clow t|c ss
iil t|:cs|olcs cst|lis|cc |, t|ci: sc|ools o: clss:oou tcc|c:s I|csc ccuc
tio: s,stcus succccc |ot| i: ui:iuisi:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools :c i:
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Aust:li, :cw Zcl:c :c :o:w, ;wit| 11!, 1!o :c 11o c: cc:t oi t|c
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t:ics wit| t|c |ig|cst ovc:ll v:itio: i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc, |ut o:l, cou
:tivcl, sull :oo:tio: ;!1, !0 :c 1! c: cc:t oi t|c lD vc:gc oi
stucc:t c:io:u:cc, :csults i:ou ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools l: t|csc cou:
t:ics, uost v:itio: occu:s wit|i: sc|ools, suggcsti:g t|t i:civicul sc|ools
:ccc to ctc: io: uo:c civc:sc clic:t |sc
lclgiuu, Gc:u:, :c witzc:l:c ;1!+, 1!! :c 11! c: cc:t oi t|c vc:gc
|ctwcc:stucc:t v:itio: i: lD cou:t:ics, :c lso cou:t:ics wit| cou
:tivcl, |ig| ovc:ll v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc, |ut l:gc :oo:tio:
oi t|is v:itio: ;o, . :c +- c: cc:t oi t|c lD vc:gc v:itio: i: stu
cc:t c:io:u:cc, :csults i:ou ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools
I|c D:itcc ttcs, :ot|c: cou:t:, wit| cou:tivcl, l:gc ovc:ll v:itio:
i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc ;11 c: cc:t oi t|c vc:gc v:itio: |ctwcc: stucc:ts
i: lD cou:t:ics,, is soucw|c:c i: t|c uicclc, !. c: cc:t oi t|c vc:gc
lD v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc |ci:g iou:c |ctwcc: sc|ools
H/q/ ovc|all va|/a//or
.ar |ctl/ j|on //q/
w////r-./ool
a/jjc|cr.c.
.//q/ bc/wccr-./ool
a/jjc|cr.c.
.o| a .onb/ra//or oj
//c /wo
lox !+ Iactors associated vith betveen-schooi variation in student perormance
\:, icto:s co:t:i|utc to t|c v:itio: i: vc:gc stucc:t c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools ouc oi
t|csc :c s iollows
sub-nationai dierences l: scvc:l cou:t:ics sc|ool s,stcus oc:tc u:cc: su|:tio:l
|u:iscictio:s ;suc| s t|c couuu:itics i: lclgiuu, t|c :ovi:ccs i: :c, t|c l:cc: i:
Gc:u:,, o: t|c sttcs i: Aust:li :c t|c D:itcc ttcs, o: v:, |ctwcc: cou|i:tio: oi
su|:tio:l |u:iscictio:s :c li:guistic couuu:itics ;s i: witzc:l:c,
Rurai and urban areas c|ooli:g :c cu::icul oitc: ciiic: |ctwcc: u:|: :c :u:l sctti:gs
rubiiciy and privateiy managed schoois l: u:, cou:t:ics, u|licl, :c :ivtcl, u:gcc
sc|ools couctc l: souc cou:t:ics, :ivtc sc|ools usull, |vc uo:c sclcctivc c::oluc:t
olicics l: ccitio:, sc|ools t|t :c :ivtcl, ii::ccc u, |i:cc: :ticitio: |, stucc:ts i:ou
ciscv:tgcc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs
rrogramme type ouc s,stcus cisti:guis| |ctwcc: t,cs oi sc|ool, w|ic| c: ciiic:
su|st:till, i: t|c cu::iculuu oiic:cc ;., :c:i:g stucc:ts cit|c: io: u:ivc:sit, ccuctio: o:
o!
W|c:c cocs t|is v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc o:igi:tc I|c :swc: will v:, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics ;scc lso lox !+,
l:ticiti:g cou:t:ics :oviccc : i:cictio: oi t|osc gcog:|icl, s,stcuic
o: i:stitutio:l sccts oi t|ci: ccuctio: s,stcus ctu:cc |, llA t|t t|c,
co:sicc:cc uost li|cl, to ccou:t io: ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc:
sc|ools I|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc ccou:tcc io: |, t|csc v:i|lcs
is i:cictcc i: ligu:c !o o: t|c lcit|:c sicc oi t|c |:
l: Aust:li, ciscou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sttcs :c tc::ito:ics :ccuccs
t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc i:ou !1 to 1- c: cc:t
oi t|c lD vc:gc |ctwcc:stucc:t v:itio: ;scc I|lc !+,
l: Aust:i, ciscou:ti:g t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c v:ious t:c|s to w|ic|
stucc:ts :c lloctcc c:oss six sc|ool t,cs :ccuccs t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:
itio: i:ou o to c: cc:t l: lclgiuu, ciscou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c
li:guistic couuu:itics :c |ctwcc: sc|ool t,c :ccuccs t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool
v:itio: i:ou o to !. c: cc:t Discou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ool :c
:og:uuc t,cs :ccuccs t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: i: Gc:u:, i:ou .
to 10 c: cc:t, i: lu:g:, i:ou 1 to 1-, i: lol:c i:ou o to 1+ :c i:
lo:c i:ou !0 to - c: cc:t ovc: t|c lD vc:gc |ctwcc:stucc:t v:i
tio:
Discou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: gc:c:l :c voctio:l sc|ools, :c |ctwcc:
uc: scco:c:, :c lowc: scco:c:, :og:uucs, :ccuccs t|c |ctwcc:
sc|ool v:itio: i:ou .! to c: cc:t i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic, :c i: G:cccc
i:ou .+ to !1 c: cc:t
l: l:cl:c, ciscou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ool t,cs, |ctwcc: :cgul: :c
sccil sc|ools, :c |ctwcc: :u:l :c u:|: :cs, :ccuccs |ctwcc:sc|ool
v:itio: i:ou 1 to c: cc:t
onc oj //c va|/a//or
bc/wccr ./ool /
a//|/bt/ablc /o
qcoq|a/y /r///t//oral
ja./o| o| clc.//or oj
/tacr/ by ab/l//y.
io: ci:cct c:t:, i:to t|c l|ou: u:|ct, lvc: i: s,stcus i: w|ic| ciiic:c:titio: occu:s wit|i:
sc|ools, t|c:c u, |c cisti:ct voctio:l :c gc:c:l t:c|s
Ievei o education l: icw cou:t:ics, souc 1.,c:solc stucc:ts ttc:c uc: scco:c:,
sc|ools w|ilc ot|c:s ttc:c lowc: scco:c:,, ccc:ci:g cit|c: o: t|ci: uo:t| oi |i:t| o: o: t|c
:ouotio: :cticcs uscc l: ot|c: cou:t:ics, t|c suc sc|ool u, |ost uo:c t|: o:c lcvcl oi
ccuctio: I|is uc:s t|t t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc tt:i|ut|lc to t|c ciiic:c:cc
i: cu::iculuu |ctwcc: lowc: :c uc: scco:c:, ccuctio: is i:cluccc i: t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool
v:itio: i: t|c io:uc: csc, :c i: t|c wit|i:sc|ool |ctwcc:stucc:t v:itio: i: t|c lttc:
socio-economic intake I|c sociocco:ouic c|:ctc:istics oi t|c couuu:itics sc:vcc |,
sc|ools oitc: v:,, lt|oug| t|c sizc oi t|is v:itio: ciiic:s g:ctl, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics I|c
v:itio: i: sc|ool i:t|c c: iicct t|c c:io:u:cc oi t|c stucc:ts c::ollcc
o+
Discou:ti:g lcvcl oi ccuctio: :c :og:uuc t,c :ccuccs t|c |ctwcc:
sc|ool v:itio: i: ltl, ;licci vc:sus voctio:l :c tcc|:icl sc|ools, i:ou
.1 to !! c: cc:t, :c i: \cxico i:ou +! to 1o c: cc:t
l: :c, ciscou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: :ovi:ccs :ccuccs |ctwcc:
sc|ool v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc i:ou 1 to 1o c: cc:t
l: lccl:c, ciscou:ti:g sc|ool sizc :c lcvcl oi u:|:istio: :ccuccs |ctwcc:
sc|ool v:itio: i:ou to o c: cc:t
l: :cw Zcl:c, ciscou:ti:g sc|ool i:t|c ;i:cluci:g vc:gc sociocco:ouic
sttus :c t|c :oo:tio: oi \o:i :c lciiic stucc:ts, :ccuccs v:itio:
|ctwcc: sc|ools i:ou !0 to c: cc:t
Discou:ti:g iuuig::t stucc:ts :ccuccs v:itio: |ctwcc: sc|ools i: :o:w,
i:ou 1! to 1! c: cc:t :c i: wccc: i:ou - to o c: cc:t
l: i:, ciscou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: u|licl, :c :ivtcl, u:gcc
sc|ools :ccuccs |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: i:ou 1o to 10 c: cc:t
l: witzc:l:c, ciscou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: :og:uuc t,cs :c lcvcls
oi ccuctio:, :c |ctwcc: t|c li:guistic couuu:itics i: w|ic| sc|ools :c
loctcc, :ccuccs t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: i:ou +- to ! c: cc:t
l: t|c D:itcc li:gcou, ciscou:ti:g ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools u:gcc |,
locl ut|o:itics vc:sus ot|c: |ocics suc| s scligovc::i:g t:usts :c c|u:c|
iou:ctio:s, |ctwcc: coccuctio:l :c si:glcgc:cc: sc|ools, :c |ctwcc:
:cgio:s, :ccuccs t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: i:ou !! to 1. c: cc:t
l:ocl,, t|c ct lso suggcst t|t, i: sc|ool s,stcus wit| ciiic:c:titcc sc|ool
t,cs, t|c clustc:i:g oi stucc:ts wit| :ticul: sociocco:ouic c|:ctc:istics
i: cc:ti: sc|ools is g:ctc: t|: i: s,stcus w|c:c t|c cu::iculuu cocs :ot
v:, sig:iiic:tl, |ctwcc: sc|ools l: Aust:i, lclgiuu, t|c zcc| kcu|lic,
Gc:u:,, ltl, :c t|c :ct|c:l:cs, io: cxulc, t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio:
ssocitcc wit| t|c ict t|t stucc:ts ttc:c ciiic:c:t t,cs oi sc|ool is
co:sicc:|l, couou:ccc |, ciiic:c:ccs i: socil :c iuil, |c|g:ou:c I|is
u, |c co:scquc:cc oi sclcctio: o: sclisclcctio: w|c: t|c sc|ool u:|ct
:oviccs souc ciiic:c:titio:, stucc:ts i:ou lowc: socil |c|g:ou:cs u, tc:c
to |c ci:cctcc to, o: c|oosc io: t|cusclvcs, lcss ccu:ci:g stuc, :og:uucs,
o: u, ot :ot to :ticitc i: t|c sclcctio: :occcu:cs oi t|c ccuctio:
s,stcu
I|c iullc: :l,sis i: |tc: suggcsts t|t t|c ovc:ll socil |c|g:ou:c oi
sc|ool`s i:t|c o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc tc:cs to |c g:ctc: t|: t|c iuct
oi t|c i:civicul stucc:t`s socil |c|g:ou:c tucc:ts i:ou lowc: socio
cco:ouic |c|g:ou:c ttc:ci:g sc|ools i: w|ic| t|c vc:gc sociocco:ouic
|c|g:ou:c is |ig| tc:c to c:io:u uuc| |cttc: t|: w|c: t|c, :c c::ollcc
i: sc|ool wit| |clowvc:gc sociocco:ouic i:t|c :c t|c :cvc:sc
is t:uc io: uo:c cv:tgcc stucc:ts i: lcss cv:tgcc sc|ools I|is is :ot
.w//./ .ar bc
.onotraca by //c
btr.//rq oj o./ally
|/v/lcqca /tacr/
a|//.tla|ly /r .otr/|/c
w/// a/jjc|cr/ /yc oj
c.oraa|y ./ool.
./r.c /tacr/ |ctl/
a|c ao./a/ca ro/ orly
w/// //c/| owr
/ra/v/atal ba.kq|otra
bt/ - /o a q|ca/c| cx/cr/
- w/// //c ba.kq|otra
oj o//c| a/ //c/| ./ool
o.
su::isi:g, |ut t|c o.o1. oi t|c ciiic:c:cc is st:i|i:g As s|ow: i: |tc: ,
t|c ciiic:c:cc i: t|c cxcctcc :csults io: givc: stucc:t i: two ltc::tivc
sc|ools sc:tcc |,, s,, 10 oi:ts i: t|c vc:gc sociocco:ouic sttus oi t|ci:
stucc:ts ;s ccii:cc |, t|c llA i:ccx, woulc |c g:ctc: t|: t|c cxcctcc
ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: two stucc:ts sc:tcc |, 10 oi:ts ttc:ci:g t|c suc
sc|ool I|is suggcsts t|t i:stitutio:l ciiic:c:titio: i: ccuctio: s,stcus, oitc:
couou:ccc |, t|c socil |c|g:ou:c oi sc|ool`s i:t|c :c sclisclcctio:
|, stucc:ts :co: t|ci: :c:ts, c: |vc u|o: iuct o: : i:civicul
stucc:t`s succcss t sc|ool
#ONCLUSIONS
I|c :csults oi llA !000 s|ow wicc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics i: t|c
|:owlccgc :c s|ills oi 1.,c:olcs i: :cci:g litc:c, :c |u:c:cc :c
twc:t,iou: oi:ts 1 :oiicic:c, lcvcls sc:tc t|c |ig|cst :c lowcst
vc:gc c:io:u:ccs |, lD cou:t:ics o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc Diiic:c:ccs /... cou:t:ics :c:csc:t, |owcvc:, o:l, i:ctio: oi ovc:ll
v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc, ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc wit|i: cou:t:ics
|ci:g o: vc:gc |out tc: tiucs s g:ct s t|c v:itio: |ctwcc: cou:t:,
uc:s tc:i:g io: suc| civc:sc clic:t |sc :c :::owi:g t|c gs i: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc :c:csc:t io:uic|lc c|llc:gcs io: ll cou:t:ics
A: vc:gc oi 10 c: cc:t oi 1.,c:olcs :cc| t|c |ig|cst :oiicic:c, lcvcl i:
llA, ccuo:st:ti:g t|c |ilit, to coulctc so|istictcc :cci:g ts|s, to s|ow
cctilcc u:cc:st:ci:g oi tcxts :c t|c :clcv:cc oi t|ci: couo:c:ts, :c
to cvlutc i:io:utio: c:iticll, :c |uilc |,ot|cscs c:wi:g o: scciliscc
|:owlccgc At t|c ot|c: c:c oi t|c sclc, : vc:gc oi o c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
co :ot :cc| :oiicic:c, lcvcl 1 I|c, iil to ccuo:st:tc :outi:cl, t|c uost
|sic |:owlccgc :c s|ills t|t llA scc|s to ucsu:c I|csc stucc:ts u, still
|c |lc to :cc i: tcc|:icl sc:sc, |ut t|c, s|ow sc:ious ciiiicultics i: l,i:g
:cci:g litc:c, s tool to cv:cc :c cxtc:c t|ci: |:owlccgc :c s|ills i:
ot|c: :cs Alt|oug| t|c :oo:tio: oi t|csc stucc:ts is s low s ! c: cc:t
i: t|:cc cou:t:ics :c cxccccs 1+ c: cc:t i: o:l, two lD cou:t:ics, t|c
cxistc:cc oi sull |ut sig:iiic:t ui:o:it, oi stucc:ts w|o, :c: t|c c:c oi
couulso:, sc|ooli:g, lc| t|c iou:ctio: oi litc:c, s|ills :ccccc io: iu:t|c:
lc::i:g, uust |c oi co:cc:: to olic,u|c:s scc|i:g to u|c liiclo:g lc::i:g
:clit, io: ll I|is is so, i: :ticul:, i: t|c icc oi uou:ti:g cvicc:cc t|t
co:ti:ui:g ccuctio: :c t:i:i:g |c,o:c sc|ool tc:c to :ci:io:cc :t|c: t|:
to uitigtc s|ill ciiic:c:ccs :csulti:g i:ou u:cqul succcss i: i:itil ccuctio:
Acci:g to t|is :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts :ot :cc|i:g lcvcl 1, t|osc w|o c:io:u
o:l, t lcvcl 1, :ucl, t|osc w|o :c c|lc o:l, oi coulcti:g t|c uost |sic
oi :cci:g ts|s, suc| s locti:g siulc iccc oi i:io:utio:, icc:tii,i:g t|c
ui: t|cuc oi tcxt o: u|i:g siulc co::cctio: wit| cvc:,c, |:owlccgc,
|:i:gs t|c :oo:tio: oi low c:io:uc:s to : vc:gc oi 1 c: cc:t c:oss
lD cou:t:ics l:c:ts, ccucto:s, :c olic,u|c:s i: s,stcus wit| l:gc
:oo:tio:s oi stucc:ts c:io:ui:g t o: |clow lcvcl 1 :ccc to :ccog:isc t|t
//jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
.otr/|/c /r |caa/rq
l//c|a.y a|c tb/ar//al
//otq/ a/jjc|cr.c
w////r .otr/|/c orc a|c
q|ca/c|
l|- |cvcal a /tqc
qa bc/wccr //c IJ
oj /tacr/ .aablc oj
o////.a/ca |caa/rq
/ak ara //c 6
/r.aablc oj /nlc
/ak.
.a wcll a //c I2
.aablc orly oj /nlc
/ak w/o alo oc
a c|/ot ./allcrqc
cc./ally /r .otr/|/c
w/c|c //cy a|c no/
rtnc|ot
oo
sig:iiic:t :uu|c:s oi stucc:ts :c :ot |c:ciiti:g suiiicic:tl, i:ou vil|lc
ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics :c :c :ot cqui:i:g t|c :cccss:, |:owlccgc :c
s|ills to co so ciicctivcl, i: t|ci: iu:t|c: sc|ool c:cc:s :c |c,o:c l: cou:t:ics
suc| s l:zil :c \cxico, w|ic| |vc cou:tivcl, low lcvcls oi :tio:l
i:couc :c w|c:c sc:ci:g o: ccuctio:l i:stitutio:s c: stucc:t u to
gc 1. is o:l, :ou:c o:c iou:t| oi t|c lD vc:gc ;I|lc !o,, iostc:i:g
t|c ccuctio: oi t|osc uost i: :ccc :c:csc:ts co:sicc:|lc c|llc:gc, :c
scciiic olicics to t|t c:c |vc oitc: o:l, |cc: :ccc:tl, i:t:ocuccc
Wicc v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc cocs :ot, |owcvc:, lw,s uc: t|t
l:gc :t oi t|c stucc:t oultio: will |vc low lcvcl oi :cci:g litc:c,
l: ict, i: souc cou:t:ics wit| |ig| vc:gc c:io:u:cc, suc| s Aust:li,
:cw Zcl:c :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, t|c !.
t|
c:cc:tilc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc lics wcll wit|i: :oiicic:c, lcvcl ! ;:ou:c +. oi:ts,,
i:cicti:g t|t stucc:ts t t|c !.
t|
c:cc:tilc :c coi:g :cso:|l, wcll |,
i:tc::tio:l cou:tivc st:c:cs :cvc:t|clcss, t|c v:itio: i: t|c cist:i|u
tio: oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: t|csc cou:t:ics suggcsts t|t t|c stucc:ts t t|c
!.
t|
c:cc:tilc u, |c c:io:ui:g su|st:till, |clow cxcctcc |c:c|u:|s oi
gooc c:io:u:cc i: t|c cou:t:ics i: qucstio:
Io w|t cxtc:t is t|c o|sc:vcc v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c llA
!000 sscssuc:ts :cilcctio: oi t|c i::tc cist:i|utio: oi stucc:ts` |ilitics
:c t|us c|llc:gc io: ccuctio: s,stcus t|t c::ot |c i:iluc:ccc ci:cctl,
|, ccuctio: olic, I|c :l,sis i: t|is c|tc: |s s|ow: :ot o:l, t|t t|c
ug:itucc oi wit|i:cou:t:, cis:itics i: :cci:g litc:c, v:ics wiccl, |ctwcc:
cou:t:ics |ut lso t|t wicc cis:itics i: c:io:u:cc :c :ot :cccss:,
co:citio: io: cou:t:, to tti: |ig| lcvcl oi ovc:ll c:io:u:cc Alt|oug|
uo:c gc:c:l co:tcxtul icto:s :ccc to |c co:sicc:cc w|c: suc| cis:itics :c
cou:cc |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, u|lic olic, u, t|c:cio:c |vc t|c otc:til to
u|c : iuo:t:t co:t:i|utio: to :ovici:g cqul oo:tu:itics :c cquit|lc
lc::i:g outcoucs io: ll stucc:ts |owi:g t|t cou:t:ics ciiic: :ot |ust i: t|ci:
uc: c:io:u:cc, |ut lso i: t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|c, :c |lc to closc t|c g
|ctwcc: t|c stucc:ts wit| t|c lowcst :c t|c |ig|cst lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc :c
to :ccucc souc oi t|c |::ic:s to cquit|lc cist:i|utio: oi lc::i:g outcoucs is
: iuo:t:t ii:ci:g w|ic| |s ci:cct :clcv:cc to olic, u|i:g
\:, icto:s co:t:i|utc to v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc Dis:itics c:
:csult i:ou t|c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs oi stucc:ts :c sc|ools, i:ou t|c
|uu: :c ii::cil :csou:ccs vil|lc to sc|ools, i:ou cu::icul: ciiic:c:ccs,
:c i:ou t|c w, i: w|ic| tcc|i:g is o:g:iscc :c cclivc:cc As t|c cuscs
oi v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc ciiic:, so too co t|c :oc|cs c|osc: |,
ciiic:c:t cou:t:ics to cc:css t|c c|llc:gc ouc cou:t:ics |vc :o:sclcctivc
sc|ool s,stcus t|t scc| to :ovicc ll stucc:ts wit| t|c suc oo:tu:itics
io: lc::i:g :c :cqui:c cc| sc|ool to ctc: io: t|c iull ::gc oi stucc:t c:
io:u:cc t|c: cou:t:ics :cso:c to civc:sit, |, io:ui:g g:ous oi stucc:ts
oi siuil: lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc t|:oug| sclcctio: cit|c: wit|i: o: |ctwcc:
sc|ools, wit| t|c iu oi sc:vi:g stucc:ts cco:ci:g to t|ci: scciiic :cccs
|vcr w/c|c |cla//vcly jcw
/tacr/ trac|c|jo|n
/r/c|ra//orally a la|qc
rtnbc| nay bc bclow
ra//oral bcr./na|k
1/c .otr/|/c //a/
a.//cvc bo// //q/
avc|aqc c|jo|nar.c ara
|cla//vcly low va|/a//or
bc/wccr /tacr/ |ov/ac
a ./allcrqc jo| o//c|.
.a|//.tla|ly //oc //a/
/avc y/cn allow/rq
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low co suc| olicics :c :cticcs iicct ctul stucc:t c:io:u:cc lt is |:c
to givc clc: :swc: si:cc suc| olicics :c :cticcs :c oitc: licc i:io:
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ct i:ou llA !000 suggcst t|t |ot| ovc:ll v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u
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tc:c to |c g:ctc: i: t|osc cou:t:ics wit| cxlicit ciiic:c:titio: t : c:l,
gc |ctwcc: t,cs oi :og:uuc :c sc|ool I|c ct lso suggcst t|t t|c
ciiccts oi socil clustc:i:g :c l:gc: i: sc|ool s,stcus wit| ciiic:c:titcc
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l: cou:t:ics suc| s Aust:li, :cw Zcl:c :c :o:w,, w|c:c t|c:c is
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sclc wit|i: sc|ools, :cio:us wit|i: sc|ools t|t iu to |olstc: t|c c:io:u:cc
oi lcss succcssiul stucc:ts :c uo:c li|cl, to |c ciicctivc i: iu:ovi:g ovc:ll
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suc| s Aust:i, lclgiuu, Gc:u:,, lu:g:, :c lol:c, :cio:us iucc t
iu:ovi:g t|c c:io:u:cc oi t|c sc|ools wit| t|c lowcst lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc
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o ja| /cr/a//vcly //a/
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.OTES
1 Icc|:icll,, t|c uc: sco:c io: stucc:t c:io:u:cc c:oss lD cou:t:ics ws sct t .00 oi:ts :c t|c st:c:c
ccvitio: t 100 oi:ts, wit| t|c ct wcig|tcc so t|t cc| lD cou:t:, co:t:i|utcc cqull,
! I|c co:cct oi litc:c, uscc i: llA is uuc| |:occ: t|: t|c |isto:icl :otio: oi t|c |ilit, to :cc :c w:itc l:
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cou:c|c:sio:, so t|t t|c llA tcsts cic :ot scc| to ucsu:c t|t |i:c oi tcc|:icl litc:c, I|osc w|o iil to :cc| lcvcl
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cc:t oi stucc:ts wc:c |o:: i: luxcu|ou:g :c sco:c t lcvcl 1 o: |clow ;st:c:c c::o: 0o!,
lol:c`s c:io:u:cc u, |c slig|tl, ovc:cstiutcc, |ccusc oi t|c cxclusio: oi t|c o c: cc:t oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i:
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u to two ::|o:cc: ositio:s I|c c:io:u:cc oi t|c :ct|c:l:cs c::ot |c cstiutcc ccu:tcl, |ccusc t|c :cso:sc
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uc: sco:cs, t|ci: st:c:c c::o:s :c t|c cov:i:cc |ctwcc: t|c c:io:u:cc sclcs oi two coui:s l:ou t|is it c: |c
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11

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ciiic: slig|tl, i:ou t|c squ:c oi t|c st:c:c ccvitio: s|ow: i: I|lc !! I|c vc:gc is clcultcc ovc: t|c lD
cou:t:ics i:cluccc i: I|lc !+
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lo: uuc| oi t|c lst cc:tu:,, t|c co:tc:t oi sc|ool ut|cutics :c scic:cc
cu::icul ws coui:tcc |, t|c :ccc to :ovicc t|c iou:ctio:s io: t|c :oics
sio:l t:i:i:g oi sull :uu|c: oi ut|cutici:s, scic:tists :c c:gi:cc:s
Wit| t|c g:owi:g :olc oi scic:cc, ut|cutics :c tcc|:olog, i: uocc:: liic,
|owcvc:, t|c o||cctivcs oi c:so:l iuliiluc:t, culo,uc:t :c iull :tici
tio: i: socict, i:c:csi:gl, :cqui:c t|t ll cults, :ot |ust t|osc si:i:g to
scic:tiiic c:cc:, s|oulc |c ut|cuticll,, scic:tiiicll, :c tcc|:ologicll,
litc:tc
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uc:tl, uccicl, cco:ouic :c ot|c: issucs t|t co:i:o:t uocc:: socictics,
w|ic| :cl, |cvil, o: tcc|:ologicl :c scic:tiiic cv:ccs lu:t|c:, t|c c:
io:u:cc oi cou:t:,`s |cst stucc:ts i: ut|cutics :c scic:tiiic su||ccts
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o:vc:scl,, cciicic:cics i: ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, c: |vc :cgtivc
co:scquc:ccs io: i:civiculs` l|ou:u:|ct :c c::i:gs :osccts :c io:
t|ci: ccit, to :ticitc iull, i: socict,
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t|c:cio:c io:u : i:tcg:l :t oi t|c llA litc:c, co:cct \o:covc:, t|c ccii
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c, :c givcs cxulcs oi csic:, ucciuu :c |:cc: ts|s uscc i: llA !000,
suuu:iscs c:io:u:cc i: cc| cou:t:, i: tc:us oi t|c uc: sco:cs c|icvcc
|, stucc:ts :c t|c cist:i|utio: oi sco:cs c:oss stucc:t oultio:s,
cxui:cs |ow c:io:u:cc v:ics |ctwcc: :cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:
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|tc: + |:occ:s t|is ciscussio: iu:t|c: |, :l,si:g t|c :o:cog:itivc
sccts oi lc::i:g outcoucs, suc| s t|c uotivtio: oi 1.,c:olcs, t|ci:
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3TUDENTPERFORMANCEINMATHEMATICALLITERACY
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lc:io:u:cc i: ut|cuticl litc:c, is u:|cc i: llA !000 o: si:glc sclc
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oi .00 oi:ts :c st:c:c ccvitio: oi 100 oi:ts, :c wit| |out twot|i:cs
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.c!. !o. o c..|o.1 c o!. ...
. o oo.. o.., .| o .c c .c....
.c... ... o.co1 |. oo.. 1|., o.. o|.1
c .c!.. o o/!. c o!o. ...o.1 /, |.
o..c |o 1..../. |. o/.. c ... o
|. ... c |. c..|o.1 . ....o.1 1|.
o..c ..o... o1. c ..... o ...
1.....c c o .c/!. .oo.c, c !.| |.
c o o/o!o. .....o.c c c. c |.
.c.o.c, c ...c.. o o.. o1 |.
c ..1 |. o.. :o1. ..1 c c.|
.| .. c1.! o1 c ..!o. c 1....
.....o.c (..c..o! o1 o/o!o.) c c
..!o.c|. (c. oo1.o.. o1 c. !..o.)
. c.1.. c ..1 |. o..
OU$TtON 1
+ttti:
OU$TtON 3
+ttti:
uosc t|c i:uc: w:ts to
u|c uuc| l:gc: o:c|:c
wit| u:, :ows oi t:ccs As t|c
i:uc: u|cs t|c o:c|:c
|iggc:, w|ic| will i:c:csc uo:c
quic|l, t|c :uu|c: oi lc
t:ccs o: t|c :uu|c: oi co:iic:s
lxli: |ow ,ou iou:c ,ou:
:swc:
:.c.. 2 ;.+,
A:swc:s w|ic| s|ow ll c:t:ics co::cct
:.c.. 2 ;!!,
A:swc:s w|ic| :c co::cct ;lc t:ccs,
A:D w|ic| givc souc lgc|:ic cxl:tio:s
|scc o: t|c io:uulc :
!
:c
I|:cs|olcs, |scc o: kl ~ 0o! ;scc lox !1,
oulctc t|c t|lc
:.c.. :
A:D :c |scc o: scciiic cxulcs o:
o: cxtc:ci:g t|c t|lc
:c s|ow \l cvicc:cc t|t t|c
:cltio:s|i |ctwcc: :
!
:c : is
u:cc:stooc, |ut :ot so clc:l, cx:csscc
s i: co:c !
OU$TtON 2
+ttti:
I|c:c :c two io:uulc ,ou c:
usc to clcultc t|c :uu|c: oi
lc t:ccs :c t|c :uu|c: oi
co:iic:s io: t|c ttc::
ccsc:i|cc |ovc
:uu|c: oi lc t:ccs ~
2
:uu|c: oi co:iic:s ~
w|c:c is t|c :uu|c: oi :ows
oi lc t:ccs
I|c:c is vluc oi io: w|ic|
t|c :uu|c: oi lc t:ccs cquls
t|c :uu|c: oi co:iic:s li:c
t|c vluc oi : :c s|ow ,ou:
uct|oc oi clculti:g t|is
:.c.. 2 ;o..,
A:swc:s w|ic| givc :~, wit| t|c lgc|:ic
uct|oc cxlicitl, s|ow:
A:swc:s w|ic| givc :~, |ut :o clc:
lgc|: is :csc:tcc, o: :o wo:| s|ow:
A:swc:s w|ic| givc :~ usi:g ot|c: uct|ocs,
., usi:g ttc:: cx:sio: o: c:wi:g
:uu|c:
oi lc t:ccs
:uu|c:
oi co:iic:s
+
O O.2 O.= O.c O.J !.O !.2 !.= !.c !.J 2.O 2.2 2.= 2.c 2.J 3.O
O.5 !.5 2.5
!JO
!cO
!=O
!2O
!OO
JO
cO
=O
2O
O
2OO
l:qurc 3.! (.on':nucd)
ulcs oi t|c ut|cutics ts|s uscc i: llA
speed o a racing car aiong a 1 km track (second iapj
x1LLD OI + K+cING c+K
Dist:cc lo:g t|c t:c| ;|u,
ccc ;|u|,
t:ti:g
li:c
I|is g:| s|ows |ow t|c sccc oi :ci:g c: v:ics lo:g ilt ! |ilouct:c t:c| cu:i:g its scco:c l
l: t|c csc oi t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, t|is ccsc:itio: is s iollows
Iow:cs t|c to c:c, :ou:c .0 oi:ts, stucc:ts t,icll, t|c c:ctivc :c ctivc
:olc i: t|ci: :oc| to ut|cuticl :o|lcus I|c, i:tc::ct :c io:uultc
:o|lcus i: tc:us oi ut|cutics, c: |:clc uo:c coulcx i:io:utio:, :c c:
:cgotitc :uu|c: oi :occssi:g stcs tucc:ts t t|is lcvcl icc:tii, :c l,
:clcv:t tools :c |:owlccgc ;i:cquc:tl, i: : u:iuili: :o|lcu co:tcxt,, usc
i:sig|t to icc:tii, suit|lc w, oi ii:ci:g solutio:, :c cisl, ot|c: |ig|c:o:cc:
cog:itivc :occsscs suc| s gc:c:listio:, :cso:i:g :c :guuc:ttio: to cxli:
:c couuu:ictc :csults
1/c no/ a/jj/.tl/ /ak
|ct/|c .|ca//vc
na//cna//.al ///rk/rq
ara /r/q//.
.
1AsK
DIIIIcuI1Y
|
i
g
|
c
s
t
u
i
c
c
l
c
l
o
w
c
s
t
.0
.0
!0
OU$TtON 6
:tii ot + r+ci:c c+r
W|c:c ws t|c lowcst sccc
:cco:ccc cu:i:g t|c scco:c l
A At t|c st:ti:g li:c
l At |out 0 |u
At |out 1! |u
D lliw, :ou:c t|c t:c|
OU$TtON 8
lc:c :c ictu:cs oi iivc t:c|s
Alo:g w|ic| o:c oi t|csc t:c|s
ws t|c c: c:ivc: to :ocucc
t|c sccc g:| s|ow: c:lic:
:.c.. 2 ;+0!,
At |out 1! |u
:.c.. : ;o..,
A:swc: l
1|. o| ..o... o1. c o1..o1 o1
..... o .o|..o! .....o.c c o |,..o!
..!o.c|. (..1 o1 1.o.. c o .o.) o1 c
..!o. . c |. |,..o! c.!1:o1. ..1 c
!.| o1 ...o. c .., 1.... .oo!
.....o.c c |. .c.. c o .o. o.co1 o
.o...o.| :o1. |o. c .1.., o1 .!.. |.
.c.... c.c .c oc .. .|o!!..
o!..o..
1|. o| ..o... o1. c ..... o
.o|..o! .....o.c c o |,..o!
..!o.c|. (1.o.. o1 ..1 c o .o.
.o.!!. c o .o.| c o|c |o.)
:o1. ..1 c ..... |. .o| /, !.|.
o ../o! 1.....c .| c o...o!o. .oo..
c |. .o| (c. .!. o1 .o.|c.o.1,
o1 c. ..o... o 1.... o1..o1. c
...o! .!.. c |. .o| o1 |o .
.....), o1 |. c .1.., o1 ..o1 |.
..o...1 .c.o.c .c |. .o|, .!...
|. /. c.c .c .. o!..o..
1|. o| ..o... o1. c ..o1 .c.o.c
.c o .o| ...... o |,..o! ..!o.c|.
(..1 o1 1.o.. c o .o.) :o1. ..1 c
.1.., |. !o.. . |. .o| ......1 c . o
../o! 1.....c c ...c.. |o . |o..
c |. ..1 c |. .|..!. o |o c.,o1 |.
c .!.. |. /. o.|. c.c .c oc
.. o!..o..
I|:cs|olcs, |scc o: kl ~ 0o!
;scc lox !1,
OU$TtON S
W|t is t|c :oxiutc
cist:cc i:ou t|c st:ti:g li:c
to t|c |cgi::i:g oi t|c lo:gcst
st:ig|t scctio: oi t|c t:c|
A 0. |u
l 1. |u
!! |u
D !o |u
:.c.. : ;+-!,
l 1. |u
1|. o..c ..o... o1. c ..o1 .c.o.c
.c o .o| ...... o |,..o! ..!o.c|.
(..1 o1 1.o.. c o .o.) :o1. ..1 c
.1.., c. .....1 .oo.. c |. .o| (|.
1.!o, c ..1), c ..o1 1....!, .c |. .o|
o o!o. |o .... |. .oo.., o1 |. c
.!.. |. /. o.| .c oc .. o!..o..
OU$TtON
W|t c: ,ou s, |out t|c
sccc oi t|c c: |ctwcc: t|c
!o |u :c ! |u u:|s
A I|c sccc oi t|c c: :cui:s
co:st:t
l I|c sccc oi t|c c: is
i:c:csi:g
I|c sccc oi t|c c: is
ccc:csi:g
D I|c sccc oi t|c c: c::ot
|c cctc:ui:cc i:ou t|c
g:|
:.c.. : ;+1!,
l I|c sccc oi t|c c: is i:c:csi:g
st:ti:g oi:t
:co... lD llA, !001
o
At :ou:c .0 oi:ts o: t|c sclc, stucc:ts :c t,icll, |lc to i:tc::ct, li:|
:c i:tcg:tc ciiic:c:t :c:csc:ttio:s oi :o|lcu o: ciiic:c:t icccs oi i:io:u
tio:, :co: to usc :c u:iultc givc: uoccl, oitc: i:volvi:g lgc|: o: ot|c:
s,u|olic :c:csc:ttio:s, :co: to vc:ii, o: c|cc| givc: :oositio:s o: uoccls
tucc:ts t,icll, wo:| wit| givc: st:tcgics, uoccls o: :oositio:s ;., |, :cc
og:isi:g :c cxt:olti:g i:ou ttc::,, :c t|c, sclcct :c l, :clcv:t ut|
cuticl |:owlccgc i: o:cc: to solvc :o|lcu t|t u, i:volvc sull :uu|c: oi
:occssi:g stcs
At t|c lowc: c:c oi t|c sclc, :ou:c !0 oi:ts, stucc:ts :c usull, |lc to cou
lctc o:l, si:glc :occssi:g stc co:sisti:g oi :c:ocuci:g |sic ut|cuticl
icts o: :occsscs, o: l,i:g siulc couuttio:l s|ills tucc:ts t,icll, :cc
og:isc i:io:utio: i:ou cig:uutic o: tcxt utc:il t|t is iuili: :c st:ig|t
io:w:c :c i: w|ic| ut|cuticl io:uultio: is :oviccc o: :ccil, :c:t
A:, i:tc::cttio: o: :cso:i:g t,icll, i:volvcs :ccog:itio: oi si:glc iuili:
clcuc:t oi :o|lcu I|c solutio: clls io: lictio: oi :outi:c :occcu:c i:
si:glc :occssi:g stc
l: t|c llA sscssuc:t, t|c |cst . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts c|icvcc o.. oi:ts o:
vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, 10 c: cc:t :cc|cc o!. oi:ts :c !. c:
cc:t, .1 oi:ts At t|c lowc: c:c oi t|c sclc, uo:c t|: t|:ccqu:tc:s
c|icvcc t lcst +!. oi:ts, uo:c t|: -0 c: cc:t :cc|cc !o oi:ts :c
uo:c t|: -. c: cc:t, !!o oi:ts ;I|lc !1,
I|c ts|s uscc io: t|c sscssuc:t oi ut|cuticl litc:c, i: llA v:,
wiccl, i: ciiiicult, ligu:c !1 s|ows t|c ts|s i:ou two oi t|c 1o u:its uscc
io: t|c sscssuc:t oi ut|cuticl litc:c,, lo:g wit| ccsc:itio: oi t|c
c:itc:i uscc to u:| stucc:ts` :swc:s ; uo:c coulctc sct oi sulc ts|s
c: |c iou:c t .oc..1c.,
Qucstio: ! i: t|c u:it +!. ws t|c uost ciiiicult oi t|c sulc qucstio:s s|ow:
i: ligu:c !1 tucc:ts wc:c givc: |,ot|cticl scc::io i:volvi:g l:ti:g
lc t:ccs i: squ:c ttc::, wit| :ow oi :otcctivc co:iic: t:ccs :ou:c
t|c squ:c I|c scc::io :cqui:cc stucc:ts to s|ow i:sig|t i:to ut|cuticl
iu:ctio:s |, cou:i:g t|c g:owt| oi li:c: iu:ctio: wit| t|t oi quc:tic
iu:ctio: tucc:ts wc:c s|cc to co:st:uct vc:|l ccsc:itio: oi gc:c:liscc
ttc:: :c to ccvclo : :guuc:t usi:g lgc|: l: o:cc: to :swc: co::cctl,,
stucc:ts |c to u:cc:st:c |ot| t|c lgc|:ic cx:cssio:s uscc to ccsc:i|c t|c
ttc:: :c t|c u:cc:l,i:g iu:ctio:l :cltio:s|is, i: suc| w, t|t t|c, coulc
scc :c cxli: t|c gc:c:listio: oi t|csc :cltio:s|is i: : u:iuili: co:tcxt
Io :cccivc iull c:ccit io: Qucstio: !, w|ic| co::cso:cs to sco:c oi !! oi:ts
o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, stucc:ts |c to :ovicc t|c co::cct :swc: s
wcll s vlic cxl:tio: tucc:ts wit| sco:c oi !! oi:ts s|oulc t|co:cticll,
|c |lc to :swc: qucstio:s oi t|is lcvcl oi ciiiicult, co::cctl, o! out oi 100 tiucs
;scc lso lox !1, : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
:cccivcc iull c:ccit io: t|is oc:c:ccc qucstio: A iu:t|c: 10 c: cc:t :cccivcc
:til c:ccit ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,
.lc a/jj/.tl/ /ak
|ct/|c /tacr/ /o b|/rq
/oqc//c| ara |o.c
/rjo|na//or.
.w//lc //c ca/c/ /ak
|ct/|c orly a /rqlc
|o.c/rq /c /r a
jan/l/a| .or/cx/
/a//cna//. tc//or
va|y w/acly /r a/jj/.tl/y.
. orly a jcw /tacr/
.ar olvc /ak |ct/|/rq
//cn /o /ow /r/q//
/r/o na//cna//.al
jtr.//or.
l: Qucstio: ! i: t|c suc u:it slig|tl, lcss ciiiicult qucstio: wit|

ciiiicult, oi o.. oi:ts o: t|c llA ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc stucc:ts
wc:c givc: two lgc|:ic cx:cssio:s ccsc:i|i:g t|c g:owt| i: t|c :uu|c:
oi t:ccs s t|c o:c|:c i:c:cscc i: sizc tucc:ts wc:c s|cc to ii:c vluc
io: w|ic| t|c two cx:cssio:s coi:cicc I|is qucstio: :cqui:cc stucc:ts to
i:tc::ct cx:cssio:s co:ti:i:g wo:cs :c s,u|ols :c to li:| ciiic:c:t
:c:csc:ttio:s ;icto:il, vc:|l :c lgc|:ic, oi two :cltio:s|is ;o:c
quc:tic :c o:c li:c:, tucc:ts |c to ii:c st:tcg, io: cctc:ui:i:g
w|c: t|c two iu:ctio:s |c t|c suc solutio: :c t|c: to couuu:ictc t|c
:csult |, cxli:i:g t|c :cso:i:g :c clcultio: stcs i:volvcc : vc:gc
c:oss lD cou:t:ics !. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cccivcc iull c:ccit io: t|is
oc:c:ccc qucstio:
I|c csicst qucstio: i: t|c u:it +!. s|cc stucc:ts to coulctc t|lc
oi vlucs gc:c:tcc |, t|c iu:ctio:s ccsc:i|i:g t|c :uu|c: oi t:ccs s t|c
sizc oi t|c o:c|:c i:c:cscc I|c qucstio: :cqui:cc stucc:ts to i:tc::ct
w:ittc: ccsc:itio: oi situtio:, to li:| t|is to t|ul: :c:csc:ttio:
oi souc oi t|c i:io:utio:, to :ccog:isc ttc::, :c t|c: to cxtc:c t|is
ttc:: tucc:ts |c to wo:| wit| givc: uoccls :c to :cltc two ciiic:c:t
:c:csc:ttio:s ;icto:il :c t|ul:, oi two :cltio:s|is ;o:c quc:tic :c
o:c li:c:, i: o:cc: to cxt:oltc i:ou t|c ttc:: : vc:gc c:oss lD
cou:t:ics, .0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cccivcc iull c:ccit io: t|is oc:c:ccc
qucstio:, :c iu:t|c: 1! c: cc:t :cccivcc :til c:ccit
I|c scco:c sulc u:it s|ow: i: ligu:c !1, ro.. co., :oviccs qucstio:s
illust:ti:g t|c uicclc :c t|c lowc: c:c oi t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc l:
Qucstio: ., w|ic| is loctcc t +-! oi:ts o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc,
stucc:ts wc:c givc: g:| s|owi:g t|c sccc oi c: s it uovcs :ou:c
:cct:c| tucc:ts wc:c s|cc to i:tc::ct t|c g:| to ii:c cist:cc t|t
stisiics givc: co:citio: tucc:ts :ccccc to i:tc::ct t|c g:| |, li:|i:g
vc:|l ccsc:itio: wit| two :ticul: ictu:cs oi t|c g:| ;o:c siulc :c
st:ig|tio:w:c, :c o:c :cqui:i:g cccc: u:cc:st:ci:g oi scvc:l clcuc:ts
oi t|c g:| :c w|t it :c:csc:ts,, :c t|c: to icc:tii, :c :cc t|c :cqui:cc
i:io:utio: i:ou t|c g:|, sclccti:g t|c |cst otio: i:ou uo:g :uu|c: oi
givc: ltc::tivcs : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, o c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
:swc:cc t|is uultilcc|oicc qucstio: co::cctl,
At t|c lowc: c:c oi t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, Qucstio: ;wit| lcvcl
oi ciiiicult, oi +1! oi:ts, s|cc stucc:ts to i:tc::ct t|c sccc oi t|c c: t
:ticul: oi:t i: t|c g:| I|c qucstio: :cqui:cc stucc:ts to :cc i:io:u
tio: i:ou g:| :c:csc:ti:g |,sicl :cltio:s|i ;sccc :c cist:cc oi
c:, tucc:ts |c to icc:tii, t|c lcc i: t|c g:| :cic::cc to i: vc:|l
ccsc:itio:, to :ccog:isc w|t |c:s to t|c sccc oi vc|iclc t t|t oi:t,
:c t|c: to sclcct t|c |cst otio: i:ou uo:g :uu|c: oi givc: ltc::tivcs
: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, ! c: cc:t :swc:cc t|is uultilcc|oicc
qucstio: co::cctl, ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,
.a ta|/c| .ar olvc
lc a/jj/.tl/ /ak
|ct/|/rq //cn /o
/r/c||c/ cx|c/or /o
l/rk a/jjc|cr/
|c|ccr/a//or ara /o
.ona|c olt//or.
./alj a|c ablc /o
/|arla/c a ac.|///or
/r/o a /ablc //a/ //cy
/aa /o .onlc/c.
./wo-///|a a|c ablc /o
/r/c||c/ a q|a/ by
l/rk/rq /wo jca/t|c.
.ara //c q|ca/ nao|//y
oj /tacr/ a|c ablc
/o |caa ara trac|/ara
/|a/q//jo|wa|a
/rjo|na//or or a q|a/
4HEMEANPERFORMANCESOFCOUNTRIESINMATHEMATICALLITERACY
lo: olic,u|c:s i: lD cou:t:ics, i:tc::tio:l cou:iso:s oi stucc:t
c:io:u:cc |vc |ccouc : cssc:til tool io: sscssi:g t|c c:io:u:cc oi
t|ci: cou:t:ics` ccuctio: s,stcus uc| cou:iso:s oiic: : cxtc::l oi:t oi
:cic:c:cc io: t|c o||cctivc cvlutio: oi t|c ciicctivc:css oi ccuctio: s,stcus
I|c ii:st qucstio: t|t is oitc: s|cc is |ow :tio:s cou:c i: t|ci: uc:
c:io:u:cc As wit| :cci:g, c:io:u:cc i: ut|cuticl litc:c, c: |c
suuu:iscc |, cou:t:ics` uc: sco:cs
ligu:c !! o:cc:s cou:t:ics |, t|c uc: c:io:u:cc oi t|ci: stucc:ts o: t|c
ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc I|c iigu:c lso s|ows w|ic| cou:t:ics |vc lcvcl oi
c:io:u:cc |ovc, |clow, o: |out t|c suc s t|c lD vc:gc
As i: t|c csc oi :cci:g litc:c,, o:l, t|osc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics t|t
:c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t s|oulc |c t|c: s vlic ligu:c !! s|ows t|c i:s oi
cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c ciiic:c:cc i: t|ci: uc: sco:cs is l:gc c:oug| to s, wit|
co:iicc:cc t|t t|c |ig|c: c:io:u:cc |, sulcc stucc:ts i: o:c cou:t:, woulc
|olc io: t|c c:ti:c stucc:t oultio: i: |ot| cou:t:ics kcc c:oss t|c :ow io:
cou:t:, to cou:c its uc: c:io:u:cc wit| t|osc oi t|c cou:t:ics listcc lo:g
t|c to oi t|c iigu:c I|c s,u|ols i:cictc w|ct|c: t|c vc:gc c:io:u:cc oi t|c
cou:t:, i: t|c :ow is sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, lowc: t|: t|t oi t|c cou:iso:
cou:t:,, :ot sttisticll, ciiic:c:t i:ou it, o: sig:iiic:tl, |ig|c:
!
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:cso:i:g :cqui:cc :c t|c :ccisio: :cqui:cc i: couuu:ictio: l: ccitio:,
t|c lcvcl oi ciiiicult, is i:iluc:ccc |, t|c co:tcxt oi t|c i:io:utio:, t|c
io:ut, :c t|c :csc:ttio: oi t|c qucstio: I|c ts|s i: llA :cqui:c scic:tiiic
|:owlccgc i:volvi:g ;i: scc:ci:g o:cc: oi ciiiicult,, :ccll oi siulc scic:tiiic
|:owlccgc o: couuo: scic:tiiic |:owlccgc o: ct, t|c lictio: oi scic:tiiic
co:ccts o: qucstio:s :c |sic |:owlccgc oi i:vcstigtio:, t|c usc oi uo:c
|ig|l, ccvclocc scic:tiiic co:ccts o: c|i: oi :cso:i:g, :c |:owlccgc oi
siulc co:cctul uoccls o: :l,sis oi cvicc:cc i: o:cc: to t:, out ltc::tivc
:oc|cs
Iow:cs t|c to c:c oi t|c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc ;:ou:c o-0 oi:ts,
stucc:ts :c gc:c:ll, |lc to c:ctc o: usc co:cctul uoccls to u|c
:ccictio:s o: givc cxl:tio:s, to :l,sc scic:tiiic i:vcstigtio:s i: o:cc:
to g:s, io: cxulc, t|c ccsig: oi : cxc:iuc:t o: to icc:tii, : icc
|ci:g tcstcc, to cou:c ct i: o:cc: to cvlutc ltc::tivc vicwoi:ts
o: ciiic:i:g c:scctivcs, :c to couuu:ictc scic:tiiic :guuc:ts :co:
ccsc:itio:s i: cctil :c wit| :ccisio:
At :ou:c ..0 oi:ts, stucc:ts :c t,icll, |lc to usc scic:tiiic co:ccts
to u|c :ccictio:s o: :ovicc cxl:tio:s, to :ccog:isc qucstio:s t|t
c: |c :swc:cc |, scic:tiiic i:vcstigtio: :co: icc:tii, cctils oi w|t
is i:volvcc i: scic:tiiic i:vcstigtio:, :c to sclcct :clcv:t i:io:utio:
i:ou coucti:g ct o: c|i:s oi :cso:i:g i: c:wi:g o: cvluti:g
co:clusio:s
Iow:cs t|c lowc: c:c oi t|c sclc ;:ou:c +00 oi:ts,, stucc:ts :c |lc
to :ccll siulc ictul scic:tiiic |:owlccgc ;. :ucs, icts, tc:ui:olog,,
siulc :ulcs,, :c to usc couuo: scic:tiiic |:owlccgc i: c:wi:g o:
cvluti:g co:clusio:s
.w//lc jo| o//c| //c
|cvc|c / /|tc
./cr//j/. l//c|a.y
ncat|c /tacr/
ab/l//y /o tc ./cr//j/.
krowlcaqc ara a|oa./
|oblcn ./cr//j/.ally.
.//c a/jj/.tl/y oj /ak
bc/rq ac/c|n/rca by //c
.onlcx//y oj .or.c/
//c anotr/ oj aa/a
q/vcr ara //c ./a/r oj
|caor/rq |ct/|ca
1/c no/ a/jj/.tl/ /ak
|ct/|c .onlcx
.or.c/tal k/ll.
.lc a/jj/.tl/ /ak //ll
|ct/|c otra ./cr//j/.
///rk/rq.
.ara //c ca/c/ /ak
orly |ct/|c |c.all ara
tc oj /nlc ./cr//j/.
krowlcaqc
+
!5
!O
5
!J=! !J=2 !J=3 !J== !J=5 !J=c
O
2O
l:qurc 3.=
A sulc oi t|c scic:cc ts|s uscc i: llA
xLmmLL1LIx` DI+KY - 1LX1 1
jo!, :.o :. ..| i .!! o|. o o c..c o u... c|c. o |. t.. Po.1 c |. o..., .!... c |. ..o
c...o! uc.o! i o ..|..1 |. i |.o.1 o/co |. ....o. c o.. |c 1.. . |. .!... 1|. c| c
!. |o +o c |. 2 c|.. 1..1 |..., o!! .c o....o! ... c.. /..| c o .|.!1 . o 1o..co o ..
1.... .oc.o
l|,sici:s, uo:g t|cu cuuclwcis, wc:c coulctcl, i: t|c c:| |out t|c cusc oi uc:c:l icvc: cuuclwcis`
ci:, gi:
.../.. :.o P|, 1c c o, c. 1.. .c |. ... o.. .. /..| .|co o, .c/!. tc. ..o...
..... |o c!1 o |o . . o .../!. ..1... |o |.!! c|.. coo. o, /. .|o. . |. o.. c. c. ..o......o!
.!o... c. o c.. c |. .o.| ..!, o .o.|oo|.
:owc,s :ot u:, colc woulc co:sicc: cxt:tc::cst:il i:iluc:cc o: : c:t|qu|c s ossi|lc cuscs oi icvc:
Wc :ow |:ow it |s to co wit| |,gic:ic co:citio:s lut i: t|c tiuc cuuclwcis livcc, u:, colc, cvc: scic:tists,
cic: lowcvc:, cuuclwcis |:cw t|t it ws u:li|cl, t|t icvc: coulc |c cuscc |, cxt:tc::cst:il i:iluc:cc o: :
c:t|qu|c lc oi:tcc t t|c ct |c collcctcc ;scc cig:u, :c uscc t|is to t:, to c:succ |is collcgucs
xLmmLL1LIx` DI+KY - 1LX1 2
l:t oi t|c :csc:c| i: t|c |ositl ws cisscctio: I|c |oc, oi ccccscc c:so: ws cut oc: to ii:c cusc oi
cct| cuuclwcis :cco:ccc t|t t|c stucc:ts wo:|i:g o: t|c li:st w:c usull, too| :t i: cisscctio:s o: wouc:
w|o cicc t|c :cvious c,, |cio:c t|c, cxui:cc wouc: w|o |c |ust givc: |i:t| I|c, cic :ot , uuc| ttc:tio:
to clc:i:g t|cusclvcs itc: t|c cisscctio:s ouc wc:c cvc: :ouc oi t|c ict t|t ,ou coulc tcll |, t|ci: sucll t|t
t|c, |c |cc: wo:|i:g i: t|c uo:tu:,, s t|is s|owcc |ow i:cust:ious t|c, wc:c:
:c oi cuuclwcis` i:ic:cs cicc itc: |vi:g cut |iuscli cu:i:g suc| cisscctio: Disscctio: oi |is |oc, s|owcc
|c |c t|c suc s,utous s uot|c:s w|o cicc i:ou uc:c:l icvc: I|is gvc cuuclwcis :cw icc
Number o deaths per 100 deiiveries rom puerperai ever
1|.. !.. .c |. 1.o., c io.
:..!.. (:::o) .!!o.o.
|. 1.oo. ... c o....o!
..., o .co.co 1..o. |o |.!!.1
o, c. o.. .|.!1/..|
:..!.. .c!!...1 1oo o/co
|. o/.. c 1.o| .c o....o!
... . /c| |. t.. o1 |.
:..c1 Po.1 (.. 1.o.o)
:uu|c: oi cct|s
li:st W:c
cco:c W:c
Yc:
.
|
i
g
|
c
s
t
u
i
c
c
l
c
l
o
w
c
s
t
o-0
..0
+00
OU$TtON 1
:iMMitPii: i+r1
uosc ,ou wc:c cuuclwcis
Givc :cso: ;|scc o: t|c ct
cuuclwcis collcctcc, w|,
uc:c:l icvc: is u:li|cl, to
|c cuscc |, c:t|qu|cs
OU$TtON 4
uultilcc|oiccs
:iMMitPii: i+r1
\:, ciscscs u, |c cu:cc |,
usi:g :ti|iotics lowcvc:, t|c
succcss oi souc :ti|iotics
gi:st uc:c:l icvc: |s
ciui:is|cc i: :ccc:t ,c:s
W|t is t|c :cso: io: t|is
1
:.c.. 2 ;ooo,
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to t|c ciiic:c:cc
|ctwcc: t|c :uu|c: oi cct|s
;c: 100 cclivc:ics, i: |ot| w:cs
:.c.. : ;o!,
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to t|c ict t|t c:t|qu|cs
co:`t occu: i:cquc:tl,
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to t|c ict t|t c:t|qu|cs
lso i:iluc:cc colc outsicc t|c w:cs
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to t|c t|oug|t t|t w|c:
c:t|qu|cs occu:, uc: co:`t gct uc:c:l
icvc:
:.c.. : ;.0,
l lctc:i |ccouc :csist:t to :ti|iotics
OU$TtON 2
uultilcc|oiccs
:iMMitPii: i+r1
cuuclwcis` :cw icc |c to
co wit| t|c |ig| c:cc:tgc oi
wouc: c,i:g i: t|c utc::it,
w:cs :c t|c stucc:ts`
|c|viou:
W|t ws t|is icc
1
:.c.. : ;+-!,
A lvi:g stucc:ts clc: t|cusclvcs itc:
cisscctio:s s|oulc lcc to ccc:csc oi
uc:c:l icvc:
OU$TtON 3
:iMMitPii: i+r1
cuuclwcis succccccc i: |is
ttcuts to :ccucc t|c :uu|c:
oi cct|s cuc to uc:c:l icvc:
lut uc:c:l icvc: cvc: toc,
:cui:s ciscsc t|t is ciiiicult
to cliui:tc
lcvc:s t|t :c ciiiicult to cu:c
:c still :o|lcu i: |ositls
\:, :outi:c ucsu:cs sc:vc
to co:t:ol t|is :o|lcu Auo:g
t|osc ucsu:cs :c ws|i:g
s|ccts t |ig| tcuc:tu:cs
lxli: w|, |ig| tcuc:tu:c
;w|ilc ws|i:g s|ccts, |cls to
:ccucc t|c :is| t|t tic:ts will
co:t:ct icvc:
:.c.. : ;+o,
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to |illi:g oi |ctc:i
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to |illi:g oi
uic:oo:g:isus, gc:us o: vi:uscs
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to t|c :cuovl
;:ot |illi:g, oi |ctc:i
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to t|c :cuovl
;:ot |illi:g, oi uic:oo:g:isus, gc:us o: vi:uscs
A:swc:s w|ic| :cic: to stc:ilistio: oi t|c s|ccts
1|. o| o| o1. c o!, |. .cc
...... |c!.1. |o |.o |.!! /o....o
. c.1.. c 1..../. |, |. .c..1o.. .
.....
1|. o| ..o... o1. c ..!o. |. 1oo
.. o ..1... . c.1.. c .o!oo. 1....
......
1|. o| ..o... o1. c o. ......
..1... c ..!o. 1oo ,.o..o!!, c c./!.
.c.!o.c o. o .|o. c ..oc. |o .
c .. c |. o1.
1|. o| o| o1. c c /.,c1 |. |.c...o!
.o!. /, o|. c. |. .cc ......
|c!.1. ..1.1 c .c.1. o .!oo.c c.
o ...... |.c.c i o| o1. c o.
...... .c.. (o cc.1 c ......
|c!.1.) c ...o. .!oo.c
1|. o| o| o1. c .... c .. 1oo
c. .c.o.c o1 c 1.o o .c.!o.c
I|:cs|olcs, |scc o: kl ~ 0o! ;scc lox !1,
1AsK
DIIIIcuI1Y
1 lo: t|c iull itcu, scc .oc..1c.
:co... lD llA, !001
o
A ccsc:itio: oi t|c co:cctul i:ucwo:| u:cc:l,i:g t|c llA sscssuc:t oi
scic:tiiic litc:c, is :oviccc i: M.oo.. :o1. xc!.1. o1 :|.!! + :.
t.o.c.| c. +.. ;lD, 1---o,
l: t|c llA sscssuc:t, t|c |cst . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts c|icvcc o. oi:ts o:
vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, 10 c: cc:t :cc|cc o! oi:ts :c !. c:
cc:t, .! oi:ts At t|c lowc: c:c oi t|c sclc, uo:c t|: t|:ccqu:tc:s
c|icvcc t lcst +!1 oi:ts, uo:c t|: -0 c: cc:t :cc|cc !o oi:ts :c
uo:c t|: -. c: cc:t, !!! oi:ts ;I|lc !!,
I|c ts|s uscc io: t|c sscssuc:t oi scic:tiiic litc:c, i: llA v:, wiccl,
ligu:c !+ s|ows t|c ts|s i:ou o:c oi t|c 1! u:its uscc i: llA !000, lo:g wit|
ccsc:itio: oi t|c c:itc:i uscc to u:| stucc:ts` :swc:s ; uo:c coulctc
sct oi sulc ts|s c: |c iou:c t .oc..1c., I|c sulc u:it :cic:s to
cuuclwcis`s :csc:c| o: t|c cuscs oi uc:c:l icvc: cuuclwcis ws uzzlcc
|, :cu:||l, |ig| cct| :tc cuc to uc:c:l icvc: i: utc::it, w:c I|c
stucc:ts :c :csc:tcc wit| t|is ii:ci:g |, w, oi g:|s :c t|c: co:i:o:tcc wit|
t|c suggcstio: t|t uc:c:l icvc: u, |c cuscc |, cxt:tc::cst:il i:iluc:ccs o:
:tu:l cisstc:s, :ot : u:couuo: t|oug|t i: cuuclwcis`s tiuc cuuclwcis
t:icc to co:vi:cc |is collcgucs to co:sicc: uo:c :tio:l cxl:tio:s tucc:ts
:c i:vitcc to iugi:c t|cusclvcs i: cuuclwcis`s ositio: :c to usc t|c ct
t|t cuuclwcis collcctcc to ccic:c t|c icc t|t c:t|qu|cs :c : u:li|cl,
cusc oi t|c ciscsc I|c g:|s s|ow siuil: v:itio: i: cct| :tc ovc: tiuc,
t|c ii:st w:c co:sistc:tl, |vi:g |ig|c: cct| :tc t|: t|c scco:c w:c li
c:t|qu|cs wc:c t|c cusc, t|c cct| :tcs i: |ot| w:cs s|oulc |c |out t|c
suc I|c g:|s suggcst t|t souct|i:g |out t|c w:cs cxli:s t|c ciiic:c:cc
ligu:c !+ s|ows : cxt:ct oi t|c c:itc:i uscc to u:| stucc:ts` :swc:s
Io :cccivc iull c:ccit io: Qucstio: 1 i: t|is sulc u:it, stucc:ts :ccccc to
:cic: to t|c icc t|t cct| :tcs i: |ot| w:cs s|oulc |vc |cc: siuil: ovc:
tiuc ii c:t|qu|cs wc:c t|c cusc lull c:ccit io: t|is qucstio: co::cso:cs
to sco:c oi ooo oi:ts o: t|c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc tucc:ts wit| sco:c
oi ooo oi:ts s|oulc t|co:cticll, |c |lc to :swc: qucstio:s oi t|is lcvcl oi
ciiiicult, co::cctl, o! out oi 100 tiucs ;scc lso lox !!, : vc:gc c:oss
lD cou:t:ics, !! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :swc:cc t|is qucstio: co::cctl, ;io:
ct, scc .oc..1c., ouc stucc:ts :oviccc :swc:s t|t cic :ot :cic:
to cuuclwcis`s ii:ci:gs, |ut to c|:ctc:istic oi c:t|qu|cs t|t ucc it
u:li|cl, t|t t|c, wc:c t|c cusc, suc| s t|ci: i:i:cquc:t occu::c:cc, w|ilc t|c
icvc: ws :csc:t ll t|c tiuc t|c: stucc:ts :oviccc o:igi:l :c |ustiii|lc
sttcuc:ts, suc| s ii it wc:c c:t|qu|cs, w|, co o:l, wouc: gct t|c ciscsc,
:c :ot uc: o: ii so, wouc: outsicc t|c w:cs woulc lso gct t|t icvc:
Alt|oug| it c: |c :gucc t|t t|csc stucc:ts cic :ot co:sicc: t|c ct t|t
cuuclwcis collcctcc, s t|c qucstio: s|s, t|c, :cccivcc :til sco:c |ccusc
t|ci: :swc:s ccuo:st:tcc : |ilit, to usc scic:tiiic icts to :cc| co:clu
sio: : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, ! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cccivcc t
lcst :til c:ccit io: t|is qucstio: ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,
/tacr/ wc|c jo|
cxanlc |ccr/ca w///
ar cxc|/ncr/al |oblcn
ja./rq a I
//
.cr/t|y
./cr///.
.w/// //c /a|ac/ /ak
arwc|ca .o||c./ly by
orly a n/ro|//y
|ct/|/rq //cn /o ac
cv/acr.c ara a|aw
/rjc|cr.c.
Qucstio: ! i: t|c suc sulc u:it s|cc stucc:ts to icc:tii, cuuclwcis`s icc
t|t ws uost :clcv:t to :ccuci:g t|c i:cicc:cc oi uc:c:l icvc: tucc:ts
:ccccc to ut two icccs oi :clcv:t i:io:utio: i:ou t|c tcxt togct|c: t|c
|c|viou: oi uccicl stucc:t :c t|c cct| oi cuuclwcis`s i:ic:c oi uc:c:l
icvc: itc: t|c stucc:t |c cisscctcc ccvc: I|is qucstio: cxculiiics vc:gc
c:io:u:cc, t lcvcl oi ciiiicult, oi +-! oi:ts I|c qucstio: :cqui:cc stucc:ts
to :cic: to givc: ct o: i:io:utio: i: o:cc: to c:w co:clusio: :c sscsscc
t|ci: u:cc:st:ci:g oi t|c :tu:c oi scic:tiiic i:vcstigtio: : vc:gc c:oss
lD cou:t:ics, o+ c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :swc:cc t|is qucstio: co::cctl,, |,
c|oosi:g t|c :cso:sc otio: stti:g t|t |vi:g stucc:ts clc: t|cusclvcs itc:
cisscctio: s|oulc lcc to ccc:csc i: uc:c:l icvc:
\ost colc :c :ow w:c t|t |ctc:i cusc u:, ciscscs, :c t|t |ct c:
|ill t|csc |ctc:i lowcvc:, u:, colc u, :ot :clisc t|t :outi:c :occcu:cs
i: |ositls usc t|is o|sc:vtio: to :ccucc t|c :is|s oi icvc:s :c ot|c: ciscscs
Qucstio: ! i: t|c sulc u:it s|cc stucc:ts to l, t|c couuo: scic:tiiic
|:owlccgc t|t |ct |ills |ctc:i to cxli: w|, t|csc :occcu:cs :c ciicctivc
I|is is :ot|c: cxulc oi qucstio: oi low to uocc:tc ciiiicult,, wit| vluc
oi +o oi:ts o: t|c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics,
o c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cccivcc iull c:ccit io: :swc:i:g t|is oc:c:ccc qucstio:
co::cctl,
li:ll,, Qucstio: + wc:t |c,o:c t|c |isto:icl cxulc, s|i:g stucc:ts to
:ovicc : cxl:tio: io: scic:tiiic |c:ouc:o: tucc:ts wc:c :cqui:cc
to cxli: w|, :ti|iotics |vc |ccouc lcss ciicctivc ovc: tiuc l: o:cc: to
:swc: co::cctl,, t|c, :ccccc to |:ow t|t t|c i:cquc:t :c cxtc:ccc usc
oi :ti|iotics c:ctcs st:i:s oi |ctc:i :csist:t to t|c i:itill, lct|l ciiccts
I|is qucstio: is loctcc t uocc:tc lcvcl o: t|c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc,
.0 oi:ts, |ccusc it s|s stucc:ts to usc scic:tiiic co:ccts ;s ooscc
to couuo: scic:tiiic |:owlccgc, w|ic| is t lowc: lcvcl, to ii:c cxl:
tio:s : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, o0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :swc:cc
t|is qucstio: co::cctl,, |, c|oosi:g t|c uultilcc|oicc otio: t|t |ctc:i
|ccouc :csist:t to :ti|iotics
4HEMEANPERFORMANCESOFCOUNTRIESINSCIENTIFICLITERACY
As wit| ut|cuticl litc:c,, c:io:u:cc i: scic:tiiic litc:c, c: |c suuu:iscc
|, w, oi cou:t:ics` uc: sco:cs ;ligu:c !., : :c lo:c s|ow t|c |ig|cst
c:io:u:cc o: t|c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc t|c: cou:t:ics t|t sco:c sttisticll,
sig:iiic:tl, |ovc t|c lD vc:gc :c Aust:li, Aust:i, :c, t|c zcc|
kcu|lic, li:l:c, l:cl:c, :cw Zcl:c, wccc: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou \c:
sco:cs i: lclgiuu, l::cc, lu:g:,, lccl:c, :o:w,, witzc:l:c :c t|c D:itcc
ttcs :c :ot sig:iiic:tl, ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c lD vc:gc
ouc cou:t:ics |vc uc: sco:cs sig:iiic:tl, |ovc t|c lD vc:gc i: ll

t|:cc coui:s Aust:li, Aust:i, :c, li:l:c, :, lo:c, :cw Zcl:c,
wccc: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou
ara ca/c| tc//or
|ct/|/rq //cn /o l/rk
/rjo|na//or j|on //c /cx/.
./o a|aw or .onnor
./cr//j/. krowlcaqc.
.ara /o tc ./cr//j/.
.or.c/ /o |ov/ac ar
cxlara//or
/car .o|c jo| .otr/|y
c|jo|nar.c /r ./cr//j/.
l//c|a.y a|c tnna|/ca
/r |/qt|c 5.
l:qurc 3.5
\ultilc cou:iso:s oi uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c scic:ti|c litc:c, sclc

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coui:s I|c GDl vlucs :c:csc:t GDl c: cit i: !000 t cu::c:t
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t|t suuu:iscs t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: GDl c: cit :c uc: stucc:t
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sclc t|: cou:t:ics wit| lowc: :tio:l i:couc l: ict, t|c :cltio:s|i
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10
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i:stitutio:s c: stucc:t i: 1-- t cc| lcvcl oi ccuctio: |, t|c t|co:cticl
cu:tio: oi ccuctio: t t|c :cscctivc lcvcl, u to t|c gc oi 1.
11
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stucc:t cxli:i:g 1 c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: |ctwcc: cou:t:ics i: uc:
c:io:u:cc
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c::ot utouticll, |c cqutcc wit| oo: c:io:u:cc |, ccuctio: s,stcus
lo:c :c : c:io:u siuil:l, wcll, o: vc:gc c:oss t|c t|:cc sscssuc:t
coui:s, |ut lo:c sc:cs o:l, lll D !0 ++ c: stucc:t, cou:cc wit|
lll D .! !.. i: : iuil:l,, l:cl:c c:io:us sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl,
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stucc:t t|: Gc:u:,
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oi cou:t:ics io: w|ic| t|c t:c:c li:c woulc :ccict |ig|c: c:io:u:cc t|:
w|t t|c, c|icvc, i:cluci:g Dc:u:|, G:cccc, ltl,, \cxico, lo:tugl :c t|c
D:itcc ttcs
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l: : i:c:csi:gl, tcc|:ologicl wo:lc, ll cults, :ot |ust t|osc si:i:g to
scic:tiiic c:cc:, :ccc to |c ut|cuticll, :c scic:tiiicll, litc:tc I|c wicc
cis:itics i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,
sclcs t|t cuc:gc i:ou t|c :l,sis i: t|is c|tc: suggcst, |owcvc:, t|t t|is
:cui:s still :cuotc gol :c t|t cou:t:ics :ccc to sc:vc wicc ::gc oi
stucc:t |ilitics, i:cluci:g t|osc w|o c:io:u cxcctio:ll, wcll |ut lso t|osc
uost i: :ccc
At t|c suc tiuc, t|c :l,sis |s s|ow: t|t, s wit| c:io:u:cc o: t|c :cc
i:g litc:c, sscssuc:t, wicc cis:itics i: c:io:u:cc :c :ot :cccss:,
co:citio: io: cou:t:, to tti: |ig| lcvcl oi ovc:ll c:io:u:cc lt is st:i|i:g
to :otc t|t t|c six out oi t|c cig|t cou:t:ics wit| t|c sullcst i:tc::l v:itio:
o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc ll c:io:u sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, |ovc t|c
lD vc:gc
Alt|oug| t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc wit|i: cou:t:ics is u:, tiucs
l:gc: t|: t|c v:itio: |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc:
cou:t:ics i: t|c vc:gc c:io:u:cc oi stucc:ts s|oulc :ot |c ovc:loo|cc Io
t|c cxtc:t t|t t|csc :c :ccictivc oi stucc:t c:cc: t|s, t|csc ciiic:c:ccs
u,, :ticul:l, i: su||cct :cs suc| s ut|cutics :c scic:cc, :isc
qucstio:s |out cou:t:ics` iutu:c couctitivc:css l: ccitio:, ciiic:c:ccs i:
cou:t:ics` :cltivc c:io:u:cc c:oss t|c t|:cc su||cct :cs u, oi:t to
sig:iiic:t s,stcuic icto:s i:iluc:ci:g stucc:t c:io:u:cc
.w//./ cxla/r a /x//
oj .otr/|y va|/a//or
/orcy na//c|.
.bt/ // / ro/ //c orly
/no|/ar/ ja./o|
1/c qoal //a/ cvc|yorc
/otla bc
na//cna//.ally ara
./cr//j/.ally l//c|a/c /
//ll |cno/c.
.bt/ //c|c a|c .otr/|/c
//a/ t..cca w/// //q/
avc|aqc c|jo|nar.c ara
low a/a|///c
//jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
.otr/|/c .otla ajjc./
jt/t|c .onc////vcrc
-+
I|c cou:iso: |ctwcc: sc:ci:g c: stucc:t :c uc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
c:oss cou:t:ics c::ot |c i:tc::ctcc i: cusl w, :cvc:t|clcss, t|c ct
:cvcl ositivc ssocitio: |ctwcc: t|c two At t|c suc tiuc, s uuc| s
sc:ci:g o: ccuctio:l i:stitutio:s is :cccss:, :c:cquisitc io: t|c :ovisio:
oi |ig|qulit, ccuctio:, t|c cou:iso: lso suggcsts t|t sc:ci:g lo:c is
:ot suiiicic:t to c|icvc |ig| lcvcls oi outcoucs :c t|t ot|c: icto:s, i:cluci:g
t|c ciicctivc:css wit| w|ic| :csou:ccs :c i:vcstcc, l, c:ucil :olc
H/q/c| cra/rq /
ao./a/ca w/// //q/c|
c|jo|nar.c bt/ aoc
ro/ qta|ar/cc //
-.
Notes
1 Icc|:icll,, t|c uc: sco:c io: stucc:t c:io:u:cc c:oss lD cou:t:ics ws sct t .00 oi:ts :c t|c st:c:c
ccvitio: t 100 oi:ts, wit| t|c ct wcig|tcc so t|t cc| lD cou:t:, co:t:i|utcc cqull,
! lol:cs`s c:io:u:cc u, |c ovc:cstiutcc slig|tl,, cuc to t|c cxclusio: oi t|c o c: cc:t oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i:
:iu:, sc|ools I|is cxclusio: is u:li|cl, to iicct its ::|o:cc: ositio: o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc ;io: cctils
scc A::cx A!,
! I|c c:io:u:cc oi stucc:ts i: t|c :ct|c:l:cs c::ot |c cstiutcc ccu:tcl, |ccusc t|c :cso:sc :tc oi its sc|ools ws
too low lt c:, |owcvc:, |c sic wit| co:iicc:cc t|t t|c :ct|c:l:cs woulc lic |ctwcc: t|c 1
st
:c +
t|
ositio: uo:g
lD cou:t:ics o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc I|c:cio:c, t|c :ct|c:l:cs cocs :ot c: i: ligu:c !! ;io: cctils,
scc A::cx A!,
+ l: Aust:li, Aust:i, :c, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Dc:u:|, li:l:c, Gc:u:,, G:cccc, lccl:c, licc|tc:stci:, \cxico,
t|c :ct|c:l:cs, :cw Zcl:c, :o:w,, lo:tugl, wccc:, witzc:l:c, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs,
|ctwcc: o:c |li :c t|:cc qu:tc:s oi stucc:ts uscc clculto:s cu:i:g t|c llA sscssuc:t l: lclgiuu, l::cc, lu:g:,,
ltl,, ltvi, t|c kussi: lccc:tio: :c i:, |ctwcc: o:c t|i:c :c o:c |li oi stucc:ts uscc clculto:s lowc: :tcs oi
clculto: usc wc:c :co:tcc i: lol:c ;!1 c: cc:t,, l:cl:c ;! c: cc:t,, luxcu|ou:g ; c: cc:t, :c l:zil ;o c:
cc:t, tucc:ts cic :ot usc clculto:s i: : :o i:io:utio: ws vil|lc io: lo:c Wit| t|c cxcctio: oi l:zil :c
G:cccc, sco:cs o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc io: stucc:ts w|o uscc clculto:s i: t|c llA sscssuc:t tc:ccc to |c
|ig|c: t|: io: stucc:ts w|o cic :ot usc t|cu lowcvc:, t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c sco:cs oi stucc:ts o: t|c ut|cuticl
litc:c, sclc w|o uscc clculto:s :c t|osc w|o cic :ot :c vc:, closcl, ui::o:cc |, t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: sco:cs o: t|c
:cci:g litc:c, sclc |ctwcc: t|csc two g:ous ;w|ic| cic :ot i:volvc :uuc:icl clcultio:s, I|c:c is t|c:cio:c :o
i:cictio: t|t t|c usc oi clculto:s :oviccc : cv:tgc to stucc:ts i: tc:us oi t|ci: c:io:u:cc i: llA
. l: ccitio:, I|lc !. :oviccs : i:cictio: oi t|c :oo:tio: oi t|is v:itio: t|t lics |ctwcc: sc|ools lo: t|c
i:tc::cttio: oi t|csc ct :cic: to |tc: !
o I|c :cltivc :o||ilit, oi cc| cou:t:, ssuui:g cc| ::|o:cc: ositio: o: cc| sclc c: |c cctc:ui:cc i:ou t|c
cou:t:,`s uc: sco:cs, t|ci: st:c:c c::o:s :c t|c cov:i:cc |ctwcc: t|c c:io:u:cc sclcs oi two coui:s I|is
:cvcls w|ct|c:, wit| li|cli|ooc oi -. c: cc:t, cou:t:, woulc ::| sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, |ig|c:, t t|c suc lcvcl,
o: sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, lowc: i: o:c coui: t|: i: t|c ot|c: coui: lo: cctils o: t|c uct|ocs culo,cc scc t|c
ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c.
lol:c`s c:io:u:cc u, |c ovc:cstiutcc slig|tl,, cuc to t|c cxclusio: oi t|c o c: cc:t oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i:
:iu:, sc|ools As :csult oi t|is, lol:c`s c:io:u:cc o: t|c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc u, |c ovc:cstiutcc |, two
::|o:cc: ositio:s I|c c:io:u:cc oi stucc:ts i: t|c :ct|c:l:cs c::ot |c cstiutcc ccu:tcl, |ccusc t|c :cso:sc
:tc oi its sc|ools ws too low lt c:, |owcvc:, |c sic wit| co:iicc:cc t|t t|c :ct|c:l:cs woulc lic |ctwcc: t|c !
:c
:c
1+
t|
ositio: uo:g lD cou:t:ics o: t|c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc ;io: cctils scc A::cx A!,
Diiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: cou:t:ics c: lso |c suuu:iscc i: tc:us oi t|c ovc:ll v:itio: i: c:io:u:cc oi
t|c cou|i:cc lD stucc:t oultio: t|t is ccou:tcc io: |, ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics I|is uou:ts to 1+ c:
cc:t o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, c: cc:t o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc :c - c: cc:t o: t|c scic:tiiic
litc:c, sclc
- :c, lccl:c, luxcu|ou:g :c :cw Zcl:c :c :ot i:cluccc i: t|is cou:iso: |ccusc cxc:citu:c c: stucc:t
c::ot |c cstiutcc o: cou:|lc |sis
10 lo: t|c !! cou:t:ics i:cluccc i: t|is cou:iso:, t|c co::cltio: |ctwcc: uc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc c:oss t|c t|:cc
sscssuc:t coui:s :c GDl c: cit is 0.! I|c cxli:cc v:itio: is o|ti:cc s t|c squ:c oi t|c co::cltio: I|c
co::cltio: |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c GDl c: cit c: lso |c clcultcc sc:tcl, io: t|c t|:cc sscssuc:t
coui:s l: :cci:g litc:c, it uou:ts to 0.-, i: ut|cuticl litc:c, to 0.. :c i: scic:tiiic litc:c, to 0!-
CHAPTER 3 What PISA shows that 15-year-olds can do: a profle of student performance in mathematical and scientifc literacy
96
Estimates for n(i) are based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) (OECD, 1997).
12. The correlation for the overall relationship is 0.42. Taken separately, the correlation is 0.44 for the combined reading lit-
eracy scale, 0.47 for the mathematical literacy scale and 0.29 for the scientific literacy scale.
CE = n(i)* E(i)
2
i=0
11. Cumulative expenditure for a given country is approximated as follows: let n(0), n(1) and n(2) be the typical number of
years spent by a student from the beginning of primary education up to the age of 15 years in primary, lower secondary
and upper secondary education. Let E(0), E(1) and E(2) be the annual expenditure per student in U.S dollars converted
using purchasing power parities in primary, lower secondary and upper secondary education, respectively. The cumulative
expenditure is then calculated by multiplying current annual expenditure E by the typical duration of study n for each level
of education i using the following formula:
+
c|o..
GLNLk^L OL1CO!L
Ol LL^kNlNG
cHAr1IR + Ccrc|al ot/.onc oj lca|r/rq
-
)NTRODUCTION
\ost c|ilc:c: couc to sc|ool :cc, :c willi:g to lc:: low c: sc|ools
iostc: :c st:c:gt|c: t|is :ccisositio: :c c:su:c t|t ,ou:g cults lcvc
sc|ool wit| t|c ccit, to co:ti:uc lc::i:g t|:oug|out liic tucc:ts will
:ccc to |c |lc to usc t|c |:owlccgc :c s|ills cqui:cc i: :cci:g, ut|cut
ics :c scic:cc i: t|ci: iutu:c livcs Wit|out t|is |:owlccgc :c t|csc s|ills
:c t|c |ilit, to cc to t|cu, i:civiculs will :ot |c wcll :c:cc to cqui:c
t|c :cw |:owlccgc :c s|ills :cccss:, io: succcssiul cttio: to c|:gi:g
ci:cuust:ccs
l: sc|ools, uuc| oi t|c lc::i:g is u:gcc io: stucc:ts |, tcc|c:s lowcvc:,
lc::i:g is c:|:ccc ii stucc:ts |vc ositivc cisositio: tow:cs lc::i:g
:c c: u:gc t|ci: ow: lc::i:g, :c o:cc t|c, lcvc sc|ool, colc |vc to
u:gc uost oi t|ci: lc::i:g io: t|cusclvcs Io co t|is t|c, uust |c |lc to
cst|lis| gols, to c:scvc:c, to uo:ito: t|ci: :og:css, to c|ust t|ci: lc::i:g
st:tcgics s :cccss:, :c to ovc:couc ciiiicultics i: lc::i:g
A cou:c|c:sivc sscssuc:t oi |ow wcll cou:t:, is coi:g i: ccuctio:
uust loo| t suc| gc:c:l outcoucs s wcll s t c:io:u:cc i: t:citio:l
sc|ool su||ccts Io t|is c:c, llA !000 su:vc,cc 1.,c:olc stucc:ts` ttituccs
tow:cs :cci:g :c ut|cutics, :c t|ci: uo:c gc:c:l c:ggcuc:t i:
lc::i:g :c sc|ooli:g l: ccitio:, !. oi t|c !! cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i:
llA !000 too| u : otio: to su:vc,i:g stucc:ts` :oc|cs to lc::i:g :c
|clicis i: t|ci: ow: |ilitics
1
I|is c|tc: :csc:ts t|c :csults, :c scc|s to
cx:c o: t|c llA :oiilc oi w|t ,ou:g colc :c li|c s lc::c:s t gc 1.
I|c c|tc: loo|s ii:st t t|c uotivtio: :c c:ggcuc:t oi stucc:ts, wit|
t|c iocus o: icc:tii,i:g ttc::s oi i:tc:cst i: :cci:g :c ut|cutics :c oi
gc:c:l c:ggcuc:t i: sc|ooli:g lt t|c: cxui:cs |ow stucc:ts u:gc t|c
lc::i:g :occss :c t|c lc::i:g st:tcgics w|ic| t|c, usc
W|ilc ciicctivc liiclo:g lc::i:g st:tcgics :c : iuo:t:t outcouc oi
sc|ooli:g :c t|c:cio:c w:::t cxui:tio: i: t|cusclvcs, qucstio:s :tu:ll,
:isc |out t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| ciicctivc lc::i:g st:tcgics :c lso :c:cqui
sitcs io: succcss t sc|ool Io cc:css t|csc qucstio:s, t|is c|tc: :cvicws :ot
o:l, t|c :tu:c :c cist:i|utio: oi stucc:ts` ttituccs tow:cs lc::i:g :c t|ci:
usc oi :ticul: lc::i:g st:tcgics, |ut lso t:ics to cst|lis| t|c :cltio:s|i
|ctwcc: t|csc icto:s :c t|c :csults oi t|c llA sscssuc:ts
I|is i: tu:: lccs to qucstio:s |out t|c ci:cctio: oi suc| :cltio:s|is :c cusl
it, lut, c:ti:c:t s t|csc qucstio:s :c, t|c, :cui: ciiiicult to :swc: lt u, |c,
io: cxulc, t|t gooc c:io:u:cc :c ttituccs tow:cs lc::i:g :c uutull,
:ci:io:ci:g o: t|t stucc:ts wit| |ig|c: :tu:l |ilit, |ot| c:io:u wcll :c
usc :ticul: lc::i:g st:tcgics I|c:c u, lso |c t|i:c icto:s, suc| s |ouc
|c|g:ou:c o: ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c sc|ooli:g c:vi:o:uc:t to w|ic| stucc:ts :c
cxoscc l: w|t iollows, :ccc:s :c t|c:cio:c cutio:cc t|t t|c cxct :tu:c
:c st:c:gt| oi cusc:cciicct :cltio:s|is :c u:cc:ti:, :c i:cccc |c,o:c
/tacr/ rcca /o lcavc
./ool ro/ orly w///
otra tbc./-na//c|
krowlcaqc bt/ alo
|caay /o .or//rtc
lca|r/rq.
.ara ablc /o naraqc
//c/| owr lca|r/rq
l|- 2JJJ t|vcyca
/tacr/ /r/c|c/ ara
crqaqcncr/ /r lca|r/rq
a wcll a //c/| ab/l//y
/o o|qar/c //c lca|r/rq
|o.c.
.ara cxan/rca //c
|cla//or// bc/wccr
//cc ./a|a./c|///. ara
c|jo|nar.c /r //c l|-
l//c|a.y aona/r
1/c |cla//or//
bc/wccr c|jo|nar.c
a////tac ara a|oa./c
/o lca|r/rq nay bc
nt/tally |c/rjo|./rq
ro/ /nly .atal /r orc
a/|c.//or
Ccrc|al ot/.onc oj lca|r/rq cHAr1IR +
--
t|c scoc oi t|is ii:st :co:t o: llA Dcuo:st:tio: oi t|c ict t|t suc| :cltio:
s|is cxist, |owcvc:, u, stiuultc olic, ciscou:sc :c iutu:c :csc:c|
I|c iuo:t:t qucstio: oi |ow ttituccs, uotivtio: :c sclico:cct ciiic:
|ctwcc: t|c gc:cc:s is ccic::cc to |tc: .
I|is :co:t :csc:ts o:l, sull sclcctio: oi t|c llA ct o: stucc:ts`
:oc|cs to lc::i:g :c t|ci: |clicis i: t|ci: ow: |ilitics, :ucl, t|osc io:
w|ic| c:oss:tio:l cou:|ilit, |s |cc: vc:iiicc ;scc lox +1, A wicc:
::gc oi ucsu:cs will |c :csc:tcc i: t|cutic :co:t i: !00!
-OTIVATIONANDENGAGEMENTWITHSCHOOL
\otivtio: :c c:ggcuc:t :c t|c c:c:g, |sc oi lc::i:g tucc:ts w|o
lcvc sc|ool wit| t|c uto:ou, to sct t|ci: ow: lc::i:g gols :c wit| sc:sc
t|t t|c, c: :cc| t|osc gols :c otc:til lc::c:s t|:oug|out liic \otivtio:
lox +1 Interpreting students` sei-reports
\ost oi t|c ucsu:cs :csc:tcc i: t|is c|tc: :c |scc o: scli:co:tcc |c|viou:s :c
:cic:c:ccs, :c o: stucc:ts` sscssuc:ts oi t|ci: ow: |ilitics I|csc ucsu:cs :cl, o: :co:ts
i:ou t|c stucc:ts t|cusclvcs :t|c: t|: o: cxtc::l o|sc:vtio:s, :c t|c, u, |c i:iluc:ccc
|, c:osscultu:l ciiic:c:ccs i: :cso:sc |c|viou: o: t|c socil ccsi:|ilit, oi cc:ti: :cso:scs
ou:iso:s uust |c u:cc:t|c: wit| c:c, cvc: t|oug| t|c i:st:uuc:ts uscc to sscss stucc:ts`
:oc|cs to lc::i:g :c t|ci: |clicis i: t|ci: ow: |ilitics :c |scc o: wcllcst|lis|cc :csc:c|
:c wc:c tcstcc cxtc:sivcl, |cio:c t|ci: usc i: llA !000
cvc:l oi t|c ucsu:cs :c :csc:tcc s i:ciccs t|t suuu:isc stucc:t :cso:scs to sc:ics oi
:cltcc qucstio:s I|c qucstio:s wc:c sclcctcc i:ou l:gc: co:st:ucts o: t|c |sis oi cst|lis|cc
t|co:cticl co:sicc:tio:s :c :cvious :csc:c| ;scc lso A::cx A1, t:uctu:l cqutio: uocclli:g
ws uscc to co:ii:u t|c t|co:cticll, cxcctcc :csults oi t|c i:ciccs :c to vlictc t|ci: cou:
|ilit, c:oss cou:t:ics lo: t|is u:osc, uoccl ws cstiutcc sc:tcl, io: cc| cou:t:, :c,
collcctivcl,, io: ll lD cou:t:ics
I|c i:ciccs wc:c co:st:uctcc i: suc| w, t|t twot|i:cs oi t|c lD stucc:t oultio:
:c |ctwcc: t|c vlucs oi 1 :c 1, wit| : vc:gc sco:c oi 0 ;.., t|c uc: io: t|c cou|i:cc
stucc:t oultio: i:ou :ticiti:g lD cou:t:ics is sct to 0 :c t|c st:c:c ccvitio: is
sct to 1, lt is iuo:t:t to :otc t|t :cgtivc vlucs o: : i:ccx co :ot :cccss:il, iul, t|t
stucc:ts :cso:ccc :cgtivcl, to t|c u:cc:l,i:g qucstio:s A :cgtivc vluc uc:cl, i:cictcs t|t
g:ou oi stucc:ts ;o: ll stucc:ts, collcctivcl,, i: si:glc cou:t:,, :cso:ccc lcss ositivcl,
t|: ll stucc:ts cic, o: vc:gc, c:oss lD cou:t:ics li|cwisc, ositivc vluc o: : i:ccx
i:cictcs t|t g:ou oi stucc:ts :cso:ccc uo:c ivou:|l,, o: uo:c ositivcl,, t|: ll stucc:ts
cic, o: vc:gc, c:oss lD cou:t:ics lo: cctilcc i:io:utio: o: t|c co:st:uctio: oi t|c
i:ciccs, scc A::cx A1
/o//va//or ara
crqaqcncr/ a|c .cr/|al
/o l/jclorq lca|r/rq.
100
:c c:ggcuc:t c: lso iicct stucc:ts` qulit, oi liic cu:i:g t|ci: colcscc:cc
:c c: i:iluc:cc w|ct|c: t|c, will succcssiull, u:suc iu:t|c: ccuctio:l o:
l|ou: u:|ct oo:tu:itics
Auto:ouous lc::i:g :cqui:cs |ot| c:iticl, :clistic |ucgcuc:t oi t|c ciiii
cult, oi ts| :c t|c |ilit, to i:vcst c:oug| c:c:g, to ccoulis| it I|csc
s|ills :c t|c :ocuct oi lc::i:g ||its ccvclocc :c s|cc, uo:g ot|c:
t|i:gs, |, :cgul: cxosu:c to sc|ool ts|s :c tcc|c:s` cvlutio: oi sc|ool
wo:| lot| c:|o,uc:t oi lc::i:g :c ctivitics t|t :ouotc lc::i:g lso
c:|:cc uotivtio:
Subject interest in reading and matnematics
l:tc:cst i: :ticul: su||ccts iiccts |ot| t|c ccg:cc :c co:ti:uit, oi c:ggc
uc:t i: lc::i:g :c t|c cct| oi u:cc:st:ci:g :cc|cc I|is ciicct is l:gcl,
i:ccc:cc:t oi stucc:ts` gc:c:l uotivtio: to lc:: lo: cxulc, stucc:t
w|o is i:tc:cstcc i: ut|cutics :c t|c:cio:c tc:cs to stuc, ciligc:tl, u,
o: u, :ot s|ow |ig| lcvcl oi gc:c:l lc::i:g uotivtio:, :c vicc vc:s
lc:cc, : :l,sis oi t|c ttc:: oi stucc:ts` i:tc:cst i: v:ious su||ccts is oi
iuo:t:cc uc| : :l,sis c: :cvcl sig:iiic:t st:c:gt|s :c wc|:csscs
i: ttcuts |, ccuctio: s,stcus to :ouotc uotivtio: to lc:: i: v:ious
su||ccts uo:g ciiic:i:g su|g:ous oi stucc:ts
A|out |li oi t|c 1.,c:olcs su:vc,cc i: llA :c gc:c:ll, ositivc |out
:cci:g : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, |out !1 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
g:cc t|t :cci:g is iu: :c t|t t|c, woulc :ot w:t to givc it u
!
A:ot|c:
! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts g:cc soucw|t wit| t|is sttcuc:t Iwc:t,cig|t
c: cc:t oi stucc:ts lso i:cictc t|t t|c, |ccouc totll, |so:|cc w|c:
:cci:g, :c :ot|c: !- c: cc:t g:cc soucw|t wit| t|is sttcuc:t I|c:c
is su|st:til v:itio: |ctwcc: cou:t:ics i: t|c :cso:scs to cc| oi t|csc
qucstio:s lo: cxulc, w|ilc icwc: t|: o:ct|i:c oi stucc:ts i: lclgiuu
;llcuis| ouuu:it,, :c lo:c g:cc iull, o: soucw|t t|t :cci:g is iu:
:c t|t t|c, woulc :ot w:t to givc it u, t lcst o0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i:
Dc:u:|, \cxico :c lo:tugl s|:c t|csc iccli:gs |out :cci:g ;io: ct, scc
.oc..1c.,
ligu:c +1 cou:cs cou:t:ics o: : i:ccx t|t suuu:iscs i:tc:cst i: :cci:g
I|c i:ccx is co:st:uctcc wit| t|c vc:gc sco:c c:oss cou:t:ics sct t 0 :c
twot|i:cs sco:i:g |ctwcc: 1 :c 1 A ositivc vluc o: t|c i:ccx i:cictcs
t|t stucc:ts :co:t : i:tc:cst i: :cci:g |ig|c: t|: t|c lD vc:gc, :c
:cgtivc vluc : i:tc:cst lowc: t|: t|c lD vc:gc ;io: t|c ccii:itio:
oi t|c i:ccx :c :cic:c:ccs to its co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g scc A::cx A1,
I|c uc: :t oi ligu:c +1 s|ows t|c cist:i|utio: o: t|c i:tc:csti::cci:g
i:ccx lli oi st:c:c ccvitio: o: t|is i:ccx sc:tcs Dc:u:|, li:l:c
:c lo:tugl, cou:t:ics i: w|ic| stucc:ts :co:t |ig| i:tc:cst i: :cci:g, i:ou
lclgiuu ;llcuis| ouuu:it,, :c lo:c, t|c cou:t:ics wit| t|c lowcst lcvcls
oi i:tc:cst
.ara lca|r/rq
at/orony .ar bc
rt|/t|ca a/ ./ool
tbc./ /r/c|c/ .ar
ajjc./ lca|r/rq
crqaqcncr/
lo///vc a////tac /o
|caa/rq va|y w/acly
bc/wccr .otr/|/c.
101
lottou qu:tc:
lottou qu:tc:
lottou qu:tc:
lottou qu:tc:
!00
!.0
+00
+.0
.00
..0
o00
o.0
00
!00
100
000
100
!00
1
2
.
5
.
7
7
.
B
B
.
9
1
4
.
0
9
.
3
7
.
B
2
2
.
0
.
5
1
3
.
5
.
9
1
2
.
0
2
2
.
9
1
3
.
5
1
7
.
1
2
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
1
5
.
5
.
0
9
.
5
1
3
.
4
1
B
.
3
7
.
2
0
.
3
9
.
2
9
.
5
2
2
.
2
2
.
2
B
.
5
3
0
.
0
2
7
.
B
2
2
.
5
3
0
.
0
3
4
.
5
1
7
.
0
.
7
3
1
.
5
2
7
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0
3
5
.
3
3
4
.
5
2
9
.
.
1
4
1
.
1
.
7
4
3
.
B
B
.
B
1
0
.
0
3
2
.
5
2
0
.
4
2
2
.
B
" t..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!. o1 |. o|.o..o! !...o., .o!., /, oo... c |. .1...
! i1... c .... . ..o1. o1 o|.o..
|:gc i: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sco:cut|cuticl litc:c, sco:c c: u:it oi t|c i:ccx oi i:tc:cst
i: :cci:g :c t|c i:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics
1 kcso:sc :tc is too low to c:su:c cou:|ilit, ;scc A::cx A!,
:c. lo: t|c ccii:itio:s oi t|c i:ciccs, scc A::cx A1
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lcs +1 :c +!
l:qurc =.!
l:tc:cst i: :cci:g :c ut|cutics, :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
N
e
t
h
e
r
i
a
n
d
s
1
l:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics
l:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: :cci:g
lc:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc
lc:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
A
B
I
i
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i
a
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d
K
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e
a
I
r
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a
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Z
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d
A
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s
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R
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G
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H
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Io qu:tc:
Io qu:tc:
Io qu:tc:
Io qu:tc: I|i:c qu:tc:
I|i:c qu:tc:
I|i:c qu:tc:
I|i:c qu:tc: cco:c qu:tc:
cco:c qu:tc:
cco:c qu:tc:
cco:c qu:tc:
10!
ligu:c +1 lso cou:cs t|c :cci:g c:io:u:cc oi t|c qu:tc: oi stucc:ts
i: cc| cou:t:, w|o |vc t|c g:ctcst i:tc:cst i: :cci:g wit| t|c qu:tc: oi
stucc:ts wit| t|c lcst i:tc:cst W|t t|c :csults co c s|ow is t|t cou:t:ics
wit| |cc:c: :ccc:s c|icvc, o: vc:gc, |cttc: :cci:g :csults l: ict, souc
cou:t:ics wit| |ovcvc:gc c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g, suc| s Aust:i :c
lo:c, s|ow cou:tivcl, low i:tc:cst i: :cci:g W|t t|c :csults 1c s|ow,
|owcvc:, is t|t .|. cou:t:ics stucc:ts wit| g:ctc: i:tc:cst i: :cci:g
tc:c to c|icvc |cttc: :csults t|: t|osc wit| lcss i:tc:cst
!
: vc:gc, t|c
ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc |ctwcc: t|c
stucc:ts i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s oi t|c i:tc:csti::cci:g i:ccx is
su|st:til, . oi:ts o: |out t|c sizc oi w|olc :oiicic:c, lcvcl ;I|lc +1,
l: t|c cou:t:, wit| t|c |ig|cst ovc:ll vlucs, li:l:c, t|c qu:tc: oi stucc:ts
w|o :co:t t|c lowcst lcvcl oi i:tc:cst i: :cci:g c:io:u t t|c lcvcl oi t|c
lD vc:gc ;.0! oi:ts, w|ilc t|c qu:tc: wit| t|c |ig|cst lcvcl oi i:tc:cst
sco:c .-- oi:ts, ciiic:c:cc oi - oi:ts
I|c cusl :tu:c oi t|is :cltio:s|i u, wcll |c coulcx :c is ciiiicult to
ciscc:: l:tc:cst i: t|c su||cct :c c:io:u:cc u, |c uutull, :ci:io:ci:g
I|c, u, lso |c iicctcc |, ot|c: icto:s, suc| s t|c socil |c|g:ou:cs
oi stucc:ts :c t|ci: sc|ools W|tcvc: t|c :tu:c oi t|is :cltio:s|i,
ositivc cisositio: to :cci:g :cui:s : iuo:t:t ccuctio:l gol i: its
ow: :ig|t
W|c: cou:i:g t|c c:io:u:cc |, stucc:ts i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s
oi t|c i:ccx |ctwcc: ciiic:c:t cou:t:ics, t|c :ccc: s|oulc |c: i: ui:c
t|t t|c ovc:ll lcvcl oi i:tc:cst i: :cci:g u, v:, itscli |ctwcc: cou:t:ics
lu:t|c:uo:c, s will |c s|ow: i: |tc: ., souc oi t|is v:itio: is ccou:tcc
io: |, gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs lo: cxulc, s s|ow: i: I|lc +1, stucc:ts i: t|c
to qu:tc: oi t|c i:ccx i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Dc:u:|, li:l:c :c l:cl:c
:co:t uuc| g:ctc: i:tc:cst i: :cci:g t|: stucc:ts i: t|c to qu:tc: oi t|c
i:ccx i: lclgiuu ;llcuis| ouuu:it,, o: lo:c iuil:l,, t|c ::gc oi vlucs
oi t|c i:tc:cst i:ccx lso v:ics su|st:till, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics l: l:cl:c t|c:c
is uuc| wicc: v:itio: i: stucc:ts` i:tc:cst i: :cci:g t|: i: \cxico Io
ccou:t io: t|csc ciiic:c:ccs :c to :ovicc : sscssuc:t oi t|c :cltivc iuct
oi i:tc:cst i: :cci:g o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc, ligu:c +1 lso i:cictcs |ow uuc| iu:ovcuc:t i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc
i: cc| cou:t:, is ssocitcc wit| si:glc u:it o: t|c i:tc:csti::cci:g i:ccx
+

lo: cxulc, i: Aust:li :c wccc:, o:c u:it i:c:csc o: t|c i:tc:csti:
:cci:g i:ccx is ssocitcc wit| : i:c:csc i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc oi uo:c
t|: +0 oi:ts ;lD vc:gc ! oi:ts,
A|out |li oi 1.,c:olcs co:sicc: ut|cutics to |c iuo:t:t, |ut :t|c:
icwc: t|i:| t|is :cso: io: u:sui:g it iu:t|c: : vc:gc c:oss lD
cou:t:ics, !0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :co:t t|t ut|cutics is iuo:t:t io:
t|cu c:so:ll,
.
A:ot|c: !! c: cc:t cccl:c t|t it is soucw|t iuo:t:t
io: t|cu l, co:t:st, o:l, 1+ c: cc:t, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics,
.ara o///vc a////tac
a|c ao./a/ca w///
//q/c| |caa/rq
c|jo|nar.c w////r
.otr/|/c
Crly a n/ro|//y oj
/tacr/ cc na//cna//.
a /no|/ar/ jo| //c/|
jt/t|c
10!
g:cc t|t |ccusc coi:g ut|cutics is iu:, t|c, woulc :ot w:t to givc it u,
:ot|c: !o c: cc:t cccl:c t|is to |c soucw|t t|c csc Iwc:t,six c: cc:t
cisg:cc t|t ut|cutics is iu:, :c :ot|c: !- c: cc:t cisg:cc soucw|t
;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,
l: ccitio: to cxui:i:g i:tc:cst i: :cci:g, ligu:c +1 lso :oviccs
suuu:, oi i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics ;io: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx :c
:cic:c:ccs to its co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g scc A::cx A1, Iow:cs t|c
|ig|c: c:c oi t|c i:ccx, uo:c stucc:ts :co:t t|t t|c, |ccouc totll,
|so:|cc w|c: t|c, co ut|cutics, t|t ut|cutics is iuo:t:t to t|cu
c:so:ll,, :c t|t |ccusc coi:g ut|cutics is iu:, t|c, woulc :ot w:t
to givc it u
ou:t:, uc:s v:, uo:c o: t|c i:tc:csti:ut|cutics i:ccx t|: t|c, co
o: t|c i:tc:csti::cci:g i:ccx lt|oug| t|c v:itio: wit|i: cou:t:ics is
still uuc| l:gc: t|: t|t |ctwcc: cou:t:ics ;I|lc +!, i:cc uo:c lc::i:g
t|cs lcc i: sc|ool i: t|c csc oi ut|cutics t|: i: t|t oi :cci:g,
suc| ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics u, suggcst t|t ccuctio: s,stcus |vc
: iuct o: t|c ttituccs oi ,ou:g colc tow:cs ut|cutics I|is, ii
co:ii:ucc |, iu:t|c: :csc:c|, will |c : iuo:t:t ii:ci:g io: ccuctio:
olic, Givc: t|c i:c:csi:g iuo:t:cc oi ut|cutics io: stucc:ts` iutu:c
livcs, it is oi g:ct iuo:t:cc io: ccuctio: s,stcus to c:su:c t|t stucc:ts
|vc |ot| t|c i:tc:cst :c t|c uotivtio: to co:ti:uc lc::i:g i: t|is :c
|c,o:c sc|ool
As i: :cci:g, t|c cou:t:,lcvcl :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics
:c c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc is uixcc I|c cxulcs oi
Dc:u:|, :c to lcssc: cxtc:t lccl:c :c :cw Zcl:c, s|ow t|t :cltivcl,
|ig| vc:gc lcvcl oi stucc:ts` i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics c: |c cou|i:cc wit|
st:o:g cou:t:, c:io:u:cc i: ut|cutics ;I|lc +!, At t|c suc tiuc,
stucc:ts i: Aust:i, lo:c :c wccc: c:io:u |ovc t|c lD vc:gc o: t|c
ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, |ut t|c, cisl, low o: vc:gc lcvcls oi i:tc:cst i:
ut|cutics
W|ilc t|c ttc:: v:ics |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, wit|i: cou:t:ics t|c :cltio:s|i
|ctwcc: i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics :c c:io:u:cc i: ut|cuticl litc:c, is
ositivc, l|cit lcss :o:ou:ccc t|: i: :cci:g
o
: vc:gc c:oss lD
cou:t:ics, !. oi:ts o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc sc:tc t|c to :c
|ottou qu:tc:s oi stucc:ts o: t|c i:tc:csti:ut|cutics i:ccx, cou:cc
wit| . oi:ts i: :cci:g litc:c,
I|c ict t|t, i: souc cou:t:ics t lcst, stucc:t i:tc:cst v:ics |ctwcc:
su||cct coui:s u, |c :ot|c: i:cictio: t|t i:tc:cst is :cltcc to t|c w,
i: w|ic| lc::i:g :c tcc|i:g occu: I|c ciiic:c:cc is l:gcst i: Dc:u:|,
w|c:c stucc:ts s|ow uuc| st:o:gc: i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics t|: i: :cci:g
ttc:: t|t is ui::o:cc i: |ovcvc:gc c:io:u:cc i: ut|cuticl
litc:c, cou:cc wit| o:l, vc:gc c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c, I|c
|r/c|c/ /r na//cna//.
va|/c no|c /|orqly
bc/wccr .otr/|/c //ar
/r/c|c/ /r |caa/rq
- w/// |caa/rq low
avc|aqc /r/c|c/ aoc ro/
alway ncar oo|
.otr/|y c|jo|nar.c.
.al//otq/ w////r
.otr/|/c /r/c|c/ /r
na//cna//. ara
c|jo|nar.c a|c
o///vcly ao./a/ca
1/c ja./ //a/ /r/c|c/ .ar
va|y by tbc./ tqqc/
//a/ // nay bc |cla/ca /o
/ow lca|r/rq o..t|
10+
t|:cc cou:t:ics wit| t|c :cxt l:gcst ciiic:c:ccs :c li:l:c, :o:w, :c
wccc: I|csc cou:t:ics s|ow uuc| g:ctc: i:tc:cst i: :cci:g t|: i:
ut|cutics
Reading activities and engagement in reading
l: ccitio: to su||cct uotivtio:, :cci:g ctivitics :c c:ggcuc:t i: :cc
i:g :c cccisivc icto:s i: t|c ui:tc::cc :c iu:t|c: ccvclouc:t oi :cc
i:g s|ills I|c l:tc::tio:l Acult litc:c, u:vc, ii:ci:g t|t :cci:g s|ills
c: cctc:io:tc itc: t|c coulctio: oi i:itil ccuctio: ii t|c, :c :ot uscc
;lD :c ttistics :c, 1--., oi:ts to t|c iuo:t:cc oi t|c ui:tc
::cc oi litc:c, s|ills lositivc :cci:g ctivitics :c c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g
:c, t|c:cio:c, iuo:t:t outcoucs oi i:itil ccuctio: s wcll s :ccicto:s oi
lc::i:g succcss t|:oug|out liic
tucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic|, io: cxulc, t|c, :cc io:
lcsu:c, c:|o, tl|i:g |out |oo|s o: visit |oo|sto:cs :c li|::ics, :c t|c
gc:c:l iuo:t:cc t|c, ttc| to :cci:g, c: i:cictc t|c ccg:cc to w|ic|
t|c, will :cc i: t|c iutu:c ;io: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx :c :cic:c:ccs to its
co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g scc A::cx A1,
Auo:g lD cou:t:ics, t|c :csults oi llA !000 suggcst t|t uuc| uo:c
:cccs to |c co:c to iostc: t|c ositivc c:ggcuc:t oi stucc:ts i: :cci:g
: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, ++ c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :co:t :cci:g
o:l, to o|ti: t|c i:io:utio: t|t t|c, :ccc,
uo:c t|: o:ct|i:c :co:t

t|t t|c, :cc o:l, ii t|c, |vc to, :c !1 c: cc:t g:cc o: st:o:gl,
g:cc wit| t|c sttcuc:t t|t :cci:g is wstc oi tiuc
;io: ct, scc

.oc..1c.,
ligu:c +! cou:cs cou:t:ics o: : i:ccx t|t suuu:iscs t|c v:ious
qucstio:s i: llA !000 |out stucc:t c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g I|is i:ccx cxtc:cs
t|c i:ccx s|ow: i: ligu:c +1 |, i:co:o:ti:g |:occ: ::gc oi ttituccs
tow:cs :cci:g A ositivc vluc o: t|c i:ccx i:cictcs t|t stucc:ts i: t|c
cou:t:, co:cc::cc :co:t c.. ..o.!, t|: stucc:ts t t|c lD vc:gc
lcvcl t|t :cci:g is o:c oi t|ci: ivou:itc |o||ics, t|t t|c, li|c tl|i:g |out
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:c t|t t|c, c:|o, goi:g to |oo|sto:c o: li|::, A ositivc vluc lso
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t|t t|c, ii:c it |:c to ii:is| |oo|s, t|t :cci:g is wstc oi tiuc, t|t t|c,
:cc o:l, to gct t|c i:io:utio: t|t t|c, :ccc :c t|t t|c, c::ot sit still :c
:cc io: uo:c t|: icw ui:utcs
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:cci:g ;suc| s t|c zcc| kcu|lic, li:l:c, \cxico :c lo:tugl , :c t|osc
wit| low lcvcls oi c:ggcuc:t ;lclgiuu, t|c :ct|c:l:cs :c :o:w,, is
:oxiutcl, |li st:c:c ccvitio: o: t|c i:ccx ;I|lc +!,
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" t..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!., /, oo... c |. .1.
! i1. c .o.. . ..o1.
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:c. lo: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx, scc A::cx A1
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc +!
l:qurc =.2
l:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
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ligu:c +! lso cou:cs c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
|ctwcc: stucc:ts i: t|c |ottou :c to qu:tc:s oi t|c c:ggcuc:ti::cci:g
i:ccx, :c t|c i:c:csc i: c:io:u:cc c: u:it c|:gc i: t|c i:ccx l: vi:tu
ll, cvc:, cou:t:,, t|c:c is closc ssocitio: |ctwcc: c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g
:c stucc:t c:io:u:cc w|ic|, i: 1! out oi ! cou:t:ics, cxccccs 100 oi:ts,
.., o:c i:tc::tio:l st:c:c ccvitio: :c, i: ll |ut scvc: cou:t:ics, o:c
:oiicic:c, lcvcl ;I|lc +!,
-

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t|c tiuc t|t stucc:ts sc:c :cci:g io: c:|o,uc:t l: i:tc::cti:g t|c o|sc:vcc
v:itio: i: t|c tiuc t|t stucc:ts ctull, sc:c :cci:g io: c:|o,uc:t, it is oi
cou:sc :cccss:, to |cc i: ui:c t|t t|c tiuc stucc:ts .o ctull, ccvotc to
:cci:g u, lso v:, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, s :csult oi ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c lc:gt| oi
t|c sc|ool c,, |oucwo:| :cqui:cuc:ts, o: ot|c: outoisc|ool ctivitics
ligu:c +! s|ows t|c tiuc t|t stucc:ts sc:c :cci:g io: c:|o,uc:t cc| c,
togct|c: wit| c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc : vc:gc
c:oss lD cou:t:ics, !! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts, :c i: Aust:i, lclgiuu,
Gc:u:,, : :c t|c D:itcc ttcs uo:c t|: +0 c: cc:t, :co:t t|t t|c,
co :ot :cc io: c:|o,uc:t t ll
10
I|c uc: vc:gc c:io:u:cc io: t|csc
stucc:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ++ oi:ts is wcll |clow t|c
vc:gc io: t|c lD s w|olc ;I|lc ++,
A:ot|c: !1 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, :cc io:
!0 ui:utcs o: lcss c: c, I|ci: uc: c:io:u:cc is |ovc t|c lD vc:gc,
.1! oi:ts A iu:t|c: t|i:c oi stucc:ts, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, :cc
io: |ctwcc: !0 ui:utcs :c ! |ou:s c: c,, wit| c:io:u:cc lcvcls :ou:c
.! oi:ts tucc:ts w|o :co:t :cci:g io: lo:gc: sco:c .0o oi:ts, closc to
t|c lD vc:gc ;I|lc ++, :c t|ci: lowc: c:io:u:cc uig|t |c cxli:cc
|, t|c ict t|t t|csc stucc:ts t|c lo:gc: to :cc utc:ils t|: |ig| c|icvc:s
I|c low c:io:u:cc |, stucc:ts w|o co :ot :cc io: c:|o,uc:t oi:ts to t|c
:ccc io: ccuctio: s,stcus to :ovicc lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t t|t c:cou:gcs
:cci:g outsicc sc|ool
Broader engagement witn scnooI
Dis:utivc |c|viou:, oo: ttc:c:cc :c :cgtivc ttituccs tow:cs sc|ool
u, oitc: |c ssocitcc wit| low cccuic c:io:u:cc :c t|c cccisio: to
wit|c:w i:ou sc|ool : t|c ot|c: |:c, :csc:c| |s s|ow: t|t ii stucc:ts
|ccouc i:volvcc i: t|ci: sc|ool cu::icul o: cxt:cu::icul: ctivitics :c
ccvclo st:o:g tics wit| ot|c: stucc:ts :c tcc|c:s, t|c, :c uo:c li|cl, to co
wcll i: t|ci: stucics :c to coulctc scco:c:, sc|ool
l: llA !000, 1.,c:olc stucc:ts wc:c s|cc to :co:t t|ci: ttituccs tow:cs
sc|ool l: !0 oi t|c ! lD cou:t:ics, uo:c t|: o:cqu:tc: oi stucc:ts
g:cc o: st:o:gl, g:cc t|t sc|ool is lcc w|c:c t|c, co :ot w:t to go l:
lclgiuu, :c, l::cc, lu:g:,, ltl, :c t|c D:itcc ttcs, t|is :oo:tio:
- tb/ar//al n/ro|//y
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lca|r/rq crv/|orncr/
//a/ cr.ot|aqc |caa/rq
bcyora ./ool
lo///vc |cla//or//
w/// ./ool a|c
/no|/ar/.
.bt/ /r nary .otr/|/c
la|qc rtnbc| oj
/tacr/ jccl rcqa//vc
abot/ ./ool.
10
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:cc |ctwcc: 1 :c ! |ou:s cc| c, io: c:|o,uc:t
:cc uo:c t|: ! |ou:s cc| c, io: c:|o,uc:t
l:qurc =.3
Iiuc sc:t :cci:g io: c:|o,uc:t :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc ++
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::gcs, i: o:cc:, i:ou !. to +! c: cc:t ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c., lvc:
i: souc oi t|c cou:t:ics wit| t|c |cst c:io:u:cc i: llA, suc| s Aust:li,
:c :c lo:c, |ctwcc: !0 :c ! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts g:cc o: st:o:gl,
g:cc t|t sc|ool is lcc w|c:c t|c, co :ot w:t to go l, co:t:st, t|is
iigu:c is lcss t|: !0 c: cc:t i: Dc:u:|, \cxico, lo:tugl :c wccc:
l: luost |li oi t|c lD cou:t:ics, t|c u|o:it, oi stucc:ts lso g:cc o:
st:o:gl, g:cc t|t sc|ool is lcc i: w|ic| t|c, iccl |o:cc,
11
:c i: G:cccc,
l:cl:c :c i: t|csc iccli:gs :c |clc |, :ou:c twot|i:cs oi stucc:ts lut
gi:, stucc:t :cso:scs v:, co:sicc:|l, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics ;io: ct, scc
.oc..1c.,, w|ic| suggcsts t|t cisiicctio: wit| sc|ool t t|is gc is,
lt|oug| couuo:, :ot i:cvit|lc
Docs it uttc: t|t u:, stucc:ts co :ot li|c |ci:g t sc|ool lc:|s ,ou:g
colc :ccc :ot li|c ll t|c t|i:gs t|t :c gooc io: t|cu I|c cvicc:cc is,
|owcvc:, t|t t|osc w|o co li|c sc|ool c:io:u |cttc: t|: t|osc w|o co :ot
l: luost ll cou:t:ics, stucc:ts w|o :co:t t|t sc|ool is lcc to w|ic| t|c,
w:t to go c:io:u |cttc:, o: vc:gc, o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
t|: stucc:ts w|o s, t|t sc|ool is lcc w|c:c t|c, co :ot w:t to go ;io:
ct, scc .oc..1c.,
ligu:c ++ s|ows t|t, c:oss t|c lD, : vc:gc oi c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
:co:t t|t sc|ool is lcc w|c:c t|c, u|c i:ic:cs csil,, :c t|:ccqu:tc:s
s, t|t sc|ool is lcc w|c:c t|c, iccl t|c, |clo:g,
1!
t|c :oo:tio: ::gi:g
i:ou :ou:c |li o: lcss i: l::cc :c i: to c: cc:t i: lu:g:,
:c \cxico ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c., l, co:t:st, t|c:c is sull |ut
sig:iiic:t g:ou oi stucc:ts io: w|ou sc|ool is ciiiicult socil c:vi:o:uc:t
: vc:gc, c:oss t|c lD, 1! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :co:t t|t sc|ool is
lcc w|c:c t|c, iccl w|w:c :c out oi lcc t|oug|, i: wccc: :c t|c
D:itcc li:gcou, t|is iigu:c is lcss t|: - c: cc:t
I|c ct co :ot cst|lis| cusl :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: t|csc icto:s :c
stucc:t c:io:u:cc l: ccitio:, t|c:c :c ot|c: icto:s t|t i:iluc:cc |ot|
c:io:u:cc :c ttituccs tow:cs sc|ool o:, co:vc:scl,, coi:g wcll t sc|ool
uig|t cusc stucc:ts to li|c it, :t|c: t|: vicc vc:s l: vicw oi t|c su|st:til
i:vcstuc:t t|t ll cou:t:ics u|c i: ccuctio:, |owcvc:, it is u:stisicto:,
t|t sig:iiic:t ui:o:it, oi stucc:ts, :c i: souc cscs cvc: u|o:it,,
cisl, lc| oi c:ggcuc:t :c :cgtivc ttituccs tow:cs sc|ool lt is |:c to
iugi:c t|t sc|ools c: c|icvc otiul :csults u:lcss stucc:ts :c ositivcl,
cisoscc Alt|oug| t|is is co:sicc:|lc c|llc:gc i: t|c csc oi t|c gc g:ou
sscsscc i: llA, t|c :csults suggcst t|t sc|ool olic, :c :cticc s|oulc
ccvotc suiiicic:t ttc:tio: to c:cti:g : c:ggi:g lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t io: ll
stucc:ts
\o:covc:, :ot o:l, is t|is lc| oi c:ggcuc:t ssocitcc :cgtivcl, wit| stucc:t
c:io:u:cc, |ut stucc:ts w|o :c cisiicctcc wit| sc|ool u, lso |c lcss
li|cl, to c:ggc i: lc::i:g ctivitics, cit|c: i:sicc o: outsicc ccuctio:l
i:stitutio:s, i: ltc: liic
.ara or avc|aqc
c|jo|n wo|c //ar //oc
w/// no|c o///vc v/cw
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10-
100 . .0 !. 0
l:qurc =.=
l:occ: c:ggcuc:t wit| sc|ool
.../o.c c .o ....o. c o1. |c o... c. .c!, o... |o :.|cc! . o !o.. |...
:c. ou:t:ics :c :c:csc:tcc |, t|c squ:c s,u|ols
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 lo: ct, scc .oc..1c.
... l often feeI bored

... l do not want to go
... l feeI IoneIy
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to Iike me
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49 ]0.2)
lD vc:gc ;st:c:c c::o:,
29 ]0.2)
9 ]0.1)
B3 ]0.2)
13 ]0.1)
79 ]0.2)
B7 ]0.1)
9 ]0.1)
,EARNINGSTRATEGIES
ControIIing tne Iearning process
tucc:ts co :ot ssivcl, :cccivc :c :occss i:io:utio: I|c, :c ctivc
:tici:ts i: t|c lc::i:g :occss, co:st:ucti:g uc:i:g i: w,s s|cc
|, t|ci: ow: :io: |:owlccgc :c :cw cxc:ic:ccs tucc:ts wit| wcll
ccvclocc |ilit, to u:gc t|ci: ow: lc::i:g :c |lc to c|oosc :o:itc
lc::i:g gols, to usc t|ci: cxisti:g |:owlccgc :c s|ills to ci:cct t|ci: lc::i:g,
:c to sclcct lc::i:g st:tcgics :o:itc to t|c ts| i: |:c W|ilc t|c
ccvclouc:t oi t|csc s|ills :c ttituccs |s :ot lw,s |cc: : cxlicit
iocus oi tcc|i:g i: sc|ools, t|c, :c i:c:csi:gl, |ci:g icc:tiiicc cxlicitl, s
u|o: gols oi sc|ooli:g :c s|oulc, t|c:cio:c, lso |c :cg:ccc s sig:iiic:t
outcoucs oi t|c lc::i:g :occss
/tacr/ rcca /o
a|//./a/c a.//vcly /r
naraq/rq lca|r/rq.
110
A: ciicctivc lc::c: :occsscs i:io:utio: ciiicic:tl, I|is :cqui:cs uo:c t|:
t|c ccit, to ucuo:isc :cw i:io:utio: lt clls io: t|c |ilit, to :cltc
:cw utc:il to cxisti:g |:owlccgc :c to cctc:ui:c |ow |:owlccgc c: |c
licc i: t|c :cl wo:lc A gooc u:cc:st:ci:g oi lc::i:g st:tcgics st:c:gt|
c:s stucc:ts` ccit, to o:g:isc t|ci: ow: lc::i:g Gooc lc::c:s c: l,
: ciicctivc :sc:l oi lc::i:g st:tcgics i: suit|l, ilcxi|lc u::c: : t|c
ot|c: |:c, stucc:ts w|o |vc :o|lcus lc::i:g o: t|ci: ow: oitc: |vc :o
cccss to ciicctivc st:tcgics to icilittc :c uo:ito: t|ci: lc::i:g, o: iil to
sclcct st:tcg, :o:itc to t|c ts| i: |:c
tucc:ts wc:c lso s|cc |out t|c lc::i:g :occss itscli A: i:ccx oi co:t:ol
st:tcgics ws cc:ivcc i:ou :cso:scs to qucstio:s |out t|c i:cquc:c, wit|
w|ic| stucc:ts iigu:c out w|t t|c, :ccc to lc::, wo:| out s t|c, go
w|t co:ccts t|c, |vc :ot u:cc:stooc, loo| io: ccitio:l i:io:utio:
w|c: t|c, co :ot u:cc:st:c, c|cc| w|ct|c: t|c, :cucu|c: w|t t|c, |vc
lc::cc, :c u|c su:c t|c, |vc :cucu|c:cc t|c uost iuo:t:t t|i:gs
I|c couositc i:ccx ws co:st:uctcc wit| t|c vc:gc sco:c c:oss cou:t:ics
sct t 0 :c t|c st:c:c ccvitio: sct t 1 ;io: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx :c
:cic:c:ccs to its co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g scc A::cx A1, A ositivc vluc o:
t|c i:ccx i:cictcs usc oi t|csc co:t:ol st:tcgics t|t is uo:c i:cquc:t t|:
t|c lD vc:gc
ligu:c +. cou:cs cou:t:ics o: t|c |sis oi 1.,c:olcs` :co:ts o: t|ci:
usc oi co:t:ol st:tcgics i: t|c lc::i:g :occss I|c uc: sco:c o: t|c i:ccx
oi co:t:ol st:tcgics v:ics, stucc:ts i: Aust:i, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Gc:u:,,
lu:g:,, ltl, :c lo:tugl :co:ti:g t|c uost i:cquc:t usc oi scli:cgulti:g
co:t:ol st:tcgics tucc:ts i: li:l:c, lccl:c, lo:c :c :o:w, :co:t usi:g
t|cu lcst i:cquc:tl, ;I|lc +.,
Dsi:g co:t:ol st:tcgics ciicctivcl, is ositivcl, :cltcc to stucc:t
c:io:u:cc Wit|i: cc| cou:t:,, stucc:ts w|o usc t|cu uo:c i:cquc:tl,
tc:c to c:io:u |cttc: o: t|c cou|i:cc llA :cci:g litc:c, sclc t|:
t|osc w|o co :ot ;lt|oug| w|ct|c: t|c lc::i:g st:tcgics .oo. t|c |cttc:
:csults c::ot |c cst|lis|cc, I|c ssocitio: is uost u:|cc i: Aust:li,
:cw Zcl:c :c lo:tugl, w|c:c t|c qu:tc: oi stucc:ts w|o usc t|csc
st:tcgics io: lc::i:g t|c uost :c, o: vc:gc, iull :oiicic:c, lcvcl
|cc oi t|c qu:tc: w|o usc t|cu lcst At t|c lD vc:gc lcvcl, t|c
ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s is .! oi:ts l: :cltivc
tc:us, ciiic:c:cc oi o:c u:it o: t|c i:ccx co::cso:cs to 1o oi:ts, o:
vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics
1!
I|c st:tcgics :c cssc:til io: ciicctivc
scli:cgultio: oi lc::i:g |ccusc t|c, |cl stucc:ts to ct t|ci: lc::i:g
to t|c :ticul: ictu:cs oi t|c ts| o: w|ic| t|c, :c wo:|i:g c|ools
u, :ccc to givc uo:c cxlicit ttc:tio: to llowi:g stucc:ts to u:gc
:c co:t:ol t|ci: lc::i:g i: o:cc: to |cl t|cu ll to ccvclo ciicctivc
st:tcgics, :ot o:l, to suo:t t|ci: lc::i:g t sc|ool |ut lso to :ovicc
t|cu wit| t|c tools to u:gc t|ci: lc::i:g ltc: i: liic
.ara /o acvclo
a|o|/a/c /|a/cq/c jo|
ca./ lca|r/rq /ak
l|- akca /tacr/
abot/ //c lca|r/rq
|o.c //clj.
.ara jotra //a/ //c
tc oj /|a/cq/c /o
naraqc c|oral
lca|r/rq / o///vcly
|cla/ca /o c|jo|nar.c
111
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100
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100
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9
.
4
2
3
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B
1
B
.
2
1
3
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4
1
4
.
9
1
5
.
B
2
2
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4
1
7
.
9
1
3
.
1
B
.
1
7
.
5
2
0
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2
2
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4
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7
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7

Io qu:tc:
" t..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!., /, oo... c |. .1.
! i1. c .c.c! .o...
|:gc i: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sco:c c: u:it oi t|c i:ccx oi co:t:ol st:tcgics
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc +.
l:qurc =.5
o:t:olli:g t|c lc::i:g :occss :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
A
B
Io qu:tc:
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11!
Memorisation and eIaboration
\cuo:istio: st:tcgics ;., :cci:g utc:il louc scvc:l tiucs :c lc::i:g
|c, tc:us, :c iuo:t:t i: u:, ts|s, |ut t|c, couuo:l, o:l, lcc to
vc:|tiu :c:csc:ttio:s oi |:owlccgc, :cw i:io:utio: |ci:g sto:cc i: t|c
ucuo:, wit| littlc iu:t|c: :occssi:g W|c:c t|c lc::c:`s gol is to |c |lc to
:ct:icvc t|c i:io:utio: s :csc:tcc, ucuo:istio: is : :o:itc st:tcg,
|ut suc| lc::i:g |, :otc ::cl, lccs to ccc u:cc:st:ci:g l: o:cc: to
c|icvc u:cc:st:ci:g, :cw i:io:utio: uust |c i:tcg:tcc i:to lc::c:`s
:io: |:owlccgc |sc ll|o:tio: st:tcgics ;., cxlo:i:g |ow t|c utc:il
:cltcs to t|i:gs o:c |s lc::cc i: ot|c: co:tcxts, o: s|i:g |ow t|c i:io:u
tio: uig|t |c licc i: ot|c: co:tcxts, c: |c uscc to :cc| t|is gol
tucc:ts wc:c s|cc sc:tc qucstio:s o: t|ci: usc oi ucuo:istio: :c cl|o:tio:
st:tcgics : t|c |sis oi t|ci: :cso:scs, : i:ccx ws c:ctcc io: cc| oi t|csc
lc::i:g st:tcgics I|c ucuo:istio: i:ccx is cc:ivcc i:ou :cso:scs to qucstio:s
|out t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| t|c stucc:t t:ics to ucuo:isc cvc:,t|i:g covc:cc,
ius to ucuo:isc :cw utc:il i: o:cc: to |c |lc to :ccitc it, :c :ctiscs |, s,i:g
t|c utc:il ovc: :c ovc: gi: I|c cl|o:tio: i:ccx is cc:ivcc i:ou :cso:scs
to qucstio:s |out t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| t|c stucc:t t:ics to u:cc:st:c t|c
utc:il |cttc: |, :clti:g it to t|i:gs l:cc, |:ow:, t:ics to :cltc t|c :cw utc:il
to t|i:gs lc::cc i: ot|c: su||ccts, o: iigu:cs out |ow t|c i:io:utio: uig|t |c
usciul i: t|c :cl wo:lc ;io: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ciccs :c :cic:c:ccs to t|ci:
co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g scc A::cx A1, I|c i:ciccs :c co:st:uctcc wit| t|c
vc:gc sco:c c:oss cou:t:ics sct t 0 :c t|c st:c:c ccvitio: sct t 1
ligu:c +o uscs t|c ucuo:istio: :c cl|o:tio: i:ciccs to cou:c cou:t:ics
o: t|c |sis oi 1.,c:olcs` :co:tcc usc oi t|csc two t,cs oi st:tcgics
l:cquc:t usc oi cl|o:tio: st:tcgics tc:cs to |c ositivcl, ssocitcc wit| c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, t|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: t|c to
:c |ottou :tio:l qu:tc:s o: t|c i:ccx |ci:g !! oi:ts, o: vc:gc c:oss lD
cou:t:ics I|c :c:t cv:tgc oi usi:g t|csc st:tcgics v:ics g:ctl,, |owcvc:,
t|c to qu:tc: oi stucc:ts |ci:g o1 oi:ts |cc ;luost o:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl, oi
t|c |ottou qu:tc: i: lo:tugl, o0 oi:ts |cc i: lo:c :c .1 oi:ts i: Gc:u:,,
|ut lcss t|: !. oi:ts |cc i: lclgiuu ;llcuis| ouuu:it,,, l:cl:c, ltl,, t|c
:ct|c:l:cs, :cw Zcl:c :c t|c D:itcc ttcs ;I|lc +,
1+
Dsc oi ucuo:istio: st:tcgics s|ows uixcc :cltio:s|i wit| stucc:t
c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc llcvc: cou:t:ics s|ow
|ig|c: c:io:u:cc |, stucc:ts i: t|c to qu:tc: oi t|c i:ccx t|: |, t|osc
i: t|c |ottou qu:tc:, iivc cou:t:ics s|ow t|c :cvc:sc, :c t|c :cui:i:g
cou:t:ics s|ow :o sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs ;I|lc +o,
vc:ll, t|c ct suggcst t|t cl|o:tio: st:tcgics :c uo:c st:o:gl, :cltcc
to stucc:t c:io:u:cc I|c, u, t|us |c uo:c iuo:t:t t|: st:ig|tio:w:c
ucuo:istio: st:tcgics, w|ic| stucc:ts uig|t usc uo:c i:tuitivcl, As wit| co:t:ol
st:tcgics, it is clc: t|t sc|ools s|oulc |cl stucc:ts to u:cc:st:c :c ccvclo t|c
/tacr/ rcca bo// /o
ncno|/c rcw
/rjo|na//or ara /o
trac|/ara /ow // |cla/c
/o //c/| |/o| krowlcaqc
/cno|/a//or ara
clabo|a//or /|a/cq/c a|c
.onlcncr/a|y
1/c tc oj clabo|a//or
/|a/cq/c / ao./a/ca
w/// qooa
c|jo|nar.c.
.w//lc ncno|/a//or
/|a/cq/c lay a lc
obv/ot |olc
./ool /otla /cl /tacr/
/o trac|/ara ara acvclo
/|a/cq/c jo| naraq/rq //c/|
owr lca|r/rq
11!
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2
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7
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B
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7
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7
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9
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B
1
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4
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1
2
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B
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2
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5
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5
1
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9
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7
B
.
1
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1
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7
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7
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5
1
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9
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2
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1
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B
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4
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1
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5
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2
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"t..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!., /, oo... c |. .1...
! i1... c .c..o.c o1 .!o/c.o.c .o...
|:gc i: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sco:c c: u:it oi t|c i:ciccs oi ucuo:istio: :c cl|o:tio: st:tcgics
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lcs +o :c +
l:qurc =.c
\cuo:istio: :c cl|o:tio: st:tcgics, :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
l:ccx oi cl|o:tio: st:tcgics
l:ccx oi ucuo:istio: st:tcgics
lc:io:u:cc o: t|c i:ccx oi cl|o:tio: st:tcgics
lc:io:u:cc o: t|c i:ccx oi ucuo:istio: st:tcgics
A
B
I
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Io qu:tc:
Io qu:tc:
Io qu:tc:
Io qu:tc:
I|i:c qu:tc:
I|i:c qu:tc:
I|i:c qu:tc:
I|i:c qu:tc:
cco:c qu:tc:
cco:c qu:tc:
cco:c qu:tc:
cco:c qu:tc:
lottou qu:tc:
lottou qu:tc:
lottou qu:tc:
lottou qu:tc:
11+
st:tcgics t|t will |cst c:|:cc t|ci: lc::i:g I|c:c will |c |c:ciit w|ilc t|c, :c
t sc|ool |ut otc:till, : cvc: l:gc: |c:ciit w|c: t|c, lc:: wit| lcss suo:t i:
cult liic As cvc:, :, co:clusio:s :ccc to |c c:w:, |owcvc:, i: closc co::cctio:
wit| t|c cultu:l :c ccuctio:l co:tcxt oi t|c cou:t:, co:cc::cc
Co-operative and competitive Iearning
lc::i:g i: cult liic occu:s uost i:cquc:tl, i: ci:cuust:ccs i: w|ic| colc
wo:| togct|c: :c ccc:c o: o:c :ot|c: l: io:ul ccuctio:, :ticul:l, t
t|c scco:c:, :c tc:ti:, lcvcls, lc::i:g oitc: occu:s i: isoltio:, i: co:tcxt
oi :c:tio: io: couctitivc sscssuc:t Alt|oug| cooc:tivc lc::i:g :c
couctitivc lc::i:g c: |c i: co:ilict, |ot| c: lcc to |ig| c:io:u:cc I|c
:csults oi llA !000 suggcst t|t, ii cqui:cc i: t:ccu, |ot| t,cs oi lc::i:g
u, cc to lc::i:g ciiicic:c,
c:tc llA i:ciccs io: cooc:tivc :c couctitivc lc::i:g wc:c c:ctcc
i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts I|c cooc:tivc lc::i:g i:ccx is cc:ivcc i:ou :cso:scs
to qucstio:s |out w|ct|c: stucc:ts li|c wo:|i:g wit| ot|c:s, li|c |cli:g ot|c:s
co wcll i: g:ou, lc:: uost w|c: wo:|i:g wit| ot|c:s :c c:io:u |cst w|c:
wo:|i:g wit| ot|c:s I|c couctitivc lc::i:g i:ccx is cc:ivcc i:ou :cso:scs
to qucstio:s |out w|ct|c: stucc:ts li|c t:,i:g to co |cttc: t|: ot|c:s, li|c
|ci:g t|c |cst t souct|i:g, wo:| wcll w|c: t:,i:g to |c |cttc: t|: ot|c:s :c
lc:: istc: w|c: t:,i:g to |c |cttc: t|: ot|c:s :otc t|t it ws ossi|lc io:
stucc:ts to :ovicc ositivc o: :cgtivc :swc:s i:ccc:cc:tl, to cit|c: sct oi
qucstio:s I|c i:ciccs :c co:st:uctcc wit| t|c vc:gc sco:c c:oss cou:t:ics sct
t 0 :c t|c st:c:c ccvitio: sct t 1 ;io: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ciccs :c :cic:
c:ccs to t|ci: co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g scc A::cx A1,
I|c uc: sco:cs oi t|c i:ciccs :c s|ow: i: ligu:c +, :c iu:t|c: cctils c:
|c iou:c i: I|lcs + :c +- tucc:ts i: Dc:u:|, :cw Zcl:c, lo:tugl
:c t|c D:itcc ttcs :co:t |ig| sco:cs o: t|c cooc:tivc lc::i:g i:ccx l,
co:t:st, lo:c: stucc:ts :c u:|ccl, :cgtivc |out |ot| cooc:tivc :c
couctitivc lc::i:g, lt|oug| lcss so |out t|c lttc:
lot| couctitivc :c cooc:tivc lc::i:g tc:c to |c ositivcl, :cltcc to
c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc lt|oug| t|c :cltio:s|i is
uo:c :o:ou:ccc i: t|c csc oi couctitivc t|: i: t|t oi cooc:tivc lc::i:g
: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, !! oi:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc sc:tc t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s o: t|c cooc:tivc lc::i:g i:ccx, t|c
ciiic:c:cc |ci:g sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: !0 out oi !. cou:t:ics l: couctitivc
lc::i:g, t|c vc:gc g is !! oi:ts ;:c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: !0 cou:t:ics,
tucc:ts w|o li|c cooc:tivc lc::i:g tc:c to c:io:u |cttc: t|: t|osc
w|o co :ot I|osc w|o li|c couctitivc lc::i:g lso tc:c to c:io:u |cttc:
t|: t|osc w|o co :ot lc|i:c t|is is gc:c:l tc:cc:c, io: t|osc w|o li|c
cooc:tivc lc::i:g lso to li|c couctitivc lc::i:g :c c:|s t|c, |vc
ositivc cisositio: tow:cs lc::i:g i: gc:c:l I|is cvicc:cc suggcsts t|t
o-oc|a//vc ara
.onc////vc lca|r/rq .ar
.onlcncr/ ca./ o//c|
|r cvc|al .otr/|/c
/tacr/ |co|/ //c tc
oj bo// .o-oc|a//vc ara
.onc////vc lca|r/rq
|a.//.c.
. bo// /yc bc/rq
o///vcly |cla/ca /o
c|jo|nar.c.
.w//./ tqqc/ //a/
a.//vc lca|rc| tc bo//
/|a/cq/c a
a|o|/a/c
11.
ctivc lc::c:s usc |ot| st:tcgics o: ciiic:c:t occsio:s, :t|c: t|: liuiti:g
t|cusclvcs to si:glc st:tcg, t|t u, :ot |c t|c |cst i: :ticul: situtio:
lu:t|c: :csc:c| is :ccccc to cxlo:c t|csc sccts i: uo:c cctil
#OMPUTERSASATOOLFORLEARNING
lD cco:ouics :c i:c:csi:gl, ccc:cc:t o: tcc|:ologicl |:owlccgc :c
s|ills i: t|c l|ou: io:cc tucc:ts wit| littlc o: :o cxosu:c to couutc:s :c
i:io:utio: tcc|:olog, u, icc ciiiicultics i: u|i:g suoot| t::sitio: to
t|c uocc:: l|ou: u:|ct
llA !000 cxlo:cc t|:cc sccts oi iuili:it, wit| couutc:s uo:g 1.,c:
olcs i:tc:cst i: couutc:s, sclisscssuc:t oi stucc:ts` ttituccs :c |ilit, to
wo:| wit| couutc:s, :c usc oi :c cxc:ic:cc wit| couutc:s I|is su:vc,
ws : i:tc::tio:l otio:, i: w|ic| !0 oi t|c !! cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i:
llA too| :t
1.
100 0.0 0 0.0 100 100 0.0 0 0.0 100
l:qurc =.?
ooc:tivc :c couctitivc lc::i:g
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lcs + :c +-
i1. c .cc..o.. !.o.. i1. c .c.... !.o..
Brazii
Iatvia
Iiechtenstein
Russian Iederation
rortugai
Denmark
united states
Nev Zeaiand
Ireiand
Meico
Itaiy
Norvay
Austraiia
Iiniand
svitzeriand
czech Repubiic
Austria
Beigium (Ii.j
Germany
sveden
Iceiand
Hungary
Iuembourg
Korea
BeIow
OECD average
Above
OECD average
BeIow
OECD average
Above
OECD average
ont/c| k/ll a|c row
ccr//al
11o
: vc:gc c:oss t|c 1o lD cou:t:ics su:vc,cc, o. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
sttc t|t t|c, usc couutc: |ccusc t|c, :c vc:, i:tc:cstcc i: coi:g so, :c
i: :o cou:t:, is t|is iigu:c lcss t|: .0 c: cc:t ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,
A: vc:gc oi o0 c: cc:t oi t|c stucc:ts co:sicc: it vc:, iuo:t:t to wo:|
wit| couutc:
ligu:c + cou:cs cou:t:ics o: : i:ccx t|t suuu:iscs t|c v:ious qucs
tio:s o: i:tc:cst i: couutc:s I|c i:ccx is co:st:uctcc wit| t|c vc:gc
sco:c c:oss ll cou:t:ics sct t 0 :c t|c st:c:c ccvitio: sct t 1 ;io:
t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx :c :cic:c:ccs to its co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g scc
A::cx A1, A ositivc vluc o: t|c i:ccx i:cictcs t|t stucc:ts i:cquc:tl,
:co:t t|t it is vc:, iuo:t:t to t|cu to wo:| wit| couutc:, t|t l,i:g
o: wo:|i:g wit| couutc: is iu:, t|t t|c, usc couutc: |ccusc t|c,
:c vc:, i:tc:cstcc, :c t|t t|c, io:gct t|c tiuc w|c: t|c, :c wo:|i:g wit|
couutc: I|c iigu:c s|ows t|c uc: sco:cs o: t|c i:tc:csti:couutc:s
i:ccx
1/c nao|//y oj /tacr/
a|c /r/c|c/ca /r t/rq
.ont/c|.
i1. c .... . .co..
100 0.0 000 0.0 100
l:qurc =.J
l:tc:cst i: couutc:s
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc +10
united states
Meico
sveden
Beigium (Ii.j
Hungary
canada
Austraiia
Nev Zeaiand
Iatvia
Iiechtenstein
Russian Iederation
czech Repubiic
Denmark
Iiniand
Germany
Ireiand
Iuembourg
svitzeriand
Brazii
BeIow
OECD average
Above
OECD average
11
tucc:ts i: Gc:u:,, luxcu|ou:g, \cxico :c t|c D:itcc ttcs :co:t t|c
g:ctcst lcvcl oi i:tc:cst i: couutc:s, wcll ovc: |li st:c:c ccvitio: |ovc
t|c vlucs i: Dc:u:| :c :cw Zcl:c, t|c cou:t:ics wit| t|c lowcst lcvcl oi
i:tc:cst i: couutc:s ;I|lc +10,
l: uost cou:t:ics, ulcs s|ow uuc| st:o:gc: i:tc:cst i: couutc:s t|:
iculcs, |ut t|c D:itcc ttcs is : cxcctio: to t|is, wit| |ot| ulcs :c
iculcs s|owi:g : cqull, st:o:g i:tc:cst i: couutc:s ;I|lc +10,
A: i:tc:cst i: couutc:s u, |c :c:cquisitc io: t|ci: ciicctivc usc, |ut
iuili:it, is lso :ccccc : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, o- c: cc:t oi
stucc:ts s, t|c, :c couio:t|lc o: vc:, couio:t|lc wit| usi:g couutc: to
w:itc c:, :c .. c: cc:t :c couio:t|lc o: vc:, couio:t|lc t|i:g tcst
o: couutc: ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,
ligu:c +- cou:cs cou:t:ics o: : i:ccx t|t suuu:iscs t|c v:ious qucstio:s
o: couio:t wit| :c c:ccivcc |ilit, to usc couutc:s I|c i:ccx is co:st:uctcc
wit| t|c vc:gc sco:c c:oss cou:t:ics sct t 0 :c t|c st:c:c ccvitio: sct t 1
.bt/ //c|c a|c
a/jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
.otr/|/c.
.ara bc/wccr //c
qcrac|
a|c alo .onjo|/ablc w///
.ont/c|
i1. c .cc. .| o1 ......1 o/.!., c o. .co..
100 0.0 000 0.0 100
l:qurc =.9
ouio:t wit| :c c:ccivcc |ilit, to usc couutc:s
united states
Meico
sveden
Beigium (Ii.j
Hungary
canada
Austraiia
Nev Zeaiand
Iatvia
Brazii
Russian Iederation
czech Repubiic
Denmark
Iiniand
Germany
Ireiand
Iuembourg
svitzeriand
Iiechtenstein
Norvay
BeIow
OECD average
Above
OECD average
11
;io: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx :c :cic:c:ccs to its co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g scc
A::cx A1, A ositivc vluc o: t|c i:ccx i:cictcs t|t stucc:ts i:cquc:tl, :co:t t|t
it is vc:, iuo:t:t to t|cu to wo:| wit| couutc:, t|t t|c, :c couio:t|lc wit|
usi:g couutc:, t|t t|c, :c couio:t|lc wit| usi:g couutc: to w:itc c:,
t|t t|c, :c couio:t|lc wit| t|i:g tcst o: couutc:, :c t|t t|c, :tc t|ci:
|ilit, to usc couutc: s |ig|c: t|: t|t oi ot|c: 1.,c:olcs ;I|lc +11,
tucc:ts wit| |ig|c: vlucs o: t|c i:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: couutc:s tc:c to
c:io:u |cttc: o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc I|is :cltio:s|i :cccs,
|owcvc:, to |c i:tc::ctcc wit| g:ct cutio: si:cc :ot o:l, i:io:utio: o:
t|c ci:cctio: oi t|is :cltio:s|i is |sc:t |ut t|c:c u, lso |c t|i:c icto:s
i: oc:tio:, suc| s t|t stucc:ts i: uo:c iiluc:t iuilics o: wit| uo:c
ccuctio:l :csou:ccs t |ouc o: t sc|ool lso |vc |cttc: cccss to couutc:s,
:c t|c:cio:c g:ctc: i:tc:cst i: t|cu
Io w|t cxtc:t is wo:|i:g wit| couutc: :cltcc to sc|ool : vc:gc
c:oss lD cou:t:ics, o0 c: cc:t oi 1.,c:olcs usc couutc: t |ouc
luost cvc:, c, o: t lcst icw tiucs c: wcc| |ut t|is ::gcs i:ou !1 c:
cc:t i: \cxico, +! :c +. c: cc:t i: lu:g:, :c t|c zcc| kcu|lic to
uo:c t|: 0 c: cc:t i: Aust:li, :c, :o:w, :c wccc: ;io: ct, scc
.oc..1c., I|c c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts w|o usc couutc: t sc|ool
luost cvc:, c, o: t lcst icw tiucs c: wcc| is uuc| lowc:, t !o c:
cc:t t t|c lD vc:gc lcvcl, wit| :oo:tio:s ::gi:g i:ou 1. c: cc:t
i: Gc:u:, to .. c: cc:t o: uo:c i: Dc:u:|, lu:g:, :c t|c D:itcc
li:gcou
: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, o:cqu:tc: oi stucc:ts usc couutc:
to cccss t|c l:tc::ct cvc:, c, :c :ot|c: qu:tc: t lcst icw tiucs cc|
wcc|
1o
I|c uost i:cquc:t usc oi t|c l:tc::ct is ucc i: :c :c wccc:,
w|c:c +o :c + c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :cscctivcl, usc couutc: to cccss
t|c l:tc::ct luost cvc:, c, A: vc:gc oi +! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts usc
couutc: io: clcct:o:ic couuu:ictio: luost cvc:, c, o: t lcst icw
tiucs c: wcc|, :c !0 c: cc:t usc o:c to lc:: sc|ool utc:il ;io: ct, scc
.oc..1c.,
Alt|oug| :og:css wit| i:co:o:ti:g couutc:s i:to tcc|i:g :c lc::i:g is
g:cul ;lclg:uu :c A:cc:so:, 1---,, t|c :csults oi llA !000 suggcst t|t
couutc:s :c l:cc, tool t|t ctu:cs t|c i:tc:cst oi 1.,c:olcs, :c t|t
u:, oi t|cu :c couio:t|lc wit| usi:g couutc:s io: cvc:,c, u:oscs
#ONCLUSIONS
liiclo:g lc::i:g is wcll:ccog:iscc :ccc io: i:civiculs t|t co:tcuo::,
ccuctio: olic, i:c:csi:gl, scc|s to cc:css I|c :ccc :iscs iuo:t:t
qucstio:s oi oo:tu:itics :c cccss |c,o:c io:ul ccuctio: |ut lso
iuo:t:t qucstio:s |out |ow to ccvclo t|c ccitics oi i:civiculs to
|c:ciit i:ou t|osc oo:tu:itics
1/c /r.o|o|a//or oj
.ont/c| /r/o /ca.//rq
ara lca|r/rq / a
q|aatal |o.c bt/ //cy
a|c al|caay a kcy /ool jo|
/oaay I5-yca|-ola
|r/c|c/ /r .ont/c| /
ao./a/ca w/// //q/c|
|caa/rq l//c|a.y bt/ //c
|cla//or// /
.onl/.a/ca
tc .ont/c| |cqtla|ly
a/ /onc ara ./ool.
.ara /r onc
.otr/|/c rca|ly /alj tc
//c |r/c|rc/ alno/ aa/ly
/tacr/ w/o lcavc ./ool
ablc /o c/ //c/| owr lca|r/rq
qoal ara w/// a crc //a/
//cy .ar a.//cvc //cn a|c
o/cr//al lca|rc| jo| l/jc.
11-
Dcvcloi:g t|c :ccisositio: oi stucc:ts to c:ggc wit| lc::i:g :c t|c
ccit, to co so ciicctivcl, is : iuo:t:t gol oi sc|ool ccuctio:, :c is
i:c:csi:gl, cxlicit i: :tio:l ccuctio: olicics, csccill, wit| : c,c to
iostc:i:g liiclo:g lc::i:g tucc:ts w|o lcvc sc|ool wit| t|c uto:ou, to sct
t|ci: ow: lc::i:g gols :c wit| sc:sc t|t t|c, c: :cc| t|osc gols :c
otc:til lc::c:s io: liic \otivtio: :c c:ggcuc:t c: lso iicct stucc:ts`
qulit, oi liic cu:i:g t|c colcscc:cc, :c c: i:iluc:cc w|ct|c: t|c, will
succcssiull, u:suc iu:t|c: ccuctio:l o: l|ou: u:|ct oo:tu:itics
I|c :csults oi llA s|ow t|t t|osc uost li|cl, to ucuo:isc i:io:utio: co :ot
lw,s c|icvc t|c |cst :csults, |ut t|osc w|o :occss o: cl|o:tc w|t t|c,
lc:: co wcll li:ll,, llA cocs :ot i:cictc t|t cooc:tivc lc::i:g is suc
:io: to couctitivc lc::i:g, o: ... ..o I|c cvicc:cc suggcsts, :t|c:, t|t
t|c two st:tcgics c: |c uscc i: coulcuc:t:, is|io: to :ouotc |ig|c:
c:io:u:cc i:cc t|c usc oi cooc:tivc lc::i:g i: :ticul: is closcl,
ccc:cc:t o: t|c w, i: w|ic| lc::i:g oo:tu:itics :c o:g:iscc i: sc|ools,
t|is co:clusio: is :clcv:t io: |ot| ccuctio: olic, :c ccuctio:l :cticc
Givc: t|c su|st:til i:vcstuc:t t|t ll cou:t:ics u|c i: ccuctio:, it is
u:stisicto:, t|t sig:iiic:t ui:o:it, oi stucc:ts i: ll cou:t:ics cisl, :cg
tivc ttituccs tow:cs lc::i:g :c lc| oi c:ggcuc:t wit| sc|ool, cvc: ii
t|is u, to souc cxtc:t |c cctc:ui:cc |, t|c gc oi t|c oultio: sscsscc
:ot o:l, co :cgtivc ttituccs sccu to |c ssocitcc wit| oo: stucc:t c:
io:u:cc, |ut stucc:ts w|o :c cisiicctcc wit| lc::i:g t sc|ool will lso |c
lcss li|cl, to c:ggc i: lc::i:g ctivitics, cit|c: i:sicc o: outsicc oi sc|ool, i:
ltc: liic
i cou:sc, t|c li:|s |ctwcc: ttituccs, uotivtio: :c c:io:u:cc :c
coulcx :c t|c :l,sis i: t|is c|tc: cocs :ot :ctc:c to |vc cst|lis|cc
cusl li:|s l:cccc, io: c:io:u:cc :c ttituccs, t|c :cltio:s|i u, wcll
|c :cci:ocl, stucc:ts li|i:g w|t t|c, co wcll t, :c coi:g wcll t w|t
t|c, li|c c|ools :c ccuctio: s,stcus :ccc to iu t |ot| c:io:u:cc :c
stisictio:, :c s|oulc :ot t|c t|c :is| oi cc:cssi:g o:c i: t|c |clici t|t t|c
ot|c: will iollow li |ot| :c c|icvcc, uo:c sccu:c iou:ctio: io: :ocuctivc
c:ggcuc:t wit| liiclo:g lc::i:g will |vc |cc: cst|lis|cc
.ara l|- o/r/ /o
onc oj //c lca|r/rq
/|a/cq/c //a/ .ar /cl
/tacr/ |ca./ //cc
qoal
/o|c rcca /o bc aorc /o
jo/c| o///vc
crqaqcncr/ by /tacr/
w/// lca|r/rq.
.o //a/ /|orq
c|jo|nar.c ara
a//ja.//or w/// ./ool
|c/rjo|.c orc aro//c|
1!0
.OTES
1 I|c !. cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i: t|c i:tc::tio:l otio: o: stucc:ts` :oc|cs to lc::i:g :c t|ci: |clicis i: t|ci: ow:
|ilitics i:cluccc !0 lD cou:t:ics I|c lD vc:gc :cic:s to t|csc cou:t:ics o:l, Dt io: lclgiuu :cic: to t|c
llcuis| ouuu:it, o:l,
! I|c sclc |c t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics cisg:cc, cisg:cc soucw|t, g:cc soucw|t :c g:cc
! l: ll cou:t:ics cxcct \cxico, t|c ciiic:c:cc i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: stucc:ts i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s oi
t|c i:tc:csti::cci:g i:ccx is sttisticll, sig:iiic:t lowcvc:, t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: succcssivc qu:tc:s is lcss clc:,
souc cou:t:ics cvc: s|owi:g :cvc:sls |ctwcc: succcssivc qu:tc:s
+ I|is is cstiutcc |, t|c u:st:c:ciscc :cg:cssio: cociiicic:t oi c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc o: t|c
llA i:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: :cci:g I|csc cociiicic:ts i:cictc t|c ciiic:c:cc i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc ssocitcc wit| o:c u:it
i:c:csc ;ic o:c st:c:c ccvitio:, o: t|c llA i:tc:csti::cci:g i:ccx l: ll cou:t:ics t|c :cltio:s|i is sttisticll,
sig:iiic:t : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c :cltio:s|i cxli:s 10 c: cc:t oi t|c ovc:ll v:itio: i: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc ;scc A::cx A!,
. I|is :c t|c :cui:i:g sclcs i: t|is scctio: |c t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics cisg:cc, cisg:cc soucw|t, g:cc soucw|t
:c g:cc
o l: ll cou:t:ics cxcct licc|tc:stci:, luxcu|ou:g, \cxico :c witzc:l:c t|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c
ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc |ctwcc: stucc:ts i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s oi t|c i:tc:csti:ut|cutics i:ccx is
sttisticll, sig:iiic:t lowcvc:, t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: succcssivc qu:tc:s is lcss clc:, souc cou:t:ics cvc: s|owi:g
:cvc:sls |ctwcc: succcssivc qu:tc:s
I|csc stucc:ts g:ccc o: st:o:gl, g:ccc wit| t|c sttcuc:t l :cc o:l, to gct t|c i:io:utio: l :ccc o: sclc wit| t|c
:cso:sc ctcgo:ics st:o:gl, cisg:cc, cisg:cc, g:cc :c st:o:gl, g:cc
I|c sclc |c t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics st:o:gl, cisg:cc, cisg:cc, g:cc :c st:o:gl, g:cc
- l: ll cou:t:ics, t|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc |ctwcc: stucc:ts o: t|c to
:c |ottou qu:tc:s oi t|c c:ggcuc:ti::cci:g i:ccx is sttisticll, sig:iiic:t lowcvc:, t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc:
succcssivc qu:tc:s is lcss clc:, souc cou:t:ics cvc: s|owi:g :cvc:sls |ctwcc: succcssivc qu:tc:s I|c u:st:c:ciscc
:cg:cssio: cociiicic:ts :c lso sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: ll cou:t:ics
10 I|c sclc |c t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics l co :ot :cc io: c:|o,uc:t, !0 ui:utcs o: lcss cc| c,, uo:c t|: !0 ui:utcs
to lcss t|: o0 ui:utcs cc| c,, 1 to ! |ou:s cc| c, :c uo:c t|: ! |ou:s cc| c,
11 I|c sclc |c t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics st:o:gl, cisg:cc, cisg:cc, g:cc :c st:o:gl, g:cc
1! I|c sclc |c t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics st:o:gl, cisg:cc, cisg:cc, g:cc :c st:o:gl, g:cc
1! : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c :cltio:s|i cxli:s +o c: cc:t oi t|c ovc:ll v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
1+ Diiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c two qu:tc:s i: lclgiuu ;llcuis| ouuu:it,,, t|c :ct|c:l:cs :c t|c D:itcc ttcs :c :ot
sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
1. I|c !0 cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i: t|c i:tc::tio:l otio: o: iuili:it, wit| couutc:s i:cluccc 1o lD cou:t:ics I|c
lD vc:gc :cic:s to t|csc cou:t:ics o:l,
1o I|c sclcs :cic::cc to i: t|is scctio: |c t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics luost cvc:, c,, icw tiucs cc| wcc|, |ctwcc:
o:cc wcc| :c o:cc uo:t|, lcss t|: o:cc uo:t| :c :cvc:
s
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kccog:isi:g t|c iuct t|t ccuctio: |s o: :ticitio: i: l|ou: u:|cts,
occutio:l uo|ilit, :c t|c qulit, oi liic, ll cou:t:ics cu|sisc t|c
iuo:t:cc oi :ccuci:g ccuctio:l cis:itics |ctwcc: uc: :c wouc:
ig:iiic:t :og:css |s |cc: c|icvcc i: :ccuci:g t|c gc:cc: g i: ccuctio:l
tti:uc:t You:gc: wouc: toc, :c i: uo:c li|cl, to |vc coulctcc tc:ti
:, quliiictio: t|: wouc: !0 ,c:s go i: 1 oi t|c !- lD cou:t:ics wit|
cou:|lc ct, uo:c t|: twicc s u:, wouc: gcc !. to !+ |vc coulctcc
tc:ti:, ccuctio: s wouc: gcc .. to o+ ,c:s lu:t|c:uo:c, u:ivc:sit,lcvcl
g:cutio: :tcs io: wouc: :ow cqul o: cxcccc t|osc io: uc: i: 1 oi t|c
!. lD cou:t:ics io: w|ic| cou:|lc ct :c vil|lc ;lD, !001,
:cvc:t|clcss, i: cc:ti: iiclcs oi stuc,, gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: tc:ti:, quliii
ctio:s :cui: c:sistc:tl, |ig| I|c :oo:tio: oi wouc: uo:g u:ivc:sit,
g:cutcs i: ut|cutics :c couutc: scic:cc is |clow !1 c: cc:t, o: vc:gc,
uo:g lD cou:t:ics l: Aust:i, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, lu:g:,, lccl:c, t|c
:ct|c:l:cs, :o:w, :c witzc:l:c, t|c :oo:tio: is |ctwcc: 1! :c 1- c:
cc:t I|oug| uuc| sullc: i: sclc, gc:cc: g i: u:ivc:sit,lcvcl g:cutio:
:tcs is lso cvicc:t i: t|c liic scic:ccs :c |,sicl scic:ccs ;lD, !001, l:
t|is co:tcxt, it is :otcwo:t|, t|t st i:tc::tio:l sscssuc:ts i:cictc t|t
:cltivcl, sull gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: ivou: oi ulcs i: ut|cutics :c scic:cc
c:io:u:cc i: t|c c:l, g:ccs |ccouc uo:c :o:ou:ccc :c c:vsivc i:
u:, cou:t:ics t |ig|c: g:cc lcvcls ;scc lox .1,
l: t|c st, co:cc:: |out gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs |s t|c:cio:c luost u:ivc:sll,
cc:csscc t|c u:cc:c|icvcuc:t oi iculcs lowcvc:, s iculcs |vc ii:st
closcc t|c g :c t|c: su:sscc ulcs i: u:, sccts oi ccuctio:, t|c:c
:c :ow u:, i:st:ccs i: w|ic| t|c:c is co:cc:: |out t|c u:cc:c|icvcuc:t
oi ulcs Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :ccc to :cccivc closc
ttc:tio: i:ou olic,u|c:s
I|is c|tc: co:cluccs t|c :oiilc oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc |cgu: i: t|c
:cccci:g c|tc:s |, cxui:i:g gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
i: t|c t|:cc litc:c, coui:s :c ccsc:i|i:g gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c i:tc:cst
s|ow: |, stucc:ts i: v:ious su||cct :cs, i: uotivtio: :c i: sclico:cct
I|c :cui:i:g c|tc:s oi t|is :co:t situtc stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc i: t|c
co:tcxt oi t|ci: |c|g:ou:cs :c t|c |:occ: lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t, loo| t t|c
|uu: :c ii::cil :csou:ccs t|t cou:t:ics i:vcst i: ccuctio: :c t sclcctcc
c|:ctc:istics oi :tio:l ccuctio: s,stcus, :c cxlo:c t|c :tu:c oi t|c
:cltio:s|i |ctwcc: sc|ool c:io:u:cc :c iuil, |c|g:ou:c
'ENDERDIFFERENCESINREADINGMATHEMATICALANDSCIENTIFICLITERACY
ligu:c .1 s|ows ciiic:c:ccs i: uc: c:io:u:cc i: t|c t|:cc llA sscssuc:t
coui:s I|c sclc uscc io: cou:i:g t|c c:io:u:cc oi ulcs :c iculcs
is t|c suc s t|t uscc i: |tc:s ! :c ! io: cou:i:g t|c c:io:u:cc
-ll .otr/|/c cck /o
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.ara /avc qcrc|ally
aorc o t..cjtlly /r
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a//a/rncr/.
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tr/vc|//y tbc./
|cnalc row c|jo|n o
wcll /r onc a|ca //a/
//c|c / q|ow/rq .or.c|r
abot/ //c
trac|a.//cvcncr/ oj
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Ccrac| a/jjc|cr.c cHAr1IR s
1!!
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PERFORMBETTER
o0 +0 !0 0 !0 +0 o0 +0 !0 0 !0 +0 o0 +0 !0 0 !0 +0
1 11 -30
-17
-4
-43
-40
-3B
-37
-37
-37
-3
-35
-34
-33
-32
-32
-30
-30
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-25
-25
-24
-20
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27
1
-3
11
-5
B
12
7
7
5
15
12
10
7
14
B
13
10
15
27
B
15
19
1B
11
27
0
-
-12
-7
-5
-9
1
-7
0
3
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-2
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7
-7
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-7
12
4
12
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l:qurc 5.!
Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
...... . ti:+ .o!. .c..
:c. ttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs :c u:|cc i: |lc| :c :cc
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc .1
Scientific Iiteracy scaIe MatnematicaI Iiteracy scaIe Combined reading Iiteracy scaIe
Korea
Iiniand
Norvay
Itaiy
Greece
roiand
Austraiia
canada
svitzeriand
Netheriands
united states
Austria
Denmark
spain
Brazii
Nev Zeaiand
Iceiand
czech Repubiic
sveden
Germany
Beigium
Hungary
]apan
Ireiand
Iuembourg
united Kingdom
rortugai
Meico
Irance
&EMALES
PERFORMBETTER
-ALES
PERFORMBETTER
-ALES
PERFORMBETTER
&EMALES
PERFORMBETTER
&EMALES
PERFORMBETTER
Iatvia
Russian Iederation
oi cou:t:ics : t|t sclc, |out twot|i:cs oi 1.,c:olcs i: t|c lD :c
wit|i: 100 oi:ts oi t|c uc: sco:c, :oug|l, .0 oi:ts sc:tc t|c cou:t:ics
wit| t|c iiit| |ig|cst :c t|c iiit| lowcst c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc, :c o:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl is cqul to |ust ovc: 0 oi:ts As i:
|tc:s ! :c !, it lso :cccs to |c t|c: i:to ccou:t t|t t|c uc: sco:c
ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: ulcs :c iculcs i: t|is c|tc: u, us| sig:iiic:t
v:itio: i: gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: ciiic:c:t ccuctio:l :og:uucs,
sc|ools o: t,cs oi stucc:ts
1!+
llA !000 s|ows ttc:: oi gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs t|t is ii:l, co:sistc:t c:oss
cou:t:ics i: cvc:, cou:t:,, o: vc:gc, iculcs :cc| |ig|c: lcvcls oi c:io:u
:cc i: :cci:g litc:c, t|: ulcs l: ut|cuticl litc:c,, t|c:c :c sttisti
cll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs i: |out |li t|c cou:t:ics, i: ll oi w|ic| ulcs
co |cttc: l: scic:tiiic litc:c,, t|c:c :c icwc: ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: ulcs :c
iculcs, :c t|c ttc:: oi t|c ciiic:c:ccs is :ot co:sistc:t Iwc:t,iou: lD
cou:t:ics s|ow :o sttisticll, sig:iiic:t gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: scic:cc c:io:u
:cc ;I|lc .1,
I|c |cttc: c:io:u:cc oi iculcs i: :cci:g is :ot o:l, u:ivc:sl |ut lso
l:gc : vc:gc it is !! oi:ts, luost |li oi o:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl, :c gc:
c:ll, g:ctc: t|: t|c t,icl ciiic:c:cc i: uc: sco:cs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics
I|c vc:gc g i: ut|cutics is :ou:c o:c t|i:c oi t|is vluc, 11 oi:ts
i: ivou: oi ulcs l: scic:cc, gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs vc:gc out c:oss cou:t:ics
;I|lc .1,
I|c sig:iiic:t cv:tgc oi iculcs i: :cci:g litc:c, i: ll cou:t:ics, :c
t|c cv:tgc oi ulcs i: ut|cuticl litc:c, i: u:, cou:t:ics, u, |c t|c
:csult oi t|c |:occ: socictl :c cultu:l co:tcxt o: oi ccuctio:l olicics :c
:cticcs W|tcvc: t|c cusc, t|c, suggcst t|t cou:t:ics :c |vi:g ciiic:i:g
succcss t cliui:ti:g gc:cc: gs, :c t|t iculcs t,icll, :cui: |cttc: t
:cci:g :c ulcs |cttc: t ut|cutics
lox .1 changes in gender dierences in mathematics and
science perormance as students get oider
l: 1--+-., t|c llA I|i:c l:tc::tio:l \t|cutics :c cic:cc tuc, ;Il\, :cvclcc
sttisticll, sig:iiic:t gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: ut|cutics uo:g +
t|
g:cc stucc:ts i: o:l, t|:cc out
oi t|c 1o :ticiti:g lD cou:t:ics ;:, lo:c :c t|c :ct|c:l:cs,, i: ivou: oi ulcs i:
ll cscs lowcvc:, t|c suc stuc, s|owcc sttisticll, sig:iiic:t gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: ut|cutics
t t|c
t|
g:cc lcvcl i: six oi t|c suc 1o lD cou:t:ics, ll i: ivou: oi ulcs A:c ii:ll,, i:
t|c lst ,c: oi uc: scco:c:, sc|ooli:g, gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: ut|cutics litc:c, c:io:u:cc
i: t|c Il\ sscssuc:t wc:c l:gc :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: ll :ticiti:g lD cou:t:ics,
cxcct lu:g:, :c t|c D:itcc ttcs ;gi:, ll i: ivou: oi ulcs, A siuil: :c cvc: uo:c
:o:ou:ccc ictu:c cuc:gcc i: scic:cc ;lcto: . o!, 1--o, \ullis . o!, 1--,
Alt|oug| t|c g:ous oi stucc:ts sscsscc t t|c two g:cc lcvcls wc:c :ot ucc u oi t|c suc
i:civiculs, t|c :csults suggcst t|t gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: ut|cutics :c scic:cc |ccouc uo:c
:o:ou:ccc :c c:vsivc i: u:, lD cou:t:ics t |ig|c: g:cc lcvcls
Dcsitc t|is gc:c:l tc:cc:c,, Il\ lso s|owcc t|t souc cou:t:ics wc:c u:gi:g to co:ti:
t|c g:owt| i: gc:cc: cis:itics t |ig|c: g:cc lcvcls ;lD, 1--o, lD, 1--,
|cnalc /avc //q/c|
lcvcl oj |caa/rq l//c|a.y
cvc|yw/c|c nalc /avc
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lowcvc:, t|c wicc v:itio: |ctwcc: cou:t:ics i: gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs ;i: :cci:g
litc:c,, i:ou !. oi:ts o: lcss i: Dc:u:|, lo:c, \cxico, lo:tugl :c i:
to |out twicc t|t uou:t i: li:l:c :c ltvi, :c i: ut|cuticl litc:c,
i:ou :ot sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs i: 1. lD cou:t:ics to ! oi:ts
i: Aust:i, l:zil :c lo:c, suggcsts t|t t|c cu::c:t ciiic:c:ccs :c :ot t|c
i:cvit|lc outcoucs oi ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: ,ou:g ulcs :c iculcs i: lc::i:g
st,lcs I|csc gs c: |c closcc
ouc cou:t:ics co c: to :ovicc lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t t|t |c:ciits
|ot| gc:cc:s cqull,, cit|c: s ci:cct :csult oi ccuctio:l ciio:ts o:
|ccusc oi uo:c ivou:|lc socictl co:tcxt l: :cci:g litc:c,, lo:c, :c
to lcssc: cxtc:t l:cl:c, : :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, c|icvc |ot| |ig|
uc: sco:cs :c liuitcc gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs l: ut|cuticl litc:c,, lclgiuu,
li:l:c, :, :cw Zcl:c :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou c|icvc |ot| |ig| uc:
c:io:u:cc :c sull gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs ;I|lc .1,
At t|c suc tiuc, souc oi t|c cou:t:ics wit| t|c l:gcst gc:cc: gs |vc |ig|
uc: c:io:u:ccs l: li:l:c, io: cxulc, it is :ot t|t ulcs co oo:l, i:
:cci:g litc:c, t|ci: sco:cs :c wcll |ovc t|c vc:gc io: ll stucc:ts i: llA
:c t|c:c is :o ot|c: cou:t:, w|c:c ulcs co |cttc: |ut :t|c: t|t iculcs
sco:c cxcctio:ll, wcll 1 oi:ts |cc oi t|c cou:t:, wit| t|c :cxt |ig|cst
sco:i:g iculcs, :cw Zcl:c
Diiic:c:ccs i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: ulcs :c iculcs tc:c to |c
l:gc: o: t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc, t|t is, o: ts|s :cqui:i:g c:iticl
cvlutio: :c t|c :clti:g oi tcxt to c:so:l cxc:ic:cc, |:owlccgc :c
iccs : vc:gc, gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs :c +. oi:ts o: t|c :cilcctio: :c
cvlutio: sclc i: ivou: oi iculcs, cou:cc wit| !- oi:ts o: t|c i:tc:
:cttio: sclc :c !+ oi:ts o: t|c :ct:icvi:g i:io:utio: sclc ;I|lc .1|,
l: li:l:c, t|c cou:t:, wit| t|c g:ctcst gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs, iculcs |vc :
cxcctio:ll, |ig| uc: o: t|c :cilcctio: :c cvlutio: sclc, .o+ oi:ts,
w|ilc ulcs sco:c o:l, t t|c lD vc:gc, .01 oi:ts I|csc ii:ci:gs u,
|c ssocitcc wit| t|c t,cs oi :cci:g utc:il to w|ic| ,ou:g uc: :c
wouc: :c cxoscc o: w|ic| t|c, tc:c to ivou: ;scc |clow,
lutu:c llA su:vc,s will llow io: sscssuc:t oi t|c cxtc:t to w|ic|
gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc c|:gc ovc: tiuc l: t|c uc:tiuc,
cou:iso: oi gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c l:tc::tio:l Acult litc:c,
u:vc, ;lAl, |ctwcc: ciiic:c:t gc g:ous suggcsts t|t wouc: |vc
|cc: ulli:g |cc Auo:g .o to o+,c:olcs, s : illust:tio:, uc: out
c:io:ucc wouc: o: t|c lAl cocuuc:t sclc i: 1 out oi !1 cou:t:ics
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o+,c:olcs i: t|c u|o:it, oi cou:t:ics |ut wouc: |c t|c cv:tgc i:
ll |ut two lAl cou:t:ics uo:g 1o to !.,c:olcs ;lD :c ttistics
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kussi: lccc:tio:, :c ulcs c:io:ui:g |cttc: i: Aust:i, Dc:u:| :c lo:c l:
t|c :cui:i:g cou:t:ics, t|c ciiic:c:ccs :c :ot sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ;I|lc .1,
I|csc :csults :c quitc ciiic:c:t i:ou t|osc oi t|c llA I|i:c l:tc::tio:l \t|cutics
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t|
g:cc stucc:ts wc:c uuc| l:gc:, luost lw,s ivou:i:g ulcs
I|c ciiic:c:ccs i: :csults |ctwcc: llA :c Il\ u, |c cxli:cc i: :t |,
t|c ict t|t t|c llA sscssuc:t oi scic:tiiic litc:c, lccc g:ctc: cu|sis
t|: Il\ o: liic scic:ccs I|is ws : :c i: w|ic| iculcs tc:ccc to c:io:u
wcll lso i: Il\, w|ic| lccc g:ctc: cu|sis t|: llA o: |,sics, i: w|ic|
ulcs gc:c:ll, tc:c to c:io:u wcll l: ccitio:, llA lccc g:ctc: cu|sis o:
scic:tiiic :occsscs :c t|c lictio: oi |:owlccgc li:ll,, t|c ict t|t llA |c
|ig|c: :oo:tio: oi oc:c:ccc :c co:tcxtuliscc itcus, i: w|ic| iculcs tc:c
to co |cttc:, :t|c: t|: uultilcc|oicc itcus i: w|ic| ulcs tc:c to co |cttc:,
u, lso |vc co:t:i|utcc to t|c |ig|c: c:io:u:cc |, iculcs
l: ll cou:t:ics, gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs tc:c to |c siuil: i: t|c t|:cc co:tc:t :cs oi
:cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,, suggcsti:g t|t t|c:c :c u:cc:l,i:g
ictu:cs oi ccuctio: s,stcus :co: socictics :c cultu:cs t|t iicct gc:cc:
ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc t|:oug|out sc|ool c:cc:s :o:ct|clcss, souc iuo:t:t
ciiic:c:ccs co cxist li:l:c, io: cxulc, s|ows t|c |ig|cst gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs o:
t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;.1 oi:ts i: ivou: oi iculcs, w|ilc its gc:cc:
ciiic:c:ccs o: t|c ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclcs :c sull o:vc:scl,,
lo:c s|ows t|c lowcst gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: :cci:g litc:c, ;1+ oi:ts i: ivou:
oi iculcs, w|ilc gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: ut|cuticl litc:c, ;! oi:ts i: ivou: oi
ulcs, :c scic:tiiic litc:c, ;1- oi:ts i: ivou: oi ulcs, :c uo:g t|c l:gcst i:
t|c lD uc| v:itio: c:oss t|c coui:s suggcsts t|t t|csc ciiic:c:ccs :c t|c
:csult oi stucc:ts` lc::i:g cxc:ic:ccs :c t|us uc:|lc to c|:gcs i: olic,
I|c l:gc gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs uo:g t|c stucc:ts wit| t|c lowcst lcvcls oi
c:io:u:cc is oi co:cc:: to olic,u|c:s ;ligu:c .!, l: ll lD cou:t:ics,
ulcs :c uo:c li|cl, t|: iculcs to |c uo:g t|c lowcstc:io:ui:g stucc:ts,
.., to c:io:u t lcvcl 1 :c |clow o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, wit|
t|c :tio oi ulcs to iculcs t t|is lcvcl ::gi:g i:ou 1! to !. i: lD cou:
t:ics l: :c, li:l:c, : :c lo:c, o c: cc:t o: lcss oi iculcs c:io:u t
lcvcl 1 o: |clow, cou:cc wit| |ctwcc: :c 1+ c: cc:t oi ulcs ;I|lc .!,
lvc: i: t|c cou:t:, wit| t|c |cst c:io:u:cc, li:l:c, o:l, ! c: cc:t oi iculcs
:c t lcvcl 1 o: |clow, cou:cc wit| 11 c: cc:t oi ulcs
: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, ulcs tc:c to c:io:u |cttc: t|:
iculcs, ovc:ll lowcvc:, uuc| oi t|is ciiic:c:cc is tt:i|ut|lc to l:gc:
ciiic:c:ccs i: ivou: oi ulcs uo:g t|c |cttc: stucc:ts, :ot :cltivc |sc:cc
|cnalc a|c lc ja|
bc//ra nalc /r
na//cna//. ara ./cr.c
//ar wa //c .ac /r
1|/.
.w//./ nay bc bc.atc
oj l|- cn/a/ or
al/.a//or ara
a/jjc|cr.c /r
tbc./-na//c| jo.t
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qcrac| a/jjc|cr.c va|y
bc/wccr tbc./
tqqc//rq //a/
a/jjc|cr.c nay |ctl/
j|on lca|r/rq
cxc|/cr.c
|r all .otr/|/c no|c
nalc //ar jcnalc a|c
anorq //c wcakc/
|caac|.
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oi ulcs uo:g t|c oo:c: c:io:uc:s Auo:g stucc:ts w|o c:io:u t lcst
100 oi:ts |clow t|c i:tc::tio:l vc:gc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc
;.., t|osc stucc:ts t,icll, |lc to coulctc o:l, si:glc :occssi:g stc
co:sisti:g oi :c:ocuci:g |sic ut|cuticl icts o: :occsscs o: l,i:g
siulc couuttio:l s|ills,, t|c :oo:tio: oi iculcs :c ulcs is :oug|l,
cqul ;I|lc .!|, l, co:t:st, i: 1. oi t|c :ticiti:g lD cou:t:ics
uc: :c uo:c li|cl, to |c uo:g t|c |cstc:io:ui:g stucc:ts, sco:i:g uo:c
t|: o:c st:c:c ccvitio: |ovc t|c lD vc:gc, w|ilc i: :o cou:t:, is
t|c :cvc:sc t|c csc
I|csc ii:ci:gs suggcst t|t t|c u:cc:c|icvcuc:t oi ,ou:g uc: is sig:iiic:t
c|llc:gc io: ccuctio: olic, t|t will :ccc :ticul: ttc:tio: ii t|c gc:cc:
g is to |c closcc :c t|c :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts t t|c lowcst lcvcls oi
:oiicic:c, is to |c :ccuccc
:c icto: co:t:i|uti:g to gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs u, |c sclcctio: :c sclisclcctio:
:cticcs i: ciiic:c:titcc ccuctio: s,stcus Wit| t|c cxcctio: oi lo:c, gi:ls
:c ovc::c:csc:tcc i: t|c uo:c ccu:ci:g uc: scco:c:, :og:uucs
:c:i:g io: c:t:, to u:ivc:sit,
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: vc:gc c:oss t|c 1o cou:t:ics
wit| t:c|cc ccuctio: s,stcus t|t :co:t stucc:t :ticitio: |, t,c oi
lculcs \lcs
100
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l:qurc 5.2
l:oo:tio:s oi ulcs :c iculcs uo:g t|c lowcst c:io:uc:s o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
t....o. c o!. o1 .o!. o c. /.!c t..! :
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc .!
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.ara /r na//cna//.al
l//c|a.y nalc avc|aqc
aavar/aqc / /cav/ly
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nalc ao/rq vc|y wcll
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anorq I5-yca|-ola
nalc / //c|cjo|c ar
/no|/ar/ .or.c|r
clc.//or ara
clj-clc.//or |a.//.c /r
a/jjc|cr//a/ca cat.a//or
y/cn nay .or/|/bt/c
/o qcrac| a/jjc|cr.c
1!
:og:uuc, t|c :oo:tio: oi gi:ls i: :og:uucs o:ic:tcc tow:cs u:ivc:
sit,lcvcl ccuctio: is c:cc:tgc oi:ts |ig|c: t|: t|t oi |o,s :c i: lol:c
it is uo:c t|: !0 c:cc:tgc oi:ts |ig|c: ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,
Auo:g t|osc c::ollcc i: :og:uucs :c:i:g io: c:t:, to u:ivc:sit,, gc:cc:
ciiic:c:ccs i: :cci:g litc:c, tc:c to |c sullc: ;i: ivou: oi iculcs, w|ilc
t|c, tc:c to |c twicc s l:gc, o: vc:gc, i: ut|cuticl litc:c, ;i: ivou: oi
ulcs, w|c: cou:cc wit| t|c ovc:ll oultio: oi 1.,c:olc stucc:ts
'ENDERDIFFERENCESINSUBJECTINTEREST
ligu:c .! cou:cs stucc:ts` i:tc:cst i: :cci:g ;|o:izo:tl xis, wit| c:
io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;vc:ticl xis, I|c i:ccx oi
i:tc:cst i: :cci:g is ccsc:i|cc i: |tc: + lc| cou:t:, is :c:csc:tcc |, two
s,u|ols i: t|is cig:u t|c s,u|ols i: g:c, s|ow t|c uc: i:ccx oi i:tc:cst i:
:cci:g io: ulcs :c t|ci: uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc I|c co::cso:ci:g cou:t:, ositio:s io: iculcs :c s|ow: i: :cc I|c
to oi t|c vc:ticl xis :c:csc:ts |ig| vc:gc c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c,
I|c :ig|t|:c c:c oi t|c |o:izo:tl xis i:cictcs t|t, o: vc:gc, stucc:ts
uo:c i:cquc:tl, :co:t t|t t|c, oitc: :cc i: t|ci: s:c tiuc, t|t :cci:g
is iuo:t:t to t|cu c:so:ll,, t|t t|c, woulc :ot w:t to givc u :cci:g
|ccusc it is iu:, :c t|t t|c, souctiucs |ccouc totll, |so:|cc i: :cci:g
\lcs lculcs
0o 0+ 0! 0 0! 0+ 0o
o00
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l:qurc 5.3|
kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: i:tc:cst i: :cci:g :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc io: ulcs :c iculcs
lo: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx, scc A::cx A1
lc:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc
l:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: :cci:g
Low interest in reading Hign interest in reading
/alc ara jcnalc alo
a/jjc| /r //c/| /r/c|c/ /r
a/jjc|cr/ tbc./
aona/r
1!-
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t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc
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i: :cci:g t|: ulcs, w|ilc t|c :cvc:sc is t|c csc i: ut|cutics Gc:cc:
ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g :c ut|cuticl litc:c, :c t|us closcl,
ui::o:cc i: stucc:t i:tc:cst i: t|c :cscctivc su||cct :cs I|is ovc:ll :cltio:
s|i c: |c sic to |olc t:uc i: ll cou:t:ics ;I|lcs +1 :c +!, i: t|c csc oi
:cci:g, :c i: t|c u|o:it, oi cou:t:ics i: t|t oi ut|cutics, lo:tugl |ci:g
t|c o:l, cou:t:, w|c:c iculcs :co:t |ig|c: lcvcl oi i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics
t|: ulcs
I|c cusl :tu:c oi t|is :cltio:s|i c::ot |c co:cluccc i:ou t|csc ct :c
u, wcll |c coulcx i: t|t i:tc:cst :c c:io:u:cc :o||l, :ci:io:cc o:c
:ot|c: :o:ct|clcss, t|c ict t|t su||cct i:tc:cst ciiic:s co:sistc:tl, |ctwcc:
t|c gc:cc:s :c t|t it is so closcl, i:tc::cltcc wit| lc::i:g outcoucs i: t|c
:cscctivc coui:s is, i: itscli, oi :clcv:cc io: olic, ccvclouc:t lt :cvcls
i:cqulitics |ctwcc: t|c gc:cc:s i: t|c ciicctivc:css wit| w|ic| sc|ools :c
socictics :ouotc uotivtio: :c i:tc:cst i: t|c ciiic:c:t su||cct :cs I|c
ii:ci:gs lso oi:t to t|c otc:til co:scquc:ccs oi t|csc i:cqulitics i: tc:us
oi ccuctio:l outcoucs
Ccrac| a/jjc|cr.c /r
tbc./-na//c| /r/c|c/
.locly n/||o| //oc /r
c|jo|nar.c.
.tqqc//rq //a/
./ool ara o./c//c ao
ro/ no//va/c nalc ara
jcnalc ctally
0o 0+ 0! 0 0! 0+ 0o
o00
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l:qurc 5.3
kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c
ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc io: ulcs :c iculcs
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc +!
lc:io:u:cc o: t|c
ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc
l:ccx oi i:tc:cst i: ut|cutics
Low interest in matnematics Hign interest in matnematics
1!0
'ENDERDIFFERENCESINENGAGEMENTINREADING
Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: ivou: oi iculcs :c lso :cilcctcc i: t|c |:occ: c:ggc
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|oo|s, :c visit |oo|sto:cs :c li|::ics, :c o: t|c gc:c:l iuo:t:cc w|ic|
t|c, ttc| to :cci:g
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lu:t|c:uo:c, . c: cc:t oi ulcs ;s gi:st !! c: cc:t oi iculcs, :co:t
|cnalc a|c no|c .locly
crqaqca /r |caa/rq.
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|caa orly /j //cy /avc
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100 . .0 !. 0
l:qurc 5.=
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l Iike taIking about

books witn otner peopIe
Reading is one of my
favourite nobbies
l find it nard to
finisn books
l feeI nappy if l receive
a book as a present
For me, reading is a
waste of time
l enjoy going to a
bookstore or Iibrary
l read onIy to get
information tnat l need
l cannot sit stiII and read
for more tnan a few minutes
l read onIy if l nave to
19 ]0.2) 30 ]0.2)
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:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc .!
1!!
li:ll,, 1.,c:olc ulcs :c iculcs ciiic: :ot o:l, wit| :cg:c to t|ci:
c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g, |ut lso i: t|c utc:ils t|t t|c, :cc volu:t:il,
;ligu:c .o, l: gc:c:l, iculcs :c uo:c li|cl, to :cc uo:c ccu:ci:g tcxts
;io: ct o: i:civicul cou:t:ics, scc .oc..1c.,
: vc:gc c:oss cou:t:ics, iculcs :c uo:c li|cl, t|: ulcs to :cc iictio:
;! c: cc:t oi iculcs scvc:l tiucs c: uo:t| o: scvc:l tiucs c: wcc|
cou:cc wit| 1- c: cc:t oi ulcs, \lcs :c uo:c li|cl, t|: iculcs to
:cc :cwsc:s ;o c: cc:t oi ulcs scvc:l tiucs c: uo:t| o: c: wcc|
cou:cc wit| o0 c: cc:t oi iculcs,, couic |oo|s ;!. c: cc:t oi ulcs
scvc:l tiucs c: uo:t| o: c: wcc|, cou:cc wit| !+ c: cc:t oi iculcs,
:c cuils :c Wc| gcs ;.0 c: cc:t oi ulcs scvc:l tiucs c: uo:t| o:
c: wcc|, :c +0 c: cc:t oi iculcs, lo: ct o: i:civicul cou:t:ics, scc
.oc..1c.
lculcs :c ulcs :c, o: vc:gc c:oss cou:t:ics, cqull, li|cl, to :cc ugzi:cs
;:ou:c twot|i:cs oi |ot| iculcs :c ulcs scvc:l tiucs c: wcc|, :c :o:iictio:
;1- c: cc:t oi |ot| iculcs :c ulcs scvc:l tiucs c: uo:t| o: c: wcc|,
100 . .0 !. 0
l:qurc 5.c
Gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: c:ggcuc:t i: :cci:g civc:sit, oi :cci:g utc:ils
.../o.c c .o ....o. c o!. o1 .o!. |c ..c. ..o1. |. c!!c. o...o! ...o! .. o c|
c. ...o! .. .. ..|
Newspapers
E-maiIs and Web pages
Non-fiction books
Fiction
]noveIs, narratives, stories)
Comic books
Magazines
ou:t:, uc:
c:cc:tgc oi ulcs
ou:t:, uc:
c:cc:tgc oi iculcs
lD vc:gc c:cc:tgc
oi ulcs ;st:c:c c::o:,
lD vc:gc c:cc:tgc oi
iculcs ;st:c:c c::o:,
0 ]0.3) B ]0.2)
40 ]0.3) 50 ]0.2)
19 ]0.2)
19 ]0.2)
19 ]0.2) 37 ]0.2)
24 ]0.2) 35 ]0.2)
4 ]0.3) 70 ]0.2)
/alc ara jcnalc alo
l/kc |caa/rq a/jjc|cr/
///rq.
.w/// jcnalc |caa/rq
no|c j/.//or ara nalc
no|c rcwac|
.on/. c-na/l ara Icb
aqc
1!!
'ENDERDIFFERENCESINLEARNINGSTRATEGIESANDSELFCONCEPT
|tc: + :oviccs :oiilc oi t|c stucc:t lc::i:g st:tcgics :co:tcc |,
stucc:ts i: llA !000 lt is :otcwo:t|, t|t t|c st:tcgics :co:tcc |, stucc:ts
ciiic: co:sistc:tl, |ctwcc: ulcs :c iculcs
l: t|c u|o:it, oi cou:t:ics, 1.,c:olc iculcs :co:t cu|sisi:g
ucuo:istio: st:tcgics uo:c t|: ulcs, o:l, t|:cc cou:t:ics s|owi:g
sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:cc i: t|c ot|c: ci:cctio: ;I|lc +o, o:vc:scl,,
ulcs :co:t usi:g cl|o:tio: st:tcgics uo:c oitc: t|: iculcs, t|c:c |ci:g
o:l, o:c cou:t:, i: w|ic| sttisticll, sig:iiic:t :oo:tio: oi iculcs :co:t
uo:c i:cquc:t usc oi cl|o:tio: st:tcgics ;I|lc +,
lowcvc:, i: luost ll cou:t:ics wit| sttisticll, sig:iiic:t gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs,
iculcs :co:t usi:g co:t:ol st:tcgics uo:c oitc: t|: ulcs ;I|lc +., I|is
suggcsts t|t iculcs :c uo:c li|cl, to cot sclicvluti:g c:scctivc cu:i:g
t|c lc::i:g :occss t|oug|, i: uost cou:t:ics, t|c, coulc |c:ciit i:ou t:i:i:g i:
t|c usc oi cl|o:tio: st:tcgics \lcs, o: t|c ot|c: |:c, coulc |c:ciit i:ou uo:c
gc:c:l ssist:cc i: l::i:g, o:g:isi:g :c st:uctu:i:g lc::i:g ctivitics
li:ll,, t|c:c is |u:c:t cvicc:cc t|t i:civiculs` |clicis |out t|cusclvcs
:c st:o:gl, :cltcc to succcssiul lc::i:g ucccssiul lc::c:s :c co:iicc:t oi
t|ci: |ilitics :c |clicvc t|t i:vcstuc:t i: lc::i:g c: u|c ciiic:c:cc l,
co:t:st, stucc:ts w|o lc| co:iicc:cc i: t|ci: |ilit, to lc:: w|t t|c, |ucgc
to |c iuo:t:t :c cxoscc to iilu:c, :ot o:l, t sc|ool, |ut lso i: t|ci: cult
livcs lo: t|is :cso:, llA !000 cxui:cc stucc:ts` sclico:cct i: :cci:g
:c ut|cutics I|is is s|ow: i: two i:ciccs t|t suuu:isc stucc:t :cso:scs
to sc:ics oi :cltcc qucstio:s o: sclico:cct w|ic|, i: tu::, wc:c sclcctcc
i:ou co:st:ucts uscc i: :cvious :csc:c| ;scc lso A::cx A1, I|c sclc uscc
i: t|c i:ciccs lccs twot|i:cs oi t|c lD stucc:t oultio: |ctwcc: t|c
vlucs oi 1 :c 1, wit| : vc:gc sco:c oi zc:o
ligu:c . s|ows t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: sclico:cct i: :cci:g :c c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc Dots :c:csc:t t|c vc:gc ositio: oi
ulcs :c iculcs i: :ticiti:g cou:t:ics l: ll cou:t:ics cxcct lo:c, iculcs
sttc uo:c i:cquc:tl, t|t t|c, :cccivc gooc u:|s i: l:gugc:cltcc su||ccts
:c t|t t|c, lc:: t|i:gs quic|l, I|c ciiic:c:ccs :c csccill, :o:ou:ccc
i: li:l:c, Gc:u:,, ltl, :c t|c D:itcc ttcs ;I|lc .+, l: ut|cutics
;ligu:c .|,, ulcs tc:c to cx:css |ig|c: sclico:cct t|: iculcs, :ticul:l,
i: Gc:u:,, :o:w, :c witzc:l:c ;I|lc .+|, I|csc gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs |vc
closc :cltio:s|i wit| gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g :c
ut|cutics clico:cct is ositivcl, :cltcc to stucc:t c:io:u:cc, uo:c so i:
ut|cutics t|: i: :cci:g
\:, oi t|csc issucs will :ccc to |c iu:t|c: cxlo:cc, :c t|is will |c su||cct
oi t|cutic :co:t t|t is cu::c:tl, |ci:g :c:cc lowcvc:, it is l:cc,
clc: t|t gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :ccc to |c :cvicwcc :c
lca|r/rq /|a/cq/c alo
a/jjc| by qcrac|.
w/// jcnalc
cn/a//rq
ncno|/a//or ara nalc
clabo|a//or /|a/cq/c
|cnalc a|c no|c l/kcly
/o cvalta/c //c/| owr
lca|r/rq
/o|c .orj/acr/ /tacr/
/cra /o ao bc//c|.
.ara //c
clj-.orj/acr.c oj nalc
ara jcnalc /r |caa/rq
ara na//cna//.
.o||cora /o //c/|
c|jo|nar.c.
. |a//rq /tc jo|
jt|//c| araly/
1!+
0 0+ 0 0+ 0
o00
..0
.00
+.0
+00
!.0
l:qurc 5.?|
kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: sclico:cct i: :cci:g :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc io: ulcs :c iculcs
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc .+
:cci:g litc:c, sclc
l:ccx oi sclico:cct i: :cci:g
Low seIf-concept in reading Hign seIf-concept in reading
\lcs lculcs
0 0+ 0 0+ 0
o00
..0
.00
+.0
+00
!.0
l:qurc 5.?
kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: sclico:cct i: ut|cutics :c c:io:u:cc o: t|c
ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc io: ulcs :c iculcs
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc .+|
lc:io:u:cc o: t|c
ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc
l:ccx oi sclico:cct i: ut|cutics
Low seIf-concept in matnematics Hign seIf-concept in matnematics
\lcs lculcs
1!.
:l,scc i: closc :cltio:s|i wit| t|c ||its, ttituccs :c sclico:ccts oi
,ou:g ulcs :c iculcs
#ONCLUSIONS
lolic,u|c:s |vc givc: co:sicc:|lc :io:it, to issucs oi gc:cc: cqulit,,
wit| :ticul: ttc:tio: |ci:g ic to t|c ciscv:tgcs iccc |, iculcs I|c
:csults oi llA oi:t to succcssiul ciio:ts i: u:, cou:t:ics |ut lso to g:ow
i:g :o|lcu io: ulcs, :ticul:l, i: :cci:g litc:c, :c t t|c lowc: til oi
t|c c:io:u:cc cist:i|utio: l: ut|cutics, iculcs :cui: t ciscv:tgc
i: u:, cou:t:ics, o: vc:gc, |ut t|c cv:tgc oi ulcs, i: t|osc cou:t:ics
w|c:c t|is c:sists, is ui:l, cuc to |ig| lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc oi cou:
tivcl, sull :uu|c: oi ulcs
At t|c suc tiuc, t|c:c is sig:iiic:t v:itio: |ctwcc: cou:t:ics i: t|c sizc oi
gc:cc: ciiic:c:ccs I|c cvicc:cc i:ou t|osc cou:t:ics w|c:c iculcs :c :o
lo:gc: t ciscv:tgc is t|t ciicctivc olicics :c :cticcs c: ovc:couc
w|t wc:c lo:g t|c: to |c t|c i:cvit|lc outcoucs oi ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc:
ulcs :c iculcs i: lc::i:g st,lc :c, cvc:, i: u:cc:l,i:g ccitics l:cccc,
t|c :csults oi llA !000 u|c clc: t|t souc cou:t:ics :ovicc lc::i:g c:vi
:o:uc:t o: |:occ: co:tcxt t|t |c:ciits |ot| gc:cc:s cqull, I|c c:cu:i:g
ciiic:c:ccs i: ot|c: cou:t:ics, :c t|c wiccs:cc ciscv:tgc :ow iccc |,
,ou:g ulcs i: :cci:g litc:c,, :cqui:c sc:ious olic, ttc:tio:
I|c :l,sis lso :cvcls i:cqulitics |ctwcc: t|c gc:cc:s i: t|c ciicctivc:css
wit| w|ic| sc|ools :c socictics :ouotc uotivtio: :c i:tc:cst i: ciiic:c:t
su||cct :cs I|c closc i:tc::cltio:s|i |ctwcc: su||cct i:tc:cst :c lc::i:g
outcoucs lso suggcsts t|t t|c ciiic:i:g ||its :c i:tc:csts oi ,ou:g iculcs
:c ulcs |vc i::cc|i:g co:scquc:ccs io: lc::i:g, :c t|t ccuctio:
olic, :cccs to cc:css t|csc
lcuctio: s,stcus |vc ucc sig:iiic:t st:iccs tow:cs closi:g t|c gc:cc: g i:
ccuctio:l tti:uc:t i: :ccc:t cccccs ;lD, !001,, |ut uuc| :cui:s to
|c co:c At gc 1., u:, stucc:ts :c |out to icc t|c t::sitio: i:ou ccuc
tio: to wo:| I|ci: c:io:u:cc t sc|ool, :c t|ci: uotivtio: :c ttituccs
i: ciiic:c:t su||cct :cs, c: |vc sig:iiic:t i:iluc:cc o: t|ci: iu:t|c: ccuc
tio:l :c occutio:l t|w,s I|csc, i: tu::, will |vc : iuct :ot o:l, o:
i:civicul c:cc: :c sl:, :osccts, |ut lso o: t|c |:occ: ciicctivc:css wit|
w|ic| |uu: citl is ccvclocc :c utiliscc i: lD cco:ouics :c socictics
lu:ovi:g t|c lcvcl oi c:ggcuc:t oi ulcs i: :cci:g ctivitics, :c stiuulti:g
i:tc:cst :c sclico:cct uo:g iculcs i: ut|cutics, :ccc to |c u|o: olic,
o||cctivcs ii g:ctc: gc:cc: cqulit, i: ccuctio:l outcoucs is to |c c|icvcc
I//lc onc
a/aavar/aqc |cna/r jo|
jcnalc nalc
trac|c|jo|nar.c / a
q|ow/rq |oblcn.
.//otq/ onc
.otr/|/c /avc
acnor/|a/ca //a/
qcrac| a/jjc|cr.c .ar bc
t..cjtlly aaa|cca
Ccrac| /rctal///c
|cna/r /r //c |ono//or
oj no//va//or ara
/r/c|c/ /r a/jjc|cr/
tbc./
|n|ov/rq nalc
crqaqcncr/ /r |caa/rq
ara jcnalc /r/c|c/ ara
clj-.or.c/ /r
na//cna//. |cna/r
ccr//al /r o|ac| /o
crt|c //a/ all /tacr/
|cal/c //c/| o/cr//al
.OTE
1 I|csc :c :og:uucs clssiiicc t lcvcl !A i: t|c l:tc::tio:l t:c:c lssiiictio: oi lcuctio: ;llD,
6
Chapter
FAMILY BACKGROUND AND
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
cHAr1IR o |an/ly ba.kq|otra ara /tacr/ c|jo|nar.c
1!
)NTRODUCTION
tucc:ts couc i:ou v:ict, oi iuil,, sociocco:ouic :c cultu:l
|c|g:ou:cs As :csult, sc|ools :ccc to :ovicc :o:itc :c cquit|lc
oo:tu:itics io: vc:, civc:sc stucc:t |oc, I|c lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t c:
|c c:|:ccc |, t|c v:ict, oi stucc:ts` |c|g:ou:cs :c i:tc:csts lowcvc:,
|ctc:ogc:cous lcvcls oi |ilit, :c ciiic:c:ccs i: sc|ool :c:cc:css i:c:csc
t|c c|llc:gcs t|t sc|ools icc i: uccti:g t|c :cccs oi stucc:ts i:ou wiccl,
v:,i:g sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs
lcc:tii,i:g t|c c|:ctc:istics oi t|c stucc:ts uost li|cl, to c:io:u oo:l, c:
|cl ccucto:s :c olic,u|c:s to loctc :cs :cqui:i:g ctio: iuil:l,,
icc:tii,i:g t|c c|:ctc:istics oi stucc:ts w|o u, ilou:is| cccuicll, c:
ssist olic,u|c:s to :ouotc |ig| lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc li it c: |c s|ow:
t|t souc cou:t:ics ii:c it csic: t|: ot|c:s to ccouuoctc |ot| g:ous, t|is
woulc suggcst t|t it is icsi|lc to iostc: |ot| cquit, :c qulit,
I|is c|tc: cxui:cs t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc i:
:cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, :c v:ious sccts oi t|ci: |ouc
|c|g:ou:cs, suc| s t|ci: :c:ts` lcvcls oi ccuctio: :c occutio:s, t|ci:
cxosu:c to v:ious lcvcls oi cultu:l :c cco:ouic citl, t|ci: cou:t:, oi
|i:t|, :c t|c l:gugc t|t t|c, sc| t |ouc ;scc lox o1,
./ool rcca /o .a/c|
jo| .//la|cr j|on all
ba.kq|otra.
.ara look/rq a/ l/rk
bc/wccr ba.kq|otra ara
c|jo|nar.c .ar /cl
//cn /o ao o no|c
cjjc.//vcly
lox o1 Interpreting the rIsA indices
I|c llA !000 i:ciccs :c |scc o: stucc:ts` :c sc|ool :i:cils` ccou:ts oi t|c lc::i:g
c:vi:o:uc:t :c o:g:istio: oi sc|ools, :c oi t|c socil :c cco:ouic co:tcxts i: w|ic| lc::i:g
t|cs lcc I|c i:ciccs :cl, o: scli:co:ts :t|c: t|: o: cxtc::l o|sc:vtio:s :c u, |c
i:iluc:ccc |, c:osscultu:l ciiic:c:ccs i: :cso:sc |c|viou: o: t|c socil ccsi:|ilit, oi cc:ti:
:cso:scs
cvc:l oi t|c i:ciccs suuu:isc t|c :cso:scs oi stucc:ts o: sc|ool :i:cils to sc:ics oi
:cltcc qucstio:s I|c qucstio:s wc:c sclcctcc i:ou l:gc: co:st:ucts o: t|c |sis oi t|co:cticl
co:sicc:tio:s :c :cvious :csc:c|
1

D:lcss ot|c:wisc :otcc, cou:iso:s oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: t|is c|tc: :cic: to t|c c:io:u:cc
oi stucc:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
t:uctu:l cqutio: uocclli:g ws uscc to co:ii:u t|c t|co:cticll, cxcctcc ciuc:sio:s oi t|c
i:ciccs :c to vlictc t|ci: cou:|ilit, c:oss cou:t:ics lo: t|is u:osc, uoccl ws cstiutcc
sc:tcl, io: cc| cou:t:, :c, collcctivcl,, io: ll lD cou:t:ics
|an/ly ba.kq|otra ara /tacr/ c|jo|nar.c cHAr1IR o
1!-
/CCUPATIONALSTATUS
lig|c: :c:tl occutio:l sttus c: i:iluc:cc stucc:ts` occutio:l si
:tio:s :c cxccttio:s :c, i: tu::, t|ci: couuituc:t to lc::i:g s t|c
uc:s oi stisi,i:g t|osc si:tio:s lig| :c:tl occutio:l sttus c: lso
i:c:csc t|c ::gc oi otio:s oi w|ic| c|ilc:c: :c w:c
llA ctu:cs t|is scct oi stucc:ts` |ouc |c|g:ou:cs t|:oug| i:io:utio:
o: :c:ts` occutio:s :c t|c ctivitics ssocitcc wit| t|osc occutio:s i:
w, t|t is i:tc::tio:ll, cou:|lc I|c :csulti:g c..c..cc.. .1. c
c..oo.co! oo ;G:zc|oou . o!, 1--!,, w|ic| |s vlucs ::gi:g i:ou 0 to
-0, ucsu:cs t|c tt:i|utcs oi occutio: t|t co:vc:t c:so:`s ccuctio: i:to
i:couc I|c |ig|c: t|c vluc o: t|c i:ccx, t|c |ig|c: t|c occutio:l sttus oi
stucc:t`s :c:ts : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c vluc oi t|c i:ccx
is +- :c its st:c:c ccvitio: is 1o ;scc lox o!,
As c: |c scc: i: ligu:c o1, ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occu
tio:l sttus :c ssocitcc wit| l:gc ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc wit|i:
cou:t:ics ;I|lc o1, Auo:g t|osc i: t|c to :tio:l qu:tc:s oi stucc:ts o:
t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx, t|c uc: sco:c oi lD cou:t:ics o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc is .+. oi:ts, o: +. oi:ts |ovc t|c lD vc:gc l,
co:t:st, t|c vc:gc sco:c uo:g t|c |ottou :tio:l qu:tc:s oi stucc:ts o:
t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx is o:l, +o! oi:ts I|c vc:gc g |ctwcc: t|c two
g:ous is uo:c t|: t|c ug:itucc oi : c:ti:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl i: :cci:g
!

: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s 11 c: cc:t oi t|c totl
v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;scc
A::cx A!, iuil: :csults :c cvicc:t i: ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,
;I|lcs o1|c,
ligu:c o1 lso s|ows t|t t|c g i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc |ctwcc: stucc:ts i: cc| cou:t:,`s to :c |ottou qu:tc:s oi t|c
sociocco:ouic i:ccx ciiic:s co:sicc:|l, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics I|c sullcst g
is iou:c i: lo:c ;!! oi:ts,, w|c:c stucc:ts w|osc :c:ts |vc lowc: lcvcls
oi occutio:l sttus c:io:u wcll |ot| i: :cltivc tc:us ;.. w|c: cou:cc
wit| t|osc lo:c: stucc:ts w|osc :c:ts |vc |ig| occutio:l sttus, :c i:
|solutc tc:us, .. w|c: cou:cc wit| stucc:ts w|osc :c:ts |vc siuil:
occutio:l sttus i: ot|c: cou:t:ics li:l:c :c lccl:c :c t|c two lu:oc:
cou:t:ics i: t|c lD wit| t|c sullcst ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c two cxt:cuc
qu:tc:s ;.! :c .! oi:ts :cscctivcl,, I|csc t|:cc cou:t:ics lso |vc t|c
sullcst gs |ctwcc: stucc:ts i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx i:
tc:us oi c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclcs
I|c l:gcst ciiic:c:ccs, oi 100 oi:ts o: uo:c i: ll t|:cc litc:c, coui:s,
:c iou:c i: lclgiuu, Gc:u:, :c witzc:l:c l: Gc:u:,, t|c ciiic:c:cc is
:ticul:l, st:i|i:g tucc:ts w|osc :c:ts |vc t|c |cst |o|s ;t|c to qu:tc:
o: t|c occutio:l i:ccx, sco:c o: vc:gc |out s wcll s t|c vc:gc stucc:t
i: li:l:c, t|c |cstc:io:ui:g cou:t:, i: llA, t|osc w|osc :c:ts |vc
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I|c llA i:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus g:ous stucc:ts cco:ci:g to
t|ci: :c:ts` occutio:s, ::|cc |, t|c ci:cct :olc t|t occutio: l,s i: uxiuisi:g i:couc
l: cc| cou:t:,, t|c oultio: is civiccc i:to qu:tc:s, ::|cc |, t|c :tio:l vlucs o: t|c i:ccx
I|c s|ills :cqui:cc to c:io:u t|c :cqui:cuc:ts oi : occutio: sc:vc s t|c :iu:, c:itc:io: io:
cisti:guis|i:g ciiic:c:t lcvcls oi occutio:l sttus
ligu:c o1 cou:cs t|c vc:gc c:io:u:ccs oi stucc:ts i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s oi t|c
i:ccx i: cc| cou:t:, I|us, t|c lc:gt| oi t|c ciiic:c:t li:cs ccuo:st:tcs t|c g i: cc| cou:t:,
|ctwcc: colc i: its |ig|cst :c lowcst :tio:l occutio:l g:ous :otc t|t t|c vc:gc
occutio:l sttus oi cc| qu:tc: ciiic:s |ctwcc: lD cou:t:ics, lt|oug| t|c uc: oi t|c
|ottou qu:tc: v:ics :o uo:c t|: . oi:ts, o: -0oi:t i:ccx, io: ll |ut iou: lD cou:t:ics
l: t|c to qu:tc: t|c:c is soucw|t uo:c v:itio:
I,icl occutio:s uo:g :c:ts oi 1.,c:olcs wit| |ctwcc: 1o :c !. oi:ts o: t|c i:ccx
i:clucc sullsclc i:ui:g, uctlwo:|i:g, uoto: ucc|:ics, txi :c lo::,c:ivi:g, :c witi:g
lctwcc: !. :c .! i:ccx oi:ts, t|c uost couuo: occutio:s :c |oo||cci:g, slcs, sull
|usi:css u:gcuc:t :c :u:si:g As t|c :cqui:cc s|ills i:c:csc, so lso cocs t|c sttus oi t|c
occutio: lctwcc: .+ :c 0 i:ccx oi:ts, t,icl occutio:s :c u:|cti:g u:gcuc:t,
tcc|i:g, civil c:gi:cc:i:g :c ccou:t:c, li:ll,, |ctwcc: 1 :c -0 oi:ts, t|c to i:tc::tio:l
qu:tc: oi t|c i:ccx, occutio:s i:clucc uccici:c, u:ivc:sit, tcc|i:g :c lw
t|c lowcststtus |o|s sco:c |out t|c suc s stucc:ts i: \cxico, t|c lD
cou:t:, wit| t|c lowcst c:io:u:cc
Also, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, lu:g:,, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs
|vc ciiic:c:ccs oi uo:c t|: -0 oi:ts io: stucc:ts i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:
tc:s oi t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx i: ll t|:cc coui:s, wcll |ovc t|c cquivlc:t
oi o:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl As i: lclgiuu, Gc:u:, :c witzc:l:c, stucc:ts i:
t|csc cou:t:ics w|o :c i: t|c |ottou qu:tc: oi t|c occutio:l i:ccx :c
uo:c t|: twicc s li|cl, s ot|c: stucc:ts lso to |c uo:g t|c |ottou !. c:
cc:t oi t|ci: cou:t:,`s c:io:uc:s o: t|c llA litc:c, sclcs ;I|lc o1,
lt c::ot |c ssuucc, |owcvc:, t|t ll oi t|csc ciiic:c:ccs :c ci:cct :csult
oi t|c |ouc cv:tgcs :c |ig|c: cxccttio:s co:ic::cc |, :c:ts i: |ig|c:
occutio:s \:, icto:s iicct stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc i: t|c t|:cc coui:s
lo: cxulc, sociocco:ouic sttus u, |c :cltcc to w|c:c stucc:ts livc :c
t|c qulit, oi t|c sc|ools to w|ic| t|c, |vc cccss ;t|is woulc |c iuo:t:t
i: sc|ool s,stcus t|t :c ccc:cc:t o: locl txcs,, to t|c li|cli|ooc t|t
t|c, :c c::ollcc i: :ivtc sc|ools, to t|c lcvcl oi :c:tl suo:t :c
i:volvcuc:t, ctc
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lt is iuo:t:t to :otc t|t lt|oug| stucc:ts i: t|c |ottou :tio:l qu:tc:
|vc lowc: uc: sco:cs t|: t|ci: cc:s i: givc: cou:t:,, t|c, co :ot
:cccss:il, i:c oo:l, i: |solutc tc:us lo: cxulc, stucc:ts i: t|c |ottou
qu:tc: oi t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx i: li:l:c :c lo:c |vc uc: sco:cs
sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, |ovc t|c lD vc:gc oi .00 i: cc| coui: o1
|vc |ig|c: vc:gc sco:cs t|: stucc:ts i: t|c to qu:tc: i: two cou:t:ics
l: ot|c: wo:cs, w|ilc |ig|c: sociocco:ouic sttus :oviccs c:io:u:cc
cv:tgc wit|i: cou:t:ics, t|is cv:tgc cocs :ot :cccss:il, occu: i: ll
cou:t:ics iuil:l,, lccuc:t i: t|c to qu:tc: o: t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx
cocs :ot :cccss:il, co:vc, t|c suc :cltivc cv:tgc i: cvc:, cou:t:,
lt s|oulc lso |c :ccog:iscc t|t |ci:g i: t|c to ;o: |ottou, :tio:l qu:tc:
o: t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx i: o:c cou:t:, is :ot :cccss:il, cou:|lc to
|ci:g i: t|c to ;o: |ottou, qu:tc: i: :ot|c: cou:t:, li|cwisc, t|c cist:cc
o: ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|osc i: t|c |ottou :c to qu:tc:s v:ics co:sicc:|l,
|ctwcc: cou:t:ics lo: cxulc, |ot| t|c zcc| kcu|lic :c l::cc |vc icc:ticl
uc: vlucs ;+ i:ccx oi:ts, o: t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus
;scc I|lc o1,, |ut t|c vc:gc ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: stucc:ts i: t|c lowcst :c
|ig|cst qu:tc:s is !. oi:ts i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic :c ++ i: l::cc, t|us i:cicti:g
l:gc: g i: sociocco:ouic sttus i: l::cc t|: i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic l:
o:cc: to t|c i:to ccou:t suc| ciiic:c:ccs, it is ossi|lc to cou:c t|c ciiic:c:ccs
i: vc:gc sco:cs |ctwcc: stucc:ts i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s i: :cci:g
litc:c, t|t :c ssocitcc wit| ciiic:c:cc oi o:c i:tc::tio:l st:c:c ccvitio:
;1o u:its, o: t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus ;I|lcs o1, |
:c c, I|is :l,sis co:ii:us t|c :cltivcl, |ig| iuo:t:cc oi sociocco:ouic
sttus i: souc cou:t:ics :c its :cltivcl, low iuo:t:cc i: ot|c:s
I|csc ii:ci:gs |vc otc:till, iuo:t:t iulictio:s io: olic,u|c:s As
t|c l:tc::tio:l Acult litc:c, tuc, |s s|ow:, :cci:g litc:c, is s|ill t|t
c:|:ccs oo:tu:itics io: culo,uc:t :c c::i:gs ;lD :c ttistics
:c, !000, lu:t|c:uo:c, c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g is lso : iuo:t:t
iou:ctio: io: liiclo:g lc::i:g l: co:scquc:cc, i:tc:gc:c:tio:l uo|ilit,
i:ou lowc: to |ig|c: lcvcls oi sociocco:ouic sttus u, |c liuitcc i: cou:t:ics
wit| |ig| c:cc:tgcs oi wc|c: o: u:gi:ll, :oiicic:t :ccc:s I|c wc|c:
:ccc:s ;s wcll s t|osc wc| i: ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,, u, |c
t|c o:cs lcst li|cl, to o|ti: culo,uc:t oo:tu:itics t|t oiic: t|c :ouisc
oi cco:ouic uo|ilit, As t|c ciscussio: oi ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics i: t|c
:cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c sociocco:ouic sttus :cvcls,
|owcvc:, t|csc cis:itics ciiic: wiccl, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics I|is u, i:cictc
t|t t|c, :c :ot i:cvit|lc
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tc:c to |vc uo:c cisc:ctio::, i:couc t|: co t|c lcss wclt|,, :c ii:c it
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ctio:l qulit,
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As I|lc o! s|ows, t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: wclt| :c c:io:u:cc i: llA is
uixcc |ut gc:c:ll, ositivc tucc:ts i:ou wclt|ic: iuilics t,icll, co |cttc:
t|: stucc:ts i:ou t|c lcst wclt|, iuilics i: cc| coui: Wclt|ic: stucc:ts co
tc:c to |vc |ig|c: vc:gc sco:cs t|: lcss wclt|, stucc:ts wit|i: cou:t:ics :
vc:gc, stucc:ts i: lD cou:t:ics i: t|c to qu:tc: oi t|c wclt| i:ccx sco:c
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tc: ;t|c ciiic:c:ccs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: ll |ut t|:cc lD cou:t:ics,
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ciiic:c:ccs, t|c g i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: stucc:ts i: t|c to
:c |ottou qu:tc:s oi wclt| |ci:g . oi:ts ;lD vc:gc ciiic:c:cc
!+ oi:ts, lx:csscc ciiic:c:tl,, stucc:ts i: t|c D:itcc ttcs :c t lcst twicc
s li|cl, to |c uo:g t|c !. c: cc:t lowcst c:io:uc:s i: :cci:g litc:c, ii
t|c, :c i: t|c |ottou qu:tc: oi t|c llA i:ccx oi wclt| s ii t|c, :c i: t|c
to qu:tc: l:zil, \cxico :c lo:tugl |vc t|c :cxt l:gcst gs, vc:gi:g
|out 0 oi:ts io: t|c t|:cc coui:s ;scc I|lc o! io: :cci:g litc:c, :c
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tivcl, wc| i: t|c :o:cic cou:t:ics, i: Aust:i, lclgiuu, ltl,, :, ltvi :c
lol:c
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:ot |::ic: to c:io:u:cc |ovc t|c i:tc::tio:l vc:gc l:cccc, stucc:ts
i: t|c |ottou :tio:l qu:tc: oi wclt| |vc uc: sco:cs t o: |ovc t|c
lD vc:gc litc:c, sco:cs i: |out t|i:c oi cou:t:ics Auo:g stucc:ts
i: t|c |ottou qu:tc: io: wclt|, |ig| sco:cs :c iou:c i: li:l:c ;i: :cci:g
litc:c,, :c i: : ;i: ll t|:cc coui:s, ;scc I|lc o! io: :cci:g litc:c,
:c .oc..1c. io: ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,, tucc:ts i: t|c
|ottou qu:tc: oi wclt| i: t|csc cou:t:ics |vc |ig|c: uc: sco:cs t|: t|osc
oi stucc:ts i: t|c to qu:tc: oi wclt| i: u:, ot|c: lD cou:t:ics
0OSSESSIONSANDACTIVITIESRELATEDTOhCLASSICALvCULTURE
l: ccitio: to iuil, wclt|, stucc:ts u, lso |vc cccss to osscssio:s
:cltcc to clssicl cultu:c t|t :csc:c| |s i:cquc:tl, s|ow: to |c :cltcc to
ccuctio:l succcss D:li|c iuil, wclt|, w|ic| t,icll, ccc:cs o: :c:ts`
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:i:cilc t lcst, to w|ocvc: scc|s t|cu Io sscss t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc:
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lD cou:t:ics
I|c |ig|cst lcvcls oi osscssio:s :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c :c iou:c i: lccl:c,
ltvi :c t|c kussi: lccc:tio: ;I|lc o!, l: lccl:c, io: cxulc, . c:
cc:t o: uo:c oi stucc:ts i:cictc t|t t|ci: |oucs co:ti: clssic litc:tu:c,
|oo|s oi oct:, o: wo:|s oi :t ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c., l: t|c kussi:
lccc:tio:, :c:l, -0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :co:t t|t t|c, |vc clssic litc:tu:c
:c |oo|s oi oct:, t |ouc I|csc c:cc:tgcs co:t:st wit| cou:t:ics suc| s
\cxico :c :cw Zcl:c, w|c:c lcss t|: o:ct|i:c oi stucc:ts :co:t |vi:g
clssic litc:tu:c t |ouc, :c l:zil, l::cc :c \cxico, w|c:c o:ct|i:c o:
lcss stucc:ts |vc wo:|s oi :t i: t|ci: |oucs
I|c osscssio: oi itcus :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c is closcl, :cltcc to
ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc, s c: |c scc: i: ligu:c o!,
.
:c gc:c:ll, uo:c
closcl, t|: iuil, wclt| \o:covc:, t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc:
stucc:ts i: t|c |ottou :c to :tio:l qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx oi cultu:l
osscssio:s i: t|c iuil, |ouc :c co:sistc:tl, |ig|, ::gi:g o: vc:gc c:oss
lD cou:t:ics i:ou .. oi:ts i: ut|cuticl litc:c, to o oi:ts i: :cci:g
litc:c, ;scc I|lc o! io: :cci:g litc:c, :c .oc..1c. io: ut|cuticl
:c scic:tiiic litc:c,,
o
I|is :cltio:s|i is, :tu:ll,, closcl, i:tc:twi:cc wit|
ot|c: |c|g:ou:c icto:s, suc| s sociocco:ouic sttus :c wclt|
I|c lc| oi osscssio:s :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c is, oi cou:sc, :cltivc
tucc:ts i: souc cou:t:ics u, |vc icw suc| osscssio:s :c c:io:u oo:l,
i: cou:iso: wit| t|ci: icllow stucc:ts At t|c suc tiuc, |owcvc:, suc|
stucc:ts u, c:io:u wcll w|c: cou:cc wit| stucc:ts t t|c |ottou qu:tc:
oi t|c i:ccx i: ot|c: cou:t:ics A :cltivc lc| oi osscssio:s :cltcc to clssicl
cultu:c, t|c:cio:c, cocs :ot sccu to :cvc:t stucc:ts i: scvc:l cou:t:ics i:ou
cxcccci:g t|c lD vc:gc c:io:u:cc i: cc| coui:
tucc:ts wit| t|c |ig|cst vlucs o: t|c i:ccx oi cultu:l osscssio:s t,icll,
co cxcctio:ll, wcll lig|t lD cou:t:ics |vc vc:gc sco:cs oi ..0 oi:ts
o: uo:c i: cc| coui: uo:g suc| stucc:ts l: :cci:g, t|is woulc lcc
t|csc stucc:ts :ou:c t|c |ou:c:, |ctwcc: :oiicic:c, lcvcls ! :c + l:
Aust:li :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, vc:gc sco:cs io: stucc:ts i: t|c to
qu:tc: cxcccc .o0 oi:ts i: :cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,, :c
:c wcll wit|i: lcvcl + i: :cci:g litc:c, : vc:gc i: lD cou:t:ics,
c:io:u:cc i:c:cscs |, ! oi:ts i: :cci:g io: cc| i:c:csc oi o:c u:it o:
t|c i:ccx oi cultu:l osscssio:s ;I|lc o!,
lt is lso ossi|lc to cxui:c |ow llA litc:c, sco:cs :og:cssivcl, i:c:csc
uo:g stucc:ts wit| succcssivcl, |ig|c: lcvcls oi cultu:l osscssio:s lvc:
uo:c :o:ou:ccc t|: i: t|c csc oi iuil, wclt|, : vc:gc oi +0 c: cc:t oi
I////r .otr/|/c
.tl/t|al oc/or a|c
ao./a/ca no|c .locly
w/// c|jo|nar.c //ar /
jan/ly wcal//.
.al//otq/ /tacr/
w/o la.k .tl/t|al
oc/or ao ro/
cvc|yw/c|c c|jo|n
oo|ly /r /r/c|ra//oral
/c|n
1/c ta|/c| oj /tacr/
w/// //c no/ .tl/t|al
oc/or /avc vc|y
//q/ .o|c /r nary
.otr/|/c.
.ara nt./ oj //c
a/jjc|cr.c / bc/wccr //c
bo//on ta|/c| ara //c |c/
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3
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|:gc i: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sco:c c: u:it oi t|c i:ccx oi cultu:l osscssio:s
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc o!
l:qurc c.2
losscssio:s :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
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1+o
t|is ciiic:c:cc lics |ctwcc: t|c |ottou :c t|c scco:c qu:tc:s o: t|c i:ccx oi
cultu:l osscssio:s l: lccl:c, ltl,, :, ltvi, lol:c, t|c kussi: lccc:
tio: :c i:, t|c :oo:tio: is uo:c t|: o0 c: cc:t
Alt|oug| cultu:l osscssio:s :c closcl, i:tc::cltcc wit| ot|c: icto:s, it cocs
sccu t|t t|c |i:c oi cultu:l citl o: w|ic| sc|ool cu::icul oitc: |uilc :c
w|ic| cxui:tio:s :c tcsts sscss u|cs ciiic:c:cc I|c ict t|t t|c ciiccts
:c cvc: |ig|c: i: :cci:g t|: i: ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, ;io: ct
o: t|csc su||ccts .oc..1c., cu|siscs t|t t|c:c is ccuctio:l |c:ciit
i: |ouc|scc cccss to litc:tu:c :c ot|c: cultu:l osscssio:s
llA !000 lso s|cc stucc:ts to i:cictc t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| t|c,
:ticitcc i: ctivitics :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c, suc| s visiti:g uuscuu
o: :t gllc:,, wtc|i:g livc t|ct:c, o: ttc:ci:g : oc:, |llct o: clssicl
s,u|o:, co:cc:t A couositc i:ccx oi cultu:l ctivitics ws c:ctcc i:ou
t|c :cso:scs l:ccx vlucs |ovc zc:o i:cictc t|t stucc:ts :ticitc i:
cultu:l ctivitics uo:c i:cquc:tl, t|: t|c vc:gc oi stucc:ts c:oss ll lD
cou:t:ics, vlucs |clow zc:o i:cictc t|t stucc:ts :ticitc lcss i:cquc:tl,
t|: t|c t,icl o: vc:gc 1.,c:olc i: t|c lD cou:t:ics
ou:t:ics wit| t|c |ig|cst i:cquc:cics oi :ticitio: i: cultu:l ctivitics
i:clucc t|c zcc| kcu|lic, lu:g:, :c ltvi ;I|lc o+, :c:l, !0 c: cc:t
oi stucc:ts i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic :c lu:g:, sic t|t t|c, |c wtc|cc livc
t|ct:c t|:cc o: uo:c tiucs i: t|c st ,c: ;cou:cc wit| : i:tc::tio:l
vc:gc oi o:l, 1! c: cc:t, ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c., iuil:l,, o:ct|i:c
oi lu:g:i: stucc:ts |c visitcc uuscuu o: :t gllc:, t|:cc o: uo:c tiucs
i: t|c st ,c: ;cou:cc wit| t|c i:tc::tio:l vc:gc oi 1+ c: cc:t, :
t|c ot|c: |:c, : vc:gc oi +! c: cc:t oi t|c stucc:ts :co:tcc t|t t|c, |c
:cvc: visitcc uuscuu o: :t gllc:,
I|c i:cquc:c, oi :ticitio: i: cultu:l ctivitics s ucsu:cc |, t|c i:ccx
cxli:s, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, . c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i:
stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;scc A::cx A!, l:
cvc:, cou:t:, cxcct l:zil, t|c:c is sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc:
t|c vc:gc c:io:u:ccs oi stucc:ts i: t|c |ottou :tio:l qu:tc: oi t|c i:ccx
oi :ticitio: i: cultu:l ctivitics :c t|osc i: t|c to qu:tc:, wit| :ticul:l,
l:gc ciiic:c:ccs, oi 0 sclc oi:ts o: uo:c, i: lclgiuu, Gc:u:,, i:, t|c
D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs ;I|lc o+,
#OMMUNICATIONONSOCIALISSUESANDASPECTSOFCULTURE
l:c:ts` suo:t io: t|ci: c|ilc:c:`s ccuctio: is wiccl, cccucc to |c :
cssc:til clcuc:t oi succcss t sc|ool W|c: :c:ts i:tc:ct :c couuu:ictc
wcll wit| t|ci: c|ilc:c:, t|c, c: oiic: c:cou:gcuc:t, ccuo:st:tc t|ci:
i:tc:cst i: t|ci: c|ilc:c:`s :og:css, :c ot|c:wisc co:vc, t|ci: co:cc:: io:
|ow t|ci: c|ilc:c: :c coi:g, |ot| i: :c out oi sc|ool l:cccc, co:sicc:|lc
:cvious :csc:c| |s ccuo:st:tcc t|c iuo:t:t :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: :c:tl
i:volvcuc:t :c c|ilc:c:`s cccuic succcss
l|- alo akca abot/
a.//v///c |cla/ca /o
.la/.al .tl/t|c.
.w//./ /tacr/ j|on
a/jjc|cr/ .otr/|/c
trac|/ook w/// va|y/rq
j|ctcr.y.
.ara // wa jotra
v/|/tally cvc|yw/c|c //a/
//oc /rvolvca /r t./
a.//v///c no|c j|ctcr/ly
/aa //q/c| l//c|a.y
.o|c or avc|aqc
la|cr/al /rvolvcncr/ /
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jo| t..c a/ ./ool.
1+
llA s|cc stucc:ts to i:cictc |ow oitc: t|ci: :c:ts i:tc:ctcc o:
couuu:ictcc wit| t|cu i: six :cs ciscussi:g oliticl o: socil issucs,
ciscussi:g |oo|s, iilus o: tclcvisio: :og:uucs, listc:i:g to uusic togct|c:,
ciscussi:g |ow wcll t|c stucc:t ws coi:g i: sc|ool, cti:g t|c ui: ucl
wit| t|c stucc:t, :c sc:ci:g tiuc |ust tl|i:g kcsc:c| co:ii:us t|t t|csc
i:cicto:s oc:tc i: u:, cou:t:ics s gooc :oxics io: socil :c cultu:l
couuu:ictio:
kcso:scs to t|c ii:st t|:cc qucstio:s wc:c cou|i:cc to c:ctc : i:ccx oi
cultu:l couuu:ictio:, :cso:scs to t|c lst t|:cc qucstio:s wc:c cou|i:cc
to c:ctc : i:ccx oi socil couuu:ictio: : |ot| i:ciccs, vlucs |ovc
t|c lD vc:gc, w|ic| ws sct t zc:o, :cilcct cou:tivcl, |ig| lcvcls oi
couuu:ictio: |ctwcc: stucc:ts :c t|ci: :c:ts :otc t|t vlucs |clow t|c
vc:gc co :ot sig:ii, t|c |sc:cc oi couuu:ictio: |ut :t|c: t|t stucc:ts
:co:t t|t couuu:ictio: :c i:tc:ctio: occu: lcss i:cquc:tl, t|: o: vc:gc
c:oss lD cou:t:ics
Acco:ci:g to stucc:ts` :co:ts, ltli: :c:ts, iollowcc |, t|osc i: lu:g:,
:c t|c kussi: lccc:tio:, cisl, t|c |ig|cst lcvcls oi couuu:ictio: o:
socil issucs wit| t|ci: c|ilc:c: ;I|lc o. :c ligu:c o!, l: t|csc t|:cc
cou:t:ics, io: cxulc, uo:c t|: 0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i:cictc t|t t|ci:
:c:ts ciscuss |ow wcll t|c, :c coi:g t sc|ool o: sc:c tiuc |ust tl|i:g
wit| t|cu scvc:l tiucs wcc| ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c., tucc:ts i:
ltl,, gi:, :co:t |vi:g t|c |ig|cst lcvcls oi couuu:ictio: o: sccts oi
cultu:c, iollowcc, i: o:cc:, |, stucc:ts i: lu:g:,, l::cc :c ltvi ;I|lc oo
:c ligu:c o!, l: l:zil, lu:g:,, ltl, :c t|c kussi: lccc:tio:, uo:c
t|: +0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i:cictc t|t t|ci: :c:ts ciscuss |oo|s, iilus
o: tclcvisio: :og:uucs wit| t|cu scvc:l tiucs wcc| I|is c:cc:tgc
co:t:sts wit| t|c situtio: i: scvc:l ot|c: cou:t:ics, w|c:c +0 c: cc:t o:
uo:c oi stucc:ts :cvc: ciscuss |oo|s o: iilus wit| t|ci: :c:ts o: co so o:l,
icw tiucs ,c: ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,
: |ot| i:ciccs, t|c uo:c i:cquc:t t|c :co:tcc couuu:ictio: :c i:tc:ctio:,
t|c |ig|c: t|c vc:gc uc: sco:cs i: cvc:, cou:t:, o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc
: vc:gc, cultu:l couuu:ictio: s|ows st:o:gc: :cltio:s|i

wit| :cci:g sco:cs t|: cocs socil couuu:ictio: l, w, oi illust:tio:, t|c
lD vc:gc sco:c i: :cci:g :iscs i:ou +1 oi:ts io: t|c |ottou qu:tc: o:
t|c i:ccx oi cultu:l couuu:ictio: to .!0 io: t|c to qu:tc: ; ciiic:c:cc oi
luost o0 oi:ts,, :c i:ou +1 oi:ts to .11 ; ciiic:c:cc oi !0 oi:ts, o: t|c
i:ccx oi socil couuu:ictio: ;I|lcs o. :c oo,

Agi:, t|c iuct oi :c:tl couuu:ictio: :cccs to |c cvlutcc i: t|c
co:tcxt oi ot|c: |c|g:ou:c icto:s ;scc lso |tc: , :o:ct|clcss, t|is
siulc :l,sis i:cictcs t|t ccuctio:l succcss u, |c :cltcc to ositivc
s,:c:gics |ctwcc: t|c |ouc :c sc|ool c:vi:o:uc:ts, :c t|t couuu:ic
tio: |ctwcc: :c:ts :c c|ilc:c: c: |c oi ccuctio:l |c:ciit to c|ilc:c: A:
iuo:t:t o||cctivc io: u|lic olic, u, t|c:cio:c |c to wo:| wit| :c:ts,
.ara l|- //c|cjo|c
akca /tacr/ /ow
j|ctcr/ly //cy
.onntr/.a/ca w///
//c/| a|cr/.
./r .tl/t|al ara o./al
.or/cx/
|ctl/ a|c bc//c| jo|
//oc .onntr/.a//rq
no|c cc./ally or
.tl/t|al na//c|
1+
00 0o0 0+0 0!0 000 0!0 0+0 0o0 00 100
l:qurc c.3
ocil :c cultu:l couuu:ictio: wit| :c:ts :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
i1. c c..o! .co..o.c o1 .1. c .o!o.o! .co..o.c
:c. lo: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ciccs, scc A::cx A1
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lcs o. :c oo
l:ccx oi socil couuu:ictio: l:ccx oi cultu:l couuu:ictio:
Itaiy
Hungary
rortugai
czech Repubiic
Denmark
spain
Irance
Greece
united states
roiand
united Kingdom
Norvay
sveden
Ireiand
Meico
Iceiand
Beigium
Korea
]apan
Iuembourg
canada
Iiniand
Germany
svitzeriand
Austria
Nev Zeaiand
Austraiia
Russian Iederation
Brazii
Iatvia
Iiechtenstein
Netheriands
1
BeIow
OECD average
Above
OECD average
1+-
:ticul:l, t|osc w|osc ow: ccuctio:l tti:uc:t is uo:c liuitcc, i: o:cc: to
icilittc t|ci: i:tc:ctio: wit| t|ci: c|ilc:c: :c t|ci: c|ilc:c:`s sc|ools i: w,s
t|t c:|:cc t|ci: c|ilc:c:`s lc::i:g I|is is :o cs, ts| |ut it is iuo:t:t t|t
suo:t i: :c:ti:g is scc: s |c, c|u:ct to t|c ccuctio: oi c|ilc:c:
0ARENTALEDUCATION
kcsc:c| s|ows co:sistc:tl, t|t t|c :c:tl lcvcl oi ccuctio: co:ti:ucs to
|c sig:iiic:t sou:cc oi cis:itics i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc, :otwit|st:ci:g
t|c co:sicc:|lc ciio:ts u:cc:t|c: to gu::tcc cqul ccuctio:l oo:tu:i
tics io: ll A |ig|l, suo:tivc lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t t |ouc, to w|ic| |ig|
lcvcl oi :c:tl ccuctio:l tti:uc:t c: co:t:i|utc, is li|cl, to |c :cilcctcc
i: |ig|c: ccuctio:l c:io:u:cc |, t|ci: c|ilc:c: A suo:tivc c:vi:o:uc:t
c: |c cqutcc :ot o:l, wit| t|c ii::cil citl to suo:t c|ilc:c:`s ccuc
tio: i:cluci:g |ig|c: ccuctio: :c |c:cc |ig|c: occutio:l sttus, |ut
lso wit| c,toc, i:tc:ctio: |ctwcc: :c:ts :c c|ilc:c: t|t is oi g:ctc:
vluc io: t|c t,c oi ccuctio: wit| w|ic| sc|ools :c co:cc::cc
ligu:c o+ uscs t|:cc ctcgo:ics oi ccuctio:l tti:uc:t ;coulctio: oi :i
u:, o: lowc: scco:c:, ccuctio:, coulctio: oi uc: scco:c:, ccuctio:,
:c coulctio: oi tc:ti:, ccuctio:, io: stucc:ts` uot|c:s :c :oviccs uc:
c:io:u:cc sco:cs i: :cci:g io: cc| cou:t:, I|csc ctcgo:ics :c ccii:cc
i: suc| w, t|t t|c, :c i:tc::tio:ll, cou:|lc, o: t|c |sis oi t|c l:tc:
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ws c|osc: |ccusc t|c litc:tu:c oitc: icc:tiiics t|is s st:o:gc: :ccicto: io:
stucc:t c:io:u:cc t|: t|c it|c:`s ccuctio:
tucc:ts w|osc uot|c:s |vc coulctcc uc: scco:c:, ccuctio: c|icvc
|ig|c: lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g t|: ot|c: stucc:ts, i: ll cou:t:ics, :c
i: uost cou:t:ics t|c uot|c:`s coulctio: oi tc:ti:, ccuctio: givcs iu:t|c:
cv:tgc ;I|lc o,
tucc:ts w|osc uot|c:s |vc :ot coulctcc uc: scco:c:, ccuctio: :c
:ticul:l, vul:c:|lc l: ll lD cou:t:ics, uc: :cci:g sco:cs io: stucc:ts
wit| uot|c:s i: t|is ctcgo:, :c, o: vc:gc, lowc: |, |out +. oi:ts i:
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cist:i|utio: i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc Dcsitc t|csc ii:ci:gs, t|c cxcctcc :cl
tio:s|i |ctwcc: t|c uot|c:`s ccuctio: :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc is :ot u:i
vc:sl :c u, t|c:cio:c :ot |c utoutic o: i:cvit|lc
A uot|c:`s coulctio: oi tc:ti:,lcvcl ccuctio: :oviccs littlc o: :o ccitio:l
|oost i: souc cou:t:ics i: t|c uc: sco:c oi |c: c|ilc |c,o:c t|t ssocitcc
wit| t|c coulctio: oi uc: scco:c:, ccuctio: l: ot|c:s, it u|cs |ig
ciiic:c:cc
Alt|oug| t|c ct i:cictc t|t stucc:ts wit| t|c lcst ccuctcc uot|c:s oitc:
|vc t|c lowcst uc: sco:cs, low sco:cs s|oulc |c lccc i: c:scctivc
l: Aust:li, li:l:c :c lo:c, uc: c:io:u:cc sco:cs io: t|csc stucc:ts
:c |ovc t|c lD vc:gc i: ll t|:cc coui:s l: l:cl:c i: :cci:g, :c
i: :c, lccl:c :c :cw Zcl:c i: ut|cuticl litc:c,, stucc:ts wit|
t|c lcst ccuctcc uot|c:s :c |ovc t|c lD vc:gc ;scc |tc: ! :c
I|lc o, I|is lso suggcsts t|t ot|c: ccuctio:l :c socictl icto:s c:
couc:stc io: cciicic:cics i: :c:tl ccuctio:
l: socictics t|t iu io: cqulit, oi oo:tu:it,, t|c ssocitio: |ctwcc:
stucc:ts` ccuctio:l c:io:u:cc :c t|ci: uot|c:s` ccuctio:l tti:uc:t
sccus |ig| Alt|oug| llA ct :c :ot suit|lc io: ci:cct :ccictio:s |out
ciiic:c:ccs i: ccuctio:l c:io:u:cc |c,o:c t|c gc oi 1., ct i:ou t|c
l:tc::tio:l Acult litc:c, u:vc, ;lAl, :ovicc cvicc:cc oi t|c :o||ilit,
oi o|ti:i:g tc:ti:, quliiictio: io: g:ous w|osc :c:ts |vc :cc|cc
ciiic:c:t lcvcls oi tti:uc:t I|lc o s|ows t|c :tio oi t|c c|:cc oi
o|ti:i:g tc:ti:, quliiictio: ii t lcst o:c :c:t :cc|cc t|t lcvcl, to t|c
c|:cc oi coi:g so ii :cit|c: :c:t |s coulctcc scco:c:, sc|ool
l: t|c 1! cou:t:ics su:vc,cc i: lAl, t|c i:tc:gc:c:tio:l uo|ilit, ::gcs
i:ou !0 i: Aust:li to . i: lol:c t|t is, |vi:g wcllccuctcc :c:ts
u|cs o:c twicc s li|cl, i: Aust:li :c :c:l, six tiucs s li|cl, i: lol:c
to coulctc tc:ti:, ccuctio: t|: ii o:c |s oo:l, ccuctcc :c:ts I|csc
ii:ci:gs suggcst t|t i: u:, lD cou:t:ics, |ut i: souc uo:c t|: i:
ot|c:s, |::ic:s to ccuctio:l uo|ilit, c:sist w|ic|, i: tu::, c: c:ctc
:o|lcus i: tc:us oi cquit, :c i: :isi:g t|c ovc:ll lcvcl oi t|c stoc| oi
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I|c iuil, c:vi:o:uc:t u, lso :ouotc cccuic c:io:u:cc l:c:ts u,
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10
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11

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t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs ;I|lc o-, I|t is, two out oi
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w|ic| t|c, wc:c livi:g, o: i: :ot|c: cou:t:, tucc:ts wc:c lso s|cc w|t
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ii:st l:gugc uig|t |c to t|c l:gugc oi i:st:uctio: :c uig|t :cso:|l,
cxcct, io: cxulc, t|t |vi:g :c:ts |o::, s,, i: :cw Zcl:c woulc
|vc lcss iuct o: t|c sco:c oi stucc:t :ow livi:g i: Aust:li o: t|c
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ot|c: t|: l:glis| lowcvc: ccouuocti:g sc|ools i: t|c :cw cou:t:ics
uig|t |c, t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: l:gugc uig|t :ccucc c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g
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t|osc stucc:ts w|o wc:c |o:: i: t|c cou:t:, w|c:c t|c sscssuc:t too| lcc
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stucc:ts,
lo: u:, oi t|c :o::tivc stucc:ts, t|c l:gugc oi t|c tcst will |vc |cc:
scco:c l:gugc, :c souc oi t|csc stucc:ts will :ot |vc |c u:, ,c:s oi
cxc:ic:cc i: t|c ccuctio:l s,stcu oi t|c cou:t:, i: w|ic| t|c, wc:c tcstcc
li:stgc:c:tio: stucc:ts :c lso i: iuilics i: w|ic| t|c ii:st l:gugc, o: t|c
l:gugc so|c: t |ouc, u, :ot |c t|c l:gugc oi i:st:uctio: kcg:clcss oi
t|ci: lcc oi |i:t|, stucc:ts i: t|c scco:c :c t|i:c ctcgo:ics :ccc to cqui:c
t|c suc |:owlccgc :c s|ills t|t :tivc|o:: stucc:ts :c cxcctcc to |vc s
t|c, uovc tow:cs t|c coulctio: oi t|ci: io:ul ccuctio:
.ara l|- //c|cjo|c
akca /tacr/ abot/
//c/| n/q|a//or /a/t
ara /onc larqtaqc
1/cc tc//or a/a ro/
/akc jtll a..otr/ oj
//c va|/ca //ta//or oj
.//la|cr /r /nn/q|ar/
jan/l/c
1/c araly/ .ona|c
.ra//vc /tacr/.
.j/|/-qcrc|a//or
/tacr/.
.ara ror-ra//vc
/tacr/
larqtaqc / a kcy /tc
jo| nary /tacr/ bo|r
ab|oaa o| w///
/nn/q|ar/ a|cr/
1.+
0
.
10
1.
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!0
!.
+0
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10
1.
!0
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+00
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o00
\c: c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc oi stucc:ts w|o wc:c
io:cig:|o:: :c w|osc
:c:ts wc:c lso io:cig:
|o:: ;":o::tivc stucc:ts",
,EFTSCALE
2IGHTSCALE
,EFTSCALE
2IGHTSCALE
|o:: i: t|c cou:t:, oi
sscssuc:t |ut w|osc :c:ts
wc:c io:cig:|o:: ;"ii:st
gc:c:tio: stucc:ts",
|o:: i: t|c cou:t:, oi
sscssuc:t wit| t lcst o:c
oi t|ci: :c:ts |o:: i: t|c
suc cou:t:, ;":tivc
stucc:ts",
l:qurc c.5
llcc oi |i:t|, |ouc l:gugc :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
t....o. c co.. o1 .....o.c o1. (!. .o!.) o1
..c.o.. c co.., .....o.c o1 o.. o1.
c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!. (..| .o!.)
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc o10
t....o. c o1. |c .o| o !ooo. o |c. c c |. .. |o . 1....
.c |. !ooo. c o.., .c c|.. c...o! !ooo. c.
.c c|.. o.co! 1.o!.. (!. .o!.) o1 ..c.o.. c o1. c
|. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!. /, !ooo. .co (..| .o!.)
lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts w|o
sc| l:gugc t |ouc
uost oi t|c tiuc t|t is
ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c l:gugc
oi sscssuc:t, i:ou ot|c:
oiiicil l:gugcs o: i:ou
ot|c: :tio:l cilccts
wc:c io:cig:|o:: :c w|osc
:c:ts wc:c lso io:cig:
|o:: ;":o::tivc stucc:ts",
wc:c |o:: i: t|c cou:t:, oi
sscssuc:t |ut w|osc :c:ts
wc:c io:cig:|o:: ;"ii:st
gc:c:tio: stucc:ts",
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sclc oi stucc:ts w|o sc|
l:gugc t |ouc uost oi
t|c tiuc t|t is dierent rom
t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t,
i:ou ot|c: oiiicil l:gugcs
o: i:ou ot|c: :tio:l
cilccts
sclc oi stucc:ts w|o sc|
l:gugc t |ouc uost oi
t|c tiuc t|t is t|c same as
t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t,
ot|c: oiiicil l:gugcs o:
:ot|c: :tio:l cilccts
1..
A cou:iso: oi t|c c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c, oi ii:stgc:c:tio: stucc:ts
wit| t|t oi :tivc stucc:ts i: t|c 1+ cou:t:ics i: w|ic| ii:stgc:c:tio:
stucc:ts :c:csc:t t lcst ! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts sscsscc i: llA !000, :cvcls
cou:tivcl, l:gc :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs i: ivou: oi :tivc
stucc:ts i: tc: cou:t:ics I|c ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc ::gc i:ou !1 to +1 oi:ts i: l::cc, :cw Zcl:c, wccc:
:c t|c D:itcc ttcs, i:ou |out .! to o! oi:ts i: Aust:i, licc|tc:stci:
:c witzc:l:c, cxcccc 0 oi:ts, o: :oxiutcl, iull :oiicic:c, lcvcl, i:
Gc:u:,, luxcu|ou:g :c t|c :ct|c:l:cs, :c :isc to 11! oi:ts i: lclgiuu
;I|lc o10, A siuil: ttc:: cxists io: t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: lcc oi |i:t|
:c c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclcs
I|csc :c t:ou|li:g ciiic:c:ccs |ccusc |ot| g:ous oi stucc:ts wc:c |o:: i:
t|c cou:t:, w|c:c t|c sscssuc:t too| lcc :c, :csuu|l,, |c cxc:ic:ccc
t|c suc cu::iculuu t|t t|c :tio:l ccuctio: s,stcu oiic:s to ll stucc:ts
Dcsitc w|tcvc: siuil:itics t|c:c uig|t |c i: t|ci: ccuctio:l |isto:ics,
souct|i:g |out |ci:g ii:stgc:c:tio: stucc:t uts t|cu t :cltivc
ciscv:tgc i: t|csc cou:t:ics o:cc:: |out suc| ciiic:c:ccs is csccill,
|ustiiicc i: t|osc cou:t:ics wit| sig:iiic:t c:io:u:cc gs :c cou:tivcl,
l:gc c:cc:tgcs oi ii:stgc:c:tio: stucc:ts, i:cluci:g lclgiuu ; c: cc:t,,
l::cc ;10 c: cc:t,, luxcu|ou:g ;1 c: cc:t, :c witzc:l:c ;- c: cc:t,
As o:c woulc cxcct, :o::tivc stucc:ts tc:c to lg cvc: iu:t|c: |c|i:c
:tivc stucc:ts t|: co ii:stgc:c:tio: stucc:ts : vc:gc, i: 10 out oi t|c
1o cou:t:ics i:cluccc i: t|is cou:iso:, :tivc stucc:ts outsco:c t|ci: :o:
:tivc cc:s i: :cci:g litc:c, |, t lcst 1 oi:ts, o: iull :oiicic:c, lcvcl
I|c ciiic:c:ccs ::gc i:ou 10! to 11! oi:ts i: licc|tc:stci:, luxcu|ou:g :c
witzc:l:c, :c i:ou o0 to 100 oi:ts i: Aust:i, lclgiuu, Dc:u:|, Gc:u:,,
G:cccc, t|c :ct|c:l:cs, :o:w, :c wccc: I|c sullcst |ut still sttisticll,
sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs :c i: :c ;! oi:ts,, :cw Zcl:c ;!0 oi:ts, :c
t|c D:itcc ttcc ;+. oi:ts, l: t|c csc oi :cw Zcl:c, t|is is |out t|c suc
ciiic:c:cc s |ctwcc: :o::tivc :c ii:stgc:c:tio: stucc:ts i: t|t cou:t:,
Aust:li :c :c :ovicc i:tc:csti:g cxcctio:s to t|c gc:c:l ttc:: l:
Aust:li, :cit|c: stucc:t`s lcc oi |i:t| :o: t|c |i:t|lcc oi |is o: |c:
:c:ts sccus, o: vc:gc, to i:iluc:cc c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g, ut|cuticl
:c scic:tiiic litc:c, Aust:li c|icvcs t|csc :csults i: t|c icc oi |ig| :oo:
tio:s oi :o::tivc stucc:ts ;1! c: cc:t oi ll stucc:ts, :c ii:stgc:c:tio:
stucc:ts ;11 c: cc:t, iuil: ttc::s oi succcss :c lso iou:c i: :c
s t|c t|:cc g:ous oi :ci: stucc:ts sco:c sttisticll, |ovc t|c lD
vc:gc i: two out oi t|c t|:cc coui:s
:c c: |,ot|csisc t|t stucc:ts w|o sc| t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t o:
:ot|c: :tio:l l:gugc o: cilcct t |ouc uost oi t|c tiuc ;u|o:it,
l:gugc stucc:ts, will c:io:u |cttc: i: llA t|: stucc:ts w|o :outi:cl,
co:vc:sc wit| t|ci: :c:ts :c si|li:gs i: :ot|c: l:gugc ;ui:o:it,
l:gugc stucc:ts,
1+
: t|c w|olc, t|c ct suo:t t|is |,ot|csis Auo:g
|r no/ .otr/|/c w///
/qr/j/.ar/ /nn/q|ar/
otla//or j/|/-
qcrc|a//or /tacr/ |caa
wcll bclow //c lcvcl oj
ra//vc /tacr/.
.cvcr //otq/ //cy wc|c
//cnclvc bo|r /r //c
.otr/|y - w//./ /
a//t|b/rq
/tacr/ bo|r ab|oaa
laq bc//ra cvcr no|c
al//otq/ /o w/acly
va|y/rq acq|cc /r
a/jjc|cr/ .otr/|/c
- jcw .otr/|/c /ara
ot/ bc.atc //cy aca|
/o avo/a //cc
a/jjc|cr.c
No/ t||//rqly /tacr/
ro/ cak/rq //c nao|//y
larqtaqc a/ /onc
c|jo|n nt./ lc wcll
//ar //oc w/o ao.
1.o
t|c lD cou:t:ics, t|c vc:gc ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c two g:ous is oo oi:ts
i: :cci:g :c i: scic:tiiic litc:c,, :c +- oi:ts i: ut|cuticl litc:c, ;I|lc
o11,
:c iulictio: oi t|csc ciiic:c:ccs is t|t t|c 1.,c:olcstucc:ts i: lclgiuu,
Dc:u:|, Gc:u:,, luxcu|ou:g :c witzc:l:c w|o co :ot sc| t|c l:
gugc oi sscssuc:t o: :ot|c: :tio:l l:gugc o: :tio:l cilcct t |ouc :c
t lcst two :c |li tiucs uo:c li|cl, to |c uo:g t|c !. c: cc:t lowcst
c:io:uc:s i: :cci:g litc:c, t|: t|osc stucc:ts w|o sc| t|c l:gugc oi
sscssuc:t uost oi t|c tiuc l: Aust:i, l::cc, G:cccc, t|c :ct|c:l:cs, :cw
Zcl:c, wccc: :c t|c D:itcc ttcs, ui:o:it,l:gugc stucc:ts :c uo:c
t|: twicc s li|cl, s u|o:it,l:gugc stucc:ts to |c i: t|c |ottou qu:tc:
oi c:io:u:cc i: cc| coui:
I|c ciiic:c:ccs i: uc: :cci:g sco:cs |ctwcc: u|o:it, :c ui:o:it,l:
gugc stucc:ts clc:l, iicct cou:t:ics` ovc:ll c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g As :
illust:tio:, ii Gc:u:, wc:c |lc to :isc t|c uc: sco:cs oi ui:o:it,l:gugc
sc|c:s to t|c suc lcvcl s t|t oi u|o:it,l:gugc sc|c:s, t|c :tio:l
uc: sco:c i: Gc:u:, woulc |c |ovc t|c lD vc:gc oi .00 oi:ts i:
ut|cuticl litc:c,, :t|c: t|: 10 oi:ts |clow it
#ONCLUSIONS
I|c gol oi u|lic olic, i: ccuctio: uust |c to :ovicc cqul oo:tu:i
tics io: ll stucc:ts to c|icvc t|ci: iull otc:til W|ilc :cc|i:g t|is gol
c: |c i:ust:tcc |, t|c st:o:g iuct oi |ouc |c|g:ou:c icto:s o: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc, t|c ict t|t t|c iuct ciiic:s g:ctl, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics
givcs :isc to otiuisu t|t g:ctc: cqulit, i: ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics is
tti:|lc
I|c sccts oi |ouc |c|g:ou:c i:vcstigtcc i: t|is c|tc: :c :cltcc, :c
t|ci: ciiccts :c :ot i:ccc:cc:t :cvc:t|clcss, iulictio:s io: olic, :isc
i:ou cc| o:c co:sicc:cc sc:tcl,
l:c:tl occutio:l sttus |s :ticul:l, st:o:g ssocitio: wit| stucc:t
c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, lvi:g :c:ts
i: uo:c :cstigious |o|s c: i:iluc:cc stucc:ts` ow: |o| cxccttio:s, :c
:isc t|ci: couuituc:t to lc::i:g s t|c uc:s oi stisi,i:g |ig| occu
tio:l si:tio:s lig| :c:tl occutio:l sttus c: lso wicc: t|c ::gc
oi otio:s oi w|ic| c|ilc:c: :c w:c lcuctio: s,stcus :ccc to wicc:
occutio:l |:owlccgc :c si:tio:s s wcll s tc|li:g uo:c iuuccitc
issucs oi ccuctio:l c:io:u:cc
I|c :olc oi osscssio:s :c ctivitics :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c is
coulcx, |ut t|c osscssio: oi t|c |i:c oi cultu:l citl o: w|ic| sc|ool
cu::icul tc:c to |uilc :c w|ic| cxui:tio:s :c tcsts sscss c:s
to |c :cltcc to stucc:t c:io:u:cc W|ilc osscssio: oi suc| cv:tgcs
.ara a|c nt./ no|c
l/kcly /o .o|c anorq
//c lowc/ ta|/c| oj
/tacr/ /r ca./
.otr/|y.
.w//./ .ar ajjc./ a
.otr/|y avc|aqc
|caa/rq .o|c
/qr/j/.ar/ly
//jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
.otr/|/c /r //c /na./
oj /onc ba.kq|otra or
/tacr/ c|jo|nar.c q/vc
onc /oc //a/ // .ar bc
|cat.ca
la|cr/al o..ta//or /
/|orqly ao./a/ca w///
c|jo|nar.c.
.a a|c oc/or ara
a.//v///c |cla/ca /o
.la/.al .tl/t|c
1.
is :cltcc to t|c ot|c: |ouc |c|g:ou:c c|:ctc:istics, its ciiccts i:
isoltio: :c gc:c:ll, st:o:g I|c ict t|t t|c ciiccts :c cvc: |ig|c: i:
:cci:g litc:c, t|: i: ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, cu|siscs t|c
ccuctio:l |c:ciit oi |ouc|scc cccss to litc:tu:c :c ot|c: cultu:l
osscssio:s
l:c:tl ccuctio: :c ttc::s oi socil :c cultu:l couuu:ictio: |ctwcc:
:c:ts :c c|ilc:c:, :ticul:l, couuu:ictio:s :cltcc to sc|ool :c
lc::i:g, :c i:tc:co::cctcc :c, togct|c:, u, |c oi sig:iiic:t ccuctio:l
|c:ciit io: c|ilc:c: I|c :csults oi llA suggcst t|t ccuctio:l succcss u,
|c :cltcc to ttc::s oi couuu:ictio: |ctwcc: :c:ts :c c|ilc:c: A:
iuo:t:t o||cctivc io: u|lic olic, u, t|c:cio:c |c to suo:t :c:ts,
:ticul:l, t|osc w|osc ow: ccuctio:l tti:uc:t is liuitcc, to icilittc
t|ci: i:tc:ctio: wit| t|ci: c|ilc:c: :c t|ci: c|ilc:c:`s sc|ools i: w,s t|t
c:|:cc t|ci: c|ilc:c:`s lc::i:g
luil, wclt|, i:tc::cltcc wit| :c:tl occutio:s, is lso ssocitcc wit|
|ig|c: lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc, lt|oug| t|c :cltio:s|i c:s to |c wc|c:
t|: t|t oi t|c ot|c: icto:s cxui:cc i: t|is c|tc:
li:ll,, ll lD cou:t:ics :c cxc:ic:ci:g i:c:cscc uig:tio:, uuc|
oi it oi colc w|osc |ouc l:gugc is :ot t|c l:gugc oi i:st:uctio:
i: t|c sc|ools t|t t|ci: c|ilc:c: ttc:c I|c :tu:c oi t|c ccuctio:l
ciscv:tgc t|t stucc:ts wit| ct|:ic ui:o:it, |c|g:ou:c :co: t|c
c|ilc:c: oi uig::ts suiic: is su|st:till, i:iluc:ccc |, t|c ci:cuust:ccs
i:ou w|ic| t|c, |vc couc lcuctio:l ciscv:tgc i: t|ci: cou:t:,
oi o:igi: c: |c ug:iiicc i: t|ci: cou:t:, oi cotio: cvc: t|oug|, i:
|solutc tc:us, t|ci: ccuctio:l c:io:u:cc uig|t |vc |cc: :iscc
o:cc:t:tcc |cl i: t|c l:gugc oi i:st:uctio: coulc |c o:c olic,
otio: io: suc| stucc:ts I|csc stucc:ts u, |c cccuicll, ciscv:
tgcc cit|c: |ccusc t|c, :c iuuig::ts c:tc:i:g :cw ccuctio: s,stcu
o: |ccusc t|c, :ccc to lc:: :cw l:gugc i: |ouc c:vi:o:uc:t
t|t u, :ot icilittc t|is lc::i:g l: cit|c: csc, t|c, u, |c i: :ccc oi
sccil o: cxt: ttc:tio:
Iogct|c:, t|c ii:ci:gs |vc otc:till, iuo:t:t iulictio:s io: olic,
u|c:s litc:c, s|ills :c : iuo:t:t iou:ctio: io: liiclo:g lc::i:g :c
c:|:cc iutu:c oo:tu:itics io: culo,uc:t :c c::i:gs l: co:scquc:cc,
i:tc:gc:c:tio:l uo|ilit, i:ou lowc: to |ig|c: sociocco:ouic sttus u, |c
liuitcc i: cou:t:ics wit| |ig| c:cc:tgcs oi wc|c: o: u:gi:ll, :oiicic:t
:ccc:s I|c wc|c: stucc:ts u, |c t|c o:cs lcst li|cl, to o|ti: culo,
uc:t oo:tu:itics t|t oiic: t|c :ouisc oi cco:ouic uo|ilit, |tc:
t|cs t|c :l,sis iu:t|c: |, co:sicc:i:g |ow t|c ciiic:c:t |c|g:ou:c icto:s
i:tc:ct, :c cxlo:cs w|t olic, lcvc:s cxist i: ciiic:c:t cou:t:ics |ot| to
iu:ovc vc:gc c:io:u:cc :c to uocc:tc t|c iuct oi iuil, |c|g:ou:c
la|cr/ cat.a//or ara
tal//y oj
.onntr/.a//or w///
.//la|cr /ow a o///vc
ao./a//or a wcll.
.w//lc jan/ly wcal//
/cra /o bc lc /|orqly
ao./a/ca w/// /tacr/
c|jo|nar.c
1/c a/aavar/aqc oj
n/q|ar/ a|c .onlcx
ara va|/ca bt/ rcca /o
bc aaa|cca
|an/ly a/aavar/aqc w/ll
|cna/r j|on qcrc|a//or
/o qcrc|a//or trlc
cat.a//or y/cn /akc
/c /o n///qa/c //
cjjc./
1.
.OTES
1 lo: cctilcc i:io:utio: o: t|c co:st:uctio: oi t|c i:ciccs, scc A::cx A1
! l: ll cou:t:ics t|c ciiic:c:ccs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
! l: st:c:ciscc tc:us, t|c cquivlc:t i:c:cscs c: u:it o: t|c wclt| i:ccx :c !0 oi:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc ;scc I|lc o!,, !+ oi:ts io: ut|cuticl litc:c, :c 1 oi:ts io: scic:tiiic litc:c, ;io: ct, scc
.oc..1c.,
+ : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s !o c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
. : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s ! c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
o I|c ciiic:c:ccs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: ll lD cou:t:ics :c i: ll t|:cc sscssuc:t coui:s
l: t|c csc oi cultu:l couuu:ictio:, t|c ciiic:c:ccs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: ll cou:t:ics l: t|t oi socil
couuu:ictio:, t|c, :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: ll cou:t:ics cxcct ltl, I|c i:ccx oi cultu:l couuu:ictio: cxli:s
. c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc I|c i:ccx oi socil
couuu:ictio: cxli:s !! c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
A:ot|c: w, to sscss t|c iuo:t:cc oi socil :c cultu:l couuu:ictio: is to co:sicc: t|ci: :cltivc co:t:i|utio: to
ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc l: ll lD cou:t:ics, : i:c:csc oi o:c u:it o: t|c
i:ccx oi cultu:l couuu:ictio: ccs |out !1 oi:ts to t|c vc:gc :cci:g sco:c, cou:cc wit| ciiic:c:cc oi o:l, 10
oi:ts i: :cci:g io: cc| ccitio:l u:it o: t|c i:ccx oi socil couuu:ictio:
- I|csc ciiic:c:ccs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: ll cou:t:ics :c ll t|:cc sscssuc:t coui:s, cxcct io: lo:tugl :c
lol:c i: ut|cuticl litc:c,
10 l: t|c ciscussio: t|t iollows, stucc:ts i: si:glc:c:t iuilics :c cou:cc wit| stucc:ts i: ll ot|c: t,cs oi iuil,
c:vi:o:uc:t, i:cluci:g :uclc: iuilics ;.., t:citio:l iuil, wit| uot|c: :c it|c:,, uixcc iuilics ; iuil, wit|
uot|c: :c ulc gu:ci:, it|c: :c iculc gu:ci:, o: two gu:ci:s,, :c ot|c: ossi|lc iuil, c:vi:o:uc:ts
;., livi:g wit| g::c:c:ts o: si|li:gs,
11 I|c ciiic:c:ccs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t i: 1+ cou:t:ics
1! Alt|oug| stucc:ts i: si:glc:c:t iuilics i: t|c D:itcc li:gcou co lcss wcll t|: t|ci: cc:s i: ot|c: iuil, st:uctu:cs,
t|c sco:cs oi |ot| g:ous oi stucc:ts :c closc to o: cxcccc t|c lD vc:gc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc I|is
is :ot t|c csc i: t|c D:itcc ttcs
1! tucc:ts w|o wc:c u:|lc to :cc o: sc| t|c l:gugc oi t|c tcst |ccusc t|c, |c :cccivcc lcss t|: o:c ,c: oi tcc|i:g
i: t|c l:gugc oi t|c sscssuc:t wc:c cxcluccc i:ou t|c sscssuc:t ;scc A::cx A!,
1+ l: :cso:sc to t|c qucstio:, w|t l:gugc co ,ou sc| t |ouc uost oi t|c tiuc, stucc:ts coulc i:cictc t|t t|c,
so|c t|c l:gugc i: w|ic| t|c sscssuc:t ws u:cc:t|cc, : ot|c: oiiicil :tio:l l:gugc, ot|c: :tio:l cilccts o:
l:gugcs, o: ot|c: l:gugcs I|c ct :csc:tcc |c:c cou:c stucc:ts i: t|c lst g:ou ;.., ot|c: l:gugcs, wit|
stucc:ts i: t|c ii:st t|:cc g:ous i: t|c cou:t:ics i: w|ic| t lcst ! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i:cictcc t|t t|c l:gugc so|c:
i: t|ci: |ouc uost oi t|c tiuc ws : ot|c: l:gugc
1
c|o..
1lL LL^kNlNG LN\lkON!LN1
^Nl 1lL OkG^Nl^1lON
Ol ClOOLlNG
cHAr1IR 1 1/c lca|r/rq crv/|orncr/ ara //c o|qar/a//or oj ./ool/rq
1o0
)NTRODUCTION
I|c uou:t oi |:owlccgc :c s|ills cqui:cc ccc:cs g:ctl, o: t|c cxtc:t
to w|ic| stucc:ts |vc cccss to ciicctivc lc::i:g oo:tu:itics |ot| t |ouc
:c t sc|ool I|is c|tc: t|cs t|c sc:c| io: icto:s co:t:i|uti:g to ccuc
tio:l succcss iu:t|c: |, tu::i:g ttc:tio: to t|c lc::i:g c:vi:o:uc:t t|t
sc|ools :c iuilics :ovicc io: 1.,c:olc stucc:ts :c |, cou:i:g sccts
oi sc|ool u:gcuc:t :c ii::ci:g
1// ./a/c| .or/ac|
/ow //c ./ool
crv/|orncr/ /
ao./a/ca w/// /tacr/
t..c
lox 1 Interpreting the rIsA indices
cvc:l oi t|c i:ciccs suuu:isc t|c :cso:scs oi stucc:ts o: sc|ool :i:cils to sc:ics oi :cltcc
qucstio:s I|c qucstio:s wc:c sclcctcc i:ou l:gc: co:st:ucts o: t|c |sis oi t|co:cticl co:sicc:tio:s
:c :cvious :csc:c|
1
lo: cctilcc i:io:utio: o: t|c co:st:uctio: oi t|c i:ciccs, scc A::cx A1
I|c llA !000 i:ciccs :c |scc o: stucc:ts` :c sc|ool :i:cils` ccou:ts oi t|c lc::i:g
c:vi:o:uc:t :c o:g:istio: oi sc|ools, :c oi t|c socil :c cco:ouic co:tcxts i: w|ic| lc::i:g
t|cs lcc I|c i:ciccs :cl, o: scli:co:ts :t|c: t|: o: cxtc::l o|sc:vtio:s :c u, |c i:iluc:ccc
|, c:osscultu:l ciiic:c:ccs i: :cso:sc |c|viou: o: t|c socil ccsi:|ilit, oi cc:ti: :cso:scs
cvc:l liuittio:s oi t|c i:io:utio: collcctcc i:ou :i:cils s|oulc |c t|c: i:to ccou:t i:
t|c i:tc::cttio: oi t|c ct l: uost cou:t:ics, :o uo:c t|: 1.0 :i:cils wc:c su:vc,cc l:
ccitio:, lt|oug| :i:cils :c |cst suitcc to :ovicc i:io:utio: |out t|ci: sc|ools, gc:c:lis
i:g i:ou si:glc sou:cc oi i:io:utio: io: cc| sc|ool ;:c t|c: utc|i:g t|t i:io:utio: wit|
stucc:ts` :co:ts, is :ot st:ig|tio:w:c \ost iuo:t:tl,, stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc i: cc| oi t|c
coui:s ccc:cs o: u:, icto:s, i:cluci:g ll t|c ccuctio: t|t t|c, |vc :cccivcc i: c:lic:
,c:s, :ot |ust t|c c:ioc i: w|ic| t|c, |vc i:tc:ctcc wit| t|ci: cu::c:t tcc|c:s :cvc:t|clcss,
t|c i:io:utio: i:ou t|c sc|ool qucstio::i:c c: |c i:st:uctivc s it :oviccs u:iquc i:sig|ts i:to
t|c w,s i: w|ic| :tio:l :c su|:tio:l ut|o:itics iulcuc:t t|ci: ccuctio:l o||cctivcs
W|c:c i:io:utio: |scc o: :co:ts i:ou sc|ool :i:cils is :csc:tcc i: t|is :co:t, it |s |cc:
wcig|tcc so t|t it :cilccts t|c :uu|c: oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: cc| sc|ool
D:lcss ot|c:wisc :otcc, cou:iso:s oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: t|is c|tc: :cic: to t|c
c:io:u:cc oi stucc:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
|cca|./ tqqc/ //a/
/tacr/ bcrcj// j|on
.lca| cxc./a//or or //c/|
c|jo|nar.c ara ao bc//c|
/j /ca./c| a|c /r/c|c/ca
/r //c/| |oq|c ara
w/ll/rq /o /cl //cn ncc/
//c cxc./a//or
3CHOOLANDCLASSROOMCLIMATE
Teacner support
I|c litc:tu:c o: sc|ool ciicctivc:css suggcsts t|t stucc:ts ;:ticul:l, t|osc
wit| low lcvcl oi c:io:u:cc, |c:ciit i:ou tcc|i:g :cticcs t|t ccuo:
st:tc tcc|c:s` i:tc:cst i: t|c :og:css oi t|ci: stucc:ts, givc t|c clc: ucssgc
t|t ll stucc:ts :c cxcctcc to tti: :cso:|lc c:io:u:cc st:c:cs, :c
s|ow willi:g:css to |cl ll stucc:ts to ucct t|csc st:c:cs l: o:cc: to
cxui:c t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| suc| :cticcs :c couuo: i: ciiic:c:t lD
1/c lca|r/rq crv/|orncr/ ara //c o|qar/a//or oj ./ool/rq cHAr1IR 1
1o1
cou:t:ics, :c t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|c, :ouotc |ig|c: lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc,
stucc:ts wc:c s|cc to i:cictc t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| tcc|c:s i: t|c
l:gugc oi sscssuc:t s|ow : i:tc:cst i: cvc:, stucc:t`s lc::i:g, givc stu
cc:ts : oo:tu:it, to cx:css oi:io:s, |cl stucc:ts wit| t|ci: wo:| :c
co:ti:uc to tcc| u:til stucc:ts u:cc:st:c
A suuu:, i:ccx oi tcc|c: suo:t ws c:ctcc i:ou t|c :cso:scs to t|csc
:c :cltcc qucstio:s Vlucs |ovc t|c lD vc:gc, w|ic| is sct t 0, i:ci
ctc |ig|c: t|: vc:gc stucc:t c:cctio:s t|t tcc|c:s :c suo:tivc ;t
lcst i: lcsso:s oi t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t,, w|ilc :cgtivc vlucs i:cictc
|clowvc:gc stucc:t c:cctio:s oi tcc|c:s` suo:tivc:css
!
tucc:ts i: Aust:li, l:zil, :c, :cw Zcl:c, lo:tugl, t|c D:itcc
li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs |vc t|c uost ositivc c:cctio:s oi t|ci:
tcc|c:s` suo:tivc:css l, co:t:st, stucc:ts i: Aust:i, lclgiuu, t|c zcc|
kcu|lic, l::cc, Gc:u:,, ltl,, :, lo:c, ltvi, luxcu|ou:g :c
lol:c :co:t |clowvc:gc suo:t i:ou t|ci: tcc|c:s oi t|c l:gugc oi
sscssuc:t ;I|lc 1,
lo: cxulc, i: Aust:li, :c, Dc:u:|, lccl:c, :cw Zcl:c, lo:tugl,
wccc: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, |ctwcc: twot|i:cs :c t|:ccqu:tc:s oi
stucc:ts :co:t t|t t|ci: tcc|c:s oi t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t co:ti:uc to
tcc| u:til stucc:ts u:cc:st:c, i: uost lcsso:s o: cvc:, lcsso: o:vc:scl,,
i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic, :, lo:c :c lol:c, lcss t|: |li oi stucc:ts
u|c suc| :co:t iuil:l,, i: Aust:li, :c, Dc:u:|, lu:g:,, lccl:c,
:cw Zcl:c, lo:tugl, wccc: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, twot|i:cs o: uo:c
oi stucc:ts :co:t t|t t|ci: tcc|c:s oi t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t co lot to
|cl stucc:ts i: uost lcsso:s o: cvc:, lcsso:, w|ilc lcss t|: |li oi stucc:ts
i: l::cc, lo:c, :, luxcu|ou:g :c lol:c u|c t|t :co:t ;io: ct,
scc .oc..1c., l:ou t|c ct vil|lc, t|c:c is :o w, oi sscssi:g
t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|csc :csults :cilcct t:uc ciiic:c:ccs i: tcc|c:s` ttituccs
:c :cticcs wit|i: :c |ctwcc: cou:t:ics :t|c: t|: ciiic:c:ccs i:
stucc:ts` su||cctivc :co:ts, si:cc stucc:ts i: cc| cou:t:, licc o:l, t|ci:
ow: |ucgcuc:t Dcsitc t|is cvct, souc oi t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics
:c so l:gc t|t t|c, uc:it ttc:tio:
Io t|c cxtc:t t|t tcc|c:s t,icll, usc uo:c suo:tivc :cticcs i: clsscs
ttc:ccc |, u|o:it, oi lcss |lc stucc:ts, t|c co::cltio: |ctwcc: suo:t
:c c:io:u:cc woulc |c cxcctcc to |c :cgtivc At t|c suc tiuc, to t|c
cxtc:t t|t t|c c:cou:gcuc:t oiic:cc is ciicctivc, o:c woulc cxcct t|t
c:io:u:cc woulc |c |ig|c: i: clsscs t|t :cccivc uo:c suo:t t|: i:
ot|c: clsscs
As uig|t |c :ticitcc i:ou t|is, t|c :cltio:s|i is uixcc :c gc:c:ll, wc|
!

lowcvc:, i: uost cou:t:ics wit| vluc o: t|c tcc|c: suo:t i:ccx o/c. t|c
lD vc:gc, t|c co::cltio: |ctwcc: tcc|c: suo:t :c c:io:u:cc i:
:cci:g litc:c, tc:cs to |c ositivc :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ;ligu:c 1,
1/c q|ca/ nao|//y oj
/tacr/ jccl wcll
to|/ca /r onc
.otr/|/c bt/ orly a
n/ro|//y /r o//c|
1/c |cla//or// bc/wccr
/ca./c| to|/ ara
c|jo|nar.c /
.onlcx.
.bt/ /r no/ .otr/|/c w///
//q/ lcvcl oj /ca./c| to|/
//c ao./a//or w/// c|jo|nar.c
/cra /o bc wcakly o///vc
1o!
l: cou:t:ics w|c:c stucc:ts :co:t lowc: tcc|c: suo:t t|: t|c lD
vc:gc, t|c ttc:: oi :cltio:s|is is uixcc lo: cxulc, :, lo:c,
ltvi :c lol:c :c cou:t:ics wit| |clowvc:gc vlucs o: t|c i:ccx
oi tcc|c: suo:t, |ut t|osc stucc:ts w|o |c:ciit i:ou uo:c suo:tivc
tcc|c:s s|ow |ig|c: llA sco:cs t|: ot|c: stucc:ts l, co:t:st, lclgiuu,
t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Gc:u:,, ltl, :c luxcu|ou:g :c cou:t:ics wit| |clow
vc:gc tcc|c: suo:t i: w|ic| stucc:ts w|o :co:t uo:c tcc|c: suo:t
tc:c to c|icvc lowc: :csults l: t|csc cou:t:ics, t lcst .1 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
s, t|t t|ci: tcc|c:s oi t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t :cvc: s|ow i:tc:cst i:
cvc:, stucc:t`s lc::i:g o: co so o:l, i: souc lcsso:s ;s ooscc to uost
lcsso:s o: cvc:, lcsso:,, t lcst ! c: cc:t oi stucc:ts s, t|t t|ci: tcc|c:s
:cvc: o: o:l, i: souc lcsso:s :ovicc : oo:tu:it, io: stucc:ts to cx:css
t|ci: oi:io:s, :c . c: cc:t o: uo:c oi stucc:ts s, t|t t|ci: tcc|c:s
:cvc: o: o:l, i: souc lcsso:s |cl t|cu wit| t|ci: lc::i:g ;io: ct, scc
.oc..1c.,
\:, icto:s u, co:t:i|utc to t|is ttc::, :c iu:t|c: :csc:c| is :ccccc to
cxlo:c t|csc l: t|c cou:t:ics wit| |clowvc:gc lcvcls oi tcc|c: suo:t
:c :cgtivc :cltio:s|i wit| c:io:u:cc, suo:tivc:css u, |c i:cluccc
i: tcc|c:s` :oicssio:l cultu:c to lcssc: cxtc:t t|: i: ot|c: cou:t:ics,
:c tcc|c:s u, tc:c to liuit t|ci: ciio:ts to clsscs o: i:civicul stucc:ts
cxc:ic:ci:g t|c uost sc:ious ciiiicultics : c:|s it is o:l, o:cc c:iticl
uss oi tcc|c: suo:t is :oviccc i: sc|ool t|t t|c ciiccts o: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc |ccouc suiiicic:tl, |c:ciicil to |vc ositivc iuct o: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc
l:qurc ?.!
Icc|c: suo:t :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
cc...!o.c /... |. .1. c .o.|.. oc. o1 ..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!.
\c: i:ccx oi tcc|c:
suo:t is above t|c
lD vc:gc ;00,
\c: i:ccx oi tcc|c:
suo:t is beiov t|c
lD vc:gc ;00,
rositive co::cltio: |ctwcc:
tcc|c: suo:t i:ccx :c
c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc
Aust:li, l:zil, :c,
Dc:u:|, li:l:c,
lccl:c, :cw Zcl:c,
kussi: lccc:tio:,
wccc:, D:itcc li:cou,
D:itcc ttcs
:, lo:c, ltvi,
:o:w,, lol:c
:o sttisticll,
sig:iiic:t
co::cltio:
G:cccc, lu:g:,,
l:cl:c, \cxico,
lo:tugl, i:
Aust:i,
zcc| kcu|lic,
l::cc, :ct|c:l:cs
Negative co::cltio: |ctwcc:
tcc|c: suo:t i:ccx :c
c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc
licc|tc:stci:,
witzc:l:c
lclgiuu, Gc:u:,,
ltl,, luxcu|ou:g
|r .otr/|/c w/// lc
to|/ ovc|all //c
/./t|c / no|c n/xca.
.c|/a bc.atc
/ca./c| to|/ /cra /o
bc l/n//ca /o //c wcak
c|jo|nc|
1o!
Student-reIated factors affecting tne scnooI cIimate
lot| t|c sc|ool :c stucc:t co:tcxt qucstio::i:cs i: llA i:cluccc qucstio:s
t|t llow t|c icc:tiiictio: :c cou:iso: oi stucc:ts` :c :i:cils`
c:cctio:s oi icto:s t|t iicct sc|ools` cliutc io: lc::i:g l:i:cils wc:c
s|cc to i:cictc t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| lc::i:g is |i:cc:cc |, suc| icto:s s
stucc:t |sc:tccisu, t|c usc oi lco|ol o: illcgl c:ugs, :c cis:utio: oi clsscs
|, stucc:ts tucc:ts, i: tu::, wc:c s|cc |ow i:cquc:tl, cc:ti: cis:utivc
situtio:s occu: i: t|ci: clsscs oi t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t lo: cxulc,
stucc:ts i:cictcc t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| stucc:ts c::ot wo:| wcll, t|c:c
is :oisc :c ciso:cc:, :c t t|c st:t oi clss, uo:c t|: iivc ui:utcs :c sc:t
coi:g :ot|i:g uc| ct s|oulc |c i:tc::ctcc wit| souc cutio:, t|oug|
l:i:cils i: ciiic:c:t cou:t:ics co :ot :cccss:il, l, t|c suc c:itc:i
w|c: co:sicc:i:g t|c lc::i:g cliutc lo: cxulc, :i:cils i: cou:t:ics
wit| gc:c:ll, low |sc:tccisu u, co:sicc: uoccst lcvcl oi |sc:tccisu i:
t|ci: sc|ool to |c u|o: cusc oi ciscili::, :o|lcus, w|c:cs :i:cils i:
cou:t:ics wit| |ig|c: lcvcls oi |sc:tccisu u, scc t|i:gs ciiic:c:tl,
l|- lookca a/ /ow
ja| lca|r/rq / //rac|ca
by /ra|o|/a/c /tacr/
bc/av/ot| - /r //c cyc
oj |/r./al
100 . .0 !. 0
l:qurc ?.2
I|c cliutc io: lc::i:g t|c sc|ool :i:cils` c:scctivc
.../o.c c .o ....o. c o1. ..c!!.1 . .|cc! |... ....o! ..c. |o !.o.. . |.1...1 c
c. .. c. o !c /, |. c!!c. o.c.
Students intimidating or
buIIying otner students
Tne use of aIconoI or
iIIegaI drugs
Students Iacking respect
for teacners
Students skipping cIasses
Disruption of cIasses by
students
Student absenteeism
14 ]0.5)
9 ]0.4)
24 ]0.)
33 ]0.)
42 ]0.7)
4B ]0.7)

1o+
l: ll lD cou:t:ics, :i:cils icc:tii, stucc:t |sc:tccisu s t|c uost
i:cquc:t o|stclc to lc::i:g, + c: cc:t oi t|cu, o: vc:gc, icc:tii,i:g t|is s
|i:cc:i:g lc::i:g |, 1.,c:olcs cit|c: to souc cxtc:t o: lot ;scc ligu:c !
:c .oc..1c., Dis:utivc |c|viou: is t|c :cxt uost i:cquc:tl, i:cictcc
cusc, uc:tio:cc |, +! c: cc:t, t|c: stucc:ts s|ii:g clsscs, uc:tio:cc |,
!! c: cc:t, :c stucc:ts lc|i:g :cscct io: tcc|c:s, uc:tio:cc |, !+ c: cc:t
lou:tcc: c: cc:t oi :i:cils i:cictc t|t stucc:ts` i:tiuictio: o: |ull,i:g oi
ot|c: stucc:ts |i:cc:s lc::i:g to souc cxtc:t o: cvc: lot
l:ou t|c stucc:ts` c:scctivc, wsti:g tiuc t t|c |cgi::i:g oi lcsso:s is t|c
uost i:cquc:tl, :co:tcc ciscili::, :o|lcu A: vc:gc oi +0 c: cc:t oi
stucc:ts :co:t t|t, i: uost lcsso:s o: cvc:, lcsso: oi t|c l:gugc oi sscss
uc:t, uo:c t|: iivc ui:utcs t t|c st:t oi clss is sc:t coi:g :ot|i:g, :c
qu:tc: oi stucc:ts :co:t t|t stucc:ts co :ot st:t wo:|i:g io: lo:g tiuc
itc: lcsso:s |cgi: ;scc ligu:c ! :c .oc..1c., : vc:gc c:oss
lD cou:t:ics, t|i:c oi stucc:ts :co:t t|t t|c tcc|c: uust wit lo:g
loc /o /alj oj
|/r./al a|c .or.c|rca
abot/ //c cjjc./ oj
abcr/cc/n ara
a/|t//or.
.w//lc /tacr/ a|c
no/ .or.c|rca abot/
aclay /r qc///rq aowr
/o wo|k
100 . .0 !. 0
l:qurc ?.3
I|c cliutc io: lc::i:g t|c stucc:ts` c:scctivc
.../o.c c .o ....o. c o1. |c ..c. |o |. c!!c. o..
o.. .o. c. c !.c c. ..., !.c
At tne start of cIass, more

tnan five minutes are spent
doing notning
Tnere is noise and
disorder
Students don`t start
working for a Iong time
after tne Iesson begins
Students don`t Iisten to
wnat tne teacner says
Students cannot work weII
Tne teacner nas to wait a
Iong time for tne students to
quieten down
40 ]0.2)
31 ]0.2)
2 ]0.1)
24 ]0.2)
20 ]0.1)
33 ]0.2)

1o.
tiuc io: stucc:ts to quictc: cow: i: uost lcsso:s o: cvc:, lcsso: :c t|t t|c:c
is :oisc :c ciso:cc: i: t|ci: lcsso:s oi t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t lcss t|:
o:c i: iivc stucc:ts i: Dc:u:|, lccl:c, :, \cxico, lol:c, witzc:l:c
:c t|c D:itcc li:gcou :co:t t|t stucc:ts tc:c :ot to listc: to w|t t|c
tcc|c: s,s, w|ilc |out t|i:c oi stucc:ts i: lo:c :c ltl, co so
I|csc vc:gcs i:cictc gc:c:l ttc:: t|:oug|out t|c lD, |ut it s|oulc
|c :otcc t|t t|c vc:gcs cisguisc co:sicc:|lc v:itio: wit|i: :c |ctwcc:
lD cou:t:ics Io cxui:c |ow cou:t:ics ciiic:, suuu:, i:ciccs wc:c
co:st:uctcc usi:g ct i:ou |ot| :i:cils :c stucc:ts l: t|c csc oi t|c
stucc:tlcvcl i:ccx, t|c |ig|c: t|c sco:c o/c. zc:o, t|c uo:c ositivc :
ccuctio: s,stcu`s lc::i:g cliutc i: t|c oi:io: oi stucc:ts : t|c sc|ool
lcvcl i:ccx, vlucs o/c. zc:o :cilcct ositivc c:cctio: o: t|c :t oi sc|ool
:i:cils oi t|c ciscili::, cliutc, .., t|c vicw t|t lc::i:g is |i:cc:cc
|, t|c v:ious icto:s uc:tio:cc i: t|is i:ccx to lcss t|: t|c lD vc:gc
ccg:cc l, co:t:st, sco:cs /.!c zc:o :cilcct t|c oi:io: t|t t|c lc::i:g
cliutc ;o: t|c sc|oollcvcl i:ccx, :c ciscili:c ;o: t|c stucc:tlcvcl i:ccx,
:c wo:sc t|: t|c vc:gc i: cc| csc
Auo:g sc|ool :i:cils, t|osc i: G:cccc :c t|c kussi: lccc:tio: |clicvc
t|t t|ci: sc|ools |vc t|c g:ctcst :o|lcus wit| suc| ciscili::, issucs
s |sc:tccisu, cis:utio: |, stucc:ts, :c stucc:ts s|ii:g clsscs l: t|c
kussi: lccc:tio:, io: cxulc, :i:cils i: sc|ools :c:csc:ti:g . c: cc:t
oi t|t cou:t:,`s 1.,c:olc stucc:ts s, t|t stucc:ts` s|ii:g clsscs |i:cc:s
lc::i:g to souc cxtc:t o: lot ;io: ct scc .oc..1c.,
ou:t:ics cccucc |, t|ci: :i:cils to |vc t|c icwcst ciscili::, :o|lcus
i:clucc t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Dc:u:|, : :c lo:c ;I|lc !, lvc: i:
t|csc cou:t:ics, |owcvc:, w|ic| cou:c :cltivcl, wcll i:tc::tio:ll, wit|
:cg:c to t|ci: lc::i:g cliutc, :cso:scs i:ou :i:cils co :ot suggcst t|c
|sc:cc oi :o|lcus
o:sicc:, io: cxulc, : :c lo:c, two oi t|c t|:cc cou:t:ics wit| t|c
|ig|cst sco:cs o: t|c i:ccx t|t suuu:iscs :i:cils` c:cctio:s oi stucc:t
:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc l: :, !- c: cc:t oi :i:cils
:o:ct|clcss :co:t t|t lc::i:g is |i:cc:cc lot o: to souc cxtc:t |, stucc:t
|sc:tccisu ;lD vc:gc + c: cc:t,, 1 c: cc:t :co:t t|t it is siuil:l,
|i:cc:cc |, stucc:ts s|ii:g clsscs ;lD vc:gc !! c: cc:t,, !- c: cc:t
t|t it is siuil:l, |i:cc:cc |, stucc:ts lc|i:g :cscct io: tcc|c:s ;lD
vc:gc !+ c: cc:t,, :c . c: cc:t t|t it is siuil:l, |i:cc:cc |, stucc:ts
i:tiuicti:g o: |ull,i:g ot|c: stucc:ts ;lD vc:gc 1+ c: cc:t, ;scc
ligu:c ! :c .oc..1c., iuil:l,, !0 c: cc:t oi :i:cils i: lo:c
icc:tii, stucc:t |sc:tccisu, 1 c: cc:t cis:utio: oi clsscs |, stucc:ts,
1+ c: cc:t stucc:ts` s|ii:g oi clsscs :c !- c: cc:t stucc:ts lc|i:g
:cscct io: tcc|c:s, s o|stclcs t|t |i:cc: lc::i:g to souc cxtc:t o: lot
I|is suggcsts t|t t|c:c is :oou io: iu:ovcuc:t cvc: i: t|c cou:t:ics wit| t|c
icwcst :o|lcus
|t/ a//c|r va|y by
.otr/|y a /owr or
/wo /ra/.c oj /tacr/
ara |/r./al v/cw oj
//c lca|r/rq .l/na/c
l|/r./al acnor/|a/c
no/ .or.c|r /r C|cc.c
ara //c |t/ar
|cac|a//or.
.ara lca/ .or.c|r /r
//c zc./ |ctbl/.
/crna|k aar ara
|o|ca.
. bt/ //c|c / nt./
|oon jo| /n|ovcncr/
cvcr /r //c .otr/|/c
w/// //c jcwc/ |oblcn
1oo
1.0 100 0.0 000 0.0 100 1.0
l:qurc ?.=
I|c cliutc io: lc::i:g suuu:, ictu:c
i1. c 1...!.o., .!.o. o1 .1. c o1...!o.1 o.c. o... .|cc! .!.o.
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lcs ! :c !
l:ccx oi ciscili::, cliutc,
|scc o: :co:ts |, stucc:ts
l:ccx oi stucc:t:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool
cliutc, |scc o: :co:ts |, sc|ool :i:cils
]apan
Russian Iederation
Netheriands
1
Brazii
Iatvia
roiand
svitzeriand
Hungary
Korea
Austria
Meico
czech Repubiic
Iuembourg
Germany
Ireiand
united states
united Kingdom
rortugai
Iceiand
Austraiia
Beigium
canada
Nev Zeaiand
Iiniand
spain
sveden
Denmark
Itaiy
Norvay
Greece
BeIow
OECD average
Above
OECD average
1o
tucc:ts i: ltvi, licc|tc:stci:, :, lol:c, t|c kussi: lccc:tio: :c
witzc:l:c :c t|c uost li|cl, to i:cictc t|t t|c, ::cl, o: o:l, i:i:cquc:tl,
c:cou:tc: cis:utivc co:citio:s i: t|ci: clss:oous ;I|lc !, l, co:t:st,
stucc:ts i: l:zil, G:cccc :c :o:w, |ucgc t|ci: clss:oous to |c cis:utcc
|, i::o:itc |c|viou: :cltivcl, i:cquc:tl,
low co t|c c:cctio:s oi stucc:ts :c :i:cils cou:c As :otcc |ovc,
lt|oug| |ot| qucstio::i:cs co:cc::cc t|c cliutc io: lc::i:g, t|c, cotcc
ciiic:c:t :oc|cs :c s|cc ciiic:c:t qucstio:s :o:ct|clcss, it is ossi|lc
to cou:c t|ci: c:scctivcs o: t|c lc::i:g cliutc i:ci:cctl, |, cou:i:g
|ow t|c two g:ous :cso:ccc to t|ci: :cscctivc scts oi qucstio:s l: u:,
cou:t:ics, t|c:c is :cltivcl, |ig| lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t |ctwcc: t|c vicws oi
stucc:ts :c t|ci: :i:cils o: stucc:t:cltcc sccts oi ciscili::, cliutc,
|ut t|c:c :c cxcctio:s, s c: |c scc: i: ligu:c +
\ost iuo:t:tl,, w|t is t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: c:cctio:s oi lc::i:g
cliutc :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc I|lcs ! :c ! s|ow uc: sco:cs o:
t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc io: t|c to :c |ottou :tio:l qu:tc:s
oi t|c sc|ool cliutc i:ciccs ;t|c to qu:tc: |ci:g ssocitcc wit| uo:c
ccsi:|lc lc::i:g cliutcs, l: u:, cou:t:ics, sc|ool :i:cils` c:cctio:s
oi stucc:t:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc :c closcl, :cltcc to stucc:t
c:io:u:cc l: :ticul:, i: lclgiuu, Gc:u:,, lu:g:,, ltl,, :, lol:c,
t|c :ct|c:l:cs :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, t|c sc|ool :i:cils` i:ccx oi
stucc:t:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc cxli:s |ctwcc: 1! :c !1 c:
cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc
+
l: t|csc cou:t:ics, |ctwcc: 0
:c 11+ oi:ts sc:tc t|c c:io:u:cc oi stucc:ts i: sc|ools i: w|ic| t|c
:i:cils` vicws ill i: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ciccs o: stucc:t
:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g ciscili::, cliutc I|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:ts`
c:cctio:s oi ciscili::, cliutc :c :cci:g c:io:u:cc tc:cs to |c wc|c:
|ut is clc:l, visi|lc i: u:, cou:t:ics
.

I|c qucstio:s oi |ow t|csc :cltio:s|is oc:tc, :c w|t co:tcxtul :c
ucciti:g icto:s u, iicct t|cu, :cui: |c,o:c t|c scoc oi t|is i:itil :co:t
:c will :cqui:c iu:t|c: :csc:c| :c :l,sis
Teacner-reIated factors affecting tne scnooI cIimate
l:i:cils i: llA !000 wc:c lso s|cc qucstio:s |out t|ci: c:cctio:s
oi tcc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc l: :ticul:, :i:cils
wc:c s|cc to i:cictc t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|c, c:ccivcc lc::i:g i: t|ci:
sc|ools to |c |i:cc:cc |, suc| icto:s s t|c low cxccttio:s oi tcc|c:s,
oo: stucc:ttcc|c: :cltio:s, |sc:tccisu uo:g tcc|c:s, stii :csist:cc
to c|:gc, tcc|c:s :ot uccti:g i:civicul stucc:ts` :cccs, :c stucc:ts :ot
|ci:g c:cou:gcc to c|icvc t|ci: iull otc:til I|c :cso:scs wc:c cou|i:cc
to c:ctc couositc i:ccx oi tcc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc
lositivc vlucs :cilcct :i:cils` c:cctio:s t|t tcc|c::cltcc icto:s
iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc |i:cc: lc::i:g to lcssc: cxtc:t, :c :cgtivc vlucs
|r nary |cc./
|/r./al ara /tacr/
cx|c /n/la| v/cw
abot/ //c ./ool .l/na/c
/tacr/ c|jo|nar.c /
.locly ao./a/ca w///
.l/na/c cc./ally /r //c
v/cw oj |/r./al.
.al//otq/ //c|c nay
bc nary .or/cx/tal ara
nca/a//rq ja./o|
.or/|/bt//rq /o ///
|cla//or//
l|- alo lookca a/
w/c//c| /ca./c|
bc/av/ot| ara a////tac
a|c c|.c/vca /o //rac|
lca|r/rq.
1o
t|t sc|ool :i:cils |clicvc tcc|c:s` |c|viou: to |i:cc: lc::i:g to g:ctc:
cxtc:t cou:cc to t|c lD vc:gc
ou:cc wit| ot|c: cou:t:ics, sc|ool :i:cils i: G:cccc, luxcu|ou:g,
\cxico, t|c :ct|c:l:cs :c t|c kussi: lccc:tio: wc:c uost co:cc::cc |out
tcc|c::cltcc icto:s osi:g : o|stclc to lc::i:g l, co:t:st, sc|ool :i:cils
i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Dc:u:|, lu:g:,, lccl:c, lo:c :c ltvi :co:t t|c
icwcst :o|lcus wit| tcc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc ;I|lc +,
As o:c woulc cxcct, i: uost cou:t:ics t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: sc|ool :i:ci
ls` c:cctio:s oi tcc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc :c :cci:g
c:io:u:cc tc:cs to |c ositivc, .. t|c |ig|c: t|c co:cc:: wit| tcc|c:
:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc, t|c lowc: t|c stucc:t c:io:u:cc i:
:cci:g lowcvc:, t|c :cltio:s|i is, wit| icw cxcctio:s, :ot vc:, st:o:g ;scc
I|lc +,
o

l: ccitio: to qucstio:s o: tcc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc,
sc|ool :i:cils wc:c s|cc to :ovicc t|ci: vicws o: tcc|c:s` uo:lc :c
couuituc:t Io co so, t|c, wc:c s|cc to i:cictc |ow st:o:gl, t|c, g:ccc o:
.ara jotra a wcak
o///vc |cla//or// w///
/tacr/ c|jo|nar.c
l|/r./al wc|c alo akca
abot/ /ca./c| no|alc ara
.onn//ncr/.
100 . .0 !. 0
l:qurc ?.5
Icc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc
.../o.c c .o ....o. c o1. ..c!!.1 . .|cc! |... ....o! ..c. |o !.o..
. |.1...1 c c. .. c. o !c /, |. c!!c. o.c.
Students not being

encouraged to acnieve tneir
fuII potentiaI
Staff resisting cnange
Teacner absenteeism
Teacners not meeting
individuaI students` needs
Poor student-teacner reIations
2 ]0.7)
2 ]0.7)
1 ]0.5)
32 ]0.7)
13 ]0.5)

1o-
cisg:ccc wit| sttcuc:ts suc| s tcc|c:s wo:| wit| c:t|usisu, tcc|c:s
t|c :icc i: t|is sc|ool, :c t|c uo:lc oi tcc|c:s i: t|is sc|ool is |ig|
l:ou t|c :cso:scs, : i:ccx oi tcc|c: uo:lc :c couuituc:t ws c:ctcc,
wit| : lD cou:t:, vc:gc oi zc:o lig|c: i:ccx sco:cs i:cictc g:ctc:
c:ccivcc uo:lc :c couuituc:t
Aust:i |s t|c |ig|cst ositivc vluc i:cicti:g, i: t|c oi:io: oi its :i:cils,
|ig| uo:lc :c couuituc:t uo:g its tcc|c:s l, co:t:st, :i:cils i:
lo:c, ltl,, lol:c, :c lo:tugl |clicvc t|t t|ci: tcc|c:s |vc cou:tivcl,
low lcvcls oi uo:lc :c couuituc:t ;I|lc .,
I|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: sc|ool :i:cils` c:cctio:s oi tcc|c: uo:lc :c
couuituc:t :c t|ci: stucc:ts` sco:cs i: :cci:g litc:c, tc:cs to |c uoccst
lowcvc:, t|c:c :c cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c ssocitio: is st:o:gc: lo: cxulc,
i: lclgiuu, :, luxcu|ou:g :c lol:c, t|c i:ccx oi tcc|c: uo:lc :c
couuituc:t cxli:s |ctwcc: + :c c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: :cci:g
c:io:u:cc, :c i: Aust:li, lu:g:,, lo:c, t|c kussi: lccc:tio:, i:
:c t|c D:itcc li:gcou, it cxli:s still uo:c t|: ! c: cc:t
,EARNINGOUTSIDESCHOOL
lolic,u|c:s loo|i:g to iu:ovc ccuctio:l outcoucs scc| to i:c:csc o: usc
uo:c ciicctivcl, t|c tiuc io: w|ic| stucc:ts :c c:ggcc i: lc::i:g ctivitics
I|c i:st:uctio: tiuc, .., t|c :uu|c: oi |ou:s t|t cc| stucc:t sc:cs i:
o:g:iscc lc::i:g, is closcl, :cltcc to icto:s suc| s clss sizc, tcc|c:s`
wo:|i:g |ou:s ;tcc|i:g tiuc, :c :tios oi stucc:ts to tcc|i:g stii I|c
otiul |l:cc |ctwcc: t|csc icto:s u, v:, i: ciiic:c:t su||cct :cs :c t
ciiic:c:t lcvcls oi ccuctio:
loucwo:| olicics :c :cticcs :c :ot|c: clcuc:t i: t|is cqutio: t|t c:
|vc su|st:til i:iluc:cc o: |ow uuc| tiuc stucc:ts ccvotc to lc::i:g
l: u:, lD cou:t:ics, |oucwo:| co:stitutcs u|o: :t oi stucc:ts`
lc::i:g tiuc l: llA !000, stucc:ts wc:c s|cc to sccii, |ow uuc| tiuc
t|c, sc:t cc| wcc| o: |oucwo:| i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t, ut|cutics
:c scic:cc ;ligu:c o,
Acci:g t|csc :cso:scs :csults i: : vc:gc oi +o |ou:s c: wcc| i: t|c t|:cc
su||cct :cs lo:c, ::gi:g i:ou !! |ou:s o: lcss i: : :c wccc: to
. |ou:s o: uo:c i: G:cccc :c lu:g:, ;ligu:c o,

I|is uou:t cou:cs
to : vc:gc oi 1! |ou:s c: wcc| oi sttuto:, i:st:uctio: tiuc i: t|csc su||cct
:cs ;lD, !001, l: ccitio:, su|st:til :oo:tio: oi stucc:ts :co:t
souctiucs o: :cgul:l, ttc:ci:g ccitio:l o: :cuccil cou:scs outsicc t|ci:
sc|ool i: o:cc: to iu:ovc t|ci: s|ills lo: cxulc, o: vc:gc c:oss lD
cou:t:ics, !. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :co:t t|t, i: t|c lst t|:cc ,c:s, t|c,
souctiucs o: :cgul:l, ttc:ccc cou:scs i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t, cou:scs
i: ot|c: su||ccts o: ccitio:l cou:scs outsicc t|ci: sc|ool l: t|c csc oi :
:c lo:c, t|c iigu:cs :c 1 :c o+ c: cc:t, :cscctivcl, ;I|lc ,
.ara //c ao./a//or
w/// c|jo|nar.c
aca| /o bc noac/
//otq/ /|orqc| /r onc
.otr/|/c
lca|r/rq //nc rcca /o
bc acloyca cjjc.//vcly
Honcwo|k ara o//c|
ot/-oj-./ool lca|r/rq
lay ar /no|/ar/
a|/.
.w/// .loc /o //c
ct/valcr/ oj a ///|a
oj //c /r/|t.//or //nc
a/ ./ool /r //c l|-
aona/r acvo/ca /o
/oncwo|k
10
100 0.0 000 0.0 100
5.B
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.0
4.9
5.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.5
4.
4.3
4.3
4.4
3.9
4.0
3.5
3.
3.3
3.5
2.9
4.4
4.1
m
m
m
7.0
l:qurc ?.c
Iiuc sc:t o: |oucwo:|
i1. c .. . . |c.c.| c. !ooo., o|.o.. o1 ..... .co..
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc o
Estimated mean number of nours spent on nomework
for Ianguage, matnematics and science courses
Greece
Iiechtenstein
Netheriands1
Hungary
united Kingdom
spain
roiand
Meico
Itaiy
Ireiand
rortugai
Irance
canada
Nev Zeaiand
Austraiia
Denmark
Iceiand
Germany
united states
Norvay
Beigium
Korea
svitzeriand
Iuembourg
Iiniand
czech Repubiic
sveden
Austria
]apan
Russian Iederation
Iatvia
Brazii
BeIow
OECD average
Above
OECD average
11
loucwo:| i:c:cscs stucc:t`s oo:tu:it, to sc:c tiuc i: lc::i:g :c
s|oulc, t|c:cio:c, |c ositivcl, :cltcc to lc::i:g outcoucs lowcvc:, scvc:l
icto:s coulictc t|is :cltio:s|i lo: cxulc, tcc|c:s u, tc:c to ssig:
uo:c ;o: uo:c :cgul:, |oucwo:| to t|osc stucc:ts w|o :ccc it uost to
iu:ovc t|ci: c:io:u:cc Altc::tivcl,, slowc: lc::c:s u, :ccc uo:c tiuc
to coulctc t|c suc uou:t oi |oucwo:| o:vc:scl,, stucc:ts w|o :co:t
sc:ci:g :cltivcl, littlc tiuc o: |oucwo:| u, cit|c: |c |lc stucc:ts w|o
c: coulctc t|ci: |oucwo:| quic|l, o: cisc:ggcc stucc:ts w|o co :ot c:c
to sc:c uuc| tiuc o: sc|ool ctivitics t |ouc
Dcsitc t|is uultiicctcc :cltio:s|i, t|c ssocitio: |ctwcc: t|c tiuc sc:t
o: |oucwo:| i: t|c t|:cc su||cct :cs :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc tc:cs to |c
co:sistc:tl, ositivc l: o:cc: to :l,sc t|is ssocitio:, it is tcc|:icll, uost
:o:itc to co:st:uct : i:ccx siuil: to t|osc uscc c:lic: i: t|is c|tc:, i:
t|is csc cou|i:i:g stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c tiuc t|t t|c, sc:c o: |oucwo:|
i: su||ccts :cltcc to t|c t|:cc llA sscssuc:t coui:s I|is i:ccx is s|ow: i:
I|lc o :c ligu:c o
I|c |oucwo:| i:ccx cxli:s |ctwcc: :c 1. c: cc:t oi v:itio: i: :cci:g
c:io:u:cc i: Aust:li, lclgiuu, l::cc, G:cccc, lu:g:,, ltl,, lol:c,
i:, t|c kussi: lccc:tio:, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs
-
I|c
ssocitio: tc:cs to |c st:o:gc: i: cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c uc: i:ccx is g:ctc:
t|: 0!, c:|s suggcsti:g t|t cc:ti: lcvcl oi |oucwo:| :cccs to |c
:cc|cc i: : ccuctio: s,stcu |cio:c t|c ositivc ciiccts oi |oucwo:| |ccouc
co:sistc:t o: clc:l, visi|lc
:c co:sicc:tio: is t|t |oucwo:| u, :ci:io:cc cis:itics i: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc t|t :csult i:ou |ouc |c|g:ou:c icto:s A:c i: ict, i: souc
cou:t:ics suc| s lclgiuu, G:cccc, lu:g:,, lo:c :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou,
t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus cxli:s ! c: cc:t o: uo:c oi
t|c v:itio: i: t|c |oucwo:| i:ccx lowcvc:, i: ot|c: cou:t:ics, i:cluci:g
ltl, :c lol:c, t|c llA |oucwo:| i:ccx is ositivcl, ssocitcc wit| :cci:g
c:io:u:cc :c t|c:c is luost :o :cltio:s|i wit| t|c llA sociocco:ouic
i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus I|is suggcsts t|t |oucwo:| c: |c givc: i: w,s
t|t c:ggc sociocco:ouicll, ciscv:tgcc stucc:ts s wcll ;scc I|lc o
:c A::cx A!,
2ESOURCESINVESTEDINEDUCATION
Teacner snortage
I|c :cc:uituc:t :c :ctc:tio: oi |ig|l, quliiicc tcc|i:g io:cc is u|o:
olic, co:cc:: i: lD cou:t:ics Agci:g tcc|c: oultio:s :c :isi:g
stucc:t :ticitio: :tcs co:ti:uc to ut :cssu:c o: t|c ccu:c io: tcc|c:s
i: u:, cou:t:ics, |ut si:i:g tcc|c:s i: souc cou:t:ics ii:c t|t tcc|i:g c:
|c u:cul, st:cssiul, t|t t|c :oicssio: is u:cc::ccitcc, :c t|t sl:ics
:c low |, cou:iso: wit| sl:ics i: :oicssio:s wit| cou:|lc quliiic
tio:s ;lD, !001,
|o| va|/ot |caor
/tacr/ cra/rq no|c
//nc or /oncwo|k a|c
ro/ alway //c bc/
c|jo|nc|.
.al//otq/ //cy c|jo|n
bc//c| or avc|aqc.
.a|//.tla|ly /r
.otr/|/c w/c|c //c
avc|aqc /oncwo|k loaa
/ .ona|a//vcly //q/
|r onc .otr/|/c bt/
ro/ all /tacr/ j|on
no|c aavar/aqca /onc
ao no|c /oncwo|k or
avc|aqc
otr/|/c a|c wo||/ca
abot/ //c tly oj
tal/j/ca /ca./c|.
1!
I|c llA sc|ool qucstio::i:c :oviccs : oo:tu:it, to sscss sc|ool :i:
cils` c:scctivcs oi t|c ccquc, oi tcc|c: sul, s wcll s t|c iuct oi
c:ccivcc s|o:tgcs o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc Dsi:g :cso:scs to iou: qucstio:s
|out t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|c s|o:tgc o: i:ccquc, oi tcc|c:s i: t|c l:gugc
oi sscssuc:t :c i: ut|cutics :c scic:cc |i:cc:s lc::i:g |, 1.,c:olcs,
: i:ccx oi tcc|c: s|o:tgc ws co:st:uctcc, :c its ciicct o: stucc:t lc::
i:g cxui:cc I|is i:ccx |s uc: vluc oi zc:o io: ll lD cou:t:ics
I|c g:ctc: t|c vluc oi t|c i:ccx |ovc t|c vc:gc, t|c g:ctc: t|c c:ccivcc
ccquc, oi tcc|c: sul,, t lcst i: t|c oi:io: oi :i:cils Vlucs |clow
zc:o i:cictc c:ccivcc |ig|c: t|: vc:gc s|o:tgc o: i:ccquc, oi tcc|c:s,
|i:cc:i:g lc::i:g uo:g 1.,c:olc stucc:ts
i ll t|c cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i: llA, :i:cils i: G:cccc :c t|c kussi:
lccc:tio: wc:c t|c uost li|cl, to c:ccivc t|t s|o:tgc o: i:ccquc,
oi tcc|c:s |i:cc:cc lc::i:g i: t|ci: sc|ools l:i:cils lso i:cictcc cou
:tivcl, |ig| lcvcls oi co:cc:: |out c:ccivcc s|o:tgcs oi tcc|c:s i: lcc
l:c, \cxico, t|c :ct|c:l:cs :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou l: Aust:i, t|c zcc|
kcu|lic :c i:, :i:cils wc:c t|c lcst li|cl, to |clicvc t|t s|o:tgc oi
tcc|c:s |i:cc:cc lc::i:g ;I|lc ,
l: t|c i:tc::cttio: oi t|csc :cso:scs, it :cccs to |c |o::c i: ui:c t|t
tcc|c: s|o:tgc ws :ot ucsu:cc i: tc:us oi : i:tc::tio:ll, cou:|lc
u:it oi ucsu:cuc:t, suc| s t|c :uu|c: oi stucc:ts c: tcc|c:, |ut t|t t|c
iocus oi llA ws o: t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| sc|ool :i:cils c:ccivcc t|t t|c
i:ccquc, oi tcc|c: sul, |i:cc:cc lc::i:g lo: cxulc, souc oi t|c cou:
t:ics i: w|ic| sc|ool :i:cils cx:csscc : |ovcvc:gc co:cc:: |out t|c
:cgtivc iuct oi tcc|c: sul, o: stucc:t lc::i:g, suc| s G:cccc, ltl, :c
:o:w,, |vc souc oi t|c sullcst stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios i: lD cou:
t:ics ;lD, !001,
vc:ll, t|c:c c:s to |c uoccst :cgtivc :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: s|o:tgc
oi tcc|c:s :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g
10
As t|c s|o:tgcs c:ccivcc |,
sc|ool :i:cils i:c:csc, c:io:u:cc ccc:cscs, s uig|t |c cxcctcc I|c
|ig|cst :cci:g sco:cs :c t,icll, iou:c uo:g sc|ools :c stucc:ts i: t|c to
qu:tc: ;w|c:c |ig|c: i:ccx vlucs :cilcct littlc o: :o co:cc:: |out s|o:tgc
o: i:ccquc, oi tcc|c:s,
: vc:gc c:oss ll lD cou:t:ics, t|c ovc:ll ciiic:c:cc i: vc:gc :cci:g
sco:cs |ctwcc: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s oi t|c i:ccx oi tcc|c: s|o:tgc
is !! oi:ts, |ut t|c ::gc oi sco:cs uo:g cou:t:ics is co:sicc:|lc l: scvc:l
cou:t:ics, vc:gc :cci:g sco:cs c:o |, s uuc| s +0 oi:ts o: uo:c i: Aust:i,
lclgiuu, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, lol:c, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c, csccill,, Gc:u:,
;- oi:ts,, |ctwcc: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s o: t|c i:ccx oi tcc|c: s|o:tgc
;I|lc , l, co:t:st, uc: :cci:g sco:cs co :ot ciiic: sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl,
|ctwcc: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s i: G:cccc, l:cl:c, ltl,, luxcu|ou:g,
\cxico, t|c :ct|c:l:cs, :o:w, :c t|c kussi: lccc:tio:, lt|oug| :i:cils
i: t|osc cou:t:ics lso |clicvc t|t t|c, co :ot |vc c:oug| tcc|c:s
.ara l|- //c|cjo|c
akca |/r./al /o w/a/
cx/cr/ /ca./c| /o|/aqc
//rac| lca|r/rq
Cvc|all /tacr/
c|jo|n oncw/a/ wo|c
/r ./ool w/// q|ca/c|
/o|/aqc.
.bt/ /// qa / la|qc|
/r onc .otr/|/c ara
abcr/ /r o//c|.
1!
W|ilc :i:cils i: Aust:li, lccl:c, l:cl:c, :, :cw Zcl:c, :o:w,,
wccc: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou ll c:ccivc |ovcvc:gc tcc|c: s|o:tgcs, i:
cc| oi t|csc cou:t:ics t|c qu:tc: oi stucc:ts w|osc sc|ools :co:t t|c g:ctcst
ciiiicultics i: t|is :cscct still sco:c :ou:c o: |ovc t|c lD vc:gc i: :cci:g
Tne quaIity of scnooIs` pnysicaI infrastructure and educationaI
resources
l:su:i:g t|c vil|ilit, oi suit|lc |,sicl i:i:st:uctu:c :c : ccqutc
sul, oi ccuctio:l :csou:ccs u, :ot gu::tcc |ig| c:io:u:cc, |ut t|c
|sc:cc oi suc| : c:vi:o:uc:t will ossi|l, iicct lc::i:g luilci:gs i: gooc
co:citio: :c ccqutc uou:ts oi tcc|i:g scc ll co:t:i|utc to |,sicl
c:vi:o:uc:t t|t is co:cucivc to lc::i:g \uc| t|c suc c: |c sic io: sc|ools
wit| ccqutc ccuctio:l :csou:ccs, suc| s couutc:s, li|::, :c tcc|i:g
utc:ils, i:cluci:g tcxt|oo|s, :c uultiucci :csou:ccs io: lc::i:g
Dsi:g :i:cils` :cso:scs to sc:ics oi qucstio:s |out t|c c:ccivcc cxtc:t
to w|ic| utc:il :c ccuctio:l :csou:ccs |i:cc: lc::i:g uo:g 1.,c:olc
stucc:ts, two couositc i:ciccs wc:c c:ctcc o:c io: t|c c:ccivcc qulit, oi
.ara /o|/aqc ao ro/
.or//cr/ly |cvcr/
/tacr/ j|on ao/rq wcll
/r/c|ra//orally
|t/la/rq book ara
o//c| |cot|.c
.or/|/bt/c /o //c
lca|r/rq crv/|orncr/.
.ara |/r./al wc|c akca
w/c//c| la.k oj /y/.al
ara cat.a//oral |cot|.c
//rac| lca|r/rq
100 . .0 !. 0
l:qurc ?.?
l:i:cils` vicws o: t|c qulit, oi ccuctio:l :csou:ccs t sc|ool
.../o.c c .o ....o. c o1. ..c!!.1 . .|cc! |... ....o! ..c. |o !.o..
. |.1...1 c c. .. c. o !c /, |. c!!c. o.c.
lnadequate faciIities for

tne fine arts
lnadequate science
Iaboratory equipment
Lack of muIti-media
resources for instruction
Lack of instructionaI
materiaIs in tne Iibrary
Not enougn computers
for instruction
Lack of instructionaI materiaI
]e.g., textbooks)
31 ]0.)
31 ]0.7)
40 ]0.7)
2B ]0.)
37 ]0.B)
17 ]0.5)

1+
t|c sc|ool`s |,sicl i:i:st:uctu:c :c t|c ot|c: io: t|c c:ccivcc qulit, oi
ccuctio:l :csou:ccs li|c t|c i:ciccs ciscusscc c:lic:, t|csc i:ciccs |vc
: vc:gc oi zc:o :c st:c:c ccvitio: oi o:c c:oss lD cou:t:ics
lositivc vlucs o: t|c i:ccx :cilcct |clowvc:gc co:cc:: uo:g sc|ool
:i:cils t|t t|c |,sicl i:i:st:uctu:c :c ccuctio:l :csou:ccs vil|lc
i: t|ci: sc|ools |i:cc: lc::i:g |, 1.,c:olcs
l: t|c zcc| kcu|lic, lu:g:, :c witzc:l:c, icw :i:cils :co:t t|t
t|c qulit, oi t|c sc|ool`s i:i:st:uctu:c |i:cc:s lc::i:g ;I|lc -, I|c
ot|c: cou:t:ics i: w|ic| :i:cils :co:t lcss i:cquc:tl, t|t t|ci: sc|ool`s
|,sicl i:i:st:uctu:c |i:cc:s lc::i:g :c lclgiuu, l:zil, :c :c lcc
l:c l, co:t:st, :i:cils i: G:cccc, lo:c, luxcu|ou:g, \cxico, :o:w,,
t|c kussi: lccc:tio: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou :co:t |ci:g uo:c co:cc::cc
|out t|c co:scquc:ccs io: lc::i:g oi w|t t|c, cccu to |c i:ccqutc
|,sicl icilitics, t lcst :cltivc to t|c lD vc:gc ;ligu:c ,
l: lclgiuu, lu:g:,, witzc:l:c :c t|c D:itcc ttcs, sc|ool :i:cils
:co:t cou:tivcl, i:i:cquc:tl, t|t t|c qulit, oi ccuctio:l :csou:ccs
|i:cc:s lc::i:g ;I|lc 10, l, co:t:st, :i:cils i: G:cccc, ltvi, \cxico,
:o:w,, t|c kussi: lccc:tio: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c, |, cou:iso:
wit| t|c lD vc:gc, uo:c co:cc::cc |out t|c i:ccquc, oi t|ci: sc|ools`
ccuctio:l :csou:ccs
Do ciiic:c:ccs i: sc|ools` |,sicl i:i:st:uctu:c iicct stucc:t c:io:u:cc
Alt|oug| t|c:c :c souc ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:ts` sclc sco:cs i: :cci:g
litc:c, |ctwcc: t|c to :c |ottou qu:tc:s o: t|c i:ccx oi sc|ools`
|,sicl i:i:st:uctu:c, uost oi t|c ciiic:c:ccs :c sull :c :ot sttisticll,
sig:iiic:t
11

lcuctio:l :csou:ccs c: to |c uo:c closcl, :cltcc to c:io:u:cc t|:
|,sicl i:i:st:uctu:c
1!
l: 1! lD cou:t:ics lus l:zil, ciiic:c:ccs i:
ccuctio:l :csou:ccs :c ssocitcc wit| ciiic:c:ccs oi uo:c t|: !! oi:ts
i: :cci:g c:io:u:cc, t|c l:gcst ciiic:c:ccs |ci:g i: \cxico ;1 oi:ts,,
luxcu|ou:g ;o! oi:ts,, Gc:u:, ;.. oi:ts,, l:zil ;+1 oi:ts, :c t|c
D:itcc li:gcou ;!- oi:ts, |ctwcc: t|c |ottou :c t|c to qu:tc:s oi t|c
i:ccx oi ccuctio:l :csou:ccs I|c vc:gc ciiic:c:cc io: t|c lD cou:t:ics
s w|olc is |out !! oi:ts
1!
Approacnes to scnooI management and financing
3CHOOLAUTONOMYANDTEACHERPARTICIPATION
llci:g uo:c cccisio:u|i:g ut|o:it, t lowc: lcvcls |s |cc: ui:
iu oi t|c :cst:uctu:i:g :c s,stcuic :cio:u oi t|c ccuctio: s,stcu i:
u:, cou:t:ics si:cc t|c c:l, 1-0s c|ool|scc u:gcuc:t is i:tc:ccc
to i:c:csc c:ctivit, :c :cso:sivc:css to couuu:it, :cccs I|is i:volvcs
c:|:ci:g t|c cccisio:u|i:g :cso:si|ilit, :c ccou:t|ilit, oi :i:cils
:c, i: souc cscs, t|c u:gcuc:t :cso:si|ilitics oi tcc|c:s o: cc:tuc:t
l/y/.al |cot|.c a|c a/
no/ wcakly ao./a/ca
w/// c|jo|nar.c.
.w//lc //c ao./a//or
w/// cat.a//oral
|cot|.c / oncw/a/
/|orqc|
l|/r./al |co|/ca /r
l|- or w/o /a
|cor/b/l//y jo| va|/ot
ac./ oj ./ool ol/.y
ara naraqcncr/ /r
//c/| ./ool
1.
100 . .0 !. 0
l:qurc ?.J
c|ool uto:ou, :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc
.../o.c c .o ....o. c o1. ..c!!.1 . .|cc! |... ....o! ..c. |o |. .|cc! |o
o !.o c. ..c./.!., c. |. c!!c. o.. c .|cc! c!.., o1 oo..
1 ]0.4)
7 ]0.)
EstabIisning student
discipIinary poIicies
95 ]0.2)
Deciding on budget
aIIocations witnin tne scnooI
94 ]0.3)
EstabIisning student
assessment poIicies
B9 ]0.4)
Approving students for

admittance to scnooI
B4 ]0.5)
Cnoosing wnicn
textbooks are used
92 ]0.2)
Determining course
content
9 ]0.)
Deciding wnicn courses

are offered
71 ]0.)
FormuIating tne scnooI

budget
Determining teacners`
saIary increases
2 ]0.5)
EstabIisning teacners`
starting saIaries
23 ]0.5)
Dismissing teacners
54 ]0.5)
Appointing teacners
1o
|ccs :o:ct|clcss, w|ilc sc|ool uto:ou, u, stiuultc :cso:sivc:css to
locl :cqui:cuc:ts, it is souctiucs scc: s c:cti:g ucc|:isus io: c|oicc t|t
ivou: g:ous i: socict, t|t :c l:cc, cv:tgcc
l: o:cc: to gugc t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| sc|ool stii |vc s, i: cccisio:s :clt
i:g to sc|ool olic, :c u:gcuc:t, :i:cils wc:c s|cc to :co:t w|ct|c:
tcc|c:s, cc:tuc:t |ccs, t|c :i:cil, : oi:tcc o: clcctcc |o:c, o:
ccuctio: ut|o:itics, |c t|c ui: :cso:si|ilit, io: oi:ti:g tcc|c:s,
cisuissi:g tcc|c:s, cst|lis|i:g tcc|c:s` st:ti:g sl:ics, cctc:ui:i:g tcc|
c:s` sl:, i:c:cscs, io:uulti:g sc|ool |ucgcts, llocti:g |ucgcts wit|i: t|c
sc|ool, cst|lis|i:g stucc:t ciscili::, olicics, cst|lis|i:g stucc:t sscss
uc:t olicics, :ovi:g stucc:ts io: cuitt:cc to sc|ool, c|oosi:g w|ic|
tcxt|oo|s to usc, cctc:ui:i:g cou:sc co:tc:t :c cccici:g w|ic| cou:scs wc:c
oiic:cc ;ligu:c ,
I|lc 11 s|ows t|c c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sc|ools w|osc :i:cils
|vc t lcst souc :cso:si|ilit, io: v:ious sccts oi sc|ool u:gcuc:t ;io:
ct o: i:civicul cou:t:ics, scc .oc..1c.,
1+

D:li|c :ivtc sccto: c:tc::iscs, sc|ools i: uost cou:t:ics |vc littlc s, i: t|c
cst|lis|uc:t oi tcc|c:s` st:ti:g sl:ics l: ll cou:t:ics ot|c: t|: t|c zcc|
kcu|lic, G:cccc, t|c :ct|c:l:cs, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs,
twot|i:cs o: uo:c oi 1.,c:olcs :c c::ollcc i: sc|ools w|osc :i:cils :co:t
t|t sc|ools |vc :o :cso:si|ilit, io: t|c cst|lis|uc:t oi tcc|c:s` st:ti:g
sl:ics I|c scoc to :cw:c tcc|c:s ii::cill,, o:cc t|c, |vc |cc: |i:cc, is
lso liuitcc :l, i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic, G:cccc, wccc:, t|c D:itcc li:gcou
:c t|c D:itcc ttcs :c uo:c t|: twot|i:cs oi t|c stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sc|ools
w|ic| |vc souc :cso:si|ilit, io: cctc:ui:i:g tcc|c:s` sl:, i:c:cscs
I|c:c c:s to |c g:ctc: ilcxi|ilit, io: sc|ools wit| :cg:c to t|c oi:t
uc:t :c cisuissl oi tcc|c:s Gc:u:, :c ltl, :c t|c o:l, cou:t:ics i:
w|ic| |out -0 c: cc:t o: uo:c oi 1.,c:olcs :c c::ollcc i: sc|ools
w|osc :i:cils :co:t t|t t|c sc|ool |s :o :cso:si|ilit, i: t|csc uttc:s
o:vc:scl,, i: lclgiuu, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Dc:u:|, lccl:c, wccc:,
witzc:l:c, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs, |ctwcc: -! :c -- c:
cc:t oi stucc:ts ttc:c sc|ools t|t |vc souc :cso:si|ilit, io: t|c oi:t
uc:t oi tcc|c:s ;lD vc:gc o1 c: cc:t, l: t|c u|o:it, oi cou:t:ics,
:i:cils tc:c to :co:t uo:c :oui:c:t :olc io: t|c sc|ool i: oi:ti:g
tcc|c:s t|: i: cisuissi:g t|cu, t|c l:gcst ciiic:c:ccs |ci:g iou:c i: :c
:c Dc:u:| ;!1 :c +0 c:cc:tgc oi:ts, :cscctivcl,, l: lclgiuu, t|c
zcc| kcu|lic, lu:g:,, lccl:c, ltvi, t|c :ct|c:l:cs, :cw Zcl:c, t|c
kussi: lccc:tio: :c t|c D:itcc ttcs, uo:c t|: -. c: cc:t oi t|c stucc:ts
:c c::ollcc i: sc|ools w|osc :i:cils :co:t |vi:g souc s, i: t|c cisuissl
oi tcc|c:s ;lD vc:gc .+ c: cc:t,
I|c:c is v:itio: lso wit| :cg:c to t|c :olcs t|t sc|ools l, i: t|c
io:uultio: oi |ucgcts, Aust:i :c Gc:u:, :co:ti:g t|c lcst i:volvcuc:t
/o/ ./ool /r no/
.otr/|/c /avc ro ay /r
/ca./c| /r///al ay.
.w//lc nary ao /avc a
ay /r //c ao/r/ncr/
ara a/n/al oj
/ca./c|
1
oi sc|ools wit| t|is ts| c|ools i: Aust:li, lclgiuu, ltl,, luxcu|ou:g,
t|c :ct|c:l:cs, :cw Zcl:c, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs
|vc cou:tivcl, |ig| ccg:cc oi sc|ool uto:ou, wit| :cg:c to |ucgct
io:uultio: l: uost cou:t:ics, :i:cils gc:c:ll, :co:t |ig| ccg:cc oi
sc|ool i:volvcuc:t i: cccisio:s o: |ow uo:c, is sc:t wit|i: sc|ools ;lD
vc:gc -+ c: cc:t,
l: ll lD cou:t:ics, t|c u|o:it, oi 1.,c:olcs :c c::ollcc i: sc|ools
w|ic| |vc souc :cso:si|ilit, io: t|ci: ow: cuissio:s ;lD vc:gc + c:
cc:t,
Wit| t|c cxcctio: oi Gc:u:,, ltl, :c witzc:l:c, t|c u|o:it, oi 1.,c:
olcs :c lso c::ollcc i: sc|ools t|t l, :olc i: cccici:g o: t|c cou:scs
oiic:cc ;lD vc:gc 1 c: cc:t, li:ll,, uost :i:cils ;lD vc:gc
:ou:c -0 c: cc:t, :co:t t|t ciscili::, olicics, sscssuc:t olicics :c
c|oicc oi tcxt|oo|s :c sc|ool :cso:si|ilitics
Docs t|c cist:i|utio: oi cccisio:u|i:g :cso:si|ilitics iicct stucc:t
c:io:u:cc l: t|is iiclc, t|c ssocitio: |ctwcc: t|c ciiic:c:t sccts oi
sc|ool uto:ou, :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc wit|i: givc: cou:t:, is oitc:
wc| I|is is u:cc:st:c|lc |ccusc :tio:l lcgisltio: i:cquc:tl, scciiics
t|c cist:i|utio: oi cccisio:u|i:g :cso:si|ilitics o:scquc:tl,, t|c:c is littlc
v:itio: wit|i: cou:t:ics
lowcvc:, t|c ct suggcst t|t i: t|osc cou:t:ics i: w|ic| :i:cils :co:t, o:
vc:gc, |ig|c: ccg:cc oi sc|ool uto:ou, wit| :cg:c to c|oicc oi cou:scs,
t|c vc:gc c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc tc:cs to |c
|ig|c: ;t|c co::cltio: |ctwcc: cou:t:, vc:gcs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c
t|c :cscctivc :oo:tio: oi sc|ools i:volvcc i: cccisio:s co:cc::i:g c|oicc
oi cou:scs is 0.1, I|c ictu:c is siuil:, t|oug| lcss :o:ou:ccc, io: ot|c:
sccts oi sc|ool uto:ou,, i:cluci:g t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: uc: c:io:u
:cc :c t|c ccg:cc oi sc|ool uto:ou, i: |ucgct lloctio: wit|i: t|c sc|ool
;cou:t:,lcvcl co::cltio: 0!, ;I|lc 11,
I|lc 1! s|ows t|c c:cc:tgcs oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sc|ools i: w|ic|
tcc|c:s |vc t|c ui: :cso:si|ilit, io: t|c v:ious cccisio:u|i:g :cs
l: uost cou:t:ics, t|c :cso:si|ilitics oi tcc|c:s i: sc|ool u:gcuc:t
iocus, uo:g t|c qucstio:s covc:cc, o: t|c c|oicc oi tcxt|oo|s ;lD
vc:gc 0 c: cc:t,, cou:sc co:tc:t ;lD vc:gc .. c: cc:t,, sscss
uc:t olicics ;lD vc:gc . c: cc:t, :c ciscili::, olicics ;lD
vc:gc +- c: cc:t, I|c:c :c icw sc|ools i: w|ic| tcc|c:s |vc t|c ui:
:cso:si|ilit, io: cccisio:s co:cc::i:g sl:, olicics, t|c oi:tuc:t :c
cisuissl oi tcc|c:s :c |ucgct io:uultio:
Agi:, cou:t:ics wit| st:o:g i:volvcuc:t oi tcc|c:s i: sc|ool u:gcuc:t
sccu to c:io:u |cttc:, o: vc:gc, o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
I|c cou:t:,lcvcl co::cltio:s |ctwcc: t|c :oo:tio:s oi sc|ools i: w|ic|
1/c|c / q|ca/c| va|/a//or
/r w/c//c| ./ool
jo|ntla/c btaqc/ ara
ac./ac or /ow norcy /
cr/ w////r ./ool
/o/ ./ool /avc onc
|cor/b/l//y jo|
aan//or.
.ara ac./ac or .ot|c
a/./l/rc acncr/
ara /cx/book
|/ / /a|a /o l/rk lcvcl oj
at/orony w///
c|jo|nar.c.
.bt/ /tacr/ /cra /o
ao bc//c| or avc|aqc
/r .otr/|/c w/// no|c
at/orony a|//.tla|ly
/r ./o/.c oj .ot|c ara
/r btaqc/ allo.a//or
|r no/ .otr/|/c
/ca./c| /avc //c na/r
|cor/b/l//y jo| //c
./o/.c oj /cx/book
.ot|c .or/cr/
acncr/ ol/./c ara
a/./l/ra|y ol/./c
|r .otr/|/c w/c|c /ca./c|
/avc q|ca/c| |cor/b/l//y
jo| /ca.//rq .or/cr/
/tacr/ /cra /o ao bc//c|.
1
tcc|c:s |vc t|c ui: :cso:si|ilit, i: cccisio:s :cg:ci:g cou:sc co:tc:t :c
c|oicc oi cou:scs, :c uc: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc, :c 0+o :c 0.. :cscctivcl, ;I|lc 1!,
As i: ot|c: :l,scs oi t|is |i:c, suc| co::cltio:s c::ot |c i:tc::ctcc i:
cusl sc:sc si:cc u:, ot|c: icto:s u, |c t l, :o:ct|clcss, t|c ii:ci:gs
co suggcst t|t sc|ool uto:ou, :c tcc|c: i:volvcuc:t i: cccisio:u|i:g
tc:c, t lcst t t|c c:osscou:t:, lcvcl, to |c ositivcl, ssocitcc wit| :cci:g
c:io:u:cc
PubIic and private stakenoIders
c|ool ccuctio: is ui:l, u|lic c:tc::isc l: twot|i:cs oi lD
cou:t:ics, t|c :ivtc s|:c oi t|c iu:cs i:vcstcc i: :iu:, :c scco:c:,
ccuctio: is |clow 10 c: cc:t, :c i: ltl,, :o:w,, lo:tugl :c wccc:,
lcss t|: ! c: cc:t oi sc|ool iu:ci:g o:igi:tcs i:ou :ivtc sou:ccs ;scc
lD, !001, :cvc:t|clcss, t|c ccg:cc oi :ivtc iu:ci:g is g:owi:g,
:c wit| : i:c:csi:g v:ict, oi ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics, :og:uucs
:c :ovicc:s, govc::uc:ts :c io:gi:g :cw :t:c:s|is to uo|ilisc
:csou:ccs io: ccuctio: :c to ccsig: :cw olicics t|t llow t|c ciiic:c:t
st|c|olcc:s to :ticitc uo:c iull, :c to s|:c costs :c |c:ciits uo:c
cquit|l,
: vc:gc c:oss t|c !+ lD cou:t:ics wit| vil|lc ct, o c: cc:t oi
1.,c:olc stucc:ts :c c::ollcc i: sc|ools t|t :c :ivtcl, u:gcc :c
:ccoui::tl, :ivtcl, ii::ccc ;:cic::cc to s i:ccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools,
;I|lc 1!, I|csc :c sc|ools w|ic| :i:cils :co:t to |c u:gcc |,
:o:govc::uc:tl o:g:istio:s suc| s c|u:c|cs, t:cc u:io:s o: |usi:css
c:tc::iscs :co: to |vc govc::i:g |o:cs co:sisti:g uostl, oi ucu|c:s
:ot sclcctcc |, u|lic gc:c, At lcst .0 c: cc:t oi t|ci: iu:cs couc i:ou
:ivtc sou:ccs, suc| s iccs ic |, :c:ts, co:tio:s, so:so:s|is o: :c:tl
iu:c:isi:g :c ot|c: :o:u|lic sou:ccs
I|c:c :c o:l, icw cou:t:ics i: w|ic| suc| uoccl oi :ivtc ccuctio:
is couuo: :l, i: lo:c ;!+ c: cc:t,, : ;!0 c: cc:t, :c \cxico
;1. c: cc:t, is t|c c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: i:ccc:cc:t :ivtc
sc|ools g:ctc: t|: 10 c: cc:t ;I|lc 1!, l, co:t:st, i: u:, cou:t:ics
t|c ii::ci:g oi sc|ools |, stucc:ts :c t|ci: iuilics is co:sicc:cc otc:
til |::ic: to stucc:t cccss l: - oi t|c !+ cou:t:ics wit| vil|lc ct,
io: cxulc, lcss t|: 1 c: cc:t oi 1.,c:olcs :c c::ollcc i: i:ccc:cc:t
:ivtc sc|ools
l:ivtc ccuctio: is :ot o:l, w, oi uo|ilisi:g :csou:ccs i:ou wicc:
::gc oi iu:ci:g sou:ccs |ut is souctiucs lso :cg:ccc s w, oi u|i:g
ccuctio: uo:c costciicctivc lu|licl, ii::ccc sc|ools co :ot :cccss:il, |vc
to |c u|licl, u:gcc l:stcc, govc::uc:ts c: t::sic: iu:cs to u|lic
.al//otq/ // .arro/
bc /rjc||ca //a/
at/orony /n|ovc
/tacr/ c|jo|nar.c
1/c |/va/c c./o| lay a
nall bt/ q|ow/rq |olc /r
./ool/rq.
.w/// or avc|aqc 6 oj
/tacr/ /r ./ool //a/
a|c |caon/rar/ly |/va/cly
jtraca ara |tr .
.ara a|otra a ///|a /r
/wo .otr/|/c
|t/ o//c| jo|n oj
|/va/c ./ool/rq a|c
no|c .onnor /r C|/
.otr/|/c.
1-
:c :ivtc ccuctio:l i:stitutio:s cco:ci:g to v:ious lloctio: ucc|:isus
;lD, !001, l, u|i:g t|c iu:ci:g io: ccuctio:l i:stitutio:s ccc:cc:t
o: :c:ts` c|oosi:g to c::ol t|ci: c|ilc:c:, govc::uc:ts souctiucs scc| to
i:t:ocucc i:cc:tivcs io: i:stitutio:s to o:g:isc :og:uucs :c tcc|i:g i:
w,s t|t |cttc: ucct civc:sc stucc:t :cqui:cuc:ts :c i:tc:csts, t|us :ccuci:g
t|c costs oi iilu:c :c uisutc|cs Di:cct u|lic iu:ci:g oi i:stitutio:s |scc
o: stucc:t c::oluc:ts o: stucc:t c:ccit|ou:s is o:c uoccl io: t|is Givi:g
uo:c, to stucc:ts :c t|ci: iuilics ;t|:oug|, io: cxulc, sc|ol:s|is o:
vouc|c:s, to sc:c i: u|lic o: :ivtc ccuctio:l i:stitutio:s oi t|ci: c|oicc
is :ot|c: uct|oc
c|ools t|t :c :ivtcl, u:gcc |ut :ccoui::tl, ii::ccc t|:oug| t|c
u|lic u:sc, ccii:cc |c:c s govc::uc:tccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools, :c
uuc| uo:c couuo: uoccl oi :ivtc sc|ooli:g i: lD cou:t:ics t|: :c
:ivtcl, ii::ccc sc|ools : vc:gc c:oss t|c !+ lD cou:t:ics wit|
cou:|lc ct, 10 c: cc:t oi 1.,c:olcs :c c::ollcc i: govc::uc:t
ccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools :c i: l:cl:c :c t|c :ct|c:l:cs, |ctwcc: . :c
. c: cc:t :c i: suc| sc|ools
low co t|csc i:stitutio:l :::gcuc:ts :cltc to stucc:t c:io:u:cc :
vc:gc c:oss t|c 1 cou:t:ics i:cluccc i: t|is cou:iso:, stucc:ts i:
i:ccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, outc:io:u stucc:ts i:
:cci:g litc:c, i: u|lic sc|ools i: tc: cou:t:ics I|c ciiic:c:cc i: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: govc::uc:tccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools :c u|lic sc|ools
is |out |li t|is sizc i: ivou: oi :ivtc sc|ools ;ligu:c -,
l: t|c i:tc::cttio: oi t|csc iigu:cs, it is iuo:t:t to :ccog:isc t|t stucc:ts
:c usull, :ot cist:i|utcc ::coul, |ctwcc: u|lic :c :ivtc sc|ools
l:suiiicic:t iuil, wclt| c:, io: cxulc, |c : iuo:t:t iucciuc:t to
stucc:ts w:ti:g to ttc:c i:ccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools wit| |ig| lcvcl oi
tuitio: iccs lvc: govc::uc:tccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools t|t c|:gc :o tuitio:
iccs c: ctc: io: ciiic:c:t clic:tclc o: l, uo:c :cst:ictivc t::sic: o: sclcc
tio: :cticcs
:c w, to cxui:c t|is is to cou:c t|c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs
oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: ciiic:c:t t,cs oi sc|ool I|lc 1! s|ows t|c c:
cc:tgcs oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: u|lic :c :ivtc sc|ools :c t|ci: uc:
sco:cs, s wcll s t|c vc:gc ositio:s o: t|c i:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic
i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: t|c v:ious t,cs oi
sc|ool
As c: |c scc:, i: uost cou:t:ics t|c uc: i:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic
i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus ciiic:s littlc |ctwcc: govc::uc:tccc:cc:t
:ivtc sc|ools :c u|lic sc|ools, wit| l:gc: ciiic:c:ccs iou:c |ctwcc:
u|lic :c i:ccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools, i: ivou: oi i:ccc:cc:t :ivtc
sc|ools
.a|//.tla|ly
qovc|rncr/-accracr/
|/va/c ./ool
/tacr/ /r bo// k/ra
oj |/va/c ./ool c|jo|n
wcll.
.bt/ //c/| /tacr/ nay
ro/c bc |c|ccr/a//vc.
.ara ar cxan/ra//or
oj //c/| o./al
ba.kq|otra.
./ow //a/ |/va/c ./ool
/r onc .otr/|/c /cra /o
cr|ol no|c aavar/aqca
/tacr/ //otq/ /// / lc
|orotr.ca /r qovc|rncr/-
accracr/ ./ool
10
10 . 0 . 10 1. 100 .0 0 .0 100
PubIic scnooIs
perform better
Private
government-
dependent
scnooIs
perform better
PubIic scnooIs
nave nigner
socio-economic
intake
Private
government-
dependent
scnooIs nave
nigner
socio-economic
intake
l:qurc ?.9
tucc:t c:io:u:cc :c u|lic :c :ivtc co:t:ol
...... /... o/!.. o1 ..o. c...1..1. .|cc! . o1. ..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1.
!...o., .o!. o1 . |. ...o.co! c..c..cc.. .1. c c..oo.co! oo
ttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs :c u:|cc i: |lc| :c :cc
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc 1!
Differences on tne internationaI
socio-economic index of occupationaI status
Differences in scores on
tne combined reading Iiteracy scaIe
Netheriands
1
Iuembourg
Denmark
Korea
sveden
Iiniand
czech Repubiic
rortugai
Hungary
Norvay
united states
spain
Austria
svitzeriand
Ireiand
canada
Germany
#ONCLUSIONS
luo:t:t s sociocco:ouic icto:s :c i: i:iluc:ci:g stucc:t c:io:u:cc,
sc|ool olicics :c :cticcs c: u|c : iuo:t:t ciiic:c:cc, :c ciicctivc
lc::i:g ccc:cs o: stucc:ts |vi:g cccss to |ig|qulit, lc::i:g oo:tu
:itics c|ool olicics :c :cticcs c: |vc |ot| ci:cct ciiccts o: outcoucs
:c i:ci:cct ciiccts t|t uitigtc t|c i:iluc:cc oi sociocco:ouic icto:s ;scc
|tc:s o :c ,
W|ilc ll cou:t:ics i:vcst co:sicc:|lc :csou:ccs i: ccuctio:, sc|ool :i:cils
i: souc cou:t:ics c:ccivc co:sicc:|lc cciicic:cics i: t|c qulit, oi t|c ccuc
tio:l :c |uu: :csou:ccs t t|c cisosl oi t|csc sc|ools l: u:, cou:t:ics,
t|csc cciicic:cics c: to |c ssocitcc wit| lowc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
lut :ot ll o|stclcs t|t sc|ool :i:cils c:ccivc s |i:cc:i:g lc::i:g i: t|ci:
sc|ools :c oi utc:il :tu:c Discili::, cliutc is :ot|c: icto:, w|ic|
llA s|ows to |c closcl, :cltcc to stucc:t c:io:u:cc tucc:t |sc:tccisu,
cis:utivc |c|viou:, stucc:ts lc|i:g :cscct io: tcc|c:s, :c |ull,i:g oi
/tacr/ c|jo|nar.c /
ao./a/ca w/// //c
./a|a./c|///. oj //c/|
./ool a wcll a //c/|
jan/ly ba.kq|otra
onc ./ool |/r./al
|co|/ /raacta./c /r
./ool |cot|.c.
.bt/ //c .l/na/c oj //c
./ool ara //c .la|oon /ow
a nt./ /|orqc| ao./a//or
w/// /tacr/ c|jo|nar.c .
11
stucc:ts :c t|c icto:s :cic::cc to uost i:cquc:tl, |, sc|ool :i:cils s
o|stclcs to ciicctivc lc::i:g l:ou t|c stucc:t c:scctivc, wsti:g tiuc t
t|c |cgi::i:g oi lcsso:s, :oisc :c ciso:cc:, :c stucc:ts tc:ci:g :ot to listc:
to w|t t|c tcc|c: s,s, :c t|c uost i:cquc:tl, uc:tio:cc iucciuc:ts to
ciscili:c Acc:cssi:g t|csc issucs is :ot : issuc oi uo:c, lo:c
lc::i:g cocs :ot |cgi: wit| t|c sc|ool c, :c cocs :ot c:c wit| it louc
wo:|, :c i: souc cou:t:ics cxtc:sio: o: :cuccil cou:scs outsicc sc|ool oitc:
ccou:t io: co:sicc:|lc o:tio: oi stucc:t lc::i:g tiuc, :c t,icll, cc u
to uo:c t|: o:c t|i:c oi sttuto:, i:st:uctio: tiuc i: t|c t|:cc llA coui:s
Givc: t|c uou:t oi tiuc i:volvcc, it is iuo:t:t to c:su:c t|t t|is tiuc is
sc:t ciicctivcl, :c t|t t|c co::cso:ci:g lc::i:g oo:tu:itics :c o:g:iscc
:o:itcl, :c co:cc:: is t|t |oucwo:| :c lc::i:g outsicc sc|ool u,
:ci:io:cc t|c cis:itics i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc t|t :csult i:ou sociocco:ouic
icto:s o: v:itio: i: ccuctio:l :csou:ccs o: suo:t t |ouc lowcvc:, t|c
cxc:ic:ccs oi souc cou:t:ics w|c:c |oucwo:| is ositivcl, ssocitcc wit|
stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c w|c:c t|c:c c:s to |c :o :cltio:s|i |ctwcc:
|ouc |c|g:ou:c :c c:io:u:cc suggcst t|t lc::i:g c: |c cxtc:ccc
outsicc sc|ool wit|out utti:g ciscv:tgcc stucc:ts t :is|
li:ll,, t|c:c u, |c uo:c :oou io: i::ovtio: i: t|c u:gcuc:t oi sc|ools
l: uost cou:t:ics, icw sc|ools sccu to |vc s, i: t|c cst|lis|uc:t oi
tcc|c:s` sl:ics o: sl:, i:c:cscs I|c:c c:s to |c soucw|t g:ctc:
ilcxi|ilit, wit| :cg:c to t|c oi:tuc:t :c cisuissl oi tcc|c:s :c t|c
cst|lis|uc:t :c iulcuc:ttio: oi sc|ool |ucgcts lowcvc:, t|c ccg:cc oi
i:cccou io: sc|ools :c tcc|c:s is o:cc gi: liuitcc i: u:, cou:t:ics
I|c tc:cc:c, io: cou:t:ics wit| g:ctc: ccg:ccs oi sc|ool uto:ou, to s|ow
|ig|c: vc:gc lcvcls oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc u, suggcst t|t t|c:c is csc io:
u:sui:g sc|ool uto:ou, s o:c :outc to sc|ool iu:ovcuc:t
i:cc t|c icto:s cxui:cc i: t|is c|tc: :c i:tc::cltcc, it is ciiiicult
to sscss t|ci: :cltivc iuo:t:cc I|c :cxt, co:cluci:g c|tc: scc|s to
gugc t|c :cltivc iuo:t:cc oi sc|ool :csou:ccs :c oi sc|ool olic, :c
:cticcs i: ciiic:c:t t,cs oi sc|ool s,stcu I|is u, :ovicc i:cictio:s oi
w|t ccuctio:l olic, c: co |ot| to iu:ovc vc:gc c:io:u:cc :c to
uocc:tc t|c iuct oi iuil, |c|g:ou:c o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
.a aoc ./ool wo|k
aorc ot//ac ./ool
./ool at/orony nay
bc aro//c| /no|/ar/
ja./o| /r /// cta//or
/a/c| - q/vc a bc//c|
/aca oj /ow //cc ja./o|
a|c /r/c||cla/ca
1!
.OTES
1 t:uctu:l cqutio: uocclli:g ws uscc to co:ii:u t|c t|co:cticll, cxcctcc ciuc:sio:s oi t|c i:ciccs :c to vlictc t|ci:
cou:|ilit, c:oss cou:t:ics lo: t|is u:osc, uoccl ws cstiutcc sc:tcl, io: cc| cou:t:, :c, collcctivcl,, io:
ll lD cou:t:ics
!

:otc t|t stucc:ts wc:c s|cc to i:cictc t|ci: c:cctio:s oi si:glc g:ou oi tcc|c:s i: si:glc ,c: oi lc::i:g
o:scquc:tl,, :csults s|oulc :ot |c i:tc::ctcc s c|:ctc:istio: oi ll tcc|c:s t|t 1.,c:olcs |vc c:cou:tc:cc
cu:i:g t|ci: ,c:s s stucc:ts
! : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s 0. c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc :c t|is cxccccs 1 c: cc:t o:l, i: cou:t:ics ;scc A::cx A!,
+ : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c sc|oollcvcl i:ccx oi stucc:t:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc cxli:s
. c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;scc A::cx A!,
. : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c stucc:tlcvcl i:ccx oi ciscili::, cliutc cxli:s 1o c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i:
stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;scc A::cx A!,
o : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s 1! c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ;scc A::cx A!,
: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s 1- c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
lo: cc| oi t|c t|:cc su||cct :cs, stucc:ts wc:c s|cc to :co:t w|ct|c: t|c, sc:t :o tiuc, lcss t|: 1 |ou: wcc|,
|ctwcc:1 :c ! |ou:s wcc| o: ! |ou:s o: uo:c wcc| o: |oucwo:| I|c totl wcc|l, |oucwo:| tiuc ws cstiutcc
|, cci:g t|csc :cso:scs, :o tiuc |ci:g coccc s 0, lcss t|: 1 |ou: wcc| s 0., |ctwcc: 1 :c ! |ou:s wcc| s
! :c ! |ou:s o: uo:c wcc| s + tucc:ts w|o |c uissi:g :cso:scs io: :, oi t|c t|:cc su||cct :cs wc:c cxcluccc
i:ou t|is cou:iso:
- : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s +. c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
10 : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s 1 c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
11 : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s 10 c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
1! : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c i:ccx cxli:s 1! c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
1! l: 1+ cou:t:ics, t|csc ciiic:c:ccs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
1+ Icc|:icll,, t|is c:cc:tgc ws cc:ivcc |, su|t:cti:g i:ou 100 t|c wcig|tcc c:cc:tgc oi sc|ool :i:cils w|o |c
c|cc|cc t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:, c o .|cc! ..c./.!., io: t|c :clcv:t qucstio:
8
Chapter
WHAT MAKES A DIFFERENCE
TO PISA RESULTS:
SOME INDICATIONS
FOR POLICY
cHAr1IR 8 I/a/ nakc a a/jjc|cr.c /o l|- |ctl/ onc /ra/.a//or jo| ol/.y
1+
)NTRODUCTIONINFLUENCESINSIDEANDOUTSIDESCHOOL
lc:io:u:cc i: sc|ool is iicctcc |, uo:c t|: w|t |c:s i: sc|ool
luil,, :cig||ou:|ooc :c t|c wicc: couuu:it, i: w|ic| stucc:ts livc :c
lso iuo:t:t, lt|oug| t|ci: i:iluc:ccs :c :ot c:ti:cl, i:ccc:cc:t oi t|osc
oi t|c sc|ool itscli I|csc i:iluc:ccs :ccc to |c cxui:cc |oi:tl, i: o:cc: to
u:cc:st:c t|ci: sc:tc :c cou|i:cc ciiccts :c to icc:tii, t|c ossi|lc
cuscs :c co:scquc:ccs oi |ig| :c low stucc:t c:io:u:cc
|tc:s ! to . oi t|is :co:t co:sicc:cc |ow wcll ciiic:c:t cou:t:ics ccuctc
t|ci: stucc:ts, :c |tc:s o :c |ig|lig|tcc ssocitio:s |ctwcc: stucc:t
:c sc|ool |c|g:ou:c c|:ctc:istics :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc I|is c|tc:
:ow cx:cs uo: t|osc ii:ci:gs :c cc:csscs qucstio:s |out t|c :tu:c
oi t|c :cltio:s|is |ctwcc: c:io:u:cc, iuil, |c|g:ou:c :c sc|ool l,
cxui:i:g t|c :cltio:s|is |ctwcc: ::gc oi v:i|lcs, i:cluci:g |ot| iuil,
:c sc|ool icto:s, i: wicc ::gc oi sc|ool sctti:gs i: u:, ciiic:c:t cou:
t:ics, t|c c|tc: scc|s to gugc t|c :cltivc iuo:t:cc oi sc|ool :csou:ccs :c
sc|ool olic, :c :cticc i: ciiic:c:t t,cs oi ccuctio: s,stcus I|c iu is
to :ovicc i:cictio:s oi w|t ccuctio: olic, c: co to iu:ovc |ot| uc:
c:io:u:cc :c cquit, i: ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics :c outcoucs
I|c c|tc: |cgi:s wit| : :l,sis oi t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: .1..1oo!
stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c iuil, |c|g:ou:c A: u:cc:st:ci:g oi t|is :cltio:
s|i is iu:cuc:tl io: olic, ccvclouc:t s it :cvcls |ow wcll stucc:ts oi
ciiic:i:g |c|g:ou:cs i:c i: t|ci: sc|ool c:io:u:cc
I|c c|tc: t|c: cxui:cs t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c c:io:u:cc
oi .|cc! :c ssocitcc wit| sociocco:ouic icto:s I|is i:io:utio: is
iuo:t:t io: gugi:g t|c iuct oi i:stitutio:l sctti:gs o: t|c cist:i|utio: oi
ccuctio:l outcoucs, :c io: l::i:g ccuctio:l :cio:us
li:ll,, t|c c|tc: scc|s to icc:tii, c!.., !... :c .|cc!!..! .|o.o...... t|t
u, |cl to :isc lcvcls oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c c|icvc uo:c cquit|lc
cist:i|utio: oi ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics :c outcoucs
I|c :l,sis i: t|is c|tc: iocuscs o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc kcic:c:cc to c:io:u:cc o: t|c ut|cuticl :c
scic:tiiic litc:c, sclcs is ucc o:l, w|c:c t|c :l,sis :c co:clusio:s c:w:
i: t|is c|tc: ciiic: sig:iiic:tl, |ctwcc: t|c t|:cc su||cct coui:s
4HERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSOCIOECONOMICBACKGROUNDAND
STUDENTPERFORMANCE
A gIobaI perspective
As s|ow: i: |tc: o, t|c c:io:u:ccs oi stucc:ts o: t|c llA sscss
uc:ts oi :cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, :c closcl, :cltcc to
t|c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs oi t|ci: iuilics tucc:ts w|osc :c:ts
:c wo:|i:g i: lcss :cstigious |o|s :c |vc lowc: lcvcls oi ccuctio:l
|rjltcr.c or
c|jo|nar.c j|on /r/ac
ara ot//ac ./ool rcca
/o bc .or/ac|ca
/oqc//c|.
.ara /// ./a/c| aoc
o.
.by look/rq j/|/ a/
/ra/v/atal /tacr/.
.//cr a/ /ow /tacr/
ba.kq|otra ajjc./
w/olc ./ool.
.ara la/ly a/ /ow
./ool .ar nakc a
a/jjc|cr.c
1// ./a/c| tc a
.ono//c /racx oj /tacr/
c.oron/. .tl/t|al ara
o./al ba.kq|otra.
I/a/ nakc a a/jjc|cr.c /o l|- |ctl/ onc /ra/.a//or jo| ol/.y #(!04%2
1.
tti:uc:t, tc:c to c:io:u lcss wcll t sc|ool t|: stucc:ts w|osc :c:ts
|vc |ig| lcvcls oi ccuctio:l quliiictio:s :c :c wo:|i:g i: :cstigious
occutio:s Io icilittc t|c :l,sis, t|is c|tc: cou|i:cs i:to si:glc
i:ccx t|c ciiic:c:t cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sccts oi iuil, |c|g:ou:c
t|t wc:c cxui:cc sc:tcl, i: |tc: o lt is :cic::cc to s t|c llA i:ccx
oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus, o: t tiucs, uo:c looscl, s stucc:ts`
sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c
1
ligu:c 1 ccicts t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c t|c i:ccx
oi stucc:ts` cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus io: t|c lD :c s w|olc
!

I|is :cltio:s|i is cllcc t|c sociocco:ouic g:cic:t I|c iigu:c ccsc:i|cs
|ow wcll stucc:ts i:ou ciiic:i:g sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs c:io:u o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc I|is :cltio:s|i is iicctcc |ot| |, |ow wcll
ccuctio: s,stcus :c coi:g :c |, wicc: cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l icto:s
;scc lox 1,
.ara |cla/c /// /o
/tacr/ c|jo|nar.c
o00
.00
+00
!00
! 1 ! ! 1 0
00
!00
00
!
lc| cot :c:csc:ts ! 000 stucc:ts i:ou t|c lD :c
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc 1
;llA sclc sco:c,
l:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
;st:c:c ccvitio:s,
Socio-economic
gradient for tne OECD
area as a wnoIe
LeveI 5
LeveI 4
LeveI 3
LeveI 2
LeveI 1
BeIow LeveI 1
l:qurc J.!
kcltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c
io: t|c lD :c s w|olc
:o1. ..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!. o1 .1. c ..cc.., c..o!
o1 .o!o.o! oo,- o1 c..c..cc.. .o1.. c. |. oic o..o o o |c!.
1o
A: u:cc:st:ci:g oi t|is :cltio:s|i is usciul st:ti:g oi:t io: :l,si:g t|c
cist:i|utio: oi ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics kisi:g stucc:t c:io:u:cc lcvcls
:c soitc:i:g t|c iuct oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c o: succcss i: ccuc
tio: :c c:iticl o||cctivcs io: ccuctio: s,stcus i: ll lD cou:t:ics l:ou
sc|ool olic, c:scctivc, u:cc:st:ci:g t|c :cltio:s|i is lso iuo:t:t
|ccusc it i:cictcs |ow cquit|l, t|c |c:ciits oi sc|ooli:g :c |ci:g s|:cc
uo:g stucc:ts i:ou ciiic:i:g sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs
ligu:c 1 oi:ts to scvc:l ii:ci:gs
tucc:ts i:ou uo:c cv:tgcc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs i: gc:c:l
c:io:u |cttc: I|is is s|ow: |, t|c uw:c sloc oi t|c g:cic:t li:c
A givc: ciiic:c:cc i: sociocco:ouic sttus is ssocitcc wit| g i: stucc:t
:cci:g c:io:u:cc t|t is :oug|l, t|c suc t|:oug|out t|c cist:i|utio:
.. t|c u:gi:l |c:ciit oi cxt: sociocco:ouic cv:tgc :cit|c: ciui:is|cs
:o: :iscs s t|is cv:tgc g:ows I|is is s|ow: |, t|c ict t|t t|c socio
cco:ouic g:cic:t is :c:l, st:ig|t li:c
!
Diiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc v:, slig|tl, uo:c io: stucc:ts wit|
lowc: lcvcls oi sociocco:ouic sttus t|: io: t|osc wit| |ig|c: lcvcls I|is is
s|ow: |, t|c vc:ticl cisc:sio: oi oi:ts to t|c :ig|t oi t|c g:| ;t|c ::gc
lox 1 Hov to read Iigure 8.1
io.| 1c o: t|is g:| :c:csc:ts !000 1.,c:olc stucc:ts i: t|c cou|i:cc lD :c I|c g:| lots
t|ci: c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c, gi:st t|ci: cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
1|. ....o! o. s|ows stucc:t sco:cs o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, io: w|ic| t|c uc: is .00
:otc t|t si:cc t|c st:c:c ccvitio: ws sct t 100 w|c: t|c llA sclc ws co:st:uctcc, twot|i:cs oi
t|c cots ill |ctwcc: +00 :c o00 I|c ciiic:c:t s|ccc :cs s|ow t|c iivc :oiicic:c, lcvcls i: :cci:g
1|. |c...co! o. s|ows vlucs o: t|c llA i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus I|is |s |cc:
co:st:uctcc to |vc uc: oi 0 :c st:c:c ccvitio: oi 1, so t|t twot|i:cs oi stucc:ts :c |ctwcc:
1 :c 1
1|. 1o.| !.. :c:csc:ts t|c i:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic g:cic:t, w|ic| is t|c |cstiitti:g li:c s|owi:g
t|c ssocitio: |ctwcc: :cci:g c:io:u:cc :c sociocco:ouic sttus c:oss lD cou:t:ics I|is
li:c cxtc:cs i:ou t|c oi:t |clow w|ic| :c iou:c t|c . c: cc:t oi uost ciscv:tgcc stucc:ts to
t|c oi:t |ovc w|ic| :c t|c . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts wit| t|c |ig|cst vlucs o: t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic,
socil :c cultu:l sttus I|c t|:cc oi:ts u:|cc lo:g t|c li:c s|ow t|c loctio:s oi t|c !.
t|
, .0
t|
:c
.
t|
c:cc:tilcs, .. t|c oi:ts |clow w|ic| !. c: cc:t, .0 c: cc:t :c . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts :c
::|cc, i: tc:us oi sociocco:ouic sttus
i:cc t|c iocus i: t|c iigu:c is :ot o: cou:i:g ccuctio: s,stcus |ut o: |ig|lig|ti:g :cltio:s|i
t|:oug|out t|c lD :c, cc| stucc:t i: t|c lD :c co:t:i|utcs cqull, to t|is ictu:c, .. l:gc:
cou:t:ics, wit| uo:c stucc:ts i: t|c llA oultio:, suc| s :, \cxico :c t|c D:itcc ttcs, i:ilu
c:cc t|c i:tc::tio:l g:cic:t li:c uo:c |cvil, t|: sullc: cou:t:ics, suc| s lccl:c o: luxcu|ou:g
-avar/aqca /tacr/
c|jo|n bc//c|.
.by /n/la| anotr/
a/ a/jjc|cr/ lcvcl oj
aavar/aqc.
rac|/ara/rq ///
|cla//or// / a /a|//rq
o/r/ jo| cxan/r/rq //c
a//|/bt//or oj cat.a//oral
oo|/tr///c
I/a/ nakc a a/jjc|cr.c /o l|- |ctl/ onc /ra/.a//or jo| ol/.y cHAr1IR 8
1
oi :cci:g c:io:u:ccs oi t|osc wit| sociocco:ouic cv:tgc, |ci:g lcss
t|: t|c vc:ticl cisc:sio: oi oi:ts to t|c lcit oi t|c g:| ;t|c ::gc oi
:cci:g c:io:u:ccs oi t|osc wit| sociocco:ouic ciscv:tgc,
I|c:c is :o o:ctoo:c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c t|c
i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus \:, ciscv:tgcc stucc:ts
s|ow: o: t|c lcit oi t|c iigu:c sco:c wcll |ovc w|t is :ccictcc |, t|c
i:tc::tio:l g:cic:t li:c
+

Tne strengtn of tne socio-economic effect in different countries
Io w|t cxtc:t cocs t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc :c t|ci:
sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c v:, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics ociocco:ouic g:cic:ts
t t|c cou:t:, lcvcl :ovicc ccvicc to cxui:c t|is I|c, lso :ovicc usciul
st:ti:g oi:t io: u:cc:st:ci:g w|t icto:s co:t:i|utc to t|c succcss oi :
ccuctio: s,stcu i: :ovici:g cqul oo:tu:itics to ll stucc:ts Dsull, t|c
iu oi :tio:l ccuctio: olic, is to i:c:csc ovc:ll lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc,
w|ilc cvc:i:g out v:itio: i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: |u:iscictio:s, |ctwcc:
sociocco:ouic g:ous :c |ctwcc: t|c gc:cc:s I|c |c, qucstio: i: t|c
:csc:t ciscussio: is w|ct|c: |ig| vc:gc c:io:u:cc :c low cis:itics i:
t|c c:io:u:cc lcvcls oi stucc:ts i:ou ciiic:c:t sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs
c: |c c|icvcc |oi:tl,
ligu:c ! cisl,s t|c :cltio:s|i i: cc| cou:t:, |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc :c t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c
.bt/ o./o-c.oron/.
ba.kq|otra aoc ro/
ac/c|n/rc c|jo|nar.c
1/c kcy tc//or /
w/c//c| //q/ ovc|all
c|jo|nar.c ara low
a/a|///c .ar bc
a.//cvca o/r/ly
I////r ca./ .otr/|y //c
/na./ oj o./o-
c.oron/. ba.kq|otra
or c|jo|nar.c .ar bc
cxan/rca.
o00
.00
+00
!00
! 1 ! ! 1 0
l:qurc J.2
io: cc| cou:t:,
:c..c..cc.. .o1.. c. .o.| .co.,
:c. lo: t|c icc:tiiictio: oi i:civicul cou:t:ics, scc I|lc 1 :c ligu:c !c
;llA sclc sco:c,
l:ccx oi cco:ouic,
socil :c cultu:l sttus
;st:c:c ccvitio:s,
LeveI 5
LeveI 4
LeveI 3
LeveI 2
LeveI 1
BeIow LeveI 1
Average
socio-economic
gradient
1
cultu:l sttus I|c g:cic:t io: cc| cou:t:, is s|ow: |, lig|t g:c, li:c I|c c:|
li:c is t|c g:cic:t io: ll lD cou:t:ics cou|i:cc,
.
:cctcc i:ou ligu:c 1
I|c g:cic:t li:cs suuu:isi:g t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
:c t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus i: cc| cou:t:, :c
c|:ctc:iscc |, t|ci: !..!, t|ci: !c., t|ci: !.| :c t|c ..| oi t|c
:cltio:s|i t|t t|c, ccsc:i|c I|csc :c s|ow: s iollows i: ligu:c ! :c i:
t|c co::cso:ci:g I|lc 1
o

I|c !..! oi t|c g:cic:t li:cs i: ligu:c ! t|ci: vc:gc |cig|t is givc: i:
oluu: ! oi I|lc 1 I|is s|ows t|c vc:gc :cci:g litc:c, sco:c :cc|cc
|, t|osc stucc:ts i: cc| cou:t:, w|osc cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l |c|
g:ou:c is cqul to t|c vc:gc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c c:oss lD
cou:t:ics I|c lcvcl oi g:cic:t io: cou:t:, c: |c co:sicc:cc : i:cictio:
oi w|t woulc |c t|c ovc:ll lcvcl oi c:io:u:cc oi t|c ccuctio: s,stcu
ii t|c cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l |c|g:ou:c oi t|c stucc:t oultio:
wc:c icc:ticl to t|c lD vc:gc I|c vc:gc g:cic:t lcvcl c:oss lD
cou:t:ics is .0. oi:ts
I|c !c. oi t|c g:cic:t li:c is : i:cictio: oi t|c cxtc:t oi i:cqulit, i: :cci:g
litc:c, tt:i|ut|lc to sociocco:ouic icto:s ;oluu: ! i: I|lc 1, tccc:
g:cic:ts i:cictc g:ctc: iuct oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus o:
stucc:t c:io:u:cc, .. uo:c i:cqulit,, w|c:cs gc:tlc: g:cic:ts i:cictc
lowc: iuct oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc, .. lcss
i:cqulit, : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c sloc oi t|c g:cic:t is +1,
w|ic| uc:s t|t stucc:ts` sco:cs o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc :c,
o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, +1 oi:ts |ig|c: io: cc| cxt: u:it o: t|c
i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
I|c u:it o: t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic,

socil :c cultu:l sttus is o:c st:c:c ccvitio: :c, i: :o:ul oultio:
cist:i|utio:, twot|i:cs oi t|c oultio: :c wit|i: t|c ::gc oi lus :c ui:us
o:c st:c:c ccvitio: i:ou t|c uc: l: t|c csc oi :o:w,, io: cxulc,
w|ic| |s g:cic:t t t|c lD vc:gc oi +1 oi:ts, t|c vc:gc :cci:g
litc:c, sco:c oi stucc:ts o:c u:it |clow t|c sociocco:ouic sttus uc: is +o+,
+1 oi:ts |clow t|c ovc:ll uc: oi .0. oi:ts io: :o:w,, :c t|c vc:gc
:cci:g litc:c, sco:c oi stucc:ts o:c u:it |ovc t|c sociocco:ouic sttus uc:
is .+o, +1 oi:ts |ovc :o:w,`s ovc:ll uc: A:ot|c: w, oi cx:cssi:g t|is
is to s, t|t, i: :o:w,, stucc:ts w|o :c uo:g t|c uost ciscv:tgcc o:c
sixt| oi t|c lD oultio: |vc uc: :cci:g litc:c, sco:cs t|t ciiic: |,
uo:c t|: ! oi:ts cquivlc:t to uo:c t|: o:c :oiicic:c, lcvcl i:ou t|osc
uo:g t|c uost cv:tgcc o:csixt| oi stucc:ts l: Gc:u:,, t|c cou:t:, wit|
t|c stcccst g:cic:t ;o0 oi:ts,, t|c to :c |ottou sixt|s ;i:tc::tio:ll,,
i: sociocco:ouic sttus ciiic: i: vc:gc :cci:g litc:c, sco:cs |, uo:c t|:
1!0 oi:ts cquivlc:t to luost two :oiicic:c, lcvcls
I|c !.| oi t|c g:cic:t li:cs is cctc:ui:cc |, t|c ::gc oi sociocco:ouic
sco:cs io: t|c uicclc -0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts ;|ctwcc: t|c .
t|
:c -.
t|

c:cc:tilcs, i: cc| cou:t:,, s wcll s |, t|c sloc oluu: . oi I|lc 1
.ovc|all c|jo|nar.c
//c avc|aqc .o|c
.o||c./ca jo| //c
.otr/|y o./o-
c.oron/. nakc-t.
.//c a/jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
//c .o|c oj no|c ara
lc aavar/aqca q|ot
oj /tacr/.
./ow w/acly /tacr/
a|c a/c|ca by o./o-
c.oron/. ba.kq|otra.
./r /c|n oj jot|
|oc|//c oj q|aa/cr/
l/rc
1-
s|ows t|c ::gc oi t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus s::cc
|, t|c g:cic:t li:c I|is i:cictcs |ow wiccl, t|c stucc:t oultio: is
cisc:scc i: tc:us oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c lo:gc: g:cic:t li:cs
:c:csc:t wicc: cisc:sio: oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c i: t|c stucc:t
oultio: wit|i: t|c cou:t:, i: qucstio:
I|c ..| oi t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: :cci:g litc:c, c:io:u:cc
:c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c :cic:s to |ow uuc| i:civicul stucc:t
c:io:u:cc v:ics |ovc :c |clow t|c g:cic:t li:c I|is c: |c scc: io: ll
cou:t:ics i: ligu:c 1 |, t|c cisc:sio: oi cots |ovc :c |clow t|c li:c, |ut
is :ot s|ow: i: ligu:c ! kt|c:, oluu: + i: I|lc 1 givcs t|c cxli:cc
v:i:cc, sttisticl i:cicto: t|t suuu:iscs t|c st:c:gt| oi t|c :cltio:
s|i |, s|owi:g w|t :oo:tio: oi t|c o|sc:vcc ciiic:c:cc i: stucc:t sco:cs
c: |c tt:i|utcc to t|c :cltio:s|i s|ow: |, t|c g:cic:t li:c li t|is :uu|c:
is low, :cltivcl, littlc oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc is ssocitcc
wit| stucc:ts` sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c, ii it is |ig|, t|c :cvc:sc is t|c
csc l: t|c lD :c, !0 c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc is ssocitcc wit| sco:cs o: t|c i:ccx
oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus, |ut t|is ::gcs i:ou low oi . c:
cc:t i: lccl:c to |ig| oi !o c: cc:t i: lu:g:,
ligu:c ! :c I|lc 1 oi:t to scvc:l ii:ci:gs
li:st, cou:t:ics v:, i: t|ci: sociocco:ouic g:cic:ts I|c iigu:c :ot o:l,
s|ows cou:t:ics wit| :cltivcl, |ig| :c low lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |ut lso cou:t:ics w|ic| |vc g:ctc: o:
lcssc: ccg:ccs oi i:cqulit, i: c:io:u:cc uo:g stucc:ts i:ou ciiic:c:t
sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs lt is wo:t| cu|sisi:g t|c co:sicc:|lc cxtc:t
oi t|is ciiic:c:cc o:sicc: two stucc:ts :c is i:ou lcss cv:tgcc |c|
g:ou:c, so t|t iivc sixt|s oi stucc:ts i:tc::tio:ll, |vc |ig|c: sco:c o:
t|c llA i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus I|c ot|c: is i:ou
:cltivcl, :ivilcgcc |c|g:ou:c, so t|t o:l, o:c out oi cvc:, six stucc:ts
|s |ig|c: sco:c o: t|c i:ccx I|c c:io:u:cc g |ctwcc: t|csc two
stucc:ts v:ics |ctwcc: cou:t:ics |, icto: oi :c:l, t|:cc l: : :c
lo:c t|is g is +! oi:ts, o: 0o :oiicic:c, lcvcls, |ut i: Gc:u:, it is 1!0
oi:ts, o: 1 :oiicic:c, lcvcls ;i: cc| csc cou|lc t|c g:cic:t sco:c, w|ic|
:c:csc:ts o:c st:c:c ccvitio:, I|c iigu:c lso s|ows clc:l, t|t |ig|
c:io:u:cc cocs :ot |vc to couc t t|c cxc:sc oi i:cqulitics, s souc
oi t|c cou:t:ics wit| t|c |cst lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc |vc :cltivcl, gc:tlc
g:cic:ts
cco:c, t|c ::gc oi t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus s::cc
|, t|c g:cic:t li:cs v:ics wiccl, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, wit| lcss t|: ! i:ccx
oi:ts sc:ti:g t|c . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i:ou t|c uost cv:tgcc socio
cco:ouic |c|g:ou:c i:ou t|c . c: cc:t oi lcst cv:tgcc stucc:ts
i: Aust:i, t|c zcc| kcu|lic, : :c wccc:, |ut + oi:ts o: uo:c
sc:ti:g t|cu i: l:zil :c \cxico I|c c|llc:gcs t|t ccuctio: s,stcus
.ara /ow .locly
ba.kq|otra / |cla/ca /o
c|jo|nar.c
1/c c|jo|nar.c qa
bc/wccr no|c ara lc
aavar/aqca /tacr/
va|/c bc/wccr .otr/|/c
by a ja./o| oj //|cc.
.bt/ .otr/|/c /avc
a/jjc|/rq o./al |oj/lc
1-0
icc s :csult oi ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c cist:i|utio: oi t|c cco:ouic :c socil
|c|g:ou:c i: t|c stucc:t oultio: t|c:cio:c ciiic: wiccl, lt will |c uuc|
uo:c ccu:ci:g io: t|c ccuctio: s,stcus oi l:zil :c \cxico to ovc:couc
i:cquitics i: ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics t|: io: t|c ccuctio: s,stcus oi :
:c wccc:
I|i:c, t|c g:cic:ts io: uost cou:t:ics :c :oug|l, li:c: I|us, i: uost
cou:t:ics cc| i:c:cuc:t o: t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
is ssocitcc wit| co:st:t i:c:csc i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc :c uig|t |vc cxcctcc t|t t|c g:cic:ts woulc |c stcc
t low lcvcls oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus, :c t|c: lcvcl oii t
|ig|c: sttus lcvcls
-
I|c g:cic:ts io: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc iollow t|is ttc:: i: scvc:l cou:t:ics, |owcvc:, t|c c|:gc i:
t|c slocs s cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus i:c:cscs is slig|t, :c |:cl,
ciscc::i|lc i: ligu:c ! \o:covc:, i: t|c two cou:t:ics wit| vc:, low lcvcls
oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus l:zil :c \cxico t|c g:cic:ts
cisl, t|c oositc ttc:: t|c, :c :cltivcl, gc:tlc t vc:, low lcvcls oi
sociocco:ouic sttus, :c |ccouc stccc: t |ig|c: lcvcls i:cc, i: t|csc
two cou:t:ics, cou:tivcl, l:gc :oo:tio:s oi t|c oultio: :c wcll
|clow t|c |ottou . c: cc:t oi stucc:ts i: uost lD cou:t:ics, i: |ot|
:cci:g c:io:u:cc :c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c, t|is coulc i:cictc t|t
t|c:c is t|coii oi:t t ui:iul lcvcl oi sociocco:ouic sttus |clow
w|ic| sociocco:ouic ciiic:c:ccs |vc littlc iuct o: t|c |ilit, oi stucc:ts
to tc|lc t|c |i:cs oi ts| tcstcc |, llA
I|c ii:ci:g t|t g:cic:ts tc:c to |c li:c: c:oss t|c ::gc oi cco:ouic,
socil :c cultu:l sttus i: ll cou:t:ics |s : iuo:t:t olic, iulictio:
\:, socil olicics :c iucc t i:c:csi:g :csou:ccs io: t|c uost ciscv:
tgcc, cit|c: t|:oug| txtio: o: |, t:gcti:g |c:ciits :c socil :og:uucs
to cc:ti: g:ous I|c llA :csults suggcst t|t it is :ot cs, to cst|lis|
low cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus |scli:c, |clow w|ic| c:io:u:cc
s|:l, cccli:cs \o:covc:, ii cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus is t|c: to
|c su::ogtc io: t|c cccisio:s :c ctio:s oi :c:ts iucc t :ovici:g
:ic|c: c:vi:o:uc:t io: t|ci: c|ilc:c: suc| s :cci:g to t|cu o: t|i:g :
i:tc:cst i: t|ci: sc|ool wo:| t|c: t|csc ii:ci:gs suggcst t|t t|c:c is :oou
io: iu:ovcuc:t t ll lcvcls o: t|c sociocco:ouic co:ti:uuu I|c ict t|t
it is ciiiicult to ciscc:: |scli:c, |owcvc:, cocs :ot iul, t|t ciiic:c:titcc
stucc:t suo:t is :ot w:::tcc I|c succcss i: u:, cou:t:ics i: closi:g
gc:cc: gs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc t|:oug| ciiic:c:til :ovisio: is gooc
cxulc oi t:gctcc ciio:ts |ci:g vc:, ciicctivc i: :ccuci:g cis:itics
lou:t|, t|c g:cic:ts tc:c to co:vc:gc t |ig|c: lcvcls oi cco:ouic, socil :c
cultu:l sttus t|c li:cs i: ligu:c ! :c closc: togct|c: o: t|c :ig|t t|: o:
t|c lcit oi t|c g:| I|is tc:cc:c,, t|oug| uocc:tc,
10
uc:s t|t cou:t:ics
wit| |ig| lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
tc:c to |vc gc:tlc: g:cic:ts A:ot|c: iulictio: is t|t stucc:ts wit| |ig|
|x/|a o./o-c.oron/.
aavar/aqc y/cla /n/la|
|c/t|r all //c way t
//c .alc.
.o //c|c / ro /rqlc
o/r/ oj o./al
a/aavar/aqc
ac/c|n/r/rq w/c|c
/r/c|vcr//or / no/
cjjc.//vc
//jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
.otr/|/c a|c q|ca/c|
anorq a/aavar/aqca
//ar anorq aavar/aqca
/tacr/
1-1
lcvcls oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus tc:c to v:, soucw|t lcss
i: t|ci: :cci:g c:io:u:cc t|: co stucc:ts wit| :cltivcl, low lcvcls
oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus I|c iuct oi ciiic:c:t ccuctio:l
cxc:ic:ccs o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc u, t|c:cio:c |c g:ctcst io: stucc:ts
i:ou ciscv:tgcc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs
ligu:c ! s|ows vc:, |:ocl, t|t t|c:c is wicc v:itio: |ctwcc: cou:t:ics
i: |ot| t|c :tu:c :c t|c st:c:gt| oi t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: sociocco:ouic
|c|g:ou:c :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc A closc: cxui:tio: :cvcls scvc:l
ttc::s ligu:cs ! to !c g:ou cou:t:ics cco:ci:g to cou|i:tio:s oi
vc:gc qulit, ;i: tc:us oi t|c ovc:ll uc: c:io:u:cc oi stucc:ts i: t|c
cou:t:,, :c cqulit, ;s ucsu:cc |, t|c iuct oi cco:ouic, socil :c
cultu:l sttus o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc t|c stcc:css oi t|c g:cic:t,
ligu:c ! s|ows t|c 1! cou:t:ics t|t sco:c |ovc t|c vc:gc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc Auo:g t|csc cou:t:ics, t|c:c :c six :c, li:l:c,
lccl:c, :,
11
lo:c :c wccc: i: w|ic| :cltivcl, |.| oo!., oi stucc:t
c:io:u:cc is cou|i:cc wit| :cltivcl, |.| .oo!., |ctwcc: ciiic:c:t socio
cco:ouic g:ous
1!
;I|lc 1, I|c vc:gc sco:c o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc io: t|c cou:t:ics i: t|is ctcgo:, is |out .!. wcll |ovc t|c
lD vc:gc oi .00 ,ct t|ci: vc:gc sloc is !0, wcll |clow t|c vc:gc
lD cou:t:, sloc oi +1 I|is s|ows t|t it is ossi|lc io: cou:t:, to
c|icvc :cltivcl, |ig| c:io:u:cc w|ilc ui:ti:i:g :cltivcl, |ig| ccg:cc
oi cqulit, |ctwcc: cv:tgcc :c ciscv:tgcc sociocco:ouic g:ous l:
t|:cc ot|c: cou:t:ics Aust:li, lclgiuu :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou |ig|
qulit, oi c:io:u:cc is cou|i:cc wit| |ovcvc:gc ..oo!., i: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: ciiic:c:t sociocco:ouic g:ous
1!
l: t|c :cui:i:g
cou:t:ics s|ow: i: t|is iigu:c Aust:i, l:cl:c :c :cw Zcl:c uc:
c:io:u:cc is lso |ovc t|c lD vc:gc |ut t|c g:cic:ts :c :ot
sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c lD vc:gc g:cic:t
ligu:c !| s|ows t|c iivc cou:t:ics w|osc sco:c is :ot sig:iiic:tl, ciiic:c:t
i:ou t|c lD vc:gc Auo:g t|csc cou:t:ics, l::cc, witzc:l:c :c t|c
D:itcc ttcs s|ow o/c.o..o. ..oo!., |ctwcc: ciiic:c:t sociocco:ouic
g:ous, w|ilc i: Dc:u:| :c :o:w,, t|c sociocco:ouic g:cic:ts :c :ot
sig:iiic:tl, ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c lD vc:gc g:cic:t
ligu:c !c s|ows t|c 1! cou:t:ics wit| |clowvc:gc c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc lou: oi t|csc cou:t:ics t|c zcc| kcu|lic,
Gc:u:,, lu:g:, :c luxcu|ou:g s|ow o/c.o..o. ..oo!., cou|i:cc
wit| |clowvc:gc c:io:u:cc I|is suggcsts t|t t|csc cou:t:ics coulc
liit t|ci: vc:gc c:io:u:cc sig:iiic:tl, ii t|c, wc:c to uitigtc t|c
iuct oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o:vc:scl,, i:
ltl,, \cxico, t|c kussi: lccc:tio: :c i:, |clowvc:gc c:io:u:cc
cou|i:cs wit| |ovcvc:gc cqulit, i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: ciiic:c:t socio
cco:ouic g:ous I|c :cui:i:g cou:t:ics s|ow: i: t|is iigu:c l:zil, G:cccc,
otr/|/c .ar bc
q|otca a..o|a/rq /o
.onb/ra//or oj ovc|all
c|jo|nar.c ara
ctal//y
..otr/|/c ao/rq wcll
ovc|all |cvcal a/jjc|/rq
acq|cc oj ctal//y
bc/wccr /tacr/.
..otr/|/c w/// avc|aqc
c|jo|nar.c nay /avc
w/ac a/jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
o./al q|ot.
.ara onc .otr/|/c
w/// bclow-avc|aqc
c|jo|nar.c alo /ow
//q/ lcvcl oj /rctal//y
1-!
o00
.00
+00
!00
! 1 ! ! 1 0
o00
.00
+00
!00
! 1 ! ! 1 0
o00
.00
+00
!00
! 1 ! ! 1 0
Dc:u:|
:o:w,
l::cc
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
l:qurc J.3
io: cc| cou:t:,
:c..c..cc.. .o1.. c. .o.| .co.,
:cci:g litc:c, sclc ;llA sclc sco:c,
l:ccx oi cco:ouic,
;st:c:c ccvitio:s,
LeveI 5
LeveI 4
LeveI 3
LeveI 2
LeveI 1
BeIow LeveI 1
A. Countries witn mean performance statisticaIIy
significantIy above tne OECD average
B. Countries witn mean performance not statisticaIIy
significantIy different from tne OECD average
C. Countries witn mean performance statisticaIIy
significantIy beIow tne OECD average
l:ccx oi cco:ouic,
;st:c:c ccvitio:s,
LeveI 5
LeveI 4
LeveI 3
LeveI 2
LeveI 1
BeIow LeveI 1
l:ccx oi cco:ouic,
;st:c:c ccvitio:s,
LeveI 5
LeveI 4
LeveI 3
LeveI 2
LeveI 1
BeIow LeveI 1
lclowvc:gc iuct oi
luct oi sociocco:ouic
|c|g:ou:c :ot sttisticll,
sig:iiic:tl, ciiic:c:t i:ou
lD vc:gc iuct
A|ovcvc:gc iuct oi
Aust:i
l:cl:c
:cw Zcl:c
:c
li:l:c
lccl:c
:
lo:c
wccc:
Aust:li
lclgiuu
D:itcc li:gcou
l:zil
G:cccc
licc|tc:stci:
lol:c
lo:tugl
ltl,
\cxico
kussi: lccc:tio:
i:
zcc| kcu|lic
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
luxcu|ou:g
1-!
licc|tc:stci:, lol:c :c lo:tugl c:io:u |clow t|c lD vc:gc, |ut
t|ci: sociocco:ouic g:cic:ts :c :ot sig:iiic:tl, ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c lD
vc:gc g:cic:t
|viousl,, t|c ovc:ll co:tcxt i: w|ic| ccuctio: s,stcus oc:tc :c, i:
:ticul:, t|c cist:i|utio: oi cco:ouic :c socil v:i|lcs wit|i: cc| cou:t:,
:ccc to |c t|c: i:to ccou:t i: t|c i:tc::cttio: oi t|csc :cltio:s|is
Tne components of socio-economic background
I|c :l,sis i: t|is c|tc: so i: |s uscc couositc i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil
:c cultu:l sttus lut it is lso usciul to loo| t t|c ciiic:c:t iucts oi scciiic
ictu:cs oi stucc:t`s |c|g:ou:c i: :cltio: to llA c:io:u:cc so s to
sscss uo:c ccu:tcl, w|, :c |ow t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: sociocco:ouic
|c|g:ou:c :c stucc:t c:io:u:cc ciiic:s |ctwcc: cou:t:ics I|c iollowi:g
:l,sis cocs so, loo|i:g |ot| t t|c couo:c:ts oi t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic,
socil :c cultu:l sttus :c t :cltcc v:i|lcs suc| s iuil, st:uctu:c :c
w|ct|c: o: :ot t|c stucc:t ws |o:: outsicc t|c cou:t:,
1+
I|c csicst w, to co:sicc: t|c iuct oi t|csc clcuc:ts o: co:sistc:t |sis
c:oss cou:t:ics is to iugi:c g:ou oi 1 000 stucc:ts i: cc| cou:t:, wit|
t|c suc :oiilc s g:ou sulcc ::coul, c:oss t|c lD :c
1.
;c:wi:g
t|c suc :uu|c: oi stucc:ts i:ou cc| :ticiti:g cou:t:,,
I|is g:ou oi 1000 woulc, o: vc:gc, co:ti:
.01 ulcs :c +-- iculcs ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,,
1o! stucc:ts i:ou si:glc:c:t iuilics ;I|lc o-,,
+1 stucc:ts |o:: outsicc t|c cou:t:, oi tcsti:g ;I|lc o10,,
.. stucc:ts w|osc l:gugc so|c: t |ouc uost oi t|c tiuc is ciiic:c:t
i:ou t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t, i:ou ot|c: oiiicil l:gugcs o: i:ou ot|c:
:tio:l cilccts ;I|lc o11,,
|ctwcc: 1 :c ! |:ot|c:s :c sistc:s c: stucc:t ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c.,,
stucc:ts w|osc :c:ts |c coulctcc o: vc:gc 1!! ,c:s oi sc|ooli:g ;scc
A::cx A1,,
: vc:gc sco:c oi +- o: t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus
io: t|c :c:t wit| t|c |ig|c: suc| sco:c ;scc I|lc o1,, :c : vc:gc
sco:c oi zc:o o: t|c llA i:ccx oi cultu:l osscssio:s i: t|c iuil, |ouc
;scc I|lc o!, |ccusc oi t|c w, t|csc i:ciccs wc:c co:st:uctcc ;scc
A::cx A1,
l: co:sicc:i:g t|c :ccictcc c:io:u:cc oi suc| sulc i: cc| cou:t:,,
t|c iollowi:g :l,sis st:ts |, c|usti:g llA :csults io: t|c .cc..c oi
t|c stucc:t oultio: s icto: t|t cxli:s ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc lt
|/ / alo o/blc /o
a///rqt// //c
/ra/v/atal /na./ oj
ca./ ac./ oj a /tacr/
ba.kq|otra.
.by /naq/r/rq j/|/ a
q|ot oj /tacr/ w/// a
/y/.al o./o-c.oron/.
|oj/lc /r ca./ .otr/|y
1-+
t|c: loo|s t t|c iuct oi scciiic c|:ctc:istics o: :ccictcc stucc:t :csults
I|is ciscussio: |cls to cisti:guis| w|c:c |cttc: o: wo:sc :csults :c cxli:cc
|, ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c :cltivc c:io:u:cc oi cc:ti: g:ous, :t|c: t|: |, t|c
ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c :uu|c:s oi stucc:ts w|o |clo:g to suc| g:ous i: cc| cou:t:,
I|lc ! suuu:iscs t|c :csults I|c ii:st coluu: i: I|lc ! s|ows t|c ctul
c:io:u:cc oi stucc:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, s :csc:tcc i:
|tc: ! I|c scco:c coluu: oi I|lc ! :oviccs : cstiutc oi |ow wcll
:c:csc:ttivc g:ou, s ccsc:i|cc |ovc, woulc c:io:u i: cc| cou:t:,
: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics ;s|ow: i: t|c |ottou :ow oi I|lc !,,
t|c c|ustcc sco:c o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc is .0. oi:ts
lowcvc:, t|c c|ustcc sco:cs v:, su|st:till, |ctwcc: lD cou:t:ics,
i:ou +.0 ;\cxico, to .+! ;li:l:c, I|t is, cvc: itc: c|usti:g io: ::gc
oi |c|g:ou:c v:i|lcs i:cluci:g |ouc osscssio:s, iuuig:tio:, ctc, uc:
c:io:u:cc still v:ics su|st:till, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics
I|c :cui:cc: oi I|lc ! i:cictcs t|c ciiic:c:cc ucc to t|c :cci:g litc:c,
sco:c, i: cc| cou:t:,, |, t|c i:civicul ictu:cs oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c
oluu: ! i: I|lc ! s|ows t|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: stucc:ts
i:ou si:glc:c:t iuilics :c t|osc i:ou ot|c: t,cs oi iuilics ;scc lso
I|lc o-, Vlucs i: |olc s|ow :cltio:s|is t|t :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t :
vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c c:io:u:cc g o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc is :c:l, 11 oi:ts, stucc:ts i:ou two:c:t iuilics ;ll ot|c:
t|i:gs |ci:g cqul, c:io:ui:g |cttc: l: li:l:c, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c
D:itcc ttcs, t|c g is |ctwcc: 1+ :c 1 oi:ts, :c i: l::cc, l:cl:c,
lo:c :c wccc: |ctwcc: 11 :c 1! oi:ts lxcct i: ltl, ; oi:ts,, t|c
ciiic:c:ccs i: ll ot|c: cou:t:ics :c :ot sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
tucc:ts w|o wc:c |o:: outsicc t|c cou:t:, ;scc lso I|lc o10, tc:c to |vc
lowc: sco:cs t|: t|ci: :tivc cc:s i: uost cou:t:ics, cvc: itc: ccou:ti:g io:
ll ot|c: icto:s I|is is i:cictcc i: oluu: . oi I|lc ! : vc:gc c:oss ll
lD cou:t:ics, t|c g is |out !o oi:ts lowcvc:, t|c sizc oi t|c g v:ics
su|st:till, l: Aust:i, licc|tc:stci:, \cxico :c witzc:l:c, t|c g is uo:c
t|: .0 oi:ts, .., uo:c t|: |li t|c st:c:c ccvitio: o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sco:c, w|c:cs i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic, lo:tugl, t|c kussi: lccc:tio: :c
t|c D:itcc ttcs, t|c g is lcss t|: 10 oi:ts :c :ot sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
1o

low wcll :o::tivc c|ilc:c: c:io:u is, oi cou:sc, iu:ctio: oi u:, ot|c:
icto:s |csiccs t|c |c|g:ou:c c|:ctc:istics ucsu:cc i: llA :c cxui:cc i:
t|is :l,sis I|ci: c:io:u:cc is clc:l, lso iicctcc |, t|c ci:cuust:ccs oi t|ci:
:cloctio: :c t|ci: ccuctio:l cxc:ic:cc |cio:c uovi:g, i: ccitio: to t|c ciicc
tivc:css oi t|c ccuctio: s,stcu i:to w|ic| t|c, |vc uovcc
oluu: o i: I|lc ! i:cictcs t|t, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, :
i:c:csc i: t|c i:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus |, o:c
st:c:c ccvitio:
1
is ssocitcc wit| : i:c:csc oi :oxiutcl, ! oi:ts
1

i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc |ut, gi:, t|c iuct
1/c c.ora .oltnr oj
1ablc -2 aat/ ncar
.o|c jo|
o./o-c.oron/.
./a|a./c|///..
.ara //c |cna/r/rq
.oltnr /ow //c
/raccracr/ cjjc./ oj
ca./ ./a|a./c|///.
Hav/rq a /rqlc a|cr/
/a ar /raccracr/
/na./ /r orly a
n/ro|//y oj .otr/|/c.
.bc/rq bo|r ot//ac //c
.otr/|y nakc no|c oj
a a/jjc|cr.c bt/ ro/
cvc|yw/c|c.
./av/rq a a|cr/ oj //q/
o..ta//oral /a/t na//c|
/tqcly /r onc .otr/|/c
bt/ nt./ lc o /r o//c|.
1-.
v:ics wiccl, I|c i:c:csc ::gcs i:ou |ig| oi o i: Gc:u:,, to sull :c
sttisticll, :o:sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs i: l:zil, Dc:u:|, li:l:c, G:cccc,
lccl:c, l:cl:c, lo:c, :o:w, :c wccc:
1-
lc| ccitio:l ,c: oi :c:tl ccuctio: ;scc A::cx A1, is ssocitcc wit| :
i:c:csc oi |out . oi:ts, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc I|is vc:gc is sttisticll, sig:iiic:t, s :c t|c co::c
so:ci:g i:c:cscs i: luost ll cou:t:ics ;oluu: i: I|lc !, A o:coi:t
;.., o:c st:c:c ccvitio:, i:c:csc o: t|c llA i:ciccs oi |ouc ccuctio:l
:csou:ccs :c cultu:l osscssio:s i: t|c iuil, |ouc ;scc I|lc o!, is, o: vc:
gc, ssocitcc wit| i:c:cscs i: :cci:g litc:c, oi 1! :c 1! oi:ts, :cscc
tivcl, ;oluu:s :c - i: I|lc !, As wit| t|c ot|c: v:i|lcs, t|c ciiccts oi
cc| oi t|csc v:i|lcs v:, wiccl, |ctwcc: t|c :ticiti:g cou:t:ics
l: suu, u:, oi t|c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c icto:s ucsu:cc i: llA
|vc : iuo:t:t iuct o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: lD cou:t:ics, |ut t|c
:tu:c :c st:c:gt| oi t|is :cltio:s|i v:ics |ctwcc: cou:t:ics I|c :l,sis
ccuo:st:tcs t|t t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c c:io:u:ccs oi stucc:ts i: t|c
v:ious llA cou:t:ics co :ot cisc: w|c: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:ts` iuil,
|c|g:ou:c :c t|c: i:to ccou:t
W|ilc :o:itc olic, :cso:scs to suc| ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
ccc:c, oi cou:sc, lso o: cco:ouic :c socil icto:s t|t :c outsicc t|c
co:t:ol oi ccucto:s, t|c :l,sis oi g:cic:ts :oviccs uc:s oi c|:ctc:isi:g
sc|ool c:io:u:cc, :c :ovici:g guic:cc io: ccuctio: olic, A cc:t:l iu
oi llA is to c:|lc cou:t:ics to uo:ito: t|ci: ccuctio:l c:io:u:cc ust
s cou:iso:s c: |c ucc |ctwcc: :tio:l uc:s, cist:i|utio:s :c socio
cco:ouic g:cic:ts, so t|c, c: |c ucc wit|i: cou:t:ics, |ctwcc: sttcs o:
:ovi:ccs o: ot|c: g:ous oi stucc:ts ou:t:ics will lso |c |lc to cou:c
c|:gcs i: i:ccx sco:cs |ctwcc: t|c llA !000 sscssuc:t :c iutu:c llA
su:vc, c,clcs
4HEROLETHATSCHOOLSCANPLAYINMODERATINGTHEIMPACTOFSOCIO
ECONOMICDISADVANTAGE
\:, oi t|c icto:s oi sociocco:ouic ciscv:tgc :c :ot ci:cctl, uc:|lc
to ccuctio: olic,, t lcst :ot i: t|c s|o:t tc:u lo: cxulc, t|c ccuctio:l
tti:uc:t oi :c:ts c: o:l, g:cull, iu:ovc, :c iuil, wclt| ccc:cs o:
t|c lo:gtc:u cco:ouic :c socil ccvclouc:t oi cou:t:, s wcll s i:civic
ul svi:gs I|is givcs :isc to vitl qucstio: io: olic,u|c:s to w|t cxtc:t
c: sc|ools :c sc|ool olicics uocc:tc t|c iuct oi socil ciscv:tgc o:
stucc:t c:io:u:cc
A: u:cc:st:ci:g oi w|ic| olicics uig|t i:c:csc ovc:ll stucc:t c:io:u:cc
:c uocc:tc t|c iuct oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c o: stucc:t c:io:u
:cc, .. :isc :c ilttc: cou:t:,`s sociocco:ouic g:cic:t li:c, :cqui:cs :
cxui:tio: oi |ow c:io:u:cc is cist:i|utcc wit|i: :c |ctwcc: sc|ools
./av/rq bc//c|-
cat.a/ca a|cr/ na//c|
alno/ cvc|yw/c|c
|a.kq|otra na//c| bt/
/o q|ca/ly va|y/rq
acq|cc.
.ara l|- |ov/ac
/ool jo| .otr/|/c /o
cxlo|c /// /croncror
jt|//c|
/tacr/ a/aavar/aqc /
ro/ ca/ly |cnovca |t/
.ar ./ool noac|a/c //
cjjc./`
|/ / rc.ca|y /o krow
w/c//c| a/jjc|cr.c a|c
bc/wccr ./ool o|
w////r //cn
1-o
Io t|is c:c, t|c g:cic:t io: cou:t:, c: |c cccouoscc i:to .|..|cc!
g:cic:ts, w|ic| ccsc:i|c t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: i:civicul stucc:t c:io:u
:cc :c iuil, |c|g:ou:c io: stucc:ts w|o s|:c couuo: sc|ool c:vi:o:
uc:t, :c /....|cc! g:cic:t, w|ic| ccsc:i|cs t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc:
sc|ools` vc:gc lcvcls oi c:io:u:cc :c t|c vc:gc cco:ouic, socil :c
cultu:l sttus oi t|ci: i:t|cs
l: souc cou:t:ics, stucc:ts :c |ig|l, scg:cgtcc lo:g sociocco:ouic
li:cs, i: :t |ccusc oi :csicc:til scg:cgtio: :c cco:ouic icto:s, |ut
lso |ccusc oi ictu:cs oi t|c ccuctio: s,stcu uc| cou:t:ics tc:c
to |vc stcc ovc:ll g:cic:ts l: t|csc cou:t:ics, it is ossi|lc t|t
:ivtc sc|ools, o: sclcctivc sc|ools o: t:c|s wit|i: t|c u|lic ccuctio:
s,stcu, co:t:i|utc to sociocco:ouic scg:cgtio: Io i:c:csc qulit, :c
cqulit, ;.., to :isc :c ilttc: t|c g:cic:t, i: suc| cou:t:ics woulc
:cqui:c scciiic ttc:tio: to |ctwcc:sc|ool ciiic:c:ccs kccuci:g t|c
sociocco:ouic scg:cgtio: oi sc|ools woulc |c o:c st:tcg, |ut, :cg:c
lcss oi w|ct|c: it is culo,cc, llocti:g :csou:ccs ciiic:c:till, to sc|ools
:c :og:uucs, :c scc|i:g to :ovicc stucc:ts wit| ciiic:c:titcc :c
:o:itc ccuctio:l oo:tu:itics, :c ot|c:s l: t|csc cou:t:ics, it is
iuo:t:t to u:cc:st:c |ow t|c lloctio: oi sc|ool :csou:ccs wit|i:
cou:t:, is :cltcc to t|c sociocco:ouic i:t|c oi its sc|ools
l: ot|c: cou:t:ics, t|c:c is :cltivcl, littlc sociocco:ouic scg:cgtio: |ctwcc:
sc|ools .., sc|ools tc:c to |c siuil: i: t|ci: vc:gc sociocco:ouic i:t|c
l: t|csc cou:t:ics, qulit, ;t|c lcvcl, :c cqulit, ;t|c sloc oi t|c g:cic:t, :c
iicctcc ui:l, |, t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :c t|c socio
cco:ouic |c|g:ou:c oi i:civicul stucc:ts wit|i: cc| sc|ool Io i:c:csc
qulit, :c cqulit, i: t|csc cou:t:ics will :cqui:c ctio: :ccoui::tl, wit|i:
sc|ools kccuci:g t|c scg:cgtio: oi stucc:ts oi ciiic:i:g cco:ouic, socil :c
cultu:l sttus wit|i: sc|ools woulc |c o:c st:tcg,, :c uig|t :cqui:c :cvicw
oi clss:oou st:cui:g :cticcs \o:c ci:cct ssist:cc io: oo:l, c:io:ui:g
stucc:ts u, lso |c :ccccc l: t|csc cou:t:ics, it is iuo:t:t to u:cc:st:c
|ow t|c lloctio: oi :csou:ccs wit|i: sc|ools is :cltcc to t|c sociocco:ouic
c|:ctc:istics oi t|ci: stucc:ts
I|c iollowi:g scctio: cxui:cs uo:c closcl, t|c :olc t|t sc|ool olic, c:
l, i: t|is cqutio: I|c :l,sis |uilcs o: t|c co:sicc:tio: i: |tc: ! oi
t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| c:io:u:ccs o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc v:,
|ctwcc: stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools, o: |ctwcc: sc|ools ;scc I|lc !+, li:st,
t|c:c is : cxui:tio: oi t|c ccg:cc to w|ic| t|csc two io:us oi v:itio:
|ctwcc: stucc:ts :c |ctwcc: sc|ools :c tt:i|ut|lc to t|c i:iluc:cc oi
gc:cc: o: oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l icto:s li:ll,, t|c scctio: cxui:cs
w|ct|c: v:itio: |ctwcc: sc|ools t|t is c ssocitcc wit| stucc:ts` c|:c
tc:istics :c iuil, |c|g:ou:c is :cltcc to t|c sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c oi
t|c sc|ool, to icto:s ccsc:i|i:g ictu:cs oi t|c ccuctio: s,stcu, :c to sc|ool
olic, :c :cticc
otr/|/c w/// a //q/
acq|cc oj o./al
cq|cqa//or bc/wccr
./ool n/q// .or/ac|
|cot|.c allo.a//or ara
clc.//or |a.//.c /r
o|ac| /o /n|ovc o./al
q|aa/cr/.
.w/c|ca no|c n/xca
./ool y/cn n/q//
.or/ac| w////r-./ool
/n|ovcncr/
1-
Socio-economic background and variation in performance between
scnooIs
|tc: ! s|ows t|t t|c c:io:u:cc oi 1.,c:olcs v:ics co:sicc:|l,
|ctwcc: sc|ools i: uost cou:t:ics : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, !o c:
cc:t oi t|c totl v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g
litc:c, sclc is tt:i|ut|lc to v:itio: |ctwcc: sc|ools ;I|lc !+, D:cc:
st:ci:g w|, souc sc|ools, o: sc:tc ccuctio: s,stcus wit|i: cou:t:,,
c:io:u |cttc: t|: ot|c:s is o:c |c, to sc|ool iu:ovcuc:t lt :cqui:cs
: :l,sis w|ic| cxui:cs t|c ciiccts oi |ot| stucc:t :c sc|ool icto:s o:
stucc:t c:io:u:cc wit|i: sc|ools :c c:oss sc|ools i: cc| cou:t:,
lt is ossi|lc to cstiutc t|c :oo:tio: oi t|c v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
wit|i: :c |ctwcc: sc|ools t|t is tt:i|ut|lc to stucc:ts` iuil, |c|g:ou:c,
s ucsu:cc |, t|c |c|g:ou:c icto:s uscc i: t|c :l,sis io: I|lc ! I|c
:csults :c s|ow: i: I|lc ! lo: cxulc, 1o c: cc:t oi t|c wit|i:sc|ool
v:itio: :c o+ c: cc:t oi t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: i: Aust:li is tt:i|ut
|lc to t|c iuil, |c|g:ou:c icto:s s|ow: i: oluu:s ! to - i: I|lc !
I|csc c:cc:tgcs ciiic: u:|ccl, i:ou, s,, t|osc oi lol:c, w|c:c stucc:ts`
iuil, |c|g:ou:c ccou:ts io: ! c: cc:t oi t|c wit|i:sc|ool v:itio:, :c
10 c: cc:t oi t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio:
l: cou:i:g t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool ciiic:c:ccs :c tt:i|ut
|lc i: v:ious cou:t:ics to stucc:ts` iuil, |c|g:ou:cs it is iuo:t:t lso to
t|c ccou:t oi t|c sizc oi t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools ;scc I|lc !+, lo:
cxulc, iuil, |c|g:ou:c icto:s ccou:t io: uo:c oi t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool
ciiic:c:ccs i: wccc: ;! c: cc:t, scc I|lc !, t|: i: :, ot|c: cou:t:,,
|ut wccc: |s lcss v:itio: i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools t|: ll ot|c:
cou:t:ics |ut lccl:c ;- c: cc:t, scc I|lc !+, luil, |c|g:ou:c icto:s
ccou:t io: lcss oi t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:itio: i: lol:c ;10 c: cc:t,
scc I|lc !, t|: i: :, ot|c: cou:t:,, |ut lol:c |s uo:c v:itio:
i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools t|: ll |ut iou: ot|c: cou:t:ics ;Aust:i,
Gc:u:,, lu:g:, :c witzc:l:c, scc I|lc !+, l: gc:c:l, t|c g:ctc: t|c
ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools, t|c sullc: t|c :oo:tio: t|t c: |c tt:i|utcc
to stucc:ts` iuil, |c|g:ou:cs
I|c:c :c lso u:|cc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics i: t|c c:cc:tgc oi
wit|i:sc|ool v:itio: t|t c: |c tt:i|utcc to ciiic:c:ccs i: iuil, |c|
g:ou:c, t|oug| t|csc c:cc:tgcs :c co:sicc:|l, sullc: t|: t|osc io:
ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools lowcvc:, it is gc:c:ll, t|c csc t|t t|c g:ctc:
t|c wit|i:sc|ool ciiic:c:ccs ;I|lc !+,, t|c g:ctc: t|c :oo:tio: t|t c: |c
tt:i|utcc to iuil, |c|g:ou:c ;I|lc !, lo: cxulc, iuil, |c|g:ou:c
icto:s ccou:t io: :ou:c !0 c: cc:t oi wit|i:sc|ool v:itio: i: :o:w, :c
:cw Zcl:c, t|c two cou:t:ics wit| t|c g:ctcst ciiic:c:ccs wit|i: sc|ools
:l, i: li:l:c :c luxcu|ou:g cocs iuil, |c|g:ou:c ccou:t io: uo:c oi
t|c wit|i:sc|ool v:itio: ;:ou:c !0 c: cc:t, luil, |c|g:ou:c icto:s
ccou:t io: lcss oi t|c wit|i:sc|ool v:itio: i: lol:c ;! c: cc:t, t|: i:
t/ ovc| a ///|a oj
va|/a//or /r /tacr/
c|jo|nar.c .or// oj
a/jjc|cr.c bc/wccr
./ool
//jjc|cr.c /r /tacr/
ba.kq|otra cxla/r
va|y/rq anotr/ oj
bc/wccr-./ool ara
w////r-./ool
va|/a//or.
.bt/ w/c|c w////r-
./ool a/jjc|cr.c a|c
//q/ /// nay bc atc
/o o./o-c.oron/.
a/jjc|cr.c
1-
:, ot|c: cou:t:,, |ut lol:c |s lcss wit|i:sc|ool v:itio: t|: ll |ut t|:cc
ot|c: cou:t:ics ;lu:g:,, lo:c :c \cxico,
How tne sociaI make-up of tne scnooI reinforces tne effect of students`
individuaI backgrounds
I|c :cvious scctio: |s s|ow: t|t su|st:til o:tio: oi t|c |ctwcc:
sc|ool v:itio: i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc is
ssocitcc wit| ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:ts` sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs I|is ciicct
c: oc:tc i: two w,s li:st, stucc:ts` i:civicul |c|g:ou:cs u, i:iluc:cc
t|ci: c:io:u:cc lut i: ccitio:, t|c gg:cgtc iuct oi t|c sociocco:ouic
|c|g:ou:cs oi ll t|c stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sc|ool c: lso i:iluc:cc stucc:ts
D:cc:st:ci:g t|is collcctivc iuct is oi |c, iuo:t:cc io: olic,u|c:s
wis|i:g to :ovicc ll stucc:ts wit| cqul oo:tu:itics
I|c u::c: i: w|ic| stucc:ts :c lloctcc to sc|ools wit|i: cist:ict o:
:cgio:, o: to clsscs :c :og:uucs wit|i: sc|ools, |s sig:iiic:t iulic
tio:s io: t|c tcc|i:g :c lc::i:g co:citio:s i: sc|ools :c, co:scquc:tl,,
io: ccuctio:l outcoucs A :uu|c: oi stucics |vc iou:c t|t sc|ools wit|
|ig|c: vc:gc lcvcl oi sociocco:ouic sttus uo:g t|ci: i:t|c tc:c to |vc
scvc:l cv:tgcs I|c, :c li|cl, to |vc g:ctc: suo:t i:ou :c:ts, icwc:
ciscili::, :o|lcus, |cttc: tcc|c:stucc:t :cltio:s, |ig|c: tcc|c: uo:lc,
:c gc:c:ll, sc|ool cliutc t|t is o:ic:tcc tow:cs |ig|c: c:io:u:cc
!0

I|c:c is oitc: lso istc:ccc cu::iculuu Ilc:tcc :c uotivtcc tcc|c:s
:c uo:c li|cl, to |c tt:ctcc to sc|ools wit| |ig|c: sociocco:ouic sttus,
:c lcss li|cl, to t::sic: to :ot|c: sc|ool o: to lcvc t|c :oicssio: ouc oi
t|c co:tcxtul ciicct ssocitcc wit| |ig| sociocco:ouic sttus u, lso stcu
i:ou cc: i:tc:ctio:s s tlc:tcc stucc:ts wo:| wit| cc| ot|c: lcc: :cssu:c,
cc: couctitio: :c t|c iocus i: souc sc|ools o: sc|ool :og:uucs o: c:t:,
i:to tc:ti:, ccuctio: u, lso l, :olc
ligu:c + :oviccs cstiutcs oi t|c ciiccts o: stucc:t :cci:g litc:c, oi
t|c cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus :c t|c ot|c: |c|g:ou:c v:i|lcs
i:cluccc i: I|lc !, o: t|c o:c |:c oi t|c i:civicul stucc:t :c o: t|c ot|c:
oi ll t|c stucc:ts t givc: sc|ool I|csc wc:c cstiutcc wit| uultilcvcl
uoccl t|t i:cluccc cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus, gc:cc:, ct|:icit,, :c
iuil, st:uctu:c t t|c stucc:t lcvcl, :c uc: cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l
sttus t t|c sc|ool lcvcl I|c |:s i: ligu:c + i:cictc t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: sco:cs
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc ssocitcc wit| ciiic:c:cc oi |li
st:c:c ccvitio: o: t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx io: t|c i:civicul stucc:t :c
io: t|c vc:gc io: t|c stucc:t`s sc|ool ;io: ct, scc I|lc +,
l: luost ll cou:t:ics, :c io: ll stucc:ts, t|c:c c:s to |c clc: cv:tgc
i: ttc:ci:g sc|ool w|osc stucc:ts :c, o: vc:gc, i:ou uo:c cv:tgcc
iuil, |c|g:ou:cs : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c ciicct ssocitcc
wit| : i:c:csc i: t|c sc|ool`s sociocco:ouic couositio: |, |li stucc:t
lcvcl st:c:c ccvitio: is |out !! oi:ts, .. closc to |li :oiicic:c, lcvcl
1/c cjjc./ oj bc/wccr-
./ool o./al a/jjc|cr.c
.ar bc .onotraca by
//c .ollc.//vc aavar/aqc
oj bc//c|-ojj ./ool
|r no/ .otr/|/c //c|c
/ a .lca| aavar/aqc
/r a//cra/rq a ./ool
w/oc /tacr/ a|c j|on
no|c aavar/aqca jan/ly
ba.kq|otra.
1--
!1
I|c sociocco:ouic i:t|c oi t|c
sc|ool t|us |s co:sicc:|lc iuct o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc, ovc: :c |ovc t|c stucc:t`s i:civicul |ouc |c|
g:ou:c l: ict, i: t|c u|o:it, oi lD cou:t:ics t|c ciicct oi t|c vc:gc
cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus oi stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools i: outwcig|s t|c
ciiccts oi t|c i:civicul sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c i:cc :o ct o: stucc:ts`
c:lic: c|icvcuc:t :c vil|lc i:ou llA, it is :ot ossi|lc to cctc:ui:c
w|ct|c: :c to w|t cxtc:t t|c sc|ool |c|g:ou:c :cltcs ci:cctl, o: i:ci:cctl,
to stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc |, w, oi sclcctio: o: sclisclcctio:, io: cxulc
l: t|c i:tc::cttio: oi t|csc ii:ci:gs, it lso :cccs to |c |o::c i: ui:c t|t
ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c vc:gcs oi sc|ools` sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs :c :tu:ll,
uuc| sullc: t|: cou:|lc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: i:civicul stucc:ts, givc:
t|t cvc:, sc|ool`s i:t|c is uixcc i: tc:us oi sociocco:ouic v:i|lcs Io ic
i: t|c i:tc::cttio:, t|c t,icl ::gc oi t|c vc:gc sociocco:ouic sttus oi
sc|ools |s |cc: cccc to ligu:c +
!!
0
10
!0
!0
+0
.0
o0
0
0
.
0
.
B
3
0
.
0
.
9
7
0
.
5
2
0
.
9
2
0
.
B
1
.
0
4
0
.
9
0
.
7
5
0
.
5
0
0
.
B
5
0
.
0
.
9
3
0
.
0
.
5
5
1
.
2
0
0
.
0
.
0
.
5
4
0
.
7
3
0
.
5
0
0
.
7
7
0
.
5
7
0
.
4
4
0
.
5
0
0
.
4
9
0
.
7
9
1
.
1
;llA sclc sco:c,

l:qurc J.=
liiccts oi stucc:ts' :c sc|ools' sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
...... . ..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!. oc..o.1 .| o .|o.
c |o! o o1.!..! o1o.1 1..o.c c |. .1. c ..cc.., c..o! o1 .o!o.o! oo
l:tc:qu:tilc ::gc oi sc|ool uc: i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
:co... lD llA ct|sc, !001 I|lc +
I
i
n
i
a
n
d
K
o
r
e
a
c
a
n
a
d
a
I
r
e
i
a
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d
N
e
v

Z
e
a
i
a
n
d
A
u
s
t
r
a
i
i
a
u
n
i
t
e
d

K
i
n
g
d
o
m
s
v
e
d
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n
B
e
i
g
i
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m
A
u
s
t
r
i
a
I
c
e
i
a
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d
N
o
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v
a
y
u
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d

s
t
a
t
e
s
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
s
v
i
t
z
e
r
i
a
n
d
s
p
a
i
n
c
z
e
c
h

R
e
p
u
b
i
i
c
I
t
a
i
y
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
r
o
i
a
n
d
H
u
n
g
a
r
y
G
r
e
e
c
e
r
o
r
t
u
g
a
i
I
u
e
m
b
o
u
r
g
M
e
i
c
o
I
i
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c
h
t
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s
t
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R
u
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s
i
a
n

I
e
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
B
r
a
z
i
i
liicct oi stucc:ts` cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
liicct oi sc|ools` uc: cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
N
e
t
h
e
r
i
a
n
d
s
1
!00
Aust:i :c Gc:u:, :c cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c ciicct o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc oi
sc|ool`s vc:gc cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus is :cci|lc o:sicc:
two |,ot|cticl stucc:ts i: Aust:i o: Gc:u:, w|o |vc siuil: |ilit,, :c
:c livi:g i: iuilics wit| vc:gc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c, s ucsu:cc |,
t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus :c stucc:t ttc:cs sc|ool
i: :cltivcl, iiluc:t :c, i: w|ic| t|c uc: i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c
cultu:l sttus oi t|c sc|ool`s i:t|c is qu:tc: oi ;stucc:tlcvcl, st:c:c
ccvitio: |ovc t|c lD vc:gc \ost oi t|is stucc:t`s cc:s will t|c:cio:c
couc i:ou iuilics t|t :c uo:c iiluc:t t|: |is o: |c: ow: I|c ot|c: stucc:t
ttc:cs sc|ool i: uo:c ciscv:tgcc :c, t|c sc|ool`s uc: cco:ouic,
socil :c cultu:l |c|g:ou:c is qu:tc: oi st:c:c ccvitio: |clow t|c
lD vc:gc, so t|t t|c stucc:t coucs i:ou uo:c iiluc:t iuil, t|: |is
o: |c: cc:s I|c ct i: ligu:c + i:cictc t|t t|c ii:st stucc:t woulc |c
li|cl, to |vc uuc| |ig|c: :cci:g c:io:u:cc oo oi:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc i: Gc:u:, :c .- oi:ts i: Aust:i t|: t|c scco:c
stucc:t : t|c ot|c: |:c, two stucc:ts livi:g i: iuilics w|osc ciiic:c:t
cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus givc t|cu sco:cs o: t|c i:ccx qu:tc:
oi stucc:tlcvcl st:c:c ccvitio: |ovc :c qu:tc: |clow t|c uc:, :c
w|o ttc:c t|c suc sc|ool wit| : vc:gc socil :oiilc, woulc |vc uuc|
sullc: g i: t|ci: :ccictcc c:io:u:cc oi:ts i: Gc:u:, :c + oi:ts
i: Aust:i
l: :cci:g, t|c ciicct ssocitcc wit| : i:c:csc i: sc|ool`s sociocco:ouic
sttus oi |li stucc:tlcvcl st:c:c ccvitio: is, o: vc:gc, |out ! oi:ts
st:o:gc: io: ulcs t|: io: iculcs
!!
: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc t|is
ciiic:c:cc is |out + oi:ts :c i: scic:cc ! oi:ts I|is suggcsts t|t ulcs :c
csccill, cv:tgcc o: ciscv:tgcc |, t|c sociocco:ouic scg:cgtio: oi
sc|ools o:vc:scl,, t|c cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus i:t|c oi t|c sc|ool
|s slig|tl, wc|c: ciicct o: t|c c:io:u:cc oi iculcs
ouc oi t|is o|sc:vcc co:tcxtul ciicct uig|t |c cuc to sccts oi sc|ool
qulit, ssocitcc wit| t|c icto:s ciscusscc |ovc lo: cxulc, to t|c cxtc:t
t|t sc|ools ciiic:c:titcc |, cccuic t:c|i:g :c lso ciiic:c:titcc |, socio
cco:ouic sttus, t|c co:tcxtul ciicct oi sociocco:ouic sttus woulc |c
:ci:io:ccc |, s,stcutic cu::iculuu ciiic:c:ccs ouc oi t|c co:tcxtul ciicct
uig|t lso |c cuc to cc: ciiccts lut souc oi it uig|t |c cuc to ot|c: icto:s
w|ic| :c :ot ccou:tcc io: lo: cxulc, t|c :c:ts oi t|c stucc:t ttc:ci:g
t|c uo:c sociocco:ouicll, cv:tgcc sc|ool i: t|c ii:st cxulc |ovc
u,, o: vc:gc, |c uo:c c:ggcc i: t|c stucc:t`s lc::i:g t |ouc, cvc:
t|oug| t|ci: sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c is cou:|lc to t|t oi t|c stucc:t
ttc:ci:g t|c lcss:ivilcgcc sc|ool Also, :c c:|s uo:c iuo:t:tl,, t|c
cxulc ssuucs t|t t|c two |,ot|cticl stucc:ts :c oi cou:|lc |ilit,
:c uotivtio: lowcvc:, i: u:, ccuctio: s,stcus stucc:ts :c lloctcc
to ciiic:c:t t,cs oi sc|ool o: :og:uuc o: t|c |sis oi icto:s w|ic|
i:clucc t|ci: |ilit, lo: cxulc, i: t|c two cou:t:ics cxui:cc |ovc, Aus
t:i :c Gc:u:,, ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools cc:ivc ui:l,
.ara /r nary .ac
//c /na./ oj //c
./ool o./o-c.oron/.
ba.kq|otra or /tacr/
c|jo|nar.c / ja|
/|orqc| //ar //a/ oj
/ra/v/atal.
.a /croncror w//./
/a .onlcx .atc ara
nay bc a|/ly ao./a/ca
w/// .or.cr/|a//or oj
/tacr/ by ab/l//y.
!01
i:ou t|c lloctio: oi stucc:ts to gc:c:l :c voctio:l sc|ool :og:uucs
Assig:uc:t to t|csc t:c|s is i:iluc:ccc |, stucc:t c:io:u:cc w|ic|, i:
tu::, is i:tc:twi:cc wit| sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c I|us, iuo:t:t t|oug|
t|c ii:ci:gs :c io: olic, ccvclouc:t, t|c, s|oulc :ot lcc to t|c co:clusio:
t|t t::sic::i:g g:ou oi stucc:ts i:ou sc|ool wit| low sociocco:ouic
i:t|c to sc|ool wit| |ig| sociocco:ouic i:t|c woulc :csult utouticll,
i: t|c gi:s suggcstcc |, ligu:c + I|t is, t|c cstiutcc co:tcxtul ciiccts i:
ligu:c + :c ccsc:itivc oi t|c cist:i|utio: oi sc|ool c:io:u:cc, :c s|oulc
:ot |c i:tc::ctcc i: cusl sc:sc
l: :, ttcut to ccvclo ccuctio: olic, i: t|c lig|t oi t|c |ovc ii:ci:gs,
t|c:c :cccs to |c souc u:cc:st:ci:g oi t|c :tu:c oi t|c io:ul :c i:io:ul
sclcctio: ucc|:isus t|t co:t:i|utc to |ctwcc:sc|ool sociocco:ouic
scg:cgtio:, :c its ciicct o: stucc:ts` c:io:u:cc l: souc cou:t:ics, socio
cco:ouic scg:cgtio: u, |c ii:ul, c:t:c:c|cc t|:oug| :csicc:til scg:cgtio:
i: u|o: citics, o: |, l:gc u:|::u:l cco:ouic civicc l: ot|c: cou:t:ics,
st:uctu:l ictu:cs oi t|c ccuctio: s,stcu st:cu o: t:c| stucc:ts i:to
:og:uucs wit| ciiic:c:t cu::icul :c tcc|i:g :cticcs Io t|c cxtc:t t|t
t|c lloctio: oi stucc:ts to :og:uucs i: suc| s,stcus is i:tc:li:|cc wit|
stucc:ts` sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c, t|osc i:ou ciscv:tgcc |c|g:ou:cs
u, :ot c|icvc t|ci: iull otc:til
llA givcs two ciiic:c:t ucssgcs |out t|c w,s to i:c:csc |ot| qulit,
:c cqulit, : t|c o:c |:c, t|c:c is t|c ucssgc t|t socil scg:cgtio:
|:i:gs |c:ciits io: t|c cv:tgcc t|t will c:|:cc t|c c:io:u:cc oi t|c
clitc :c, c:|s s co:scquc:cc, ovc:ll vc:gc c:io:u:cc : t|c ot|c:
|:c, t|c:c is lso t|c ucssgc t|t scg:cgtio: oi sc|ools is li|cl, to ccc:csc
cqulit, lowcvc:, t|c:c is st:o:g cvicc:cc t|t t|is cilcuu c: |c :csolvcc
i:ou cou:t:ics t|t |vc c|icvcc |ot| |ig| qulit, :c |ig| cqulit, ust |ow
ot|c:s uig|t utc| t|is is t|c |c, qucstio: \ovi:g ll stucc:ts to sc|ools wit|
|ig|c: sociocco:ouic sttus is logicl iuossi|ilit, cc|i:g cit|c: to :cuovc
sociocco:ouic scg:cgtio: o: to uitigtc its ciiccts :c t|c olic, otio:s l:
cit|c: csc, t|c cc:t:l ts| will |c to t:, to :clictc t|c |c:ciits io: qulit, t|t
socil scg:cgtio: c: :ovicc w|ilc gi:i:g t|c |c:ciits io: cqulit, t|t socil
|ctc:ogc:cit, c: :ovicc
ScnooI factors tnat can raise performance IeveIs and moderate tne
impact of socio-economic background
W|t c: sc|ools co to c|icvc t|c ccsi:cc ciicct tucics suc| s llA c:
:swc: t|is qucstio: o:l, u to oi:t, |ccusc u:, iuo:t:t co:tcxtul
icto:s c::ot |c ctu:cc |, i:tc::tio:l cou:tivc su:vc,s oi stucc:t
c:io:u:cc :c |ccusc suc| su:vc,s co :ot loo| closcl, c:oug| t :occsscs
ovc: tiuc to llow cusc :c ciicct to |c ii:ul, cst|lis|cc lowcvc:, llA
cocs u|c it ossi|lc to cstiutc t|c ciiccts oi souc iuo:t:t c|:ctc:istics
oi sc|ools o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
.ara /otla bc
trac|/ooa /r //c .or/cx/
oj w/a/ nc./ar/n .|ca/c
o./o-c.oron/.
cq|cqa//or
|t/ //c kcy ./allcrqc
/ /o |cat.c /rctal///c
ao./a/ca w///
cq|cqa//or w///ot/
lcvcll/rq aowr
l|- |cvcal //c
c//na/ca cjjc./ oj onc
./ool ./a|a./c|///. or
c|jo|nar.c
!0!
I|c :l,sis |clow :oviccs cstiutcs oi t|c sc:tc i:iluc:ccs oi sc|ool
icto:s :c iuil, |c|g:ou:c icto:s, :c oi t|ci: cou|i:cc i:iluc:cc l:
cc| oi t|c t|:cc su||cct coui:s, t|c iuct oi t|:cc g:ous oi sc|ool icto:s
o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc is cxui:cc sc|ool :csou:ccs, sc|ool olicics :c
:cticc, :c clss:oou :cticc I|c cstiutcs :c |scc o: t|c cou|i:cc
iuct oi t|c v:i|lcs t t|c stucc:t, sc|ool :c cou:t:, lcvcl I|c :csults
oi t|is :l,sis, u:cc:t|c: io: t|c cou|i:cc lD stucc:t oultio: ;wit|
cou:t:ics givc: :oxiutcl, cqul wcig|t,, :c s|ow: i: I|lc .
cvc:l oi t|c sc|ool :csou:cc icto:s cxui:cc i: t|is cou:iso: cuc:gc s
|vi:g sttisticll, sig:iiic:t iuct o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc w|c: lD
cou:t:ics :c cxui:cc |oi:tl, t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| stucc:ts u|c usc oi sc|ool
:csou:ccs, t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio, t|c sizc oi t|c sc|ool :c t|c :oo:tio:
oi tcc|c:s wit| u:ivc:sit,lcvcl quliiictio:
!+
i: t|c :clcv:t su||cct coui:
Alt|oug| llA cocs :ot c:uit st:o:g cusl i:ic:c:ccs, stucc:t c:io:u:cc
i: :cci:g litc:c, is, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, |ig|c: i: sc|ools
w|c:c stucc:ts usc sc|ool :csou:ccs uo:c i:cquc:tl,, s i:cictcc |, t|c i:c
quc:c, wit| w|ic| stucc:ts :co:t usi:g t|ci: sc|ool`s li|::,, couutc:s,
clculto:s, l|o:to:ics :c t|c l:tc::ct A: i:c:csc o: t|c llA i:ccx oi
stucc:ts` usc oi sc|ool :csou:ccs ;io: ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1,
oi o:c u:it ;w|ic| co::cso:cs to o:c i:tc::tio:l st:c:c ccvitio: o: t|is
i:ccx, is ssocitcc wit| : vc:gc ciiic:c:cc i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc oi 1 oi:ts I|c qulit, oi t|c sc|ool`s |,sicl
i:i:st:uctu:c ;scc I|lc -,, |scc o: sc|ool :i:cils` :co:ts o: t|c cxtc:t
to w|ic| lc::i:g t gc 1. is |uc:cc |, v:ious :csou:cc icto:s, cocs :ot
c: to |vc sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciicct o: :cci:g c:io:u:cc, :o: cocs
t|c c:cc:tgc oi couutc:s i: t|c sc|ool vil|lc to stucc:ts ;itc: t|i:g i:to
ccou:t ot|c: v:i|lcs suc| s t|c :co:tcc usc oi t|osc couutc:s,
ligu:c . cisl,s t|c vc:gc ciicct oi t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio o:
stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
!.
I|c stucc:t
tcc|i:g stii :tio is cstiutcc i:ou t|c :co:ts oi sc|ool :i:cils o: t|c
:uu|c: oi stucc:ts c::ollcc :c t|c :uu|c: oi iulltiuc cquivlc:t tcc|c:s
culo,cc t t|c sc|ool ;io: ct, scc .oc..1c., As c: |c scc:, t|c
ciiccts ssocitcc wit| t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio :c :o:li:c:, t|t is, t|c
iuct oi t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio o: c:io:u:cc c|:gcs s o:c uovcs
i:ou sull to l:gc stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios
c|ools wit| stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios |clow 10, o: vc:gc, sco:c |out .
to 10 oi:ts |clow t|c lD vc:gc I|is u, |c |ccusc suc| sc|ools sc:vc
stucc:ts wit| sccil :cccs o: :c :cltivcl, sull :u:l sc|ools
Diiic:c:ccs i: stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios ::gi:g i:ou 10 to !. :c ssoci
tcc wit| :cltivcl, sull ciiccts lowcvc:, s t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio
:iscs |ovc !., t|c:c is co:ti:uous cccli:c i: sc|ool c:io:u:cc i: ll llA
su||cct coui:s, w|c: lD cou:t:ics :c co:sicc:cc |oi:tl, :otc t|t t|csc
cvc|al ./ool |cot|.c
ja./o| a|c ao./a/ca
w/// c|jo|nar.c.
.t./ a /ow nt./
/tacr/ tc ./ool
l/b|a|/c .ont/c|
.al.tla/o| ara
labo|a/o|/c
1/c |a//o oj /tacr/
/o /ca./c| na//c| a
wcll.
.bt/ // / orly a/ |a//o
abovc 25 //a/ c|jo|nar.c
a|o /caa/ly w/// ca./
cx/|a /tacr/ c| /ca./c|
I/a/ nakc a a/jjc|cr.c /o l|- |ctl/ onc /ra/.a//or jo| ol/.y #(!04%2
!0!
:csults, :c ot|c: :csults i: I|lc ., c:ti: to t|c o..o. wit|i:cou:t:,
ciicct I|c:cio:c, lt|oug| t|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
:c t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio v:ics |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, t|c :csults i:
ligu:c . :c :ot t|c :tcict oi souc vc:, oo:l, c:io:ui:g sc|ools i: o:l,
icw cou:t:ics
!o
:otc lso t|t t|c co:cct oi stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio is ciiic:c:t i:ou t|t
oi clss sizc As i:cictcc |ovc, t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio is |scc o:
t|c :uu|c: oi stucc:ts i: sc|ool, :c t|c :uu|c: oi cquivlc:t iulltiuc
tcc|i:g stii i: t|t sc|ool l: u:, cou:t:ics, t|c tcc|i:g stii i:cluccs t|c
sc|ool cui:ist:to:, s wcll s ot|c: stii suc| s li|::i:s :c sccil ccuc
tio: tcc|c:s I|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio is iuo:t:t s it i:cictcs t|c
uou:t oi tcc|i:g :csou:ccs uscc, ci:cctl, :c i:ci:cctl,, i: ccucti:g cc|
stucc:t lt is lso closcl, :cltcc to t|c ovc:ll costs oi ccucti:g stucc:t i: t|c
s,stcu lss sizc :cic:s to t|c ctul :uu|c: oi stucc:ts |ci:g tug|t i: clss
I|is is ciiiicult to ucsu:c t t|c scco:c:, lcvcl i: :tio:l :c i:tc::tio:l
stucics, |ccusc stucc:ts ttc:c ciiic:c:t clsscs io: ciiic:c:t su||ccts, :c t|c
sizc oi cc| clss v:ics wit| stucc:t ttc:c:cc o: :ticul: c,
I|c :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: :cci:g c:io:u:cc :c sc|ool sizc c:oss lD
cou:t:ics is lso :o:li:c: A: i:c:csc oi 100 stucc:ts is ssocitcc wit| gi:s
i: c:io:u:cc oi |out ! to + oi:ts io: sc|ools oi u to 1 000 stucc:ts I|c:c
itc:, t sc|ool sizcs |ovc 1 000 stucc:ts, t|c :cltio:s|i is vc:, wc|
/tacr/ c|jo|n bc//c|
/r la|qc| ./ool w/// t
/o I JJJ /tacr/.
o00
.00
+00
!00
. !0 !. !. +0 0 .0 10 1. !0 +.
l:qurc J.5
Avc:gc ciicct oi stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, io: ll lD cou:t:ics cou|i:cc
;llA sclc sco:c,
tucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio
LeveI 5
LeveI 4
LeveI 3
LeveI 2
LeveI 1
BeIow LeveI 1
!0+
tucc:t c:io:u:cc i: ll llA coui:s is |ig|c: i: sc|ools w|c:c |ig|c:
:oo:tio: oi tcc|c:s |vc scciliscc t:i:i:g i: t|c su||ccts t|t t|c, tcc|
;o: t|c |sis oi sc|ool :i:cils` :co:ts o: t|c :uu|c: oi tcc|c:s wit|
u:ivc:sit,lcvcl quliiictio: i: t|c :clcv:t su||cct coui:, lo: cxulc, i:
:cci:g, 10 c:cc:tgc oi:t i:c:csc i: t|c :oo:tio: oi tcc|c:s wit|
u:ivc:sit,lcvcl quliiictio: i: t|c :clcv:t su||cct coui: is ssocitcc wit|
|out ! oi:t ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc
!
l, co:t:st, :i:cils` :co:ts o: tcc|c:s` :ticitio: i: io:ul
:og:uucs ccsig:cc to c:|:cc tcc|i:g s|ills o: ccgogicl :cticcs cu:i:g
t|c lst t|:cc uo:t|s, cocs :ot s|ow u|o: iuct o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
lt :cccs to |c :ccog:iscc, |owcvc:, t|t t|c :tc oi :ticitio: i: :oicssio:l
ccvclouc:t :og:uucs i: t|:ccuo:t| c:ioc is wc|c: i:cicto: oi i:
sc:vicc tcc|c: ccuctio: t|: is osscssio: oi iull tc:ti:, quliiictio: s
ucsu:c oi su|st:tivc :c:tio:
I|c:c :c t|:cc sccts oi sc|ool olic, :c :cticc w|ic| |vc, o: vc:gc
c:oss lD cou:t:ics, sttisticll, sig:iiic:t iuct o: stucc:t c:io:u
:cc i: t|c t|:cc su||cct coui:s :i:cils` c:cctio:s oi .) tcc|c::cltcc
icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc ;scc lso I|lc +,, ..) tcc|c: uo:lc :c
couuituc:t ;scc lso I|lc .,, :c ...) sc|ool uto:ou, ;scc lso I|lc 11,
A: i:c:csc oi o:c u:it o: t|csc i:ciccs ;co::cso:ci:g to o:c i:tc::tio:l
st:c:c ccvitio:, is ssocitcc wit| gi:s o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc oi |out o, ! :c . oi:ts, :cscctivcl, :otc t|t t|csc ciiccts :c sull
:cltivc to t|c 1oi:t ciiic:c:cc ssocitcc wit| o:cu:it iu:ovcuc:t i:
t|c usc oi sc|ool :csou:ccs c|ool :i:cils` :co:ts o: tcc|c: uto:ou,
:c t|c usc oi io:ul sscssuc:ts ;scc A::cx A1, co :ot s|ow sttisticll,
sig:iiic:t ciiccts, w|c: lD cou:t:ics :c co:sicc:cc togct|c:
iuil:l,, t|c:c :c t|:cc sccts oi clss:oou :cticc t|t |vc sttisticll,
sig:iiic:t, ositivc :cltio:s|is wit| stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: t|c llA coui:s
stucc:ts` c:cctio:s oi .) tcc|c:stucc:t :cltio:s, ..) ciscili::, cliutc oi
t|c clss:oou ;scc lso I|lc !,, :c ...) c|icvcuc:t :css
!
Icc|c:stucc:t
:cltio:s :c clss:oou ciscili::, cliutc |vc t|c st:o:gcst :cltio:s|is
o:coi:t ciiic:c:cc o: t|csc i:ciccs, cquivlc:t to o:c i:tc::tio:l st:c:c
ccvitio:, is ssocitcc wit| ciiic:c:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc oi
|out 1 :c 10 oi:ts, :cscctivcl, Ac|icvcuc:t :css, w|ic| ws ucsu:cc
|, stucc:ts` c:cctio:s oi t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| tcc|c:s cu|sisc cccuic
c:io:u:cc :c lcc |ig| ccu:cs o: stucc:ts, is o:l, uocc:tcl, :cltcc to
c:io:u:cc, :c t|c ciicct o: c:io:u:cc, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics,
o: t|c ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclcs is :ot sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
vc:ll, c:oss t|c t|:cc su||cct coui:s, t|c cou|i:cc i:iluc:cc oi t|is sct oi
sc|oollcvcl v:i|lcs cxli:s |out !1 c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: |ctwcc: sc|ools
wit|i: cou:t:ics, :c !1 c: cc:t oi t|c v:itio: |ctwcc: cou:t:ics ;I|lc .,
W|ilc t|is is :cscct|lc c:io:u:cc io: suc| l:gcsclc i:tc::tio:l stuc,,
it uc:s t|t t|c:c is l:gc :oo:tio: oi v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc t|t
:cui:s u:cxli:cc |, t|c sc|oollcvcl icto:s cxui:cc |, llA
.ara w/c|c no|c
/ca./c| /avc bc//c| ara
c./al/ca /r///al
/|a/r/rq
./ool ol/./c ara
|a.//.c alo /avc ar
/na./ bt/ a|c no|c
a/jj/.tl/ /o a/.c|r
Cooa .la|oon
|a.//.c /r.lta/rq
o///vc |cla//or
bc/wccr /ca./c| ara
/tacr/ ara qooa
a/./l/rc nakc a .lca|
a/jjc|cr.c
1/c abovc ja./o| /cl
/o cxla/r a/jjc|cr.c
bc/wccr ./ool.
!0.
I|c :cccci:g :l,sis suggcsts t|t iuil, |c|g:ou:c :c t|c uc: sociocco:ouic
sttus oi t|c sc|ool lso |cl to cxli: ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc :
vc:gc c:oss cou:t:ics, stucc:ts` i:civicul iuil, |c|g:ou:cs, togct|c: wit| t|c
uc: sociocco:ouic sttus oi t|c sc|ool, cxli: |out 11 to 1! c: cc:t oi t|c
ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools, c:oss t|c t|:cc su||cct coui:s : t|c
ot|c: |:c, t|c, ccou:t io: oo c: cc:t oi t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc:
sc|ools i: :cci:g litc:c, :c o! :c o! c: cc:t, :cscctivcl,, oi t|c |ctwcc:
sc|ool v:itio: i: ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, ;scc scco:c sct oi coluu:s i:
I|lc ., I|c, lso ccou:t io: |out o:ct|i:c oi t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: cou:t:ics
i: :cci:g :c ut|cutics c:io:u:cc
lox ! :oviccs : i:cictio: oi t|c cou:tivc ug:itucc oi t|c ciicct oi souc
oi t|c |c, icto:s i:iluc:ci:g stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: llA, s ccsc:i|cc |ovc
.bt/ a q|ca/c| a|/
/ cxla/rca by o./o-
c.oron/. ba.kq|otra
lox ! comparing the impact o dierent actors
lt is :ot cs, to cou:c t|c iuct oi ciiic:c:t icto:s ssocitcc wit| |cttc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc,
si:cc icto:s :c ucsu:cc i: v:ict, oi w,s lowcvc:, t|c uoccl uscc |c:c cocs cou:c souc
oi t|cu i: : cssc:till, li|cwit|li|c is|io: I|is |ox lics to t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc, |ut :csults io: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, :c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclcs :c vc:, siuil:
lt is ossi|lc to cou:c t|c ciiccts oi t|:cc iuo:t:t v:i|lcs w|ic| c: |c ucsu:cc co:sist
c:tl, c:oss cou:t:ics t|c :uu|c: oi stucc:ts c: ucu|c: oi tcc|i:g stii, t|c :uu|c: oi stucc:ts
c: sc|ool, :c t|c c:cc:tgc oi tcc|c:s i: t|c sc|ool wit| u:ivc:sit,lcvcl quliiictio: i: t|c
:clcv:t su||cct lt c: |c :ccictcc i:ou clcultio:s t|t stucc:t sco:c w|ic| is 10 oi:ts |ig|c:
i: o:c sc|ool t|: :ot|c: is ssocitcc wit| : vc:gc oi
++ !. o1. .. .o.|..
2 c.. o1. . |. .|cc!
2 .. .. c.. c |. .o.|. c... |vi:g u:ivc:sit, tc:ti:,lcvcl quliiictio: wit| u|o:
i: t|ci: su||cct
I|is llows souc cou:iso: oi |ow uuc| c|:gc i: cc| icto: is ssocitcc wit| givc:
ciiic:c:cc i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
llA |s lso loo|cc t ::gc oi icto:s t|t :c lcss cs, to ucsu:c, csccill, t : i:tc::tio:l
lcvcl lts :oc| |c:c |s |cc: to co:st:uct i:ciccs :cltcc :ot to t|c i:t:i:sic ictu:cs oi w|t is
ucsu:cc |ut to t|c cist:i|utio: oi cc| c|:ctc:istic i: sc|ools c:oss lD cou:t:ics cciiicll,,
it |s sct uc: oi 0 :c st:c:c ccvitio: oi 1 : t|is |sis, .!. o. c 1...... ;o:c st:c:c
ccvitio:, is, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, ssocitcc wit| |ig|c: stucc:t sco:cs oi
: c. w|c:c stucc:ts usc sc|ool :csou:ccs uo:c i:cquc:tl,,
o c. w|c:c sc|ool :i:cils :co:t |cttc: sc|ool cliutc wit| :cg:c to tcc|c::cltcc icto:s,
c. w|c:c sc|ool :i:cils :co:t g:ctc: lcvcl oi sc|ool uto:ou,,
: c. w|c:c stucc:ts :co:t |cttc: tcc|c:stucc:t :cltio:s,
: c. w|c:c stucc:ts :co:t |cttc: ciscili::, cliutc, :c
o c. w|c:c t|c vc:gc cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l i:ccx oi stucc:ts is |ig|c:
lo: ct, scc I|lcs . :c .
!0o
lc|g:ou:c :c sc|ool icto:s |ctwcc: t|cu cxli: uost ciiic:c:ccs
i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: sc|ools l: ccitio:, sc|ool :c sociocco:ouic
|c|g:ou:c icto:s co, oi cou:sc, i:tc:ct Diiic:c:ccs i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc:
sc|ools :c t|c cou|i:cc :csult oi |ow t|c sc|ools :c t|ci: ccuctio:l
:occsscs ciiic: :c |ow t|ci: i:t|cs ciiic: i: |ouc |c|g:ou:c lt c: |c
cstiutcc t|t :ou:c 0 c: cc:t oi o|sc:vcc v:itio: |ctwcc: sc|ools wit|i:
cou:t:ics is ccou:tcc io: |, t|c cou|i:tio: oi t|c sc|oollcvcl :c stucc:t
|c|g:ou:c icto:s icc:tiiicc ;scc t|i:c sct oi coluu:s i: I|lc ., I|is is
t:uc i: ll t|:cc llA coui:s I|csc icto:s c: lso cxli: souc oi t|c
ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: cou:t:ics At t|c cou:t:, lcvcl, t|c
c:cc:tgcs oi v:itio: i: :cci:g litc:c,, ut|cuticl litc:c, :c scic:tiiic
litc:c, |oi:tl, cxli:cc |, sc|ool :c |c|g:ou:c icto:s :c +! c: cc:t,
!! c: cc:t, :c 1o c: cc:t, :cscctivcl,
!-

As c: |c scc:, t|c cou|i:cc i:iluc:cc oi sc|ool :c |c|g:ou:c icto:s
o: ciiic:c:ccs i: sc|ool c:io:u:cc is :ot siul, t|c suu oi t|c i:iluc:cc
oi sc|ool icto:s :c t|t oi |c|g:ou:c icto:s I|is is |ccusc u:,
c|:ctc:istics oi sc|ools :c closcl, ssocitcc wit| t|c c|:ctc:istics oi t|c
iuilics oi t|ci: stucc:ts I|is uc:s t|t souc oi t|c ciicct oi iuil, |c|
g:ou:c o: sc|ool :csults is .1.o.1 |, t|c sc|ool c|:ctc:istics o:sicc:, io:
cxulc, t|c :ccictcc ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: llA :cci:g litc:c, sco:cs i: two
sc|ools w|osc stucc:ts |vc ciiic:c:t |c|g:ou:cs wit| g oi o:c u:it
i: t|ci: vc:gc sco:cs o: t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus l:
totl, stucc:ts t t|c |cttc:oii sc|ool :c cxcctcc to sco:c o oi:ts uo:c,
o: vc:gc, c:oss lD cou:t:ics ouc oi t|is ciiic:c:cc :iscs |ccusc, o:
vc:gc, |cttc:oii stucc:ts ttc:c sc|ools wit| ictu:cs ssocitcc wit| |cttc:
c:io:u:cc t|is is t|c .1.o.1 o:tio: lt ccou:ts io: |out 10 oi t|c
o oi:ts` ciiic:c:cc I|c :cui:i:g ciicct oi stucc:t |c|g:ou:c t|t w|ic|
is :ot ssocitcc wit| sc|ool v:i|lcs ccou:ts io: . oi:ts I|is 10oi:t
ciiic:c:cc c: |c t|c: s ucsu:c oi t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| sc|ool s,stcus tc:c,
o: vc:gc, to :ci:io:cc t|c cv:tgc oi t|osc stucc:ts w|o l:cc, couc i:ou
cv:tgcc |c|g:ou:cs
o:vc:scl,, it is ossi|lc to cxui:c t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|c ssocitio: |ctwcc:
i:civicul sc|ool icto:s ;suc| s uo:c :csou:ccs, :c |ig|c: c:io:u:cc c:
|c ccou:tcc io: |, t|c uo:c cv:tgcc |c|g:ou:c oi stucc:ts w|o ttc:c
sc|ools wit| |cttc: ictu:cs l: uost cscs, t|c sc:tc iuct oi t|c sc|ool
icto:s |ccoucs sullc: o:cc iuil, |c|g:ou:c is t|c: i:to ccou:t, |ccusc
u:, oi t|c icto:s :cltcc to sc|ool qulit, :c co::cltcc wit| t|c sc|ool`s
cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus lo: cxulc, o: vc:gc c:oss lD
cou:t:ics, |li t|c :co:tcc ciicct oi ciiic:c:ccs i: sc|ool :csou:ccs, :c two
t|i:cs oi t|c ciicct oi sc|ool sizc :c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios, :c ssocitcc
wit| iuil, |c|g:ou:c l: t|c csc oi v:i|lcs ccsc:i|i:g sc|ool olic, :c
:cticc, t|c:c is : cvc: g:ctc: ssocitio: : t|c ot|c: |:c, uost oi t|c
iuct oi tcc|c:stucc:t :cltio:s :c ciscili::, cliutc is i:ccc:cc:t oi
iuil, |c|g:ou:c
la|/ oj //c aavar/aqc
oj o./o-c.oron/.
ba.kq|otra /
a//|/bt/ablc /o no|c
|/v/lcqca /tacr/
a//cra/rq ./ool w///
t..cjtl
./a|a./c|///..
.w//lc .orvc|cly
./ool w/// //cc
./a|a./c|///. qc/ bc//c|
|ctl/ a|/ly bc.atc oj
//c/| no|c aavar/aqca
/r/akc
!0
lt s|oulc |c cu|siscc t|t t|csc ii:ci:gs co :ot iul, t|t sc|ool icto:s :c
lcss iuo:t:t siul, t|t it is iuossi|lc to cisc:t:glc t|cu iull, i:ou |c|
g:ou:c icto:s I|is c: |c illust:tcc |, iugi:i:g |,ot|cticl cxt:cuc csc,
i: w|ic| o:l, stucc:ts i:ou |cttc:oii iuilics ttc:c sc|ools wit| ccsi:|lc
c|:ctc:istics, :c t|csc sc|ools c:io:u |cttc: t|: ot|c:s ouc oi t|c |cttc:
c:io:u:cc u, occu: :cg:clcss oi t|c qulit, oi t|c sc|ool ci:cctl, s :csult
oi stucc:ts` |ouc |c|g:ou:c lut souc coulc |c tt:i|utcc to t|c |cttc: qulit,
oi t|c sc|ool I|c g:ctc: t|c ovc:l |ctwcc: t|csc two t,cs oi cv:tgc, t|c
|:cc: it is to cctc:ui:c t|c co:t:i|utio: oi cc| to |cttc: c:io:u:cc
Iwo co:clusio:s iollow i:ou t|c |ovc :l,sis
li:st, iuo:t:t sc|ool icto:s w|ic| iicct sc|ool :c cou:t:, c:io:u:cc
:c i:tc::cltcc wit| t|c sociocco:ouic sttus oi t|c sc|ool, s cstiutcc
|, t|c vc:gc i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus oi t|c llA
oultio: c::ollcc i: t|c sc|ool I|is uc:s t|t souc oi t|c ..oo!., c
co.c. o|sc:vcc i: t|c :l,sis oi sociocco:ouic g:cic:ts is ssocitcc
wit| ..oo!., c cc.o.,
cco:c, uo:g t|osc icto:s t|t wc:c cxui:cc i: llA, t|c:c is :o si:glc
icto: t|t cxli:s w|, souc sc|ools o: souc cou:t:ics |vc |cttc: :csults
t|: ot|c:s kt|c:, succcssiul c:io:u:cc is tt:i|ut|lc to co:stclltio:
oi icto:s t|t i:cluccs sc|ool :csou:ccs, sc|ool olic, :c :cticcs, :c
clss:oou :cticcs
I|c |ovc :l,sis |s iocuscc o: t|c iuct oi cc:ti: icto:s o: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc ovc:ll, .. c:oss lD cou:t:ics I|c iollowi:g scctio: :ow
scc|s to ciscc:: |ow t|csc icto:s :c cist:i|utcc |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, .. o:cc
it is |:ow: w|ic| icto:s uttc: c:oss ll cou:t:ics togct|c:, it will |c
|cliul to |:ow w|t icto:s :cvil i: w|ic| :tio:l ccuctio: s,stcus l:
t|is co:tcxt, it is :ot o:l, :cccss:, to co:sicc: w|ct|c: :c to w|t cxtc:t
sc|ools i: givc: cou:t:, |vc cc:ti: ositivc c|:ctc:istics, |ut lso t|c
ccg:cc to w|ic| t|csc c|:ctc:istics :c co:cc:t:tcc i: sc|ools wit| uo:c
:ivilcgcc i:t|cs I|lc o :oviccs cstiutcs oi |ot| lo: cc| oi 10 sc|ool
v:i|lcs, it givcs cc| cou:t:, sco:c o: sclc oi 0 to 10, :c lso qu:tiiics
t|c ccg:cc to w|ic| cc| is co::cltcc wit| t|c sociocco:ouic :oiilc oi
sc|ools ;scc lox !,
lo: cxulc, co:sicc: t|c D:itcc ttcs lt |s vluc oi 10 io: t|c iuct oi
t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio o: :cci:g litc:c, c:io:u:cc, i:cicti:g t|t
its sc|ools |vc, o: vc:gc, stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios |clow !. lts vluc io:
sc|ool sizc is !o, w|ic| i:cictcs t|t t|c:c :c souc vc:, sull sc|ools Givc:
t|c ii:ci:gs io: ll lD cou:t:ics cou|i:cc, t|csc sc|ools u, |c lcss succcssiul
t|: ot|c: sc|ools oi uocc:tc sizc lts vluc o: t|c i:ccx io: tcc|c: quliiictio:s
is . : vc:gc, sc|ools i: t|c D:itcc ttcs |vc |ig|c: c:cc:tgc oi tcc|c:s
wit| t|c :clcv:t su||cct quliiictio:s t|: lD cou:t:ics s w|olc : t|c
:cui:i:g scvc: i:cicto:s, wit| t|c cxcctio: oi tcc|c: uo:lc, t|c vlucs io: t|c
D:itcc ttcs :c ll |ovc t|c lD vc:gc oi .0
o./al a/aavar/aqc /
|c/rjo|.ca by trctal
cat.a//oral
oo|/tr///c.
.bt/ /r /c/c|oqcrcot
way
|r /ra/v/atal .otr/|/c
//c |ccr.c oj //c
/acr//j/ca t..c ja./o|
.ar bc .a/cqo|/ca or a
IJ-o/r/ .alc.
.IJ /ra/.a//rq
javot|ablc .ora///or
ara J /ra/.a//rq
trjavot|ablc
.ora///or.
!0
lt s|oulc |c :otcc t|t t|c :l,sis |ovc cocs :ot cxui:c t|c ciiccts oi t|csc
v:i|lcs o: c:io:u:cc wit|i: cc| cou:t:, lowcvc:, I|lc . :oviccs
:csults io: siuil: uoccl iittcc sc:tcl, to t|c ct io: cc| cou:t:,, :c
sttisticl suuu:, ;uctciiccts, oi t|c :csults c:oss t|c lD cou:t:ics
I|c suuu:, oi t|csc cou:t:,|,cou:t:, :l,scs ,iclcs ii:ci:gs |:ocl,
siuil: to t|osc :co:tcc i: I|lc .,
!1
|owcvc:, it lso s|ows t|t t|c ciiccts
oi u:, v:i|lcs v:, co:sicc:|l, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, :c i: u:, cscs ciiic:
i:ou t|c glo|l :cltio:s|is
!!
lo: cxulc, G:cccc, ltl, :c t|c :ct|c:l:cs
|vc :cltivcl, low vlucs o: t|c 10oi:t i:ccx io: ciscili::, cliutc, ,ct t|c
ciicct oi ciscili::, cliutc o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc c:s to |c su|st:til
lox ! Hov to read 1abie 8.o
lo: cc| sc|ool v:i|lc, t|c t|lc s|ows : inde vaiue o: sclc oi 0 to 10 lig|c: sco:cs
:c ositivc, .. t t|c i:tc::tio:l lcvcl ssocitcc wit| |ig|c: stucc:t c:io:u:cc i: llA I|c
iollowi:g vlucs |vc |cc: ssig:cc
I|c i:ccx sco:c io: cc| cou:t:, :c:csc:ts t|c vc:gc io: sc|ools i: t|t cou:t:, I|c vlucs io:
t|c co::cltio:s io: cc| cou:t:, i: I|lc o i:cictc t|c ccg:cc to w|ic| v:itio:s i: cc| icto:
wit|i: t|c cou:t:, :c ssocitcc ositivcl, wit| ciiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t i:t|c ., t|c ccg:cc to
w|ic| uo:c ivou:|lc stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios :c iou:c i: sc|ools wit| stucc:ts i:ou uo:c
cv:tgcc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs A :cgtivc co::cltio: uc:s t|t t|c :cltio:s|i is i: t|c
ot|c: ci:cctio: A co::cltio: oi zc:o woulc i:cictc t|t stucc:ts i:ou ciiic:c:t |c|g:ou:cs |vc
cqul c|:ccs oi goi:g to sc|ools wit| ivou:|lc co:citio:s I|c sizc oi t|is ciicct c: |c cou:cc
wit| t|c lD vc:gc to givc souc i:cictio: oi its :cltivc iuo:t:cc
Variabie Vaiue Inde vaiue
tucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio lclow !. 10
!0
!. to !. -
!. to !0

G:ctc: t|: +. 0
c|ool sizc 1 000 to ! .00 10
-00 to --- -
00 to --

|clow 100 10
lc:cc:tgc oi tcc|c:s wit| -0 to 100 10
u:ivc:sit, tc:ti:,lcvcl quli|ctio: 0 to -0 -
wit| u|o: i: t|c su||cct sscsscc
0 to 10 0
t|c: v:i|lcs ;wit| sclcs |scc kcsclcc so t|t uc: cquls ., st:c:c ccvitio: cquls !,
o: i:tc::tio:l st:c:c ccvitio:s, :c outlic:s :c givc: vlucs oi zc:o :c 10
.bt/ ro/c //a/ //c
avc|aqc nay nak
.or/ac|ablc va|/a//or
bc/wccr .otr/|/c /r //c
/qr/j/.ar.c oj //c
va|/ot ja./o|
!0-
i: ltl,, |ut :cgligi|lc i: G:cccc :c t|c :ct|c:l:cs lt is ossi|lc t|t ot|c:
icto:s :c t wo:| i: t|csc cou:t:ics, so t|t sc|ools wit| :cltivcl, oo: clss
:oou ciscili:c i:c :cltivcl, wcll, :c co :ot iollow t|c gc:c:l ttc:: I|csc
ii:ci:gs cu|sisc t|c :ccc io: iu:t|c: :l,sis wit|i: cc| cou:t:,
:cxt to t|c i:ccx vlucs, I|lc o s|ows t|c sc|oollcvcl co::cltio: oi cc|
v:i|lc wit| t|c uc: i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus A ositivc
co::cltio: i:cictcs t|t sc|ools c::olli:g stucc:ts wit| cv:tgcc |c|
g:ou:cs tc:c to co |cttc: i: tc:us oi t|c olic, v:i|lcs co:sicc:cc t|:
sc|ools c::olli:g stucc:ts i:ou lcss cv:tgcc |c|g:ou:cs ;scc lox ! io:
cctils,
cvc:l :csults st:c out i:ou t|is t|lc
lo: ll lD cou:t:ics t|c: togct|c:, t|c :csults s|ow t|t t|c u|o:it,
oi sc|ools |vc stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios t o: |clow !. I|c llA :csults
co :ot :ccict su|st:til iu:ovcuc:ts i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc t :tios
|clow t|is lcvcl : t|c ot|c: |:c, t|c uc: vluc o: t|c 10oi:t i:ccx
io: sc|ool sizc is +!, wcll |clow t|c lcvcl t|t woulc :ccict uxiuuu
stucc:t c:io:u:cc, :c t|c :csults i:cictc t|t vc:gc sc|ool sizc tc:cs
to v:, su|st:till, i: ll :ticiti:g cou:t:ics Diiic:c:ccs i: stucc:t
tcc|i:g stii :tios :c :ot usull, closcl, ssocitcc wit| t|c sociocco:ouic
|c|g:ou:c oi stucc:ts wit|i: i:civicul cou:t:ics
I|c uc: vluc o: t|c 10oi:t i:ccx io: tcc|c: quliiictio:s is 1, w|ic|
i:cictcs t|t |out twot|i:cs oi tcc|c:s |vc u:ivc:sit,lcvcl quliii
ctio: i: t|c :clcv:t su||cct I|c co::cltio: |ctwcc: t|c :oo:tio: oi
tcc|c:s w|o |vc u:ivc:sit, tc:ti:,lcvcl quliiictio: wit| u|o: i: t|c
:clcv:t su||cct coui: :c t|c sc|ool uc: sociocco:ouic sttus is |ig|cst
;|ctwcc: 0+ :c 0., i: lclgiuu, Gc:u:, :c luxcu|ou:g, suggcsti:g
t|t sccilist tcc|c:s i: t|csc cou:t:ics tc:c to |c culo,cc i: sc|ools o:
sc|ool t,cs wit| uo:c cv:tgcc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c
I|c lcvcl oi :csou:ccs :oviccc to sc|ools is :ot i: uost cscs closcl,
ssocitcc wit| stucc:ts` |c|g:ou:cs lowcvc:, t|c :cvc:sc is t:uc w|c: it
coucs to stucc:ts` usc oi t|cu I|c llA i:ccx oi stucc:ts` usc oi sc|ool
:csou:ccs is uo:c st:o:gl, ssocitcc wit| stucc:ts` cco:ouic, socil :c
cultu:l sttus t|: :, ot|c: sc|ool v:i|lc I|is suggcsts t|t lcss cv:tgcc
stucc:ts co :ot tc:c to usc sc|ool :csou:ccs s :cgul:l, s stucc:ts oi |ig|c:
cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
l: souc cou:t:ics, :i:cils` c:cctio:s oi tcc|c::cltcc icto:s iiccti:g
sc|ool cliutc :c ositivcl, ssocitcc wit| t|c sc|ool`s sociocco:ouic
sttus, :ticul:l, i: lo:c, i: :c t|c D:itcc li:gcou ;co::cltio:s
|ctwcc: 0+1 :c 0., I|c:c :c icw cou:t:ics i: w|ic| c:ccivcc tcc|c:
uo:lc :c couuituc:t :c ositivcl, :cltcc to t|c sociocco:ouic sttus
oi t|c sc|ool, |ut lol:c st:cs out i: t|t uo:lc :c couuituc:t :c
/tacr/-/ca./c| |a//o
a|c na/rly bclow //c
lcvcl a/ w//./ //cy nakc
a a/jjc|cr.c
|r onc .otr/|/c wcll-
tal/j/ca /ca./c| a|c
.or.cr/|a/ca /r ./ool
w/// |/v/lcqca /r/akc
o./ally aavar/aqca
/tacr/ ao ro/ qc/ no|c
|cot|.c bt/ tc //cn
no|c
1ca./c| no|alc / /r
onc .ac lowc| /r
./ool w/// lc
aavar/aqca /tacr/
!10
gc:c:ll, :tcc |, :i:cils s low ;!,, |ut :ticul:l, i: sc|ools wit| low
sociocco:ouic sttus ;co::cltio: 0.1,
c|ools wit| |ig|c: sociocco:ouic i:t|c lso tc:c to |vc |cttc:
ciscili::, cliutc ;s :co:tcc |, stucc:ts,, csccill, i: ltl,, :, i:,
t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs Auo:g t|csc cou:t:ics, ltl,
st:cs out i: t|t stucc:ts gc:c:ll, :tc t|c ciscili::, cliutc oo:l,,
:ticul:l, i: sc|ools wit| low sociocco:ouic i:t|c I|c:c :c souc
cou:tc:cxulcs, |owcvc:, w|c:c t|c ciscili::, cliutc is :tcc uo:c
ositivcl, |, stucc:ts i: lcss wclloii sc|ools i: t|c csc oi \cxico :c :cw
Zcl:c, t|c co::cltio:s :c 0!! :c 0!o, :cscctivcl,
#ONCLUSIONS
louc |c|g:ou:c i:iluc:ccs ccuctio:l succcss, :c sociocco:ouic sttus
u, :ci:io:cc its ciiccts Alt|oug| llA s|ows t|t oo: c:io:u:cc i: sc|ool
cocs :ot utouticll, iollow i:ou ciscv:tgcc sociocco:ouic |c|
g:ou:c, it c:s to |c o:c oi t|c uost owc:iul icto:s i:iluc:ci:g c:io:u
:cc o: t|c llA :cci:g, ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclcs
I|is :c:csc:ts sig:iiic:t c|llc:gc io: u|lic olic,, w|ic| st:ivcs to
:ovicc lc::i:g oo:tu:itics io: ll stucc:ts i::cscctivc oi t|ci: |ouc
|c|g:ou:cs :tio:l :csc:c| cvicc:cc i:ou v:ious cou:t:ics |s gc:c:ll,
|cc: ciscou:gi:g c|ools |vc c:cc to u|c littlc ciiic:c:cc lit|c:
|ccusc :ivilcgcc iuilics :c |cttc: |lc to :ci:io:cc :c c:|:cc t|c ciicct oi
sc|ools, o: |ccusc sc|ools :c |cttc: |lc to :u:tu:c :c ccvclo ,ou:g colc
i:ou :ivilcgcc |c|g:ou:cs, it |s oitc: |cc: :c:t t|t sc|ools :c:ocucc
cxisti:g ttc::s oi :ivilcgc :t|c: t|: cclivc:i:g cqul oo:tu:itics i: w,
t|t c: cist:i|utc outcoucs uo:c cquit|l,
I|c i:tc::tio:l cvicc:cc oi llA is uo:c c:cou:gi:g W|ilc ll cou:t:ics
s|ow clc: ositivc :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: |ouc |c|g:ou:c :c ccuctio:l
outcoucs, souc cou:t:ics ccuo:st:tc t|t |ig| vc:gc qulit, :c cqulit, oi
ccuctio:l outcoucs c: go togct|c: :c, li:l:c, lccl:c, :, lo:c
:c wccc: ll cisl, |ovcvc:gc lcvcls oi stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c
cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc :c, t t|c suc tiuc, |clowvc:gc iuct
oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o:vc:scl,,
vc:gc c:io:u:cc i: :cci:g litc:c, i: t|c zcc| kcu|lic, Gc:u:,,
lu:g:, :c luxcu|ou:g is sig:iiic:tl, |clow t|c lD vc:gc w|ilc,
t t|c suc tiuc, t|c:c :c |ovcvc:gc cis:itics |ctwcc: stucc:ts i:ou
cv:tgcc :c ciscv:tgcc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs
:c oi t|c uost iuo:t:t ii:ci:gs oi llA is t|t t|c stucc:t`s ow: |ouc |c|
g:ou:c is o:l, :t oi t|c sto:, oi sociocco:ouic cis:itics i: ccuctio: :c
i: uost cou:t:ics t|c sullc: :t I|c cou|i:cc iuct oi t|c sc|ool`s socio
cco:ouic i:t|c c: |vc : :cci|lc ciicct o: t|c stucc:t`s c:io:u:cc,
:c gc:c:ll, |s g:ctc: ciicct o: :ccictcc stucc:t sco:cs t|: t|c stucc:t`s
ow: iuil, c|:ctc:istics
//./l/ra|y .l/na/c .ar
bc /|orqly ao./a/ca
w/// o./o-c.oron/.
ba.kq|otra
l|- /ow //c owc|jtl
/rjltcr.c oj /onc
ba.kq|otra.
.bt/ w//lc //c|c a|c
l/n// /o /ow ja| ./ool
.ar .oncra/c.
.onc .otr/|/c
.onb/rc no|c ctal
ot/.onc w/// //q/
tal//y
1/c ./allcrqc / naac
q|ca/c| by //c .onb/rca
/na./ oj a ./ool
/r/akc.
!11
A scco:c |c, ii:ci:g i:ou t|c :l,sis oi llA :csults is t|t |c:ciicil sc|ool
ciiccts :c :ci:io:ccc |, sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c c|ools wit| uo:c
:csou:ccs :c olicics :c :cticcs ssocitcc wit| |cttc: stucc:t c:io:u:cc
tc:c, to v:,i:g ccg:ccs, to |vc uo:c cv:tgcc stucc:ts l: lclgiuu,
Gc:u:, :c luxcu|ou:g, l:gc: :uu|c:s oi sccilist tcc|c:s tc:c to |c
culo,cc i: sc|ools wit| uo:c cv:tgcc sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c
tucc:ts :co:t t|t sc|ools wit| |ig|c: sociocco:ouic i:t|c lso |vc
|cttc: ciscili::, cliutc, :ticul:l, i: ltl,, :, i:, t|c D:itcc li:gcou
:c t|c D:itcc ttcs A:c ii:ll,, stucc:ts i: sc|ools wit| low sociocco:ouic
sttus lso tc:c :ot to usc sc|ool :csou:ccs s :cgul:l, s stucc:ts i: |cttc:oii
sc|ools
I|c :ct :csult oi t|is ciicct is t|t i: cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c:c is |ig| ccg:cc
oi scg:cgtio: lo:g sociocco:ouic li:cs, stucc:ts i:ou ciscv:tgcc socio
cco:ouic |c|g:ou:cs co wo:sc I|is, i: tu::, uc:s t|t souc oi t|c ..oo!
., c co.c. o|sc:vcc i: t|c :l,sis oi sociocco:ouic g:cic:ts is ssocitcc
wit| ..oo!., c cc.o., l: suc| ci:cuust:ccs, tlc:t :cui:s u:uscc :c
|uu: :csou:ccs :c wstcc
l: souc cou:t:ics, stucc:ts :c |ig|l, scg:cgtcc lo:g sociocco:ouic li:cs, i:
:t |ccusc oi :csicc:til scg:cgtio: :c cco:ouic icto:s, |ut lso |ccusc
oi ictu:cs oi t|c ccuctio: s,stcu lcuctio: olic, i: suc| cou:t:ics uig|t
ttcut to uocc:tc t|c iuct oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c o: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc |, :ccuci:g t|c cxtc:t oi scg:cgtio: lo:g sociocco:ouic li:cs,
o: |, llocti:g :csou:ccs to sc|ools ciiic:c:till, l: t|csc cou:t:ics, it u, |c
:cccss:, to cxui:c |ow t|c lloctio: oi sc|ool :csou:ccs wit|i: cou:t:,
:cltcs to t|c sociocco:ouic i:t|c oi its sc|ools l: ot|c: cou:t:ics, t|c:c
is :cltivcl, littlc sociocco:ouic scg:cgtio:, .., sc|ools tc:c to |c siuil:
i: t|ci: sociocco:ouic i:t|c lcuctio: olic, i: t|csc cou:t:ics uig|t iu
t uocc:ti:g t|c iuct oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c t|:oug| ucsu:cs
iucc t iu:ovi:g sc|ool :csou:ccs :c :ccuci:g wit|i:sc|ool scg:cgtio:
cco:ci:g to stucc:ts` cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus l: t|c c:c, oi
cou:sc, w|t uttc:s uost is |ow ciicctivcl, :csou:ccs :c uscc A:oc|cs
uig|t i:clucc, io: cxulc, cliui:ti:g clss:oou st:cui:g o: :ovici:g uo:c
ssist:cc io: stucc:ts wit| oo: lcvcl oi c:io:u:cc
l: cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c iuct oi sociocco:ouic |c|g:ou:c o: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc is uocc:tc, :ot ll succcsscs c: |c c:ccitcc to t|c ccuctio:
s,stcu :c, i: cou:t:ics w|c:c g:cic:ts :c stcc, :ot ll oi t|c :o|lcus
s|oulc |c tt:i|utcc to sc|ools cit|c: I|c :l,sis |s s|ow: t|t t|c c|llc:gcs
w|ic| ccuctio: s,stcus icc s :csult oi t|c ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c cist:i|utio: oi
|ouc |c|g:ou:c icto:s i: t|c stucc:t oultio: ciiic: wiccl, lo: cxulc,
t|c u:cqul cist:i|utio: oi iuil, wclt|, s ucsu:cc |, llA, i: l:zil,
\cxico, lol:c, lo:tugl :c t|c D:itcc ttcs ;scc |tc: o,, u|cs it i:
uo:c ciiiicult to :ovicc cquit|lc lc::i:g oo:tu:itics i: t|osc cou:t:ics
t|: i: li:l:c, : o: lo:c, w|c:c wclt| is cist:i|utcc uo:c cqull, \:,
.ara by //c ja./ //a/
no|c aavar/aqca
/tacr/ /cra /o qo /o
./ool w/// o//c|
aavar/aqc.
.|ctl//rq /r no|c
trctal oo|/tr///c
lol/.y |corc accra
a|/ly or w/c//c| ara
/ow ./ool a|c
cq|cqa/ca by o./o-
c.oron/. ba.kq|otra.
.ara or .otr/|/c
ovc|all o./o-c.oron/.
|oj/lc
!1!
oi t|c icto:s oi sociocco:ouic ciscv:tgc :c lso :ot ci:cctl, uc:|lc to
ccuctio: olic,, t lcst :ot i: t|c s|o:t tc:u lo: cxulc, t|c ccuctio:l
tti:uc:t oi :c:ts c: o:l, g:cull, iu:ovc, :c iuil, wclt| will ccc:c
o: lo:gtc:u :tio:l cco:ouic ccvclouc:t
lut llA :csults suggcst t|t sc|ool olic, :c sc|ools t|cusclvcs c: l,
c:ucil :olc i: uocc:ti:g t|c iuct oi socil ciscv:tgc o: stucc:t
c:io:u:cc I|c :csults :cvcl souc sc|ool :csou:cc icto:s, sc|ool olicics
:c clss:oou :cticcs t|t c: to u|c sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:cc to stucc:t
c:io:u:cc I|c cxtc:t to w|ic| stucc:ts u|c usc oi sc|ool :csou:ccs, :c
t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| sccilist tcc|c:s :c vil|lc, c: |ot| |vc : iuct
o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc Acco:ci:g to :i:cils` c:cctio:s oi tcc|c:
:cltcc icto:s iiccti:g sc|ool cliutc, tcc|c: uo:lc :c couuituc:t, :c
sc|ool uto:ou,, lso c: to u|c ciiic:c:cc li:ll,, t|c:c :c sccts oi
clss:oou :cticc t|t s|ow ositivc :cltio:s|i wit| stucc:t c:io:u:cc,
suc| s tcc|c:stucc:t :cltio:s :c t|c ciscili::, cliutc i: t|c clss:oou
llA :csults suggcst t|t t|c:c is :o si:glc icto: t|t cxli:s w|, souc
sc|ools o: souc cou:t:ics |vc |cttc: :csults t|: ot|c:s ucccssiul c:io:u
:cc is tt:i|ut|lc to co:stclltio: oi icto:s, i:cluci:g sc|ool :csou:ccs,
sc|ool olic, :c :cticc, :c clss:oou :cticc lt will :cqui:c uuc| iu:t|c:
:csc:c| :c :l,sis to icc:tii, |ow t|csc icto:s oc:tc, i:tc:ct wit| |ouc
|c|g:ou:c, :c i:iluc:cc stucc:t c:io:u:cc
l: u:suit oi t|is cccc: u:cc:st:ci:g, t|c i:tc:tio: is to u|lis| sc:ics oi
t|cutic llA :co:ts i: !00! :c !00! t|t will :l,sc t|c iuct oi sc|ool
:c s,stculcvcl icto:s o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc uo:c cxtc:sivcl,, :c will
scc| to u:cc:st:c i: uo:c cctil |, souc cou:t:ics c|icvc |cttc: :c uo:c
cquit|lc lc::i:g outcoucs t|: ot|c:s l: t|c uc:tiuc, t|c uc:c ict t|t
|ig|qulit, lc::i:g outcoucs :c l:cc, :clit, io: uost stucc:ts i: souc
cou:t:ics is, i: itscli, : c:cou:gi:g :csult t|t s|ows t|t t|c c|llc:gcs |cc
c: |c tc|lcc succcssiull,
l|- /a /acr//j/ca onc
ja./o| w////r ./ool
//a/ .ar nakc a
a/jjc|cr.c
I//lc ro /rqlc ja./o|
|ov/ac //c kcy.
. accc| araly/ /o
jollow w/ll a/n /o
|oat.c bc//c|
trac|/ara/rq oj .atc
!1!
.OTES
1 lo: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx, scc A::cx A1
! I|is i:cluccs ll lD cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i: llA cxcct t|c :ct|c:l:cs ;scc A::cx A!,
! I|c:c is sttisticll, sig:iiic:t cu:vili:c: ciicct, |ut it is :cltivcl, sull, :c :ot ciscc::i|lc to t|c c,c i: ligu:c 1
+ l: sttisticl tc:us, t|c v:itio: cxli:cc |, t|c llA i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus io: t|c cou|i:cc
lD :c, !0 c: cc:t, is uuc| lowc: t|: ii t|c:c wc:c c:icct :cltio:s|i ;100 c: cc:t,
. I|c ovc:ll lD g:cic:t s|ow: i: ligu:c 1 is vc:, siuil: to t|c vc:gc wit|i:cou:t:, g:cic:t
o lo: t|c t:ctuc:t oi uissi:g ct, scc A::cx A1 I|c c:cc:tgc oi cscs wit| uissi:g ct o: t|c :csulti:g i:ccx oi
cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus is s|ow: i: I|lc 1
I|c ui: :cso: w|, t|c vluc is g:ctc: t|: .00, t|c lD vc:gc oi c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c,
sclc, is t|t t|c l:gc: cou:t:ics, w|ic| i:iluc:cc t|c wcig|tcc vc:gc uo:c |cvil,, tc:c to c:io:u |ovc t|c lD
vc:gc \issi:g vlucs o: t|c sociocco:ouic ct lso co:t:i|utc to t|is ciiic:c:cc
I|c :l,sis lso i:cluccc t|c squ:cc i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus ;X, to tcst io: :, :o:li:c: ciiccts
i: t|c :cltio:s|i I|c :csulti:g cociiicic:t is :cltivcl, sull 1!1 I|c sociocco:ouic g:cic:ts io: ut|cutics :c
scic:cc ciiic: slig|tl, i:ou t|t s|ow: io: :cci:g litc:c, Y ~ .0o+! +0. X +1+ X
!
io: ut|cutics, :c Y ~
.0oo !.0 X 1! X
!
io: scic:cc
- I|is is t|c csc io: i:couc g:cic:ts ssocitcc wit| u:, |clt| outcoucs, i:cluci:g lo:gcvit, ;lousc . o!, 1--0,
\i:ows|, :c lu, 1--o, Woliso: . o!, 1--!, o:cc colc |vc t|ci: |sic :cccs uct, iu:t|c: i:c:cscs i: i:couc
co:t:i|utc o:l, u:gi:ll, to t|ci: |clt|
10 l: sttisticl tc:us, t|c co::cltio: |ctwcc: lcvcls :c slocs, t : vc:gc lcvcl oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus,
is 0!
11 \o:c t|: .0 c: cc:t oi t|c ct o: :c:tl occutio: :c :c:tl ,c:s oi sc|ooli:g wc:c uissi:g i: t|c csc oi :
lo: stucc:ts wit| uissi:g ct vlucs, t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus ws iuutcc i:ou ct vil|lc o:
t|c llA i:ccx oi iuil, wclt|, t|c llA i:ccx oi cultu:l osscssio:s i: t|c iuil, |ouc :c t|c llA i:ccx oi |ouc
ccuctio:l :csou:ccs I|c sloc oi t|c g:cic:t io: t|osc stucc:ts wit| iuutcc i:ciccs is :c:l, icc:ticl to t|c sloc io:
t|osc wit| i:ciccs |scc o: ll iivc v:i|lcs, suggcsti:g t|t t|c iuuttio: :occcu:c cic :ot i:t:ocucc su|st:til |is
i: t|c cstiutcs
1! l: t|csc cou:t:ics, stucc:t c:io:u:cc is sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, |ig|c: t|: t|c lD vc:gc, :c t|c sociocco:ouic
g:cic:t is sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, gc:tlc: t|: t|c lD vc:gc g:cic:t
1! l: t|csc cou:t:ics, stucc:t c:io:u:cc is sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, |ig|c: t|: t|c lD vc:gc, :c t|c sociocco:ouic
g:cic:t is sttisticll, sig:iiic:tl, stccc: t|: t|c lD vc:gc g:cic:t
1+ I|csc :l,scs wc:c |scc o: : o:ci::, lcst squ:cs :cg:cssio: oi c:io:u:cc o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
o: .) t|c i:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus ;I|lc o1, :c t|c squ:c oi t|is i:ccx, ..) :c:tl
,c:s oi sc|ooli:g ;scc A::cx A1,, ..., t|c llA i:ccx oi |ouc ccuctio:l :csou:ccs ;scc .oc..1c.,, .) t|c llA
i:ccx oi cultu:l osscssio:s i: t|c iuil, |ouc ;I|lc o!,, ) cuuu, v:i|lc cc:oti:g t|c stucc:t`s gc:cc:, .) two
cuuu, v:i|lcs cc:oti:g w|ct|c: t|c stucc:t livcc i: si:glc o: two:c:t iuil,, o: ws livi:g i: ot|c: t,cs oi
iuilics ;scc I|lc o-,, ..) t|c :uu|c: oi si|li:gs ;scc .oc..1c., , ...) cuuu, v:i|lc cc:oti:g w|ct|c: t|c
stucc:t ws |o:: i: t|c cou:t:, ;I|lc o10,, :c .) t|:cc cuuu, v:i|lcs cc:oti:g t|c :csc:cc oi uissi:g ct io:
t|c i:tc::tio:l sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus, :c:tl ,c:s oi sc|ooli:g, :c t|c :uu|c: oi si|li:gs l:
:cliui::, :l,scs, t|c llA i:ccx oi iuil, wclt| ;I|lc o!, ws lso i:cluccc, |ut i: uost cou:t:ics t|is v:i|lc
tu::cc out to |c colli:c: wit| t|c ot|c: icto:s cou:isi:g t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus, :c ws
t|c:cio:c c:occ i:ou t|c :l,sis I|c :csults c:ti:i:g to t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: ulcs :c iculcs wc:c siuil: to
t|osc :co:tcc i: |tc: o, :c :c t|c:cio:c :ot :co:tcc i: I|lc ! I|c cociiicic:ts io: ot|c: t,cs oi iuilics wc:c
i: uost cscs sttisticll, sig:iiic:t, |ut s t|is is :cltivcl, sull ctcgo:,, t|csc ii:ci:gs :c :ot s|ow: i: I|lc !
!1+
1. I|is i:cluccs ll lD cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i: llA cxcct t|c :ct|c:l:cs
1o I|c sull sizc oi t|c :o::tivc stucc:t oultio:s u|cs it vc:, ciiiicult to cctcct sttisticll, sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs i:
souc cou:t:ics, givc: t|c sulc sizcs culo,cc i: llA
1 :c st:c:c ccvitio: o: t|c llA sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus is, o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics,
cqul to 1o! i:ccx oi:ts
1 :otc t|t t|is vluc ciiic:s i:ou t|c iigu:cs s|ow: i: I|lc o1 I|c :cso: io: t|is ciiic:c:cc is t|t I|lc ! :csc:ts t|c
u:iquc co:t:i|utio: oi t|c iuct oi t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc, ssuui:g ll
ot|c: icto:s s|ow: i: t|c t|lc to |c cqull, cist:i|utcc c:oss lD cou:t:ics l, co:t:st, I|lc o1 s|ows t|c iuct
oi t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc wit|out ccou:ti:g io: ciiic:c:ccs i: ot|c:
icto:s
1- t|c: cou:t:ics w|c:c t|c ciiccts :c :ot sttisticll, sig:iiic:t :c lu:g:,, lol:c, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs
!0 cc l:oo|ovc: . o!, 1-, lc:cc:so: . o!, 1-, kuu|c:gc: . o!, 1--!, |vit . o!, 1-., uuuc:s . o!, 1-, :c
Willus, 1-o
!1 lli oi stucc:tlcvcl st:c:c ccvitio: ws c|osc: io: t|c iollowi:g cou:iso:s |ccusc t|is vluc ccsc:i|cs :clistic
ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: sc|ools i: tc:us oi t|ci: sociocco:ouic couositio: : vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics, t|c
ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c .
t|
:c !.
t|
qu:tilcs oi t|c sc|ool uc: i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus is 0! oi
stucc:tlcvcl st:c:c ccvitio: :c, i: ll |ut o:c lD cou:t:,, t|is ciiic:c:cc is g:ctc: t|: |li stucc:tlcvcl
st:c:c ccvitio: o: t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx
!! I|c t,icl ::gc is :c:csc:tcc |, t|c ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c .
t|
:c !.
t|
c:cc:tilcs oi t|c sc|ool uc: vlucs io: t|c
llA i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
!! I|c ciiccts ssocitcc wit| : i:c:csc i: t|c sc|ool uc: i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus |, |li stucc:t
lcvcl st:c:c ccvitio: :c :cci:g litc:c, !+1 io: ulcs :c !1 io: iculcs, ut|cuticl litc:c, !+ io: ulcs :c
!0. io: iculcs, scic:tiiic litc:c, !! io: ulcs :c !0 io: iculcs
!+ I|is covc:s ll quliiictio:s t lcvcl .A oi t|c l:tc::tio:l t:c:c lssiiictio: oi lcuctio: ;llD,
!. l: o:cc: to llow io: ossi|lc :o:li:c: :cltio:s|i |ctwcc: stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios :c c:io:u:cc, li:c: :c
quc:tic tc:us wc:c uscc i: t|c uoccl Also, t|c:c wc:c :uu|c: oi sc|ools wit| vc:, l:gc stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios,
w|ic| u:cul, iicctcc t|c :cltio:s|is Io ctu:c t|c ciicct oi stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios i: t|csc sc|ools, sc:tc
tc:u ws i:t:ocuccc i: t|c uoccl
!o l: souc cou:t:ics t|c:c wc:c sc|ools wit| stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios |ovc .0 I|csc sc|ools wc:c t:ctcc sc:tcl, i:
t|c :l,sis |, uocclli:g t|cu wit| sc:tc cuuu, v:i|lc I|c :csults i:cictc t|t t|c vc:gc sco:cs o: t|c cou|i:cc
:cci:g litc:c, sclc i: t|csc sc|ools wc:c lso su|st:till, |clow t|c lD vc:gc
! lt :cccs to |c t|c: i:to ccou:t t|t, i: u:, cou:t:ics, t|c:c is littlc v:itio: i: tcc|c: quliiictio:s so t|t t|c
:cltio:s|i woulc |c cxcctcc to |c wc|
! I|c v:i|lcs io: c|icvcuc:t :css :c tcc|c:stucc:t :cltio:s |c :o:li:c: :cltio:s|is wit| stucc:t c:io:u:cc
Io ovc:couc t|is, t|c ucsu:cs oi c|icvcuc:t :css uscc i: t|is :l,sis i:cictc cxt:cuc cscs w|c:c stucc:ts :co:tcc
:cvc: to itcus suc| s I|c tcc|c: tclls stucc:ts t|t t|c, c: co |cttc: iuil:l,, t|c ucsu:c oi tcc|c:stucc:t
:cltio:s uscc i: t|is c|tc: i:cictcs t|c :oo:tio: oi :cso:scs w|c:c stucc:ts i:cictcc st:o:gl, cig:cc to sttcuc:ts
i:cicti:g ositivc stucc:ttcc|c: :cltio:s|i
!- I|c |ctwcc:cou:t:, v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc o: t|c scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc t|t is cxli:cc |oi:tl, |, sc|ool
icto:s :c sociocco:ouic icto:s is lcss t|: t|t cxli:cc |, sc|ool icto:s lo:c l: t|csc uoccls, t|c ciiccts oi
t|c sc|ool uc: i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus wc:c llowcc to v:, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics I|c v:i:cc
couo:c:ts wc:c clcultcc io: stucc:t wit| vc:gc vlucs o: t|c i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus, i:
sc|ool wit| sc|ool uc: i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus oi zc:o ;.. t|c vc:gc io: ll lD stucc:ts,
I|c :ccuctio: i: v:i:cc w|c: t|c uc: i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus is cccc to t|c uoccl suggcsts
t|t t|c:c u, |c sig:iiic:t i:tc:ctio:s |ctwcc: sc|ool :csou:ccs :c sc|ool uc: cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l
sttus
!1.
!0 At t|c i:tc::tio:l lcvcl, t|c iuct oi t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio o: stucc:t c:io:u:cc lcvcls oii itc: !. I|is
vluc ws t|c:cio:c c|osc: s t|c |ig|cst ctcgo:, o: t|is i:ccx
!1 I|c :l,sis iittcc twolcvcl |ic::c|icl uoccl wit|i: cc| cou:t:, I|c uoccl is t|c suc s t|c t|:cclcvcl uoccl
uscc io: I|lc ., cxcct t|t t|c two ucsu:cs io: t|c stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio wc:c :clccc |, sc:tc cuuu,
v:i|lcs i:cicti:g t|c ciiccts oi stucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tios oi !0 to !., !. to !0, :c |ovc !0, cou:cc wit| stucc:t
tcc|i:g stii :tios |clow !0 I|is llowcc io: uo:c ci:cct cou:iso: oi t|c :o:li:c: ciicct wit|i: cc| cou:t:, Also,
t|c uoccl cic :ot i:clucc sc|ool sizc, s t|c ciiccts v:icc su|st:till, |ctwcc: cou:t:ics, :c i: uost cscs wc:c :ot
sttisticll, sig:iiic:t I|c :csults oi t|c uct:l,sis ,iclccc ii:ci:gs siuil: to t|osc cc:ivcc i:ou t|c t|:cclcvcl uoccl,
cxcct t|t t|c ciicct oi c|icvcuc:t :css ws sullc: :c :ot sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
!! I|c cociiicic:ts io: t|c wit|i:cou:t:, :l,scs v:, co:sicc:|lc, s i:cictcc |, t|c sizc oi t|ci: st:c:c c::o:s
ociiicic:ts c: v:, i:ou cou:t:, to cou:t:, |ccusc oi t:uc v:itio: i: t|ci: ciiccts io: cc| cou:t:,, |ut lso |ccusc
oi ucsu:cuc:t c::o: :c suli:g c::o: l: t|csc :l,scs, suli:g c::o: l,s sig:iiic:t :olc |ccusc t|c ccu:c,
oi t|c cociiicic:ts io: sc|oollcvcl v:i|lcs ccc:cs ui:l, o: t|c :uu|c: oi sc|ools sulcc wit|i: cc| cou:t:,, :t|c:
t|: t|c :uu|c: oi stucc:ts I|c :uu|c: oi sc|ools i: t|is :l,sis v:icc i:ou !+ sc|ools i: luxcu|ou:g to 1 111 sc|ools
i: :c, wit| : vc:gc oi |out !1+ sc|ools i: lD cou:t:ics I|is :o|lcu csccill, iiccts t|c cociiicic:ts io:
stucc:tstii :tios, s i: souc cscs t|csc :c |scc o: t|c :csults io: vc:, sull :uu|c: oi sc|ools
2%&%2%.#%3
Audas, R. :c Wiiims, ]. D. ;!000,, io.. o1 .c. co c :.|cc! + !...co.. ......, kco:t :c:cc io: luu:
kcsou:ccs Dcvclouc:t, :c
Baumert, ]., Heyn. s. :c Kiier, G. ;1--+,, o x..!.. t...o...i.o. (x:i), l:stitut iu: cic lcgogi| cc:
:tu:wissc:sc|itc: : cc: D:ivc:sitt licl, licl
Baumert, ]., Gruehn, s., Heyn, s., Kiier, G. :c schnabei, K.u. ;1--,, i.!1o..!oo. o1 t,.|cc..o!. i..|!o .
jo.1o!.. (iiju) c|o.o.c io1 :, \xll:c|l:stitut iu: lilcu:gsio:sc|u:g, lc:li:
Beaton, A.I., Muiiis, I.V., Martin, M.G., Gonzaiez, I.]., Keiiy, D.I. :c smith, 1.A. ;1--o,, Mo|.o.. +.|.... .
|. M.11!. :.|cc! 1.o., c:tc: io: t|c tuc, oi Icsti:g, lvlutio: :c lcuctio:l lolic,, losto: ollcgc
Brookover, W.B., schveitzer, ].H., schneider, ].M., Beady, c.H., Iiood, r.K. :c Wisenbaker, ].M. ;1-,,
llcuc:t:, sc|ool socil cliutc :c sc|ool c|icvcuc:t, +....o i1o.o.co! r..o..| jco.o!, Vol 1., !01!1
Iignor, D., 1ayior, c., Kirsch, I. :c ]amieson, ]. ;1--,, ..!c. c o :.o!. c. +.. |. t..! c cco.. to.!.o..,
c 1oitt :o1., Illl kcsc:c| kco:t :o o0, lcuctio:l Icsti:g c:vicc, l:i:ccto:, :
Ganzeboom, H.B.G., De Graa, r. :c 1reiman, D.]. ;wit| Dc lccuw, , ;1--!,, A st:c:c i:tc::tio:l socio
cco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus, :c..o! :..... r..o..|, Vol !1;1,, 1.o
Ganzeboom, H.B.G., 1reiman, D.]. :c Donaid, ]. ;1--o,, l:tc::tio:ll, cou:|lc ucsu:cs oi occutio:l sttus
io: t|c 1- l:tc::tio:l t:c:c lssiiictio: oi ccutio:s, :c..o! :..... r..o..|, Vol !., !01!!-
Henderson, V., Mieszkovski, r. :c sauvageau, Y. ;1-,, lcc: g:ou ciiccts :c ccuctio:l :ocuctio: iu:ctio:s,
jco.o! c to/!.. i.cc.., Vol 10, -10o
House, ]., Kessier, R., Herzog, R., Mero, R.r., Kinney, A.M. :c Bresiov, M.]. ;1--0,, Agc, sociocco:ouic sttus,
:c |clt|, 1|. M.!!/o| oo...!,, Vol o, !!+11
INsII-DrD ;1---,, io1. 1. !o .o/.!.. 1. 1..!o.o.c 1. .!.. 1. : o 1o !. .o1.. 1. !c..o.c ti:+ 2, cocuuc:t i:tc::c,
DlDl:ll, l::cc
Marsh, H. W. shaveison, R.]. :c Byrne, B.M. ;1--!,, A uulticiuc:sio:l, |ic::c|icl sclico:cct, i: k l li| :c
I \ l:i:t|ut ;lcs,, :o1,. |. :.! :.!...... o..c |. !..o, ttc D:ivc:sit, oi :cw Yo:| l:css, Al|:,
Mirovsky, ]. :c Hu, r. ;1--o,, l|,sicl iui:uc:t :c t|c ciui:is|i:g ciiccts oi i:couc, :c..o! tc..., Vol +;!,,
10!10-o
Muiiis, I.V. Martin, M.G., Beaton, A.I., Gonzaiez, I.]., Keiiy, D.I. :c smith, 1.A. ;1--,, Mo|.o.. o1 :.....
+.|.... . |. t.o! 1.o. c :..c1o., :.|cc!, c:tc: io: t|c tuc, oi Icsti:g, lvlutio: :c lcuctio:l lolic,, losto: ollcgc
GIcD ;1--o,, i1o.o.c o o c!o.. oic i1..oc., l:is
GIcD ;1--,, i1o.o.c o o c!o.. oic i1..oc., l:is
GIcD ;1---o,, M.oo.. :o1. xc!.1. o1 :|.!! + :. t.o.c.| c. +.., l:is
GIcD ;1---/,, c!o.,. i1o.o.co! t.c.o. Mooo! c. i:civ i!..o.c . oic cco..., l:is
GIcD ;!001,, i1o.o.c o o c!o.. oic i1..oc., l:is
GIcD :c statistics canada ;1--.,, t...o.,, i.cc, o1 :c..., r.o! c |. t.. i..o.co! +1o! t...o., :o..,, l:is :c
ttw
GIcD :c statistics canada ;!000,, t...o., . |. ic.o.c +., l:is :c ttw
Gvens, I. :c Barnes, ]. ;1--!,, t.o.. t....... :.o!., Alk, Victo:i, Aust:li
reigrum, W.]. :c Anderson, R.I. ;1---,, ic1 o1 |. i... to.o1. c. t..!c t.o.. o c.!1.1. .1o.o.co! o..
c ..o.o.o.., co!, o1 .o...., l:tc::tio:l Associtio: io: t|c lvlutio: oi lcuctio:l Ac|icvcuc:t ;llA,, Austc:cu
rintrich, r.R., smith, D.A.I., Garcia, 1. :c McKeachie, W.]. ;1--!,, kcli|ilit, :c :ccictivc vlicit, oi t|c uotivtcc
st:tcgics io: lc::i:g qucstio::i:c ;\lQ,, i1o.o.co! o1 t,.|c!c..o! M.oo..., Vol .!, 011!
kcic:c:ccs
!1
Rumberger, R. :c Wiiims, ].D. ;1--!,, I|c iuct oi :cil :c ct|:ic scg:cgtio: o: t|c c|icvcuc:t g i: liio::i
|ig| sc|ools, i1o.o.co! io!oo.c o1 tc!.., +o!,., Vol 1+;+,, !!-o
shavit, Y. :c Wiiiiams, R.A. ;1-.,, A|ilit, g:oui:g :c co:tcxtul cctc:ui::ts oi ccuctio:l cxccttio:s i: ls:cl,
+....o :c..c!c..o! r..., Vol .0, o!!
summers, A.A. :c Woie, B.I. ;1-,, Do sc|ools u|c ciiic:c:cc, +....o i.cc.. r..., Vol o, o!-o.!
Warm, 1.A. ;1-.,, Wcig|tcc uxiuuu li|cli|ooc cstiutio: oi |ilit, i: ltcu kcso:sc I|co:, wit| tcsts oi ii:itc lc:gt|,
1..|..o! r.c. cci1r, D ost Gu:c l:stitutc, |l|ou it,
Wiiims, ].D. ;1-o,, ocil clss scg:cgtio: :c its :cltio:s|i to uils` cxui:tio: :csults i: cotl:c, +....o
:c..c!c..o! r..., Vol .1, !!+!+1
Wiiims, ].D. :c chen, M. ;1--,, I|c ciiccts oi |ilit, g:oui:g o: t|c ct|:ic c|icvcuc:t g i: ls:cli clcuc:t:,
sc|ools, +....o jco.o! c i1o.o.c, Vol -;!,, !!!.
Woison, M., Rove, G., Gentieman, ].I. :c 1omiak, M. ;1--!,, :cc: c::i:gs :c cct| A lo:gituci:l :l,sis oi
olcc: :ci: uc:, jco.o! c c..cc!c,, Vol +;+,, 1o1-
A
ANNEX
Annex A1: Construction of indices and other derived
measures from the student and school con-
text questionnaires
Annex A2: Explained variation in student performance
Annex A3: The PISA target population
and the PISA samples
Annex A4: Standard errors, signifcance tests and mul-
tiple comparisons
Annex A5: Quality assurance
Annex A6: Development of the
PISA assessment instruments
Annex A7: Reliability of the marking of open-ended
items
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
A::lX A1
!!0
!NNEX!#ONSTRUCTIONOFINDICESANDOTHERDERIVEDMEASURESFROMTHESTUDENTAND
SCHOOLCONTEXTQUESTIONNAIRES
cvc:l oi llA`s ucsu:cs :cilcct i:ciccs t|t suuu:isc :cso:scs i:ou stucc:ts o: sc|ool :c:csc:ttivcs ;t,icll, :i:cils,
to sc:ics oi :cltcc qucstio:s I|c qucstio:s wc:c sclcctcc i:ou l:gc: co:st:ucts o: t|c |sis oi t|co:cticl co:sicc:tio:s
:c :cvious :csc:c| t:uctu:l cqutio: uocclli:g ws uscc to co:ii:u t|c t|co:cticll, cxcctcc |c|viou: oi t|c i:ciccs
:c to vlictc t|ci: cou:|ilit, c:oss cou:t:ics lo: t|is u:osc, uoccl ws cstiutcc sc:tcl, io: cc| cou:t:, :c,
collcctivcl,, io: ll lD cou:t:ics
I|is scctio: cxli:s t|c i:ciccs cc:ivcc i:ou t|c stucc:t :c sc|ool co:tcxt qucstio::i:cs t|t :c uscc i: t|is :co:t lo:
ccsc:itio: oi ot|c: llA i:ciccs :c cctils o: t|c uct|ocs scc t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c. w|ic| will |c vil|lc o: t|c
l:tc::ct t t|c c:c oi !001
D:lcss ot|c:wisc i:cictcc, w|c:c : i:ccx i:volvcs uultilc qucstio:s :c stucc:t :cso:scs, t|c i:ccx ws sclcc usi:g
wcig|tcc uxiuuu li|cli|ooc cstiutc, usi:g o:c:uctc: itcu :cso:sc uoccl ;:cic::cc to s WAk\ cstiuto:, scc
W:u, 1-., wit| t|:cc stgcs
I|c qucstio: :uctc:s wc:c cstiutcc i:ou cqulsizcc su|sulcs oi stucc:ts i:ou cc| lD cou:t:,
I|c cstiutcs wc:c couutcc io: ll stucc:ts :c ll sc|ools |, :c|o:i:g t|c qucstio: :uctc:s o|ti:cc i: t|c
:cccci:g stc
I|c i:ciccs wc:c t|c: st:c:ciscc so t|t t|c uc: oi t|c i:ccx vluc io: t|c lD stucc:t oultio: ws zc:o :c
t|c st:c:c ccvitio: ws o:c ;cou:t:ics |ci:g givc: cqul wcig|t i: t|c st:c:cistio: :occss,
lt is iuo:t:t to :otc t|t :cgtivc vlucs i: : i:ccx co :ot :cccss:il, iul, t|t stucc:ts :cso:ccc :cgtivcl, to t|c
u:cc:l,i:g qucstio:s A :cgtivc vluc uc:cl, i:cictcs t|t g:ou oi stucc:ts ;o: ll stucc:ts, collcctivcl,, i: si:glc cou:t:,,
o: :i:cils :cso:ccc lcss ositivcl, t|: ll stucc:ts o: :i:cils cic o: vc:gc c:oss lD cou:t:ics li|cwisc, ositivc
vluc o: : i:ccx i:cictcs t|t g:ou oi stucc:ts o: :i:cils :cso:ccc uo:c ivou:|l,, o: uo:c ositivcl,, t|: stucc:ts
o: :i:cils cic, o: vc:gc, i: lD cou:t:ics
Ic:us c:closcc i: |:c|cts ~ i: t|c iollowi:g ccsc:itio:s wc:c :clccc i: t|c :tio:l vc:sio:s oi t|c stucc:t :c sc|ool
qucstio::i:cs |, t|c :o:itc :tio:l cquivlc:t lo: cxulc, t|c tc:u quliiictio: t llD lcvcl .A~ ws t::sltcc i:
t|c D:itcc ttcs i:to lc|clo:`s Dcg:cc, ostg:cutc cc:tiiictc :og:u, \stc:`s ccg:cc :og:u o: ii:st :oicssio:l ccg:cc
:og:u iuil:l, t|c tc:u clsscs i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~ i: luxcu|ou:g ws t::sltcc i:to Gc:u: clsscs o:
l:c:c| clsscs ccc:ci:g o: w|ct|c: stucc:ts :cccivcc t|c Gc:u: o: l:c:c| vc:sio: oi t|c sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts
lo: t|c :cli|ilitics oi t|c i:ciccs, scc t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c.
3TUDENTCHARACTERISTICSANDFAMILYBACKGROUND
Fanly structure
tucc:ts wc:c s|cc to :co:t w|o usull, livcc t |ouc wit| t|cu I|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics wc:c t|c: g:oucc i:to iou:
ctcgo:ics .) s:nqle-porent jom:ly ;stucc:ts w|o :co:tcc livi:g wit| o:c oi t|c iollowi:g uot|c:, it|c:, iculc gu:ci: o:
ulc gu:ci:,, ..) nncleor jom:ly ;stucc:ts w|o :co:tcc livi:g wit| uot|c: :c it|c:,, ...) m:xeJ jom:ly ;stucc:ts w|o
:co:tcc livi:g wit| uot|c: :c ulc gu:ci:, it|c: :c iculc gu:ci:, o: two gu:ci:s,, :c .) otner response
comI:not:ons.
Nunber of sblngs
tucc:ts wc:c s|cc to i:cictc t|c :uu|c: oi si|li:gs olcc: t|: t|cusclvcs, ,ou:gc: t|: t|cusclvcs, o: oi t|c suc gc lo:
t|c :l,scs i: |tc: , t|c :uu|c:s i: cc| ctcgo:, wc:c cccc togct|c:
Country of brth
tucc:ts wc:c s|cc ii t|c,, t|ci: uot|c: :c t|ci: it|c: wc:c |o:: i: t|c cou:t:, oi sscssuc:t o: i: :ot|c: cou:t:,
I|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics wc:c t|c: g:oucc i:to t|:cc ctcgo:ics .) not:ve stucc:ts ;t|osc stucc:ts |o:: i: t|c cou:t:, oi
sscssuc:t :c w|o |c t lcst o:c :c:t |o:: i: t|t cou:t:,,, ..) j:rst-qenerot:on stucc:ts ;t|osc |o:: i: t|c cou:t:, oi
A::lX A1
!!1
sscssuc:t |ut w|osc :c:ts wc:c |o:: i: :ot|c: cou:t:,,, :c ...) non-not:ve stucc:ts ;t|osc |o:: outsicc t|c cou:t:,
oi sscssuc:t :c w|osc :c:ts wc:c lso |o:: i: :ot|c: cou:t:,,
Language spoken at hone
tucc:ts wc:c s|cc ii t|c l:gugc so|c: t |ouc uost oi t|c tiuc is t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t, :ot|c: oiiicil :tio:l
l:gugc, :ot|c: :tio:l cilcct o: l:gugc, o: :ot|c: l:gugc I|c :cso:scs wc:c t|c: g:oucc i:to two ctcgo:ics
.) t|c l:gugc so|c: t |ouc uost oi t|c tiuc is ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t, i:ou ot|c: oiiicil :tio:l
l:gugcs, :c i:ou ot|c: :tio:l cilccts o: l:gugcs, :c ..) t|c l:gugc so|c: t |ouc uost oi t|c tiuc is t|c l:gugc
oi sscssuc:t, ot|c: oiiicil :tio:l l:gugcs, o: ot|c: :tio:l cilccts o: l:gugcs
Econonc, socal ano cultural status
tucc:ts wc:c s|cc to :co:t t|ci: uot|c:s` :c it|c:s` occutio:s, :c to sttc w|ct|c: cc| :c:t ws i: iulltiuc ic
wo:|, :ttiuc ic wo:|, :ot wo:|i:g |ut loo|i:g io: ic |o|, o: ot|c: I|c oc:c:ccc :cso:scs wc:c t|c: coccc i:
cco:c:cc wit| t|c l:tc::tio:l t:c:c lssiiictio: oi ccutio:s ;l 1-,
I|c llA Internot:onol xoc:o-Lconom:c InJex oj Occnpot:onol xtotns ;lll, ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :cso:scs o:
:c:tl occutio: I|c i:ccx ctu:cs t|c tt:i|utcs oi occutio:s t|t co:vc:t :c:ts` ccuctio: i:to i:couc I|c i:ccx
ws cc:ivcc |, t|c otiul scli:g oi occutio: g:ous to uxiuisc t|c i:ci:cct ciicct oi ccuctio: o: i:couc t|:oug|
occutio: :c to ui:iuisc t|c ci:cct ciicct oi ccuctio: o: i:couc, :ct oi occutio: ;|ot| ciiccts |ci:g :ct oi gc, lo: uo:c
i:io:utio: o: t|c uct|ocolog,, scc G:zc|oou . o! ;1--!, I|c llA l:tc::tio:l ociolco:ouic l:ccx oi ccutio:l
ttus is |scc o: cit|c: t|c it|c:`s o: uot|c:`s occutio:s, w|ic|cvc: is t|c |ig|c:
Vlucs o: t|c i:ccx ::gc i:ou 0 to -0, low vlucs :c:csc:t low sociocco:ouic sttus :c |ig| vlucs :c:csc:t |ig| socio
cco:ouic sttus
Io ctu:c wicc: sccts oi stucc:t`s iuil, :c |ouc |c|g:ou:c i: ccitio: to occutio:l sttus, t|c llA :nJex oj
econom:c, soc:ol onJ cnltnrol stotns ws c:ctcc o: t|c |sis oi t|c iollowi:g v:i|lcs t|c l:tc::tio:l ociolco:ouic
l:ccx oi ccutio:l ttus ;lll, ;scc I|lc o1,, t|c |ig|cst lcvcl oi ccuctio: oi t|c stucc:t`s :c:ts, co:vc:tcc i:to
,c:s oi sc|ooli:g ;io: ct o: :c:tl lcvcls oi ccuctio: scc I|lc o, io: t|c co:vc:sio: cociiicic:ts scc I|lc A11,, t|c
llA i:ccx oi iuil, wclt| ;scc I|lc o!,, t|c llA i:ccx oi |ouc ccuctio:l :csou:ccs, :c t|c llA i:ccx oi osscssio:s
:cltcc to clssicl cultu:c i: t|c iuil, |ouc ;scc I|lc o!, I|c lll :c:csc:ts t|c ii:st :i:cilc couo:c:t oi t|c icto:s
ccsc:i|cc |ovc I|c i:ccx |s |cc: co:st:uctcc suc| t|t its uc: is 0 :c its st:c:c ccvitio: is 1
Auo:g t|csc couo:c:ts, t|c ct uost couuo:l, uissi:g :cltc to t|c l:tc::tio:l ociolco:ouic l:ccx oi ccutio:l
ttus ;lll,, :c:tl ccuctio:, o: |ot| c:tc icto: :l,scs wc:c t|c:cio:c u:cc:t|c: io: ll stucc:ts wit| vlic ct
io: .) t|c sociocco:ouic i:ccx oi occutio:l sttus, t|c i:ccx oi iuil, wclt|, t|c i:ccx oi |ouc ccuctio:l :csou:ccs
:c t|c i:ccx oi osscssio:s :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c i: t|c iuil, |ouc, ..) ,c:s oi :c:tl ccuctio:, t|c i:ccx oi iuil,
wclt|, t|c i:ccx oi |ouc ccuctio:l :csou:ccs :c t|c i:ccx oi osscssio:s :cltcc to clssicl cultu:c i: t|c iuil, |ouc,
:c ...) t|c i:ccx oi iuil, wclt|, t|c i:ccx oi |ouc ccuctio:l :csou:ccs :c t|c i:ccx oi osscssio:s :cltcc to clssicl
cultu:c i: t|c iuil, |ouc tucc:ts wc:c t|c: ssig:cc icto: sco:c |scc o: t|c uou:t oi ct vil|lc lo: t|is to |c co:c,
stucc:ts |c to |vc ct o: t lcst t|:cc v:i|lcs l: t|c csc oi l::cc, qucstio:s :cui: |out t|c :cli|ilit, oi stucc:ts`
:cso:scs :cg:ci:g :c:tl occutio: :c ccuctio: ;scc l:ll, 1---,
Parental eoucaton
tucc:ts wc:c s|cc to clssii, t|c |ig|cst lcvcl oi ccuctio: oi t|ci: uot|c: :c it|c: o: t|c |sis oi :tio:l quliiictio:s,
w|ic| wc:c t|c: coccc i: cco:c:cc wit| t|c l:tc::tio:l t:c:c lssiiictio: oi lcuctio: ;llD 1--, i: o:cc: to
o|ti: i:tc::tio:ll, cou:|lc ctcgo:ics oi ccuctio:l tti:uc:t I|c :csulti:g ctcgo:ics wc:c cic :ot go to sc|ool,
coulctcc llD lcvcl 1 ;:iu:, ccuctio:,~, coulctcc llD lcvcl ! ;lowc: scco:c:, ccuctio:,~, coulctcc
llD lcvcl !l o: ! ;uc: scco:c:, ccuctio:, iucc i: uost cou:t:ics t :ovici:g ci:cct c:t:, i:to t|c l|ou:
u:|ct,~, coulctcc llD lcvcl !A ;uc: scco:c:, ccuctio:, iucc i: uost cou:t:ics t gi:i:g c:t:, i:to tc:ti:,
ccuctio:,~, :c coulctcc llD lcvcl .A, .l o: o ;tc:ti:, ccuctio:,~
A::lX A1
!!!
lo: list oi t|c :tio:l i:stitutio:l ctcgo:ics uscc i: t|c |:c|cts ~ |ovc, scc t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c.
lo: t|c :l,scs i: |tc: , t|c |ig|cst lcvcl oi ccuctio:l tti:uc:t oi t|c :c:ts ws co:vc:tcc i:to : cstiutc oi yeors
oj scnool:nq |scc o: t|c cociiicic:ts s|ow: i: I|lc A11
Parental nterest
I|c llA i:ccx oi cnltnrol commnn:cot:on ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| t|ci: :c:ts ;o:
gu:ci:s, c:ggcc wit| t|cu i: t|c iollowi:g ctivitics ciscussi:g oliticl o: socil issucs, ciscussi:g |oo|s, iilus o: tclcvisio:
:og:uucs, :c listc:i:g to clssicl uusic
I|c llA i:ccx oi soc:ol commnn:cot:on ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| t|ci: :c:ts ;o:
gu:ci:s, c:ggcc wit| t|cu i: t|c iollowi:g ctivitics ciscussi:g |ow wcll t|c, :c coi:g t sc|ool, cti:g t|c ui: ucl~
wit| t|cu :ou:c t|lc, :c sc:ci:g tiuc siul, tl|i:g wit| t|cu
tucc:ts :cso:ccc to cc| sttcuc:t o: iivcoi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics :cvc: o: |:cl, cvc:`, icw tiucs
,c:`, |out o:cc uo:t|`, scvc:l tiucs uo:t|` :c scvc:l tiucs wcc|` lot| i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\
cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu ;ll,
lclgiuu ;l:,
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
l:zil
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
1
I|lc A11
Ieveis o parentai education converted into years o schooiing
compieted compieted
<IscID Ieveis 1B or <IscID Ievei 1A
1c (upper secondary (upper secondary compieted
compieted compieted education aimed at education aimed <IscID Ievei sA,
<IscID Ievei 1 <IscID Ievei 2 direct entry into at entry into sB or o
Did not go to schooi (primary educationj> secondary educationj> the iabour marketj> tertiary educationj> (tertiary educationj>
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
00 . 110 1!0 1!0 1o.
00 +0 0 110 1!0 1..
00 o0 0 1!0 1!0 1o.
00 o0 . 1!0 1!0 1o.
00 o0 -0 1!0 1!0 1+.
00 .0 -0 1!0 1!0 1o0
00 o0 -. 1!0 1!0 1.0
00 o0 -0 1!0 1!0 1.0
00 .0 -0 1!0 1!0 1.0
00 +0 -. 1!. 1!0 10
00 o0 -0 11. 1!0 1o0
00 +0 -0 11. 1!. 1.0
00 0 110 1!. 1+0 10
00 0 110 1!0 1!. 1..
00 .0 0 1!0 1!0 1o.
00 o0 -0 1!0 1!0 1..
00 .0 -0 1!0 1!0 1o0
00 o0 . 1!0 1!0 1..
00 o0 -. 1!0 1!0 1.0
00 o0 100 1!0 1!0 1o0
00 0 100 1!0 1!0 1o.
00 0 110 1!. 1o0 1o0
00 o. -0 1!0 1!0 1o0
00 o0 -. 11. 11. 1.0
00 -0 110 1!0 1!0 1..
00 o0 -. 11. 1!. 1o0
00 o0 -0 110 1!. 1+.
00 o0 -0 1!0 1!0 1+.
00 o0 -0 1!0 1!0 1..
00 .0 -0 1!0 1!0 1o0
00 +0 0 110 110 1o0
00 o0 -. 1!0 1!0 1o.
A::lX A1
!!!
Partcpaton n aootonal courses
tucc:ts wc:c s|cc ii t|c, |c souctiucs o: :cgul:l, ottenJeJ ony spec:ol conrses outsicc sc|ool cu:i:g t|c :cvious t|:cc
,c:s i: o:cc: to iu:ovc :csults I|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics wc:c t|c: g:oucc i:to two ctcgo:ics .) stucc:ts w|o ttc:ccc
ccitio:l cou:scs i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~, cou:scs i: ot|c: su||ccts o: cxtc:sio: o: ot|c: ccitio:l cou:scs outsicc
sc|ool, :c ..) stucc:ts w|o ttc:ccc :cuccil cou:scs i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~, :cuccil cou:scs i: ot|c: su||ccts
outsicc sc|ool o: ot|c: t:i:i:g to iu:ovc stuc, s|ills o: :ivtc tuto:i:g
Cultural actvtes
I|c llA i:ccx oi oct:v:t:es reloteJ to closs:col cnltnre ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: |ow oitc: t|c, |c
:ticitcc i: t|c iollowi:g ctivitics cu:i:g t|c :cccci:g ,c: visitcc uuscuu o: :t gllc:,, ttc:ccc : oc:, |llct
o: clssicl s,u|o:, co:cc:t, :c wtc|cc livc t|ct:c tucc:ts :cso:ccc to cc| sttcuc:t o: iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c
iollowi:g ctcgo:ics :cvc: o: |:cl, cvc:`, o:cc o: twicc ,c:`, ! o: + tiucs ,c:`, :c uo:c t|: + tiucs ,c:` I|c
i:ccx ws cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc
Fanly possessons
I|c llA i:ccx oi jom:ly weoltn ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: .) t|c vil|ilit,, i: t|ci: |ouc, oi cis|ws|c:,
:oou oi t|ci: ow:, ccuctio:l soitw:c, :c li:| to t|c l:tc::ct, :c ..) t|c :uu|c: oi ccllul: |o:cs, tclcvisio: scts,
couutc:s, uoto: c:s :c |t|:oous t |ouc
I|c llA i:ccx oi nome eJncot:onol resonrces ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c vil|ilit, :c :uu|c: oi t|c
iollowi:g itcus i: t|ci: |ouc cictio::,, quict lcc to stuc,, ccs| io: stuc,, tcxt|oo|s :c clculto:s
I|c llA i:ccx oi possess:ons reloteJ to closs:col cnltnre :n tne jom:ly nome ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c
vil|ilit, oi t|c iollowi:g itcus i: t|ci: |ouc clssicl litc:tu:c ;cxulcs wc:c givc:,, |oo|s oi oct:, :c wo:|s oi :t
;cxulcs wc:c givc:,
I|csc i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ;W:u, 1-., ccsc:i|cc |ovc
,EARNINGSTRATEGIESANDATTITUDES
Engagenent n reaong
I|c llA i:ccx oi enqoqement :n reoJ:nq ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t wit| t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts l
:cc o:l, ii l |vc to, :cci:g is o:c oi u, ivou:itc |o||ics, l li|c tl|i:g |out |oo|s wit| ot|c: colc, l ii:c it |:c to ii:is|
|oo|s, l iccl |, ii l :cccivc |oo| s :csc:t, io: uc :cci:g is wstc oi tiuc, l c:|o, goi:g to |oo|sto:c o: li|::,,
l :cc o:l, to gct i:io:utio: t|t l :ccc, :c, l c::ot sit still :c :cc io: uo:c t|: icw ui:utcs A iou:oi:t sclc wit|
t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics st:o:gl, cisg:cc`, cisg:cc`, g:cc` :c st:o:gl, g:cc` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c
WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc
Stuoent nterest n reaong
I|c llA i:ccx oi :nterest :n reoJ:nq ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t wit| t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts |ccusc
:cci:g is iu:, l woulc:`t w:t to givc it u, l :cc i: u, s:c tiuc, :c, w|c: l :cc, l souctiucs gct totll, |so:|cc A iou:
oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics cisg:cc`, cisg:cc soucw|t`, g:cc soucw|t` :c g:cc` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs
wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc
luuc:t . o! ;1--,
Stuoent nterest n nathenatcs
I|c llA i:ccx oi :nterest :n motnemot:cs ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t wit| t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts
w|c: l co ut|cutics, l souctiucs gct totll, |so:|cc, ut|cutics is iuo:t:t to uc c:so:ll,, :c |ccusc coi:g
ut|cutics is iu:, l woulc:`t w:t to givc it u A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics cisg:cc`, cisg:cc
soucw|t`, g:cc soucw|t` :c g:cc` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo:
i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc luuc:t . o! ;1--,
A::lX A1
!!+
Control strateges
I|c llA i:ccx oi control stroteq:es ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| stucc:ts uscc t|c iollowi:g st:tcgics w|c:
stuc,i:g l st:t |, iigu:i:g out w|t cxctl, l :ccc to lc::, l io:cc u,scli to c|cc| to scc ii l :cucu|c: w|t l |vc lc::cc,
l t:, to iigu:c out w|ic| co:ccts l still |vc:`t :cll, u:cc:stooc, l u|c su:c t|t l :cucu|c: t|c uost iuo:t:t t|i:gs,
:c, w|c: l stuc, :c l co:`t u:cc:st:c souct|i:g, l loo| io: ccitio:l i:io:utio: to cl:ii, t|is A iou:oi:t sclc wit|
t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics luost :cvc:`, souctiucs`, oitc:` :c luost lw,s` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c
WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc luuc:t . o! ;1--+,
Menorsng
I|c llA i:ccx oi memor:sot:on stroteq:es ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| stucc:ts uscc t|c iollowi:g st:tcgics
w|c: stuc,i:g l t:, to ucuo:isc cvc:,t|i:g t|t uig|t |c covc:cc, l ucuo:isc s uuc| s ossi|lc, l ucuo:isc ll :cw
utc:il so t|t l c: :ccitc it, :c l :cticc |, s,i:g t|c utc:il to u,scli ovc: :c ovc: A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c
:cso:sc ctcgo:ics luost :cvc:`, souctiucs`, oitc:` :c luost lw,s` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c
WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc luuc:t ;1--+, :c
li:t:ic| . o! ;1--!,
Elaboraton
I|c llA i:ccx oi eloIorot:on stroteq:es ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| stucc:ts uscc t|c iollowi:g st:tcgics
w|c: stuc,i:g l t:, to :cltc :cw utc:il to t|i:gs l |vc lc::cc i: ot|c: su||ccts, l iigu:c out |ow t|c i:io:utio: uig|t |c
usciul i: t|c :cl wo:lc, l t:, to u:cc:st:c t|c utc:il |cttc: |, :clti:g it to t|i:gs l l:cc, |:ow, :c, l iigu:c out |ow t|c
utc:il iits i: wit| w|t l |vc l:cc, lc::cc A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics luost :cvc:`, souctiucs`,
oitc:` :c luost lw,s` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o:
t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc luuc:t . o! ;1--+,
Co-operatve ano conpettve learnng
I|c llA i:ccx oi co-operot:ve leorn:nq ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t wit| t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts l li|c
to wo:| wit| ot|c: stucc:ts, l lc:: t|c uost w|c: l wo:| wit| ot|c: stucc:ts, l co u, |cst wo:| w|c: l wo:| wit| ot|c:
stucc:ts, l li|c to |cl ot|c: colc co wcll i: g:ou, :c, it is |cliul to ut togct|c: cvc:,o:c`s iccs w|c: wo:|i:g o:
:o|cct A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics cisg:cc`, cisg:cc soucw|t`, g:cc soucw|t` :c g:cc` ws uscc
I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c
i:ccx, scc wc:s :c l::cs ;1--!,
I|c llA i:ccx oi compet:t:ve leorn:nq ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c stucc:ts` lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t wit| t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts l
li|c to t:, to |c |cttc: t|: ot|c: stucc:ts, t:,i:g to |c |cttc: t|: ot|c:s u|cs uc wo:| wcll, l woulc li|c to |c t|c |cst t
souct|i:g, :c, l lc:: t|i:gs istc: ii lù t:,i:g to co |cttc: t|: t|c ot|c:s A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics
cisg:cc`, cisg:cc soucw|t`, g:cc soucw|t` :c g:cc` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto:
ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc wc:s :c l::cs ;1--!,
Stuoent self-concept n reaong
I|c llA i:ccx oi selj-concept :n reoJ:nq ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t wit| t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts lù
|oclcss i: clsscs oi t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~, l lc:: t|i:gs quic|l, i: t|c clsscs oi t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~,
:c, l gct gooc u:|s i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~ A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics cisg:cc`, cisg:cc
soucw|t`, g:cc soucw|t` :c g:cc` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo:
i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc \:s| . o! ;1--!,
Stuoent self-concept n nathenatcs
I|c llA i:ccx oi selj-concept :n motnemot:cs ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t wit| t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts
l gct gooc u:|s i: ut|cutics, ut|cutics is o:c oi u, |cst su||ccts, :c, l |vc lw,s co:c wcll i: ut|cutics A iou:
oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics cisg:cc`, cisg:cc soucw|t`, g:cc soucw|t` :c g:cc` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs
wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc
\:s| . o! ;1--!,
A::lX A1
!!.
lnterest n conputers
I|c llA i:ccx oi :nterest :n compnters ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c stucc:ts` :cso:scs to t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts it is vc:,
iuo:t:t to uc to wo:| wit| couutc:, to l, o: wo:| wit| couutc: is :cll, iu:, l usc couutc: |ccusc l u
vc:, i:tc:cstcc i: t|is, :c, l io:gct t|c tiuc, w|c: l u wo:|i:g wit| t|c couutc: A twooi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc
ctcgo:ics ,cs` :c :o` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o:
t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc lig:o: . o! ;1--,
Confort vth ano perceveo ablty to use conputers
I|c llA i:ccx oi comjort w:tn onJ perce:veJ oI:l:ty to nse compnters ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :cso:scs to t|c iollowi:g
qucstio:s low couio:t|lc :c ,ou wit| usi:g couutc:, low couio:t|lc :c ,ou wit| usi:g couutc: to w:itc c:,
low couio:t|lc :c ,ou wit| t|i:g tcst o: couutc:, :c, li ,ou cou:c ,ou:scli wit| ot|c: 1.,c:olcs, |ow woulc
,ou :tc ,ou: |ilit, to usc couutc: lo: t|c ii:st t|:cc qucstio:s, iou:oi:t sclc ws uscc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics
vc:, couio:t|lc`, couio:t|lc`, soucw|t couio:t|lc` :c :ot t ll couio:t|lc` lo: t|c lst qucstio:s, iou:oi:t sclc
ws uscc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics cxccllc:t`, gooc`, ii:` :c oo:` I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto:
ccsc:i|cc |ovc lo: i:io:utio: o: t|c co:cctul u:cc:i::i:g oi t|c i:ccx scc lig:o: . o! ;1--,
1ne spent on honevork
I|c llA i:ccx oi t:me spent on nomeworI ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c uou:t oi tiuc t|c, ccvotc to
|oucwo:| c: wcc| i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~, ut|cutics :c scic:cc tucc:ts :tcc t|c uou:t o: iou:oi:t
sclc wit| :cso:sc ctcgo:ics :o tiuc`, lcss t|: 1 |ou: c: wcc|`, |ctwcc: 1 :c ! |ou:s c: wcc|`, ! |ou:s o: uo:c c:
wcc|` I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc
3CHOOLPOLICIESANDPRACTICES
Use of stuoent assessnents
c|ool :i:cils :co:tcc o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| 1.,c:olcs i: t|ci: sc|ool :c sscsscc usi:g st:c:ciscc tcsts, tcsts
ccvclocc |, tcc|c:s, tcc|c:s` |ucguc:tl :ti:gs, stucc:t o:tiolios~, :c stucc:t ssig:uc:ts:o|ccts|oucwo:|
c|ool :i:cils :tcc cc| io:u oi sscssuc:t o: iivcoi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics :cvc:`, ,c:l,`, ! tiucs
,c:`, ! tiucs ,c:`, :c + o: uo:c tiucs ,c:` c|ool :i:cils lso :oviccc i:io:utio: o: w|ct|c: t|c sscssuc:t
oi 1.,c:olc stucc:ts ws uscc to cou:c sc|ool`s c:io:u:cc wit| cist:ict o: :tio:l~ c:io:u:cc, uo:ito: t|c
sc|ool`s :og:css i:ou ,c: to ,c:, :c u|c |ucgcuc:ts |out tcc|c:s` ciicctivc:css
I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c nse oj jormol ossessments ws cc:ivcc i:ou sc|ool :i:cils` :co:ts o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic|
st:c:ciscc tcsts wc:c uscc, :c o: t|ci: :co:ts o: |ow t|osc sscssuc:ts wc:c uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g
t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc lig| vlucs o: t|c i:ccx icc:tii, sc|ools w|c:c st:c:ciscc sscssuc:t l,cc :
iuo:t:t :olc s uo:ito:i:g tool
I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c nse oj :njormol ossessments ws cc:ivcc i:ou :i:cils` :co:ts o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic|
tcsts ccvclocc |, tcc|c:s, tcc|c:s` |ucguc:tl :ti:gs, stucc:t o:tiolios~ :c stucc:t ssig:uc:ts:o|ccts|oucwo:|
wc:c uscc, :c o: t|ci: :co:ts o: t|c uscs ucc oi t|osc sscssuc:ts I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto:
ccsc:i|cc |ovc lig| ositivc vlucs o: t|c i:ccx icc:tii, sc|ools w|c:c i:io:ul sscssuc:t l,s : iuo:t:t :olc s
uo:ito:i:g tool
School ano teacher autonony
c|ool :i:cils wc:c s|cc to :co:t w|ct|c: tcc|c:s, cc:tuc:t |ccs, t|c sc|ool :i:cil, : oi:tcc o: clcctcc |o:c
o: : ccuctio: ut|o:itics t |ig|c: lcvcl |c t|c ui: :cso:si|ilit, io: oi:ti:g tcc|c:s, cisuissi:g tcc|c:s, cst|lis|i:g
tcc|c:s` st:ti:g sl:ics, cctc:ui:i:g tcc|c:s` sl:, i:c:cscs, io:uulti:g sc|ool |ucgcts, llocti:g |ucgcts wit|i: t|c sc|ool,
cst|lis|i:g stucc:t ciscili::, olicics, cst|lis|i:g stucc:t sscssuc:t olicics, :ovi:g stucc:ts io: cuitt:cc to sc|ool,
c|oosi:g w|ic| tcxt|oo|s to usc, cctc:ui:i:g cou:sc co:tc:t, :c cccici:g w|ic| cou:scs wc:c oiic:cc
I|c llA i:ccx oi scnool ontonomy uscc i: |tc: ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c :uu|c: oi ctcgo:ics t|t :i:cils clssiiicc s
:ot |ci:g sc|ool :cso:si|ilit, I|c sclc ws t|c: i:vc:tcc so t|t |ig| vlucs i:cictc |ig| ccg:cc oi uto:ou,
A::lX A1
!!o
I|c llA i:ccx oi teocner ontonomy uscc i: |tc: ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c :uu|c: oi ctcgo:ics t|t :i:cils icc:tiiicc
s |ci:g ui:l, t|c :cso:si|ilit, oi tcc|c:s
I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc
Staff professonal oevelopnent
c|ool :i:cils :co:tcc t|c c:cc:tgc oi tcc|c:s i:volvcc i: projess:onol Jevelopment proqrommes l:oicssio:l
ccvclouc:t i:cluccc io:ul :og:uucs ccsig:cc to c:|:cc tcc|i:g s|ills o: ccgogicl :cticcs uc| :og:uucs
uig|t o: uig|t :ot lcc to :ccog:iscc quliiictio: lo: t|c u:osc oi t|is qucstio:, :og:uuc |c to |c t lcst o:c iull
c, i: lc:gt| :c to iocus o: tcc|i:g :c ccuctio:
School prncpals' perceptons of teacher-relateo factors affectng school clnate
I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c pr:nc:pols` percept:ons oj teocner-reloteJ joctors ojject:nq scnool cl:mote ws cc:ivcc i:ou
:i:cils` :co:ts o: t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| t|c lc::i:g |, 1.,c:olcs ws |i:cc:cc |, low cxccttio:s oi tcc|c:s, oo:
stucc:ttcc|c: :cltio:s, tcc|c:s :ot uccti:g i:civicul stucc:ts` :cccs, tcc|c: |sc:tccisu, stii :csisti:g c|:gc, tcc|c:s
|ci:g too st:ict wit| stucc:ts, :c stucc:ts :ot |ci:g c:cou:gcc to c|icvc t|ci: iull otc:til A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c
:cso:sc ctcgo:ics :ot t ll`, vc:, littlc`, to souc cxtc:t` :c lot` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\
cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc I|is i:ccx ws i:vc:tcc so t|t lowc: vlucs i:cictc oo:c: ciscili::, cliutc
School prncpals' perceptons of teachers' norale ano conntnent
I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c pr:nc:pols` percept:ons oj teocners` morole onJ comm:tment ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c cxtc:t to w|ic|
sc|ool :i:cils g:ccc wit| t|c iollowi:g sttcuc:ts t|c uo:lc oi t|c tcc|c:s i: t|is sc|ool is |ig|, tcc|c:s wo:| wit|
c:t|usisu, tcc|c:s t|c :icc i: t|is sc|ool, :c tcc|c:s vluc cccuic c|icvcuc:t A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc
ctcgo:ics st:o:gl, cisg:cc`, cisg:cc`, g:cc` :c st:o:gl, g:cc` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\
cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc
Shortage of teachers
I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c teocner snortoqe ws cc:ivcc i:ou t|c :i:cils` vicw o: |ow uuc| lc::i:g |, 1.,c:olc stucc:ts
ws |i:cc:cc |, t|c s|o:tgc o: i:ccquc, oi tcc|c:s i: gc:c:l, tcc|c:s i: t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~, ut|cutics o:
scic:cc I|c i:ccx ws cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc I|is i:ccx ws i:vc:tcc so t|t low vlucs i:cictc
:o|lcus wit| tcc|c: s|o:tgc
#LASSROOMPRACTICES
1eacher support
I|c llA i:ccx oi teocner snpport ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic| t|c tcc|c: s|ows :
i:tc:cst i: cvc:, stucc:t`s lc::i:g, t|c tcc|c: givcs stucc:ts : oo:tu:it, to cx:css oi:io:s, t|c tcc|c: |cls stucc:ts
wit| t|ci: wo:|, t|c tcc|c: co:ti:ucs tcc|i:g u:til t|c stucc:ts u:cc:st:c, t|c tcc|c: cocs lot to |cl stucc:ts, :c, t|c
tcc|c: |cls stucc:ts wit| t|ci: lc::i:g A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics :cvc:`, souc lcsso:s`, uost lcsso:s`
:c cvc:, lcsso:` ws uscc I|c i:ccx ws cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ;W:u, 1-., ccsc:i|cc |ovc
Dscplnary clnate
I|c llA i:ccx oi J:sc:pl:nory cl:mote suuu:iscs stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic|, i: t|ci: clss oi t|c
l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~ t|c tcc|c: |s to wit lo:g tiuc io: stucc:ts to quictc: cow:~, stucc:ts c::ot wo:| wcll,
stucc:ts co:`t listc: to w|t t|c tcc|c: s,s, stucc:ts co:`t st:t wo:|i:g io: lo:g tiuc itc: t|c lcsso: |cgi:s, t|c:c is :oisc
:c ciso:cc:, :c, t t|c st:t oi clss, uo:c t|: iivc ui:utcs :c sc:t coi:g :ot|i:g A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc
ctcgo:ics :cvc:`, souc lcsso:s`, uost lcsso:s` :c cvc:, lcsso:` ws uscc I|is i:ccx ws i:vc:tcc so t|t low vlucs i:cictc
oo: ciscili::, cliutc
I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c pr:nc:pols` percept:ons oj stnJent-reloteJ joctors ojject:nq scnool cl:mote ws cc:ivcc i:ou
:i:cils` :co:ts o: t|c cxtc:t to w|ic| lc::i:g |, 1.,c:olcs i: t|ci: sc|ool ws |i:cc:cc |, stucc:t |sc:tccisu,
cis:utio: oi clsscs |, stucc:ts, stucc:ts s|ii:g clsscs, stucc:ts lc|i:g :cscct io: tcc|c:s, t|c usc oi lco|ol o: illcgl
A::lX A1
!!
c:ugs, :c stucc:ts i:tiuicti:g o: |ull,i:g ot|c: stucc:ts A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics :ot t ll`, vc:,
littlc`, to souc cxtc:t` :c lot` ws uscc I|is i:ccx ws i:vc:tcc so t|t low vlucs i:cictc oo: ciscili::, cliutc I|c
i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc
Pressure to acheve
I|c llA i:ccx oi ocn:evement press ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|c i:cquc:c, wit| w|ic|, i: t|ci: clss oi
t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~ t|c tcc|c: w:ts stucc:ts to wo:| |:c, t|c tcc|c: tclls stucc:ts t|t t|c, c: co |cttc:, t|c
tcc|c: cocs :ot li|c it w|c: stucc:ts cclivc: c:clcss~ wo:|, :c, stucc:ts |vc to lc:: lot A iou:oi:t sclc wit|
t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics :cvc:`, souc lcsso:s`, uost lcsso:s` :c cvc:, lcsso:` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c
WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc wit| :cvc:` coccc s 1 :c ll ot|c: :cso:sc ctcgo:ics coccc s 0
1eacher-stuoent relatons
I|c llA i:ccx oi teocner-stnJent relot:ons ws cc:ivcc i:ou stucc:ts` :co:ts o: t|ci: lcvcl oi g:ccuc:t wit| t|c
iollowi:g sttcuc:ts stucc:ts gct lo:g wcll wit| uost tcc|c:s, uost tcc|c:s :c i:tc:cstcc i: stucc:ts` wcll|ci:g, uost
oi u, tcc|c:s :cll, listc: to w|t l |vc to s,, ii l :ccc cxt: |cl, l will :cccivc it i:ou u, tcc|c:s, :c uost oi u,
tcc|c:s t:ct uc ii:l, A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics st:o:gl, cisg:cc`, cisg:cc`, g:cc` :c st:o:gl,
g:cc` ws uscc I|c i:ciccs wc:c cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc wit| st:o:gl, g:cc` coccc s 1 :c ll
ot|c: :cso:sc ctcgo:ics coccc s 0
3CHOOLRESOURCESANDTYPEOFSCHOOL
Cualty of the schools' physcal nfrastructure
I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c qnol:ty oj tne scnools` pnys:col :njrostrnctnre ws cc:ivcc i:ou :i:cils` :co:ts o: t|c cxtc:t to
w|ic| lc::i:g |, 1.,c:olcs i: t|ci: sc|ool ws |i:cc:cc |, oo: co:citio: oi |uilci:gs, oo: |cti:g :c cooli:g :co:
lig|ti:g s,stcus, :c lc| oi i:st:uctio:l scc ;., i: clss:oous,
A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics :ot t ll`, vc:, littlc`, to souc cxtc:t` :c lot` ws uscc I|c i:ccx ws
cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc I|is i:ccx ws i:vc:tcc so t|t low vlucs i:cictc low qulit, oi |,sicl
i:i:st:uctu:c
Cualty of the schools' eoucatonal resources
I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c qnol:ty oj tne scnools` eJncot:onol resonrces ws cc:ivcc |scc o: t|c sc|ool :i:cils` :co:ts o: t|c
cxtc:t to w|ic| lc::i:g |, 1.,c:olcs ws |i:cc:cc |, :ot c:oug| couutc:s io: i:st:uctio:, lc| oi i:st:uctio:l utc:ils
i: t|c li|::,, lc| oi uultiucci :csou:ccs io: i:st:uctio:, i:ccqutc scic:cc l|o:to:, cquiuc:t, :c i:ccqutc icilitics
io: t|c ii:c :ts
A iou:oi:t sclc wit| t|c :cso:sc ctcgo:ics :ot t ll`, vc:, littlc`, to souc cxtc:t` :c lot` ws uscc I|c i:ccx
ws cc:ivcc usi:g t|c WAk\ cstiuto: ccsc:i|cc |ovc I|is i:ccx ws i:vc:tcc so t|t low vlucs i:cictc low qulit, oi
ccuctio:l :csou:ccs
Avalablty of conputers
c|ool :i:cils :oviccc i:io:utio: o: t|c totl :uu|c: oi couutc:s vil|lc i: t|ci: sc|ools :c, uo:c scciiicll,, o:
t|c :uu|c: oi couutc:s vil|lc to 1.,c:olcs, vil|lc o:l, to tcc|c:s, vil|lc o:l, to cui:ist:tivc stii, co::cctcc
to t|c l:tc::ct, :c co::cctcc to locl :c :ctwo:| I|c llA i:ccx oi t|c ovo:loI:l:ty oj compnters ws cc:ivcc |, civici:g
t|c totl :uu|c: oi couutc:s vil|lc to 1.,c:olcs |, t|c totl :uu|c: oi couutc:s i: t|c sc|ool
Stuoent-teachng staff rato ano class sze
c|ool :i:cils i:cictcc t|c :uu|c: oi iulltiuc :c :ttiuc tcc|c:s culo,cc i: t|ci: sc|ools l:i:cils lso scciiicc
t|c :uu|c:s oi tcc|c:s t|t wc:c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t~ tcc|c:s, ut|cutics tcc|c:s :c scic:cc tcc|c:s, t|c :uu|c:
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Inde o Inde Inde o posses-
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and perceived Inde o Inde Inde o reiated to Inde ciassicai Inde o
abiiity to use competitive o controi co-operative ciassicai o cuiturai cuiture in the discipiinary
computers iearning strategies iearning cuiture communication amiiy home ciimate

Inde o Inde o Inde Inde o home Inde Inde Inde Inde o
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strategies in reading veaith resources in computers mathematics in reading strategies
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commitment autonomy seiectivity mathematics in reading communication schooi ciimate autonomy
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I|c llA t:gct oultio: cic :ot i:clucc :csicc:ts ttc:ci:g sc|ools i: io:cig: cou:t:,
Io ccouuoctc cou:t:ics t|t ccsi:cc g:cc|scc :csults io: t|c u:osc oi :tio:l :l,scs, llA !000 :oviccc :
i:tc::tio:l otio: to sulcuc:t gc|scc suli:g wit| g:cc|scc suli:g
0OPULATIONCOVERAGE
All cou:t:ics ttcutcc to uxiuisc t|c covc:gc oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: ccuctio: i: t|ci: :tio:l sulcs, i:cluci:g
stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sccil ccuctio:l i:stitutio:s As :csult, llA !000 :cc|cc st:c:cs oi oultio: covc:gc t|t :c
u::ccccc:tcc i: i:tc::tio:l su:vc,s oi t|is |i:c
A::lX A!
!!!
I|c suli:g st:c:cs uscc i: llA c:uittcc cou:t:ics to cxclucc u to totl oi . c: cc:t oi t|c :clcv:t oultio: cit|c:
|, cxcluci:g sc|ools o: |, cxcluci:g stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools All |ut t|:cc cou:t:ics c|icvcc t|c :cqui:cc covc:gc oi t lcst
-. c: cc:t oi t|c :tio:l ccsi:cc t:gct oultio:, :c |li oi t|c cou:t:ics c|icvcc - c: cc:t o: uo:c I|c ccili:g io:
oultio: cxclusio:s oi . c: cc:t c:su:cs t|t otc:til |is :csulti:g i:ou cxclusio:s is li|cl, to :cui: wit|i: o:c st:c:c
c::o: oi suli:g
lxclusio:s wit|i: t|c |ovc liuits i:clucc
+ |. .|cc! !..! .) sc|ools w|ic| wc:c gcog:|icll, i:cccssi|lc o: w|c:c t|c cui:ist:tio: oi t|c llA sscssuc:t ws
:ot co:sicc:cc icsi|lc, :c ..) sc|ools t|t :oviccc tcc|i:g o:l, io: stucc:ts i: t|c ctcgo:ics ccii:cc u:cc: wit|i:sc|ool
cxclusio:s, suc| s sc|ools io: t|c |li:c I|c c:cc:tgc oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: suc| sc|ools |c to |c lcss t|: !.
c: cc:t oi t|c :tio:ll, ccsi:cc t:gct oultio: I|c ug:itucc, :tu:c :c |ustiiictio: oi sc|oollcvcl cxclusio:s is
cocuuc:tcc i: t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c.
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
1
I|lc A!1
rIsA target popuiations and sampies
ropuiation and sampie inormation coverage indices
(1j (2j (1j (+j (sj (oj (1j (8j (9j (10j (11j (12j (11j (1+j
1otai in nationai
desired target popu- coverage coverage
1otai 1otai iation ater schooi inde 1: inde 2:
1otai enroiied in nationai eciusions rercentage Weighted Weighted Within- coverage coverage
popuiation popuiation desired schooi- and beore o schooi- Number o number o Number o number o schooi Gveraii o nationai o nationai
o 1s-years o 1s-years target ievei vithin-schooi ievei participating participating eciuded eciuded eciusion eciusion desired enroiied
oid oid popuiation eciusions eciusions eciusions students students students students rate (j rate (j popuiation popuiation
t(t+i)- t(t+i)-
:t 2(o) :t 2(/) :t +(o) :t +(/) :t +(.) +(/)+(o) t i i(t+i) (+j.+jo) (+j.2j/)
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
lo: cctils scc t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c.
!oo !+ -0 !+ ! ! .0 !+. 11. . 1o !!- 1.! o! ! o 11o !!- 0- 0-
-. 0+1 -0 !.+ -0 !.+ !! -0 !!! 00+ + +. 1 .+ +1 .00 0o- 0! 0-- 0--
1!1 1!1 11- 0.. 11 -! 1 0-1 11 1 0-! o o0 110 0-. 100 1 .-o 1+! !!! 0- 0-
+0! 0! !-o +!! !-1 ! 0!. !- --0 0.! !- o !+ +1 1 .+ 1o 1- +++ +-+ 0-. 0-+
1!+ o! 1!! .0 1!! .0 ! 11 1!0 !! 1o. . !o. 1!. o!- 1! !- 0!+ 1 0- 0-
.! o-! .! 1o1 .! 1o1 !+. .1 1o 0oo + !!. + o 11- 1 1-. !++ !0 0- 0-
oo .1 oo .o1 oo !1- ..0 o. o- 0! + o+ o! !o . o! 10o 1 0- 0-
! ! .0 +o0 1 ! !! !! !!o + o! !0 +-+ .- !0 111 !+. 0- 0-!
-! +! -!+ .+- -!+ .+- . +!! -1- 1!o 0.- . 0! !o 1o o0 - 1o! 110 1o 0- 0-
1! 1. 1!+ o.o 1!+ 1 !00 1!! - 01o ! o++ 111 !o! !1 o! 0o1 0 0-- 0--
1!0 .- 11. !!. 11. !!. 0 11. !!. 000 + 10 +o0 !+ o. 01 01 0-- 0--
+ 0o! + 0++ + 0++ 1 + 0!o 0+. ! !! ! o- - - !01 !++ 0- 0-
o. !!- o+ !0 o! .! 1 0!1 o! ..1 1o1 ! .+ .o !0- 1!+ 1 !+ !-- +.. 0-. 0-+
.+ +1 .+ o+ .+ o+ . .+ 0- 01! + -+ .10 -! 11 1! !+ !!+ !+ 0- 0-
1 +-0 000 1 +. !o- 1 +.- !-o !+ 1!+ 1 +!. 1! !!+ . !.o 1 ++o .-o 0 0 000 !!+ 0- 0-o
1! 1! o0! o0. o0! o0. 1 !0 o00 . 0!0 + -! .- 10- o !o 01+ 0++ 100 100
+ ..o + ..o + ..o +1o + 1+0 -1! ! .! + 1! 0 0 000 -1! 0-1 0-1
! 1! .0+ 1 0- o0. 1 0! !1 0 1 0! !1 000 + o00 -o0 011 ! .o+ 00o 00o 100 0-
.+ !!0 .1 +o+ .1 +o+ -o .0 + 1-0 ! oo +o . 1! 1 .-0 !!- .1! 0-. 0-.
.! 1o. .1 . .1 ++ +!0 .1 0.+ 0! + 1+ +- .- -! -++ 1 !o 0- 0-
oo. .00 o+! .! o+! .! .o .!+ . 00+ ! o.+ .+! 00. .! . ++ 100 -0 0-0 0-0
1!! !!. 1! 1o. 1! 1o. 0 1! 1o. 000 + .. -- -- 1!! ! !0 !0 0- 0-
+o! 0! +.1 o. +.1 o. ! 10 ++- .0. 0+ o !1+ !-- 0.. 1.! -- !!1 !o 0- 0-
100 -+0 100 -+0 100 -+0 1 !o0 -- .0 1!. + +1o -+ !! 1+ ! !+- !+! +! 0-. 0-.
1 !.0 - !!! - !!! -.+ ! 1!0 o 100 ! 010 o! !! 11! !!! 0- 0-
!1 +! 0. . 0. . 1 o+ o !01 !.0 - !+0 o+! 0+1 !1- 1. --0 !+! + 0-. 0-.
! o 000 ! !o 000 ! !o 000 0 ! !o 000 000 ! +o ! 1!1 + !11 1!! .+! +0 +0 0-o 0-o

! +o+ !!0 1 +1 +! 1 ! !!o o o!! 1 !0 o0! 0!o + -! ! +0! !0 1+ +! 0!! 0o- 0-- 0--
! 000 !. -1 !. -1 o !. 0-. !+o ! -!0 !0 0o! o! +0! 1!! !. 0-o 0-o
+1. !!o !!o 0 !!o 000 !1+ !!. ! ! 0o1 0o1 0-- 0--
! !o .oo ! !.- -. ! !.- -. 10 o ! !+- 11 0+ o 01 1 -o 1!1 !! + -o0 0!. 0! 0-- 0--
1 -!+ 1 -!+ 1 -!+ 00 11 1!+ +!o ! .0! 1. !! 1 !! 001 +! 0-o 0-o
A::lX A!
!!!
+ |. o1. !..! .) stucc:ts w|o wc:c co:sicc:cc i: t|c :oicssio:l oi:io: oi t|c sc|ool :i:cil o: oi ot|c: quliiicc
stii ucu|c:s, to |c ccuc|lc uc:tll, :ct:ccc o: w|o |c |cc: ccii:cc s suc| t|:oug| s,c|ologicl tcsts ;i:cluci:g
stucc:ts w|o wc:c cuotio:ll, o: uc:tll, u:|lc to iollow t|c gc:c:l i:st:uctio:s givc: i: llA,, ..) stucc:ts w|o wc:c
c:u:c:tl, :c |,sicll, cis|lcc i: suc| w, t|t t|c, coulc :ot c:io:u i: t|c llA sscssuc:t situtio: ;iu:ctio:ll,
cis|lcc stucc:ts w|o coulc :cso:c wc:c to |c i:cluccc i: t|c sscssuc:t,, :c ...) :o::tivc l:gugc sc|c:s wit|
lcss t|: o:c ,c: oi i:st:uctio: i: t|c l:gugc oi t|c sscssuc:t tucc:ts coulc :ot |c cxcluccc solcl, |ccusc oi
:o:ul ciscili:c :o|lcus I|c c:cc:tgc oi 1.,c:olcs cxcluccc wit|i: sc|ools |c to |c lcss t|: !. c: cc:t oi t|c
not:onolly Jes:reJ torqet popnlot:on
I|lc A!1 ccsc:i|cs t|c t:gct oultio: oi t|c cou:t:ics :ticiti:g i: llA !000 lu:t|c: i:io:utio: o: t|c t:gct
oultio: :c t|c iulcuc:ttio: oi llA suli:g st:c:cs c: |c iou:c i: t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c.
coiumn 1 s|ows t|c totl :uu|c: oi 1.,c:olcs cco:ci:g to !000 :tio:l oultio: :cgistc:s
coiumn 2 s|ows t|c :uu|c: oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: sc|ools ;s ccii:cc |ovc,, w|ic| is :cic::cc to s t|c el:q:Ile
popnlot:on
coiumn 1 s|ows t|c :tio:l ccsi:cc t:gct oultio: As :t oi t|c sc|oollcvcl cxclusio:s, cou:t:ics wc:c llowcc to
cxclucc u to 0. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts o ..c.. i:ou t|c cligi|lc oultio:, cssc:till, io: :cticl :cso:s I|c iollowi:g
:io:, cxclusio:s cxcccc t|is liuit |ut wc:c g:ccc wit| t|c llA o:so:tiuu canada cxcluccc 11 c: cc:t oi t|c
cligi|lc oultio:, oi w|ic| 0! c: cc:t ccou:tcc io: sc|ools o: lccc:l l:ci: :csc:vtio:s :c 0+! c: cc:t wc:c
i: t|c Yu|o:, :o:t|wcst, :c :u:uvu| tc::ito:ics l: t|c csc oi Irance, t|c cligi|lc oultio: i:cluccc stucc:ts i: t|c
Ic::itoi:cs cùt:c\c:, |ut |ccusc cou:t:ics wc:c :ot :cqui:cc to sscss stucc:ts i: outl,i:g tc::ito:ics :ot su||cct
to t|c :tio:l ccuctio: s,stcus, it ws c:uissi|lc to cxclucc t|csc stucc:ts l:c:c| stucc:ts i: outl,i:g 1.o...
wc:c, s :cqui:cc, i:cluccc i: llA !000 Ireiand cxcluccc 1o1 c: cc:t oi t|c cligi|lc oultio: I|is covc:cc 11.
c: cc:t oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sc|ools :ot iccc |, t|c Dc:tuc:t oi lcuctio: :c cic:cc, 0!o c: cc:t i: vc:, sull
sc|ools, :c 01! c: cc:t i: ccsig:tcc ciscv:tgcc sc|ools ]apan cxcluccc +0 c: cc:t oi t|c cligi|lc oultio:,
oi w|ic| 1 c: cc:t wc:c stucc:ts ccuctcc |, uil :c stucc:ts i: ot|c: sull st:cus ;lc||, lotosc:uo:g||o,,
:c !! c: cc:t wc:c i: :ttiuc ccuctio: ;Ici|isci, Meico cxcluccc !! c: cc:t oi its cligi|lc oultio: i:
gcog:|icll, :cuotc sc|ools Auo:g t|c :o:lD cou:t:ics, Brazii cxcluccc 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: g:ccs 1 to o
w|ic| ccou:tcc io: 1o c: cc:t oi 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: l:zil I|is cxclusio: ws lcgitiutc |ccusc suc| stucc:ts
:c :ot :t oi t|c llA t:gct oultio: u|t:cti:g t|c stucc:ts cxcluccc o ..c.. i:ou t|c cligi|lc oultio: :csults
i: t|c :tio:l ccsi:cc t:gct oultio: i: oluu: !
coiumn + s|ows t|c :uu|c: oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: sc|ools t|t wc:c cxcluccc i:ou t|c :tio:l ccsi:cc t:gct oultio:
coiumn s s|ows t|c sizc oi t|c :tio:l ccsi:cc t:gct oultio: itc: su|t:cti:g t|c stucc:ts c::ollcc i: cxcluccc
sc|ools I|is is o|ti:cc |, su|t:cti:g oluu: + i:ou oluu: !
coiumn o s|ows t|c c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts c::ollcc i: cxcluccc sc|ools I|is is o|ti:cc |, civici:g oluu: + |,
oluu: !
coiumn 1 s|ows t|c nnmIer oj stnJents port:c:pot:nq :n 1Ix+ 2uuu :otc t|t t|is :uu|c: cocs :ot ccou:t io:
1.,c:olcs sscsscc s :t oi ccitio:l :tio:l otio:s I|csc :tio:l otio:s ccou:t io: : ccitio:l ! 10.
1.,c:olc stucc:ts c:oss ll cou:t:ics
coiumn 8 s|ows t|c we:qnteJ nnmIer oj port:c:pot:nq stnJents, .., t|c :uu|c: oi stucc:ts i: t|c :tio:ll, ccii:cc
t:gct oultio: t|t t|c llA sulc :c:csc:ts
lc| cou:t:, ttcutcc to uxiuisc t|c covc:gc oi llA`s t:gct oultio: wit|i: t|c sulcc sc|ools l: t|c csc oi
cc| sulcc sc|ool, ll cligi|lc stucc:ts, :ucl, t|osc 1. ,c:s oi gc, :cg:clcss oi g:cc, wc:c ii:st listcc ulcc
stucc:ts w|o wc:c to |c cxcluccc |c still to |c i:cluccc i: t|c suli:g cocuuc:ttio:, :c list c:w: u stti:g t|c
:cso: io: t|ci: cxclusio: coiumn 9 i:cictcs t|c :uu|c: oi exclnJeJ stnJents, .. stucc:ts w|o icll i:to o:c oi t|c
ctcgo:ics scciiicc |ovc coiumn 10 i:cictcs t|c we:qnteJ nnmIer oj exclnJeJ stnJents, .., t|c ovc:ll :uu|c: oi
stucc:ts i: t|c :tio:ll, ccii:cc t:gct oultio: :c:csc:tcc |, t|c :uu|c: oi stucc:ts cxcluccc i:ou t|c sulc
coiumn 11 s|ows t|c percentoqe oj stnJents exclnJeJ w:tn:n scnools. I|is is clcultcc s t|c wcig|tcc :uu|c: oi
cxcluccc stucc:ts ;oluu: 10, civiccc |, t|c wcig|tcc :uu|c: oi cxcluccc :c :ticiti:g stucc:ts ;oluu: lus
oluu: 10,
A::lX A!
!!+
coiumn 12 s|ows t|c overoll exclns:on rote w|ic| :c:csc:ts t|c wcig|tcc c:cc:tgc oi t|c :tio:l ccsi:cc t:gct
oultio: cxcluccc i:ou llA cit|c: t|:oug| sc|oollcvcl cxclusio:s o: t|:oug| t|c cxclusio: oi stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools lt is
o|ti:cc |, uultil,i:g t|c c:cc:tgc oi sc|oollcvcl cxclusio:s ;oluu: o, |, 100, ui:us t|c c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts cxcluccc
wit|i: sc|ools ;oluu: 11, :c cci:g t|c c:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts cxcluccc wit|i: sc|ools ;oluu: 11, to t|c :csult
coiumn 11 :csc:ts : :nJex oj tne extent to wn:cn tne not:onol Jes:reJ torqet popnlot:on :s covereJ Iy tne 1Ix+
somple I|c i:ccx is cx:csscc i: c: cc:t oi t|c :tio:l ccsi:cc t:gct oultio: covc:cc luxcu|ou:g, lol:c :c
l:zil :c t|c o:l, cou:t:ics i: w|ic| lcss t|: -. c: cc:t oi t|c oultio: t|t llA scc|s to covc: is :c:csc:tcc
|, t|c llA sulcs l: t|c csc oi roiand, t|c cxclusio: :tc is 10 c: cc:t I|is i:cluccs t|c o c: cc:t oi 1.,c:
olcs c::ollcc i: :iu:, sc|ools I|c c:io:u:cc oi t|csc stucc:ts i: t|c llA sscssuc:ts c: |c cxcctcc to |c
lowc: t|: t|c c:io:u:cc oi 1.,c:olcs i: scco:c:, sc|ools, :c t|is cxclusio: u, iul, t|t t|c c:io:u:cc oi
lolis| stucc:ts o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc is ovc:cstiutcc |, two ::|o:cc: ositio:s :c o: t|c scic:tiiic
litc:c, sclc |, |out t|:cc ::|o:cc: ositio:s :o ::|o:cc: s|iits :c cxcctcc o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc
Iuembourg |s : cxclusio: :tc oi -1 c: cc:t, cuc l:gcl, to stucc:ts i:st:uctcc i: l:gugcs ot|c: t|: t|c
l:gugcs oi sscssuc:t i: luxcu|ou:g lc:uissi|lc cxclusio:s i:cluccc ! stucc:ts wit| sccil :cccs, !- stucc:ts
ttc:ci:g t|c lu:oc: c|ool, !! stucc:ts ttc:ci:g t|c Auc:ic: l:tc::tio:l c|ool, +. stucc:ts ttc:ci:g ot|c:
sc|ools :ot u:cc: t|c ut|o:it, oi t|c \i:ist:, oi lcuctio:, :c 1+ stucc:ts ttc:ci:g sull sc|ools lt is :ot cxcctcc
t|t t|c cxclusio:s i: luxcu|ou:g ovc:cstiutc its ::|o:cc: ositio: o: t|c llA sclcs Auo:g :o:lD cou:t:ics,
i: Brazii, t|c sc|oollcvcl cxclusio: :tc is 1 c: cc:t |ut uuc| oi t|is is cxli:cc |, 1.,c:olcs c::ollcc i: G:cc .
:c o w|o co :ot |clo:g to t|c llA t:gct oultio: :o ::| o:cc: s|iits :c cxcctcc oi t|c cxclusio:s i: l:zil lo:
iu:t|c: i:io:utio: scc t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c.
coiumn 1+ :csc:ts : :nJex oj tne extent to wn:cn 1-yeor-olJs enrolleJ :n scnools ore covereJ Iy tne 1Ix+
somple I|c i:ccx ucsu:cs t|c ovc:ll :oo:tio: oi t|c :tio:l c::ollcc oultio: t|t is covc:cc |, t|c :o:
cxcluccc o:tio: oi t|c stucc:t sulc I|c i:ccx t|cs i:to ccou:t |ot| sc|oollcvcl :c stucc:tlcvcl cxclusio:s
Vlucs closc to 100 i:cictc t|t t|c llA sulc :c:csc:ts t|c c:ti:c ccuctio: s,stcu s ccii:cc io: llA !000 I|c
i:ccx is t|c wcig|tcc :uu|c: oi :ticiti:g stucc:ts ;oluu: -, civiccc |, t|c wcig|tcc :uu|c: oi :ticiti:g :c
cxcluccc stucc:ts ;oluu:s - lus oluu: 11,, tiucs t|c :tio:ll, ccii:cc t:gct oultio: ;oluu: ., civiccc |,
t|c :tio:l ccsi:cc t:gct oultio: ;tiucs 100,
3AMPLINGPROCEDURESANDRESPONSERATES
I|c ccu:c, oi :, su:vc, :csults ccc:cs o: t|c qulit, oi t|c i:io:utio: o: w|ic| :tio:l sulcs :c |scc s wcll s
o: t|c suli:g :occcu:cs Qulit, st:c:cs, :occcu:cs, i:st:uuc:ts :c vc:iiictio: ucc|:isus wc:c ccvclocc io: llA
t|t c:su:cc t|t :tio:l sulcs ,iclccc cou:|lc ct :c t|t t|c :csults coulc |c cou:cc wit| co:iicc:cc
\ost llA sulcs wc:c ccsig:cc s twostgc st:tiiicc sulcs ;w|c:c cou:t:ics licc ciiic:c:t suli:g ccsig:s, t|csc
:c cocuuc:tcc i: t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c., I|c ii:st stgc co:sistcc oi suli:g i:civicul sc|ools i: w|ic| 1.,c:olc
stucc:ts wc:c c::ollcc c|ools wc:c sulcc s,stcuticll, wit| :o||ilitics :oo:tio:l to sizc, t|c ucsu:c oi sizc |ci:g
iu:ctio: oi t|c cstiutcc :uu|c: oi cligi|lc ;1.,c:olc, stucc:ts c::ollcc A ui:iuuu oi 1.0 sc|ools wc:c sclcctcc i:
cc| cou:t:, ;w|c:c t|is :uu|c: cxistcc,, lt|oug| t|c :cqui:cuc:ts io: :tio:l :l,scs oitc: :cqui:cc soucw|t l:gc:
sulc As t|c sc|ools wc:c sulcc, :clccuc:t sc|ools wc:c siuult:cousl, icc:tiiicc, i: csc sulcc sc|ool c|osc :ot
to :ticitc i: llA !000
l: t|c csc oi Iceiand, Iiechtenstein :c Iuembourg, ll sc|ools :c ll cligi|lc stucc:ts wit|i: sc|ools wc:c i:cluccc
i: t|c sulc lowcvc:, si:cc :ot ll stucc:ts i: t|c llA sulcs wc:c sscsscc i: ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,, t|csc
:tio:l sulcs :c:csc:t coulctc cc:sus o:l, i: :cscct oi t|c sscssuc:t oi :cci:g litc:c,, :c :til cc:sus oi t|c
sscssuc:t oi ut|cuticl :c scic:tiiic litc:c,
lxc:ts i:ou t|c llA o:so:tiuu uo:ito:cc t|c sulc sclcctio: :occss i: cc| :ticiti:g cou:t:,
I|c scco:c stgc oi t|c sclcctio: :occss sulcc stucc:ts wit|i: sulcc sc|ools :cc sc|ools wc:c sclcctcc, list oi cc|
sulcc sc|ool`s 1.,c:olc stucc:ts ws :c:cc l:ou t|is list, !. stucc:ts wc:c t|c: sclcctcc wit| cqul :o||ilit, ;ll
1.,c:olc stucc:ts wc:c sclcctcc ii icwc: t|: !. wc:c c::ollcc,
A::lX A!
!!.
Dt qulit, st:c:cs i: llA :cqui:cc ui:iuuu :ticitio: :tcs io: sc|ools s wcll s io: stucc:ts I|csc st:c:cs wc:c
cst|lis|cc to ui:iuisc t|c otc:til io: :cso:sc |iscs l: t|c csc oi cou:t:ics uccti:g t|csc st:c:cs, it is li|cl, t|t :,
|is :csulti:g i:ou :o::cso:sc will |c :cgligi|lc, .. t,icll, sullc: t|: t|c suli:g c::o:
A ui:iuuu :cso:sc :tc oi . c: cc:t ws :cqui:cc io: t|c sc|ools i:itill, sclcctcc W|c:c t|c i:itil :cso:sc :tc oi
sc|ools ws |ctwcc: o. :c . c: cc:t, |owcvc:, : ccct|lc sc|ool :cso:sc :tc coulc still |c c|icvcc t|:oug| t|c
usc oi :clccuc:t sc|ools I|is :occcu:c |:oug|t wit| it :is| oi i:c:cscc :cso:sc |is l:ticiti:g cou:t:ics wc:c,
t|c:cio:c, c:cou:gcc to c:succ s u:, oi t|c sc|ools i: t|c o:igi:l sulc s ossi|lc to :ticitc c|ools wit| stucc:t
:ticitio: :tc |ctwcc: !. :c .0 c: cc:t wc:c :ot :cg:ccc s :ticiti:g sc|ools, |ut ct i:ou t|csc sc|ools wc:c
i:cluccc i: t|c ct|sc :c co:t:i|utcc to t|c v:ious cstiutio:s Dt i:ou sc|ools wit| stucc:t :ticitio: :tc oi lcss
t|: !. c: cc:t wc:c cxcluccc i:ou t|c ct|sc
llA !000 lso :cqui:cc ui:iuuu :ticitio: :tc oi 0 c: cc:t oi stucc:ts wit|i: :ticiti:g sc|ools ;o:igi:l sulc
:c :clccuc:t, I|is ui:iuuu :ticitio: :tc |c to |c uct t t|c :tio:l lcvcl, :ot :cccss:il, |, cc| :ticiti:g
sc|ool \|cu scssio:s wc:c :cqui:cc i: sc|ools i: w|ic| too icw stucc:ts |c :ticitcc i: t|c o:igi:l sscssuc:t
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
1
I|lc A!!
Response rates
Initiai sampie - Iinai sampie - Iinai sampie -
beore schooi repiacement ater schooi repiacement students vithin schoois ater schooi repiacement
(1j (2j (1j (+j (sj (oj (1j (8j (9j (10j (11j
Number o Number o
Weighted schoois sampied Weighted schoois sampied Weighted Number Number
schooi Number (responding schooi Number (responding student o students o students
participation o respond- and non- participation o respond- and non- participation Number sampied Number sampied
rate beore ing schoois respondingj rate ater ing schoois respondingj rate ater o students (assessed o students (assessed
repiacement (veightedj (veighted repiacement (veighted (veighted repiacement assessed and absentj assessed and absentj
(j by enroimentj by enroimentj (j by enroimentj by enroimentj (j (veightedj (veightedj (unveightedj (unveightedj
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
1 kcso:sc :tc is too low to c:su:c cou:|ilit, ;scc |ovc,
0-. 1- o!- !++ 1. -!o. !! oo !++ 1. +!+ 1o1 o0 1-1 .0 . 1.+ o 1!
--! o 0o! o o01 10000 o o01 o o01 -1o+ o. .o! 1 .+ + +. . 1o+
o-1! 1 +.! 11 !o ..! 100 !! 11 -11 -!!0 1o -. 1- o o+ 10!
-1 !!. 100 !1 1o. -!!1 !.. o++ !1 1o1 +- !o !!! !!. !o !- +o1 !! !o
-.!0 1!! !+. 1!- +!! --01 1! ..1 1!- +1 -!o 11. !1 1!+ !! . !+! . o-
!oo +! 0! .0 !!o -+o + o- .0 !1 -1o+ ! 11 +0 .o+ + !1! + .-!
-o! o! ! o. . 10000 o. . o. . -!0 . !0! o! !o + o+ . !!
-+oo 0+ -1 ++ .+ -.!! 0- +.+ ++ -! -11- o!+ !o o-. .!! + o. . 11.
-+1 . -! -!. !!! -+1 . -! -!. !!! .o. ooo -+ .1o + -! .
!-1 -! !+ 110 o!! -- 1!0 ... 1!0 .1 -o! 1!o -1- 1+1 +0+ + o! + 1-
-o !0- 1.! !11 -o- -o !0- 1.! !11 -o- -.!1 100 0 10. o- + ! . 111
-- + 01. + 0!0 -- + 01. + 0!0 0- ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !
..o .! 1o+ o! 1! .! .+ ! o! 1! ..- +! 0 +- 1! ! o + +!+
--0 ..0 -!! .o! o! 10000 .o! .. .o! .. -!0 +. ++o .10 -! + -+ . !o-
!0. 1 1o. .o 1 +!0 .!! -00. 1 !- 1!1 1 +!0 .!! -o!+ 1 !o !o 1 !1. +o! . !.o . +.0
10000 .- 01 .- 01 10000 .- 01 .- 01 -+ .! o .- +0 + -! . 0+.
-!0+ ! .! + 1+0 -!0+ ! .! + 1+0 -1- ! +!+ ! .0 ! +!+ ! .0
-!o- -. +. 1 0o! .!+ 10000 1 0o! .!+ 1 0o! .!+ -!-. -0! 100 -o1 !! + o00 + !
o. !- !! .0 o+. o! +! ++ .0 o+. !! !. o1o +0 !o- ! oo + 1o!
.-. +! !0 .0 !1 -!!. +o !o .0 !1 -! +0 -0 +. !1 + 1+ + oo.
-11 +!! o0! .+o +! !!1 +.. 0 .+ + 0 !-! o. ++ -0+ ! o!- + 1o-
-.! 1!0 .!1 1!o .0. -.! 1!0 .!1 1!o .0. o! ! !-. -. +-! + .1 . !!!
-.+1 +!! -00 +++ ! 10000 +++ ! +++ ! -1 !oo !01 !-- 100 o !1+ o o+
---o 100 .!+ 100 . ---o 100 .!+ 100 . -o ! -.o -+ !1! + +1o . 01
-11 - !0 - 1o! -.+ -! -o -!+ -.1! o. o o- 0! o 0+ o !-
o1! +00 ! o.+ 0-. !1+ .! !1- o.+ 0!! 0- +1- 1! .1 !. - !.0 11 !00
.o+! ! 01! 101 ! .o -o1 0!! ! .0! ooo ! ..- oo1 +-- 1 01 !!- ! 11- !-! ! 00 + !!0

-! ! +!. o0 ! +-0 --o ! +!- 1.! ! +- -+! 1. 1 +o! 000 1 o - + . . o1!
!!- !- !.+ !. o! .1 !1 .o0 !. o.o -0! !+ +0! !o -. ! -1. + !0.
10000 !! !! 10000 !! !! -oo! !1+ !!. !1+ !!.
-+ + ++. +1 + +- !!. --!- + +oo !!. + +- !!. -o!1 1 -0! !+ 1 - !oo o 01 o -1
!1! +- 01- 10 o- ...0 100 !! 10 o- +0! ! o.o o +o! ! .0! ! -.
A::lX A!
!!o
scssio:s tucc:t :ticitio: :tcs wc:c clcultcc ovc: ll :ticiti:g sc|ools, w|ct|c: o:igi:l sulc o: :clccuc:t
sc|ools, :c i:ou t|c :ticitio: oi stucc:ts i: |ot| t|c o:igi:l sscssuc:t :c :, u|cu scssio:s A stucc:t w|o cic :ot
:ticitc i: t|c ii:st sscssuc:t scssio: ws :ot :cg:ccc s :tici:t |ut ws i:cluccc i: t|c i:tc::tio:l ct|sc :c
co:t:i|utcc to t|c sttistics :csc:tcc i: t|is u|lictio: ii |c o: s|c :ticitcc i: t|c scco:c sscssuc:t scssio: :c :oviccc
t lcst ccsc:itio: oi |is o: |c: it|c:`s o: uot|c:`s occutio:
I|lc A!! s|ows t|c :cso:sc :tcs io: stucc:ts :c sc|ools, |cio:c :c itc: :clccuc:t
- coiumn 1 s|ows t|c we:qnteJ port:c:pot:on rote oj scnools Iejore replocement. I|is is o|ti:cc |, civici:g oluu: !
|, oluu: ! I|c :ct|c:l:cs, t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs cic :ot ucct llA`s :cqui:cuc:ts io: :cso:sc
:tcs |cio:c :clccuc:t l: t|c united Kingdom, t|c i:itil :cso:sc :tc icll s|o:t oi t|c :cqui:cuc:ts |, ! c:
cc:t :c i: t|c united states |, o c: cc:t lot| cou:t:ics :oviccc cxtc:sivc cvicc:cc to t|c llA o:so:tiuu t|t
c:uittcc : sscssuc:t oi t|c cxcctcc c:io:u:cc oi :o::ticiti:g sc|ools : t|c |sis oi t|is cvicc:cc, llA`s
Icc|:icl Acviso:, G:ou cctc:ui:cc t|t t|c iuct oi t|csc ccvitio:s o: t|c sscssuc:t :csults ws :cgligi|lc I|c :csults
i:ou t|csc cou:t:ics wc:c i:cluccc i: ll :l,scs I|c i:itil :cso:sc :tc io: t|c Netheriands ws o:l, ! c: cc:t As
:csult, t|c llA o:so:tiuu i:ititcc sulcuc:t:, :l,scs t|t co:ii:ucc t|t t|c ct i:ou t|c :ct|c:l:cs uig|t
|c suiiicic:tl, :cli|lc :c coulc |c uscc i: souc :cltio:l :l,scs Dcsitc t|is co:clusio:, t|c :cso:sc :tc ws too
low to givc co:iicc:cc t|t t|c sulc :csults :cilcct t|osc io: t|c :tio:l oultio: :cli|l,, wit| t|c lcvcl oi ccu:c,
:c :ccisio: :cqui:cc i: llA !000 Assuui:g :cgligi|lc to uocc:tc lcvcls oi |is cuc to :o::cso:sc, t|c ::|o:cc:
ositio: oi t|c :ct|c:l:cs u, |c cxcctcc, wit| -. c: cc:t co:iicc:cc, to lic |ctwcc: !
:c
:c 1+
t|
uo:g cou:t:ics o:
t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc, |ctwcc: 1
st
:c +
t|
o: t|c ut|cuticl litc:c, sclc, :c |ctwcc: !
:c
:c 1+
t|
o: t|c
scic:tiiic litc:c, sclc ;io: iu:t|c: cctils scc t|c ti:+ 2 1..|..o! r.c., \c: c:io:u:cc sco:cs io: t|c :ct|c:l:cs
c:, t|c:cio:c, :ot |c cou:cc wit| t|osc i:ou ot|c: cou:t:ics l: t|lcs w|c:c t|c iocus is o: t|c cou:iso: oi uc:
sco:cs, t|c :ct|c:l:cs |s |cc: cxcluccc W|c:c t|c c:io:u:cc oi su|g:ous is s|ow:, o:l, t|c :cltivc ciiic:c:ccs i:
c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: t|c :clcv:t su|g:ous wit|i: t|c :ct|c:l:cs s|oulc |c co:sicc:cc, :c t|c su|g:ou uc:s s|oulc
:ot |c cou:cc wit| t|osc i:ou ot|c: cou:t:ics
- coiumn 2 s|ows t|c we:qnteJ nnmIer oj responJ:nq scnools Iejore scnool replocement ;wcig|tcc |, stucc:t
c::oluc:t,
- coiumn 1 s|ows t|c we:qnteJ nnmIer oj sompleJ scnools Iejore scnool replocement ;i:cluci:g |ot| :cso:ci:g :c
:o::cso:ci:g sc|ools,
- coiumn + s|ows t|c we:qnteJ port:c:pot:on rote oj scnools ojter replocement. I|is is o|ti:cc |, civici:g oluu: .
|, oluu: o
- coiumn s s|ows t|c we:qnteJ nnmIer oj responJ:nq scnools ojter scnool replocement ;wcig|tcc |, stucc:t
c::oluc:t,
- coiumn o s|ows t|c we:qnteJ nnmIer oj scnools sompleJ ojter scnool replocement ;i:cluci:g |ot| :cso:ci:g :c
:o::cso:ci:g sc|ools,
- coiumn 1 s|ows t|c we:qnteJ stnJent port:c:pot:on rote ojter replocement. I|is is o|ti:cc |, civici:g oluu: |,
oluu: -
- coiumn 8 s|ows t|c we:qnteJ nnmIer oj stnJents ossesseJ
- coiumn 9 s|ows t|c we:qnteJ nnmIer oj stnJents sompleJ ;i:cluci:g |ot| stucc:ts t|t wc:c sscsscc :c stucc:ts w|o
wc:c |sc:t o: t|c c, oi t|c sscssuc:t,
- coiumn 10 s|ows t|c nnwe:qnteJ nnmIer oj stnJents ossesseJ
- coiumn 11 s|ows t|c nnwe:qnteJ nnmIer oj stnJents sompleJ ;i:cluci:g |ot| stucc:ts t|t wc:c sscsscc :c stucc:ts
w|o wc:c |sc:t o: t|c c, oi t|c sscssuc:t,
A::lX A+
!!
Annex A4: 5tandard errors, sIgnItIcance tests and multIple comparIsons
I|c sttistics i: t|is :co:t :c:csc:t ESTIMATES oi :tio:l c:io:u:cc |scc o: sulcs oi stucc:ts :t|c: t|: vlucs t|t
coulc |c clcultcc ii cvc:, stucc:t i: cvc:, cou:t:, |c :swc:cc cvc:, qucstio: o:scquc:tl,, it is iuo:t:t to |vc
ucsu:cs oi t|c ccg:cc oi u:cc:ti:t, oi t|c cstiutcs l: llA !000, cc| cstiutc |s : ssocitcc ccg:cc oi u:cc:ti:t,,
w|ic| is cx:csscc t|:oug| STANDARDERROR I|c usc oi CONFIDENCEINTERVALS :oviccs w, to u|c i:ic:c:ccs |out t|c
oultio: uc:s :c :oo:tio:s i: u::c: t|t :cilccts t|c u:cc:ti:t, ssocitcc wit| t|c sulc cstiutcs l:ou :
o|sc:vcc sulc sttistic it c:, u:cc: t|c ssuutio: oi :o:ul cist:i|utio:, |c i:ic::cc t|t t|c co::cso:ci:g oultio:
:csult woulc lic wit|i: t|c co:iicc:cc i:tc:vl i: -. out oi 100 :clictio:s oi t|c ucsu:cuc:t o: ciiic:c:t sulcs c:w:
i:ou t|c suc oultio:
l: u:, cscs, :ccc:s :c :iu:il, i:tc:cstcc i: w|ct|c: givc: vluc i: :ticul: cou:t:, is ciiic:c:t i:ou scco:c vluc
i: t|c suc o: :ot|c: cou:t:,, EG, w|ct|c: iculcs i: cou:t:, c:io:u |cttc: t|: ulcs i: t|c suc cou:t:, l: t|c t|lcs
:c c|:ts uscc i: t|is :co:t, ciiic:c:ccs :c l|cllcc s STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT w|c: ciiic:c:cc oi t|t sizc, o: l:gc:,
woulc |c o|sc:vcc lcss t|: . c: cc:t oi t|c tiuc, ii t|c:c ws ctull, :o ciiic:c:cc i: co::cso:ci:g oultio: vlucs
iuil:l,, t|c :is| oi :co:ti:g s sig:iiic:t ii t|c:c is, i: ict, :o co::cltio: |ctwcc: to ucsu:cs is co:ti:cc t . c: cc:t
Alt|oug| t|c :o||ilit, t|t :ticul: ciiic:c:cc will ilscl, |c cccl:cc to |c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t is low ;. c: cc:t, i:
cc| si:glc cou:iso:, t|c :o||ilit, oi u|i:g suc| : c::o: i:c:cscs w|c: scvc:l cou:iso:s :c ucc siuult:cousl,
lt is ossi|lc to u|c : c|ustuc:t io: t|is w|ic| :ccuccs to . c: cc:t t|c uxiuuu :o||ilit, t|t ciiic:c:ccs will |c ilscl,
cccl:cc s sttisticll, sig:iiic:t t lcst o:cc uo:g ll t|c cou:iso:s t|t :c ucc uc| : c|ustuc:t, |scc o: t|c
lo:ic::o:i uct|oc, |s |cc: i:co:o:tcc i:to t|c uultilc cou:iso: c|:ts i: |tc:s ! :c ! si:cc t|c li|cl, i:tc:cst oi
:ccc:s i: t|osc co:tcxts is to cou:c cou:t:,`s c:io:u:cc wit| t|t oi ll ot|c: cou:t:ics
lo: ll ot|c: t|lcs :c c|:ts :ccc:s s|oulc :otc t|t, ii t|c:c wc:c :o :cl ciiic:c:ccs o: givc: ucsu:c, t|c: t|c MULTIPLE
COMPARISON i: co:|u:ctio: wit| . c: cc:t sig:iiic:cc lcvcl, woulc c::o:cousl, icc:tii, ciiic:c:ccs o: 00. tiucs t|c
:uu|c: oi cou:iso:s ucc, occsio:s lo: cxulc, cvc: t|oug| t|c sig:iiic:cc tcsts licc i: llA io: icc:tii,i:g gc:cc:
ciiic:c:ccs c:su:c t|t, io: cc| cou:t:,, t|c li|cli|ooc oi icc:tii,i:g gc:cc: ciiic:c:cc c::o:cousl, is lcss t|: . c: cc:t,
cou:iso: s|owi:g ciiic:c:ccs io: ! cou:t:ics woulc, o: vc:gc, icc:tii, 1+ cscs ;00. tiucs !, wit| sig:iiic:t gc:cc:
ciiic:c:ccs, cvc: ii t|c:c wc:c :o :cl gc:cc: ciiic:c:cc i: :, oi t|c cou:t:ics I|c suc lics io: ot|c: sttistics io: w|ic|
sig:iiic:cc tcsts |vc |cc: u:cc:t|c: i: t|is u|lictio:, suc| s co::cltio:s :c :cg:cssio: cociiicic:ts
A::lX A.
!!
!NNEX!1UALITYASSURANCE
Qulit, ssu::cc :occcu:cs wc:c iulcuc:tcc i: ll :ts oi llA
I|c co:sistc:t qulit, :c li:guistic cquivlc:cc oi t|c llA sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts wc:c icilittcc |, :ovici:g cou:t:ics
wit| cquivlc:t sou:cc vc:sio:s oi t|c sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts i: l:glis| :c l:c:c| :c :cqui:i:g cou:t:ics ;ot|c: t|: t|osc
sscssi:g stucc:ts i: l:glis| :c l:c:c|, to :c:c :c co:solictc two i:ccc:cc:t t::sltio:s usi:g |ot| sou:cc vc:sio:s
l:ccisc t::sltio: guiccli:cs wc:c lso sulicc, i:cluci:g ccsc:itio: oi w|t cc| itcu ws i:tc:ccc to ucsu:c s wcll
s i:st:uctio:s io: t|c sclcctio: :c t:i:i:g oi t|c t::slto:s lo: cc| cou:t:,, t|c t::sltio: :c io:ut oi t|c sscssuc:t
i:st:uuc:ts wc:c vc:iiicc |, cxc:ts i:ou t|c llA o:so:tiuu ;w|osc uot|c: to:guc ws t|c l:gugc oi i:st:uctio: i: t|c
cou:t:, co:cc::cc :c |:owlccgc|lc |out ccuctio: s,stcus, |cio:c t|c, wc:c uscc i: t|c llA liclc I:il :c \i: tuc,
lxc:ts i:ou :ticiti:g cou:t:ics wc:c :cqui:cc to t::sltc :c su|uit t|c u:|i:g guiccli:cs io: vc:iiictio: lo: iu:t|c:
i:io:utio: o: t|c llA t::sltio: :occcu:cs scc t|c 0)3!4ECHNICAL2EPORT
I|c su:vc, ws iulcuc:tcc t|:oug| st:c:ciscc :occcu:cs I|c llA o:so:tiuu :oviccc cou:c|c:sivc u:uls t|t
cxli:cc t|c iulcuc:ttio: oi t|c su:vc,, i:cluci:g :ccisc i:st:uctio:s io: t|c wo:| oi c|ool oo:ci:to:s :c sc:its io:
Icst Acui:ist:to:s io: usc cu:i:g t|c sscssuc:t scssio:s I|c llA o:so:tiuu vc:iiicc t|c :tio:l t::sltio: :c cttio:
oi t|csc u:uls
Io cst|lis| t|c c:cci|ilit, oi llA s vlic :c s u:|iscc :c to c:cou:gc u:iio:uit, i: t|c cui:ist:tio: oi t|c sscssuc:t
scssio:s, Icst Acui:ist:to:s i: :ticiti:g cou:t:ics wc:c sclcctcc usi:g t|c iollowi:g c:itc:i lt ws REQUIRED t|t t|c Icst
Acui:ist:to: :ot |c t|c :cci:g, ut|cutics, o: scic:cc i:st:ucto: oi :, stucc:ts i: t|c scssio:s |c o: s|c woulc cui:istc:
io: llA, it ws RECOMMENDED t|t t|c Icst Acui:ist:to: :ot |c ucu|c: oi t|c stii oi :, sc|ool w|c:c |c o: s|c woulc
cui:istc: llA, :c it ws co:sicc:cc PREFERABLE t|t t|c Icst Acui:ist:to: :ot |c ucu|c: oi t|c stii oi :, sc|ool i: t|c
llA sulc l:ticiti:g cou:t:ics o:g:iscc : i:c:so: t:i:i:g scssio: io: Icst Acui:ist:to:s
l:ticiti:g cou:t:ics wc:c :ot llowcc to i:t:ocucc uociiictio:s i: t|c sscssuc:t scssio: sc:it :c i:st:uctio:s ccsc:i|cc
i: t|c Icst Acui:ist:to: \:ul wit|out :io: :ovl |, t|c llA o:so:tiuu l:ticiti:g cou:t:ics wc:c :cqui:cc to
c:su:c t|t Icst Acui:ist:to:s wo:|cc wit| t|c c|ool oo:ci:to: to :c:c t|c sscssuc:t scssio:, i:cluci:g ucti:g
stucc:t t:c|i:g io:us :c icc:tii,i:g cxcluccc stucc:ts, :o cxt: tiuc ws givc: io: t|c cog:itivc itcus ;w|ilc it ws
c:uissi|lc to givc cxt: tiuc io: t|c stucc:t qucstio::i:c,, :o i:st:uuc:t ws cui:istc:cc |cio:c t|c two 1|ou: :ts oi
t|c cog:itivc scssio:, Icst Acui:ist:to:s :cco:ccc t|c stucc:t :ticitio: sttus o: t|c stucc:t t:c|i:g io:us :c iillcc i:
cssio: kco:t lo:u, :o cog:itivc i:st:uuc:t ws |otocoicc o: lc:t |, t|c Icst Acui:ist:to: to :, c:so: |cio:c t|c
sscssuc:t scssio:, :c t|t Icst Acui:ist:to:s :ctu::cc t|c utc:il to t|c :tio:l cc:t:c iuuccitcl, itc: t|c sscssuc:t
scssio:s
:tio:l l:o|cct \:gc:s wc:c c:cou:gcc to o:g:isc iollowu scssio: w|c: uo:c t|: 1. c: cc:t oi t|c llA sulc
ws :ot |lc to ttc:c t|c o:igi:l sscssuc:t scssio:
:tio:l Qulit, \o:ito:s i:ou t|c llA o:so:tiuu visitcc ll :tio:l cc:t:cs to :cvicw ctcollcctio: :occcu:cs li:ll,,
c|ool Qulit, \o:ito:s i:ou t|c llA o:so:tiuu visitcc sulc oi !. c: cc:t oi t|c sc|ools cu:i:g t|c sscssuc:t lo:
iu:t|c: i:io:utio: o: t|c iiclc oc:tio:s scc t|c 0)3!4ECHNICAL2EPORT
oitw:c sccill, ccsig:cc io: llA !000 icilittcc ct c:t:,, cctcctcc couuo: c::o:s cu:i:g ct c:t:,, :c icilittcc t|c
:occss oi ct clc:i:g I:i:i:g scssio:s iuili:iscc :tio:l l:o|cct \:gc:s wit| t|csc :occcu:cs
lo: ccsc:itio: oi t|c qulit, ssu::cc :occcu:cs licc i: llA :c t|c :csults scc t|c 0)3!4ECHNICAL2EPORT
A::lX Ao
!!-
!NNEX!$EVELOPMENTOFTHE0)3!ASSESSMENTINSTRUMENTS
I|c ccvclouc:t oi t|c llA !000 sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts ws : i:tc:ctivc :occss |ctwcc: t|c llA o:so:tiuu, t|c v:ious cxc:t
couuittccs, lD govc::uc:ts :c :tio:l cxc:ts A :cl oi i:tc::tio:l cxc:ts lcc, i: closc co:sulttio: wit| :ticiti:g
cou:t:ics, t|c icc:tiiictio: oi t|c ::gc oi s|ills :c couctc:cics t|t wc:c, i: t|c :cscctivc sscssuc:t coui:s, co:sicc:cc to |c
c:ucil io: : i:civicul`s ccit, to iull, :ticitc i: :c co:t:i|utc to succcssiul uocc:: socict, A ccsc:itio: oi t|c sscssuc:t
coui:s t|c sscssuc:t i:ucwo:| ws t|c: uscc |, :ticiti:g cou:t:ics, :c ot|c: tcst ccvclouc:t :oicssio:ls, s t|c,
co:t:i|utcc sscssuc:t utc:ils I|c ccvclouc:t oi t|is sscssuc:t i:ucwo:| i:volvcc t|c iollowi:g stcs
ccvclouc:t oi wo:|i:g ccii:itio: io: t|c coui: :c ccsc:itio: oi t|c ssuutio:s t|t u:cc:l, t|t ccii:itio:,
cvlutio: oi |ow to o:g:isc t|c sct oi ts|s co:st:uctcc i: o:cc: to :co:t to olic,u|c:s :c :csc:c|c:s o:
c:io:u:cc i: cc| sscssuc:t coui: uo:g 1.,c:olc stucc:ts i: :ticiti:g cou:t:ics,
icc:tiiictio: oi sct oi |c, c|:ctc:istics to |c t|c: i:to ccou:t w|c: sscssuc:t ts|s wc:c co:st:uctcc io: i:tc::tio:l usc,
oc:tio:listio: oi t|c sct oi |c, c|:ctc:istics to |c uscc i: tcst co:st:uctio:, wit| ccii:itio:s |scc o: cxisti:g
litc:tu:c :c t|c cxc:ic:cc oi ot|c: l:gcsclc sscssuc:ts,
vlictio: oi t|c v:i|lcs, :c sscssuc:t oi t|c co:t:i|utio: w|ic| cc| ucc to t|c u:cc:st:ci:g oi ts| ciiiicult, i:
:ticiti:g cou:t:ics, :c
:c:tio: oi : i:tc::cttivc sc|cuc io: t|c :csults
I|c i:ucwo:|s wc:c g:ccc t |ot| scic:tiiic :c olic, lcvcls :c su|scquc:tl, :oviccc t|c |sis io: t|c ccvclouc:t oi t|c
sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts ;lD, 1---o, I|c, :oviccc couuo: l:gugc :c vc|iclc io: :ticiti:g cou:t:ics to ccvclo
co:sc:sus s to t|c ucsu:cuc:t gols oi llA
Asscssuc:t itcus wc:c t|c: ccvclocc to :cilcct t|c i:tc:tio:s oi t|c i:ucwo:|s :c wc:c ilotcc i: liclc I:il i: ll
:ticiti:g cou:t:ics |cio:c ii:l sct oi itcus ws sclcctcc io: t|c llA !000 \i: tuc, I|lcs Ao1Ao! s|ow t|c
cist:i|utio: oi llA !000 sscssuc:t itcus |, t|c v:ious ciuc:sio:s oi t|c llA i:ucwo:|s
.../o.c c ..o1. .. /, . .o.o..
o:ti:uous
:o:co:ti:uous
1otol
.../o.c c ..o1. .. /, ,. c o| (.c..)
l:tc::cti:g tcxts
kcilcctio: :c cvlutio:
kct:icvi:g i:io:utio:
1otol
.../o.c c ..o1. .. /, . ,.
Acvc:tiscuc:ts
A:guuc:ttivc :c c:susivc
|:ts :c g:|s
Dcsc:itivc
lxosito:,
lo:us
l:|u:ctivc
\s
:::tivc
c|cutics
I|lcs
1otol
.../o.c c ..o1. .. /, .c.
lcuctio:l
ccutio:l
lc:so:l
lu|lic
1otol
I|lc Ao1
Distribution o items by the dimensions o the rIsA ramevork or the assessment o reading iiteracy
Number o
Number o compie Number Number
muitipie- muitipie- o ciosed o open Number
Number choice choice constructed- constructed- o short
o items
1
items items response items response items response items
- +! ! ! !+
.! 1+ + 1! - 1!
1o1 o 1 o1 2u
0 +! ! . 1+ .
!- ! ! !! 1
+! 10 ! 10 o 1+
1o1 o 1 o1 2u
+ 1 !
1 1 !
1o ! ! !
1! 1 + 1
!1 1 1 - +
1 1 + 1 1
- ! 1 .
+ 1 1 !
1 !
. ! ! 1
1. ! 1 o ! !
1o1 o 1 o1 2u
!- !! + 1 +
!! + 1 + - +
!o 10 ! 10 !
.+ !0 ! !0 .
1o1 o 1 o1 2u
1 :i:c itcus wc:c cliui:tcc i:ou su|scquc:t :l,sis
A::lX Ao
!+0
Duc ttc:tio: ws ic to :cilccti:g t|c :tio:l, cultu:l :c li:guistic v:ict, uo:g lD cou:t:ics As :t oi t|is ciio:t
t|c llA o:so:tiuu i:cluccc, i: ccitio: to t|c itcus t|t wc:c ccvclocc |, t|c llA o:so:tiuu, sscssuc:t utc:il
co:t:i|utcc |, :ticiti:g cou:t:ics t|t t|c o:so:tiuu`s uulti:tio:l tcu oi tcst ccvcloc:s cccucc :o:itc givc:
t|c :cqui:cuc:ts lic out |, t|c llA sscssuc:t i:ucwo:|s As :csult, t|c itcu ool i:cluccc sscssuc:t itcus i:ou
Aust:li, Aust:i, lclgiuu, zcc| kcu|lic, Dc:u:|, li:l:c, l::cc, Gc:u:,, G:cccc, l:cl:c, ltl,, :, lo:c, :cw
Zcl:c, :o:w,, t|c kussi: lccc:tio:, wccc: witzc:l:c t|c D:itcc li:gcou :c t|c D:itcc ttcs I|c s|:c oi itcus
su|uittcc |, :ticiti:g cou:t:ics ws slig|tl, uo:c t|: .0 c: cc:t i: |ot| t|c liclc I:il :c t|c \i: tuc,
A:oxiutcl, !-0 u:its :c 1 1o- itcus wc:c co:t:i|utcc o: ccvclocc io: t|c liclc I:il, i:cluci:g |out 1.0 kcci:g D:its
cou:isi:g souc 1 kcci:g ltcus Aitc: t|c ii:st co:sulttio: :occss, t|c liclc I:il i:cluccc o- kcci:g D:its wit| !+!
kcci:g ltcus i t|csc kcci:g D:its, t|c stiuulus utc:il io: !+ cuc i:ou :tio:l co:t:i|utio:s, !o o:igi:tcc wit|
t|c llA o:so:tiuu, :c 1- u:its cuc i:ou t|c l:tc::tio:l Acult litc:c, u:vc, ;lAl, \tc:il ws c:w: i:ou lAl
|ccusc cou:t:ics w:tcc to |vc t|c ossi|ilit, oi cou:i:g :csults i:ou it wit| llA :csults
lc| itcu i:cluccc i: t|c sscssuc:t ool ws t|c: :tcc |, cc| cou:t:, io: otc:til cultu:l, gc:cc: o: ot|c: |is, io:
:clcv:cc to 1.,c:olcs i: sc|ool :c :o:sc|ool co:tcxts, :c io: iuili:it, :c lcvcl oi i:tc:cst A ii:st co:sulttio: oi
cou:t:ics o: t|c itcu ool ws u:cc:t|c: s :t oi t|c :occss oi ccvcloi:g t|c liclc I:il sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts A scco:c
co:sulttio: ws u:cc:t|c: itc: t|c liclc I:il to ssist i: t|c ii:l sclcctio: oi itcus io: t|c \i: tuc, :c coulctcc |,
:cvicw oi t|c sscssuc:t utc:il |, : i:tc::tio:l cultu:l ii::css :cl
lollowi:g t|c liclc I:il, i: w|ic| ll itcus wc:c tcstcc i: ll :ticiti:g cou:t:ics, tcst ccvcloc:s :c cxc:t g:ous
co:sicc:cc v:ict, oi sccts i: sclccti:g t|c itcus io: t|c \i: tuc, .) t|c :csults i:ou t|c liclc I:il, ..) t|c outcouc oi
t|c itcu :cvicw i:ou cou:t:ics, :c ...) quc:ics :cccivcc cu:i:g t|c liclc I:il u:|i:g :occss I|c tcst ccvcloc:s :c cxc:t
g:ous sclcctcc ii:l sct oi itcus i: cto|c: 1--- w|ic|, iollowi:g c:ioc oi :cgotitio:, ws cotcc |, :ticiti:g
cou:t:ics t |ot| scic:tiiic :c olic, lcvcls
.../o.c c o|.o.. .. /, o. o|.o..o! |..
G:owt| :c c|:gc
cc :c s|c
1otol
.../o.c c o|.o.. .. /, o|.o..o! .o1
Algc|:
lu:ctio:s
Gcouct:,
\csu:cuc:t
:uu|c:
ttistics
1otol
.../o.c c o|.o.. .. /, .c..., .!o
lss 1
lss !
lss !
1otol
.../o.c c o|.o.. .. /, .c.
ouuu:it,
lcuctio:l
ccutio:l
lc:so:l
cic:tiiic
1otol
I|lc Ao!
Distribution o items by the dimensions o the rIsA ramevork or the assessment o mathematicai iiteracy
Number o Number Number
muitipie- o ciosed o open
Number choice constructed- constructed-
o items
1
items response items response items
1 o - !
1+ . -
12 11 1 1
. + 1
. + 1
! .
! +
1 1
o 1 + 1
12 11 1 1
10 + o
!0 11 !
! 1 1
12 11 1 1
+ ! !
o ! ! 1
! 1 !
1! o o
! .
12 11 1 1
1 :c itcu ws cliui:tcc i:ou su|scquc:t :l,sis
A::lX Ao
!+1
.../o.c c ..... .. /, ..... .c...
ouuu:icti:g to ot|c: vlic co:clusio:s i:ou cvicc:cc :c ct
Dcuo:st:ti:g u:cc:st:ci:g scic:tiiic |:owlccgc
D:wi:g :c cvluti:g co:clusio:s
lcc:tii,i:g cvicc:cc :c ct
kccog:isi:g qucstio:s
1otol
.../o.c c ..... .. /, ..... o..o
l:t| :c c:vi:o:uc:t
liic :c |clt|
Icc|:olog,
1otol
.../o.c c ..... .. /, ..... o!..o.c
Atuos|c:ic c|:gc
liocivc:sit,
|cuicl :c |,sicl c|:gc
l:t| :c u:ivc:sc
lcos,stcus
l:c:g, t::sic:
lo:u :c iu:ctio:
Gc:ctic co:t:ol
Gcologicl c|:gc
luu: |iolog,
l|,siologicl c|:gc
t:uctu:c oi uttc:
1otol
.../o.c c ..... .. /, .c.
Glo|l
listo:icl
lc:so:l
lu|lic
1otol
I|lc Ao!
Distribution o items by the dimensions o the rIsA ramevork or the assessment o scientiic iiteracy
Number o
Number o compie Number Number
muitipie- muitipie- o ciosed o open Number
Number choice choice constructed- constructed- o short
o items
1
items items response items response items response items
! !
1. - 1 ! !
1 ! 1 !
. ! 1 !
. 1 ! 1
1 11 1 12 2
1! ! ! 1 o 1
1! o 1 . 1
- + + 1
1 11 1 12 2
. 1 1 !
1 1
1 1
. ! 1 1
! ! 1
+ ! !
! 1 !
! 1 1
1 1
! 1 !
1 1
o + !
1 11 1 12 2
1o + ! 1 1
+ ! !
+ ! !
! ! 1 1
1 11 1 12 2
I|c \i: tuc, i:cluccc ! kcci:g D:its wit| 1+1 itcus ;cou:ti:g ciiic:c:t :ts oi qucstio:s s sc:tc itcus, I|c
stiuulus io: 1+ oi t|csc u:its cuc i:ou :tio:l co:t:i|utio:s, t|c llA o:so:tiuu ws t|c sou:cc oi t|c stiuulus utc:il
io: 1! u:its, :c 10 u:its cuc i:ou t|c l:tc::tio:l Acult litc:c, u:vc, I|c \i: tuc, i:st:uuc:ts lso i:cluccc 1o
\t|cutics D:its ;!! ltcus, :c 1+ cic:cc D:its ;!. ltcus,
livc itcu t,cs wc:c uscc i: t|c llA sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts
mnlt:ple-cno:ce :tems t|csc itcus :cqui:cc stucc:ts to ci:clc lcttc: to i:cictc o:c c|oicc uo:g iou: o: iivc ltc::
tivcs, cc| oi w|ic| uig|t |c :uu|c:, wo:c, |:sc o: sc:tc:cc I|c, wc:c sco:cc cic|otouousl,
complex mnlt:ple-cno:ce :tems i: t|csc itcus, t|c stucc:t ucc sc:ics oi c|oiccs, usull, |i::, tucc:ts i:cictcc
t|ci: :swc: |, ci:cli:g wo:c o: s|o:t |:sc ;io: cxulc ,. o: c, io: cc| oi:t I|csc itcus wc:c sco:cc cic|oto
uousl, io: cc| c|oicc, ,iclci:g t|c ossi|ilit, oi iull o: :til c:ccit io: t|c w|olc itcu
closeJ constrncteJ-response :tems t|csc itcus :cqui:cc stucc:ts to co:st:uct t|ci: ow: :cso:scs, t|c:c |ci:g liuitcc ::gc
oi ccct|lc :swc:s \ost oi t|csc itcus wc:c sco:cc cic|otouousl, wit| icw itcus i:cluccc i: t|c u:|i:g :occss
xnort response :tems s i: t|c closcc co:st:uctcc:cso:sc itcus, stucc:ts wc:c to :ovicc |:ici :swc:, |ut t|c:c ws
wicc ::gc oi ossi|lc :swc:s I|csc itcus wc:c |:cu:|cc, t|us llowi:g io: cic|otouous s wcll s :til c:ccit
1 :c itcu ws cliui:tcc i:ou su|scquc:t :l,sis
A::lX Ao
!+!
Open constrncteJ-response :tems i: t|csc itcus, stucc:ts co:st:uctcc lo:gc: :cso:sc, llowi:g io: t|c ossi|ilit,
oi |:oc ::gc oi civc:gc:t, i:civicul :cso:scs :c ciiic:i:g vicwoi:ts I|csc itcus usull, s|cc stucc:ts to :cltc
i:io:utio: o: iccs i: t|c stiuulus tcxt to t|ci: ow: cxc:ic:cc o: oi:io:s, wit| t|c ccct|ilit, ccc:ci:g lcss o:
t|c ositio: t|c: |, t|c stucc:t t|: o: t|c |ilit, to usc w|t t|c, |c :cc w|c: |ustii,i:g o: cxli:i:g t|t ositio:
l:til c:ccit ws oitc: c:uittcc io: :till, co::cct o: lcss so|istictcc :swc:s, :c ll oi t|csc itcus wc:c u:|cc
|, |:c
llA !000 ws ccsig:cc to ,iclc g:oulcvcl i:io:utio: i: |:oc ::gc oi co:tc:t I|c llA sscssuc:t oi :cci:g i:cluccc
utc:il llowi:g io: totl oi !0 ui:utcs oi sscssuc:t tiuc, oi w|ic| +. c: cc:t ws ccvotcc to itcus :cqui:i:g oc:
c:ccc :cso:scs I|c ut|cutics :c scic:cc sscssuc:ts i:cluccc o0 ui:utcs oi sscssuc:t tiuc, oi w|ic| !. c: cc:t ws
sscsscc t|:oug| oc:c:ccc itcus lc| stucc:t, |owcvc:, st sscssuc:ts lsti:g totl oi 1!0 ui:utcs
l: o:cc: to covc: t|c i:tc:ccc |:oc ::gc oi co:tc:t w|ilc uccti:g t|c liuit oi 1!0 ui:utcs oi i:civicul sscssuc:t tiuc, t|c
sscssuc:t i: cc| coui: ws civiccc i:to clustc:s, o:g:iscc i:to :i:c |oo|lcts I|c:c wc:c :i:c !0ui:utc :cci:g clustc:s,
iou: 1.ui:utc ut|cutics clustc:s :c iou: 1.ui:utc scic:cc clustc:s l: llA !000, cvc:, stucc:t :swc:cc :cci:g itcus,
:c ovc: |li t|c stucc:ts :swc:cc itcus o: scic:cc :c ut|cutics
I|is sscssuc:t ccsig: |c :uu|c: oi :ticul: ictu:cs li:st, t|c u|o:it, oi t|c :cci:g utc:il ws :csc:tcc i:
|l:ccc w, i: o:cc: to voic ositio: ciiccts :c to c:su:c t|t cc| itcu |c cqul wcig|t i: t|c sscssuc:t cco:c, scvc:
oi t|c :i:c |oo|lcts |cg: wit| :cci:g, :c ll |oo|lcts co:ti:cc t lcst o0 ui:utcs oi :cci:g livc |oo|lcts lso co:ti:cc
scic:cc itcus, :c iivc co:ti:cc ut|cutics itcus I|i:c, llA !000 i:cluccc li:| |ctwcc: llA :c lAl t|:oug| two
:cci:g |loc|s co:ti:i:g o:l, lAl itcus, w|ic| wc:c :csc:tcc i: six oi t|c :i:c |oo|lcts li:ll,, t|c ccsig: c:su:cc t|t
:c:csc:ttivc sulc oi stucc:ts :cso:ccc to cc| |loc| oi itcus
lo: iu:t|c: i:io:utio: o: t|c ccvclouc:t oi t|c llA sscssuc:t i:st:uuc:ts :c t|c llA sscssuc:t ccsig:, scc t|c ti:+
2 1..|..o! r.c.
A::lX A
!+!
Annex A7: RelIabIlIty ot tne markIng ot open-ended Items
I|c :occss oi u:|i:g oc:c:ccc itcus ws : iuo:t:t stc i: c:su:i:g t|c qulit, :c cou:|ilit, oi :csults i:ou
llA
Dctilcc guiccli:cs co:t:i|utcc to u:|i:g :occss t|t ws ccu:tc :c co:sistc:t c:oss cou:t:ics I|c u:|i:g guiccli:cs
co:sistcc oi u:|i:g u:uls, t:i:i:g utc:ils io: :cc:uiti:g u:|c:s, :c wo:|s|o utc:ils uscc io: t|c t:i:i:g oi
:tio:l u:|c:s lcio:c :tio:l t:i:i:g, t|c llA o:so:tiuu o:g:iscc t:i:i:g scssio:s to :csc:t t|c utc:il :c t:i:
t|c u:|i:g coo:ci:to:s i:ou t|c :ticiti:g cou:t:ics, w|o wc:c ltc: :cso:si|lc io: t:i:i:g t|ci: :tio:l u:|c:s
lo: cc| sscssuc:t itcu, t|c :clcv:t u:|i:g u:ul ccsc:i|cc t|c iu oi t|c qucstio: :c |ow to cocc stucc:ts` :cso:scs
to cc| itcu I|is ccsc:itio: i:cluccc t|c c:ccit l|cls iull c:ccit, :til c:ccit o: :o c:ccit ttc|cc to t|c ossi|lc
ctcgo:ics oi :cso:scs llA !000 lso i:cluccc s,stcu oi cou|lccigit coci:g io: t|c ut|cutics :c scic:cc itcus i: w|ic|
t|c |:st cigit :c:csc:tcc t|c sco:c :c t|c scco:c cigit :c:csc:tcc ciiic:c:t st:tcgics o: :oc|cs t|t stucc:ts uscc to
solvc t|c :o|lcu I|c scco:c cigit gc:c:tcc :tio:l :o|lcs oi stucc:t st:tcgics :c uisco:cctio:s l, w, oi illust:tio:,
t|c u:|i:g u:uls lso i:cluccc :cl cxulcs oi stucc:ts` :cso:scs ;c:w: i:ou t|c liclc I:il, ccou:icc |, :tio:lc
io: t|ci: clssi|ctio:
l: cc| cou:t:,, su|sulc oi sscssuc:t |oo|lcts ws u:|cc i:ccc:cc:tl, |, iou: u:|c:s :c cxui:cc |, t|c llA
o:so:tiuu l: o:cc: to cxui:c t|c co:sistc:c, oi t|is u:|i:g :occss i: uo:c cctil wit|i: cc| cou:t:, :c to cstiutc
t|c ug:itucc oi t|c v:i:cc couo:c:ts ssocitcc wit| t|c usc oi u:|c:s, t|c llA o:so:tiuu co:cuctcc : i:tc:u:|c:
:cli|ilit, stuc, o: su|sulc oi sscssuc:t |oo|lcts louogc:cit, :l,sis ws licc to t|c :tio:l scts oi uultilc
u:|i:g :c cou:cc wit| t|c :csults oi t|c liclc I:il lo: cctils scc t|c 0)3!4ECHNICAL2EPORT
At t|c |ctwcc:cou:t:, lcvcl, : i:tc:cou:t:, :cli|ilit, stuc, ws c::icc out o: su|sct oi itcus I|c iu ws to c|cc|
w|ct|c: t|c u:|i:g givc: |, :tio:l u:|c:s ws oi cqul scvc:it, i: cc| cou:t:,, |ot| ovc:ll :c io: :ticul: itcus l:
t|is :occss, i:ccc:cc:t u:|i:g oi t|c o:igi:l |oo|lcts ws u:cc:t|c: |, t:i:cc uultili:gul stii :c cou:cc to t|c
:ti:gs |, t|c :tio:l u:|c:s i: t|c v:ious cou:t:ics I|c :csults s|owcc t|t vc:, co:sistc:t u:|s wc:c c|icvcc c:oss
cou:t:ics I|c vc:gc i:ccx oi g:ccuc:t i: t|c i:tc:cou:t:, :cli|ilit, stuc, ws -! c: cc:t ;out oi +1 -o stucc:t
:cso:scs t|t wc:c i:ccc:cc:tl, sco:cc |, t|c i:tc::tio:l vc:i|c:s, Ag:ccuc:t uc:t |ot| cscs w|c:c t|c i:tc::tio:l
vc:i|c: g:ccc wit| t lcst t|:cc oi t|c :tio:l u:|c:s :c cscs w|c:c t|c vc:i|c: cisg:ccc wit| t|c :tio:l u:|c:s,
|ut t|c c|ucictio: u:cc:t|c: |, t|c llA o:so:tiuu`s tcst ccvcloc:s co:cluccc t|t t|c :tio:l u:|c:s |c givc: t|c
co::cct u:| :l, cou:t:ics |c :tcs oi g:ccuc:t lowc: t|: -0 c: cc:t : vc:gc, u:|i:g ws too |:s| i: 1 c: cc:t
oi cscs ;wit| uxiuuu oi !. c: cc:t i: ltvi,, :c too lc:ic:t i: !. c: cc:t oi cscs ;wit| uxiuuu oi -+ c: cc:t
i: ltvi, A iull ccsc:itio: oi t|is :occss :c t|c :csults c: |c iou:c i: t|c 0)3!4ECHNICAL2EPORT
Anne B1 Dt t|lcs io: t|c c|tc:s
Anne B2 lc:io:u:cc ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|c
llcuis| :c l:c:c| ouuu:itics oi
lclgiuu :c t|c ciiic:c:t li:guistic
couuu:itics i: witzc:l:c
//-
B
+::iY
A::lX l1
!+o
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
I|lc !1o
rercentage o students at each ievei o proiciency on the combined reading iiteracy scaie
l:oiicic:c, lcvcls
lclow lcvcl 1 lcvcl 1 lcvcl ! lcvcl ! lcvcl + lcvcl .
;lcss t|: ;i:ou !!. to ;i:ou +0 to ;i:ou +1 to ;i:ou ..! to ;|ovc
!!. sco:c oi:ts, +0 sco:c oi:ts, +0 sco:c oi:ts, ..! sco:c oi:ts, o!. sco:c oi:ts, o!. sco:c oi:ts,
l l l l l l
!! ;0., -1 ;0, 1-0 ;11, !. ;11, !.! ;0-, 1o ;1!,
++ ;0+, 10! ;0o, !1 ;0-, !-- ;1!, !+- ;10, ;0,
;10, 11! ;0, 1o ;0, !. ;0-, !o! ;0-, 1!0 ;0,
!+ ;0!, ! ;0!, 10 ;0+, !0 ;0., ! ;0o, 1o ;0.,
o1 ;0o, 11+ ;0, !+ ;1!, !0- ;11, 1- ;0, 0 ;0o,
.- ;0o, 1!0 ;0, !!. ;0-, !-. ;10, !!0 ;0-, 1 ;0.,
1 ;0., .! ;0+, 1+! ;0, ! ;0, !1o ;0-, 1. ;0-,
+! ;0o, 110 ;0, !!0 ;0, !0o ;10, !! ;0-, . ;0o,
-- ;0, 1! ;0o, !!! ;0, !o ;10, 1-+ ;10, ;0.,
;1!, 1. ;1+, !.- ;1+, !1 ;1, 1o ;1+, .0 ;0,
o- ;0, 1. ;1!, !.0 ;11, ! ;1!, 1. ;11, .1 ;0,
+0 ;0!, 10. ;0o, !!0 ;0, !0 ;0-, !!o ;11, -1 ;0,
!1 ;0., - ;0, 1- ;0-, !- ;11, !1 ;11, 1+! ;0,
.+ ;0-, 1!. ;0-, !.o ;10, !0o ;10, 1-. ;11, .! ;0.,
! ;0o, ! ;11, 10 ;1!, !!! ;1!, ! ;1, -- ;11,
0- ;0!, + ;0o, 1o ;0-, ! ;11, !11 ;1!, . ;0o,
1+! ;0, !0- ;0, !. ;1!, !+o ;11, 11! ;0., 1 ;0!,
1o1 ;1!, !1 ;1+, !0! ;11, 1 ;1!, o0 ;0, 0- ;0!,
+ ;0., - ;0., 1! ;0-, !+o ;11, !. ;11, 1 ;10,
o! ;0o, 11! ;0, 1-. ;0, !1 ;0, !! ;0-, 11! ;0,
;10, 1+o ;10, !+1 ;1+, !! ;1!, 1o ;1!, .- ;10,
-o ;10, 1o ;1!, !.! ;10, !. ;1!, 1o ;11, +! ;0.,
+1 ;0., 1!! ;0-, !. ;0, !! ;10, !11 ;0-, +! ;0.,
!! ;0+, -! ;0o, !0! ;0, !0+ ;10, !.o ;10, 11! ;0,
0 ;0, 1!! ;0-, !1+ ;10, !0 ;10, !10 ;10, -! ;10,
!o ;0+, -! ;0., 1-o ;0, !. ;0-, !++ ;0-, 1.o ;10,
o+ ;1!, 11. ;1!, !10 ;1!, !+ ;1!, !1. ;1+, 1!! ;1+,
o.2 u.o) 12.1 u.o) 21. u.o) 2.o u.o) 21. u.o) 9.o u.o)
o.u u.1) 11.9 u.2) 21. u.2) 2. u.2) 22.1 u.2) 9. u.1)
!!! ;1+, !!. ;1!, ! ;1!, 1!- ;11, !1 ;0., 0o ;0!,
1! ;1!, 1- ;1!, !o! ;11, !.! ;1!, 1! ;11, +1 ;0o,
o ;1., 1+. ;!1, !!! ;!-, !01 ;!+, 1-. ;!!, .1 ;1o,
-0 ;10, 1. ;11, !-! ;0, !o- ;11, 1!! ;10, !! ;0.,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
!NNEX"$ATATABLESFORTHECHAPTERS
A::lX l1
!+
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
! ;0+, ;0, 1! ;10, !+ ;10, !+ ;10, !0- ;1!,
.! ;0., 111 ;0, !!o ;0-, !-1 ;10, !!. ;0-, o ;0,
-1 ;10, 10! ;0o, 1.+ ;0, !!! ;0, !.! ;0-, 1 ;0,
!+ ;0!, + ;0!, 1. ;0., !o ;0o, !.. ;0o, 1+ ;0o,
-0 ;0, 1! ;0, !+. ;0, !1 ;0, 1o ;10, 0 ;0o,
o- ;0, 1!+ ;0o, !10 ;0, ! ;0, !1 ;0, 10! ;0,
!! ;0., .o ;0+, 1!- ;0-, !+! ;1!, !! ;0, !.. ;0-,
+- ;0o, 10. ;0-, 1-! ;0, !0 ;0-, !.! ;11, 1!! ;10,
10. ;0, 1!o ;0, !1 ;0-, !o ;11, 1-0 ;10, -! ;0.,
1.1 ;1o, 1- ;11, !.! ;1!, !+1 ;1!, 1!. ;10, +1 ;0o,
10! ;0-, 1. ;11, !!0 ;0-, !.! ;1!, 11 ;1!, ;0-,
o. ;0+, 1!0 ;0o, !1o ;0-, !+ ;1!, !10 ;0-, 10o ;0o,
+0 ;0., ;0, 1! ;0-, !1 ;10, !. ;0-, 1.! ;0,
o ;0, 1!+ ;0, !!+ ;0-, !1 ;0-, 1-! ;0-, + ;0o,
! ;0, ;10, 1! ;11, !- ;11, !o ;1!, 1+. ;1!,
1. ;0!, o! ;0o, 1o ;0-, !!+ ;10, !- ;10, 11o ;0,
1- ;0, !11 ;0-, !.+ ;0, !!! ;0-, 111 ;0, !+ ;0+,
!o1 ;1+, !.o ;1!, !.. ;10, 1. ;11, . ;0, 1! ;0!,
.o ;0., o ;0o, 1. ;0, !! ;1!, !.! ;11, !!! ;10,
+ ;0o, 10 ;0o, 1-. ;0-, !o ;1!, !!0 ;1!, 1!o ;0,
11. ;11, 1.1 ;10, !! ;1!, !+. ;11, 1! ;1!, 0 ;1!,
1!- ;1!, 1! ;11, !+! ;10, !+. ;1!, 1+ ;10, ++ ;0.,
o+ ;0o, 1!- ;10, !.o ;0, !0. ;10, 1-0 ;0-, + ;0+,
+- ;0+, 10! ;0, 1-- ;0-, !o ;0-, !!. ;0-, 1+o ;0,
;0, 1!. ;0, 1-! ;0-, !.- ;11, !1o ;0-, 1!1 ;11,
++ ;0+, -+ ;0o, 1o ;0, !o- ;0-, !+1 ;0-, 1o. ;0-,
! ;1+, 1!! ;11, !0 ;10, !.o ;1!, !0 ;1+, 1!o ;1+,
. u.o) 12.o u.1) 2u. u.1) 2o.1 u.o) 21.u u.o) 11.o u.o)
.1 u.2) 12.1 u.2) 2u. u.2) 2o.1 u.2) 21.2 u.2) 11.o u.2)
!1 ;1o, !0+ ;1!, !0. ;1!, -+ ;0o, !! ;0., 0+ ;0!,
11 ;1o, 1 ;1!, !!o ;11, !1o ;10, 1+1 ;11, .- ;0,
o ;1o, 1!o ;!1, 1-- ;!., !! ;!o, !1 ;!o, ;1o,
1++ ;1!, 1-+ ;0, !o0 ;0, !!- ;10, 1!+ ;0-, +- ;0o,
I|lc !1/
rercentage o students at each ievei o proiciency on the reading . retrieving inormation scaie
l:oiicic:c, lcvcls
;lcss t|: ;i:ou !!. to ;i:ou +0 to ;i:ou +1 to i:ou ..! to ;|ovc
l l l l l l
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!+
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
! ;0+, - ;0, 1-! ;10, !.o ;11, !+0 ;1!, 1 ;1!,
+0 ;0+, 10 ;0o, !1 ;10, !00 ;11, !! ;10, - ;0,
o! ;0, 11. ;0, 1 ;0, !.! ;0-, !. ;0-, 1!+ ;0,
!+ ;0!, ;0+, 1+ ;0+, !o ;0o, !o+ ;0., 1o+ ;0.,
.+ ;0o, 10 ;0o, !!! ;0-, !0! ;0, !1 ;0-, ;0,
o! ;0o, 1!o ;0, !!. ;0, ! ;0-, !0 ;10, ! ;0,
1- ;0., .1 ;0+, 1! ;0, !o0 ;0-, !- ;0-, !!o ;0-,
+0 ;0., 11. ;0, !1 ;0-, !0! ;10, !!+ ;11, -0 ;0,
-! ;0, 1!! ;0-, !!0 ;10, !o+ ;10, 1- ;0, -. ;0.,
oo ;11, 1o0 ;1+, !! ;1!, !01 ;1., 1o! ;1!, ! ;0o,
o0 ;0, 1.- ;1!, !o0 ;11, !-- ;1!, 1- ;11, +! ;0o,
!o ;0+, 101 ;0o, !11 ;0, !-! ;11, !++ ;10, 11 ;0o,
!. ;0., ! ;0, 1! ;0-, ! ;11, !o1 ;11, 1.! ;10,
+1 ;0, 1!1 ;0, !o- ;1!, !!! ;1!, 1 ;0-, + ;0+,
!+ ;0, - ;11, 1- ;1+, !+! ;1., !. ;1o, ! ;10,
0 ;0!, + ;0o, 1-. ;10, ! ;1+, !0. ;1!, . ;0o,
1! ;0o, 1-. ;0-, ! ;10, !+! ;0-, 1!! ;0o, !! ;0+,
1+. ;0-, !10 ;1., !!! ;1!, 1o ;1!, ++ ;0o, 0! ;01,
.! ;0., -- ;0, 1 ;0, !!- ;11, !!- ;0-, 1-. ;0-,
o! ;0., 11! ;0, !0! ;0, ! ;0, !!0 ;0-, 11. ;0,
. ;0-, 1+o ;0-, !+. ;1+, ! ;1!, 1 ;1!, o0 ;0-,
;0-, 1o- ;1!, !o- ;11, !- ;1!, 1oo ;11, +0 ;0.,
! ;0., 1!o ;0-, !o. ;0, !! ;11, !01 ;0, +1 ;0+,
!1 ;0!, -. ;0o, 1- ;0, !o ;10, !.+ ;10, 1! ;0,
o ;0o, 1!- ;0-, !!! ;0-, !+ ;11, !1+ ;10, -! ;11,
++ ;0., 110 ;0o, !11 ;0, !oo ;0, !!- ;0-, 1+0 ;0-,
o! ;1!, 11o ;11, !1 ;1!, !o. ;1!, !1! ;1., 1! ;1!,
. u.o) 12.o u.o) 22. u.o) 2.o u.o) 21.2 u.o) 9.1 u.o)
. u.1) 12.2 u.2) 22.1 u.2) 2.o u.1) 21. u.2) 9.9 u.1)
!1. ;1!, !!! ;1+, !1 ;1., 1!+ ;10, !! ;0., 0o ;0!,
111 ;1!, 1o ;1+, !! ;1!, !oo ;1!, 1!1 ;1!, !+ ;0o,
oo ;1, 1.! ;!, !!- ;!!, !- ;!0, 1- ;!!, +- ;1!,
0 ;0-, 10 ;0, !! ;0-, ! ;11, 1+! ;11, ! ;0o,
I|lc !1.
rercentage o students at each ievei o proiciency on the reading . interpreting tets scaie
l:oiicic:c, lcvcls
l l l l l l
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!+-
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
!+ ;0+, -1 ;0, 1-0 ;0-, !o- ;1!, !.o ;1!, 1.- ;1!,
.0 ;0., 101 ;0., !00 ;0-, !! ;11, !.! ;1!, 11o ;10,
- ;1!, 11. ;0, 1. ;0, !o! ;10, !+! ;0, 10 ;0o,
!1 ;0!, oo ;0+, 1o! ;0+, !. ;0., !! ;0., 1-+ ;0.,
. ;0, 1!! ;0-, !+- ;0-, !! ;0, 1-0 ;10, ! ;0,
o! ;0o, 11 ;0, !1! ;0, !-0 ;10, !1- ;0, -- ;0,
!+ ;0., o+ ;0., 1o! ;0, !0! ;0-, !0o ;0-, 1+1 ;0,
.- ;0, 1!. ;0, !!+ ;0, ! ;11, !10 ;10, o ;0o,
1!0 ;0, 1!. ;0, !0+ ;11, !+0 ;0-, 1- ;0, 10! ;0o,
- ;11, 1!! ;11, !1o ;11, !! ;11, 1- ;1!, 1!. ;11,
! ;0, 1.! ;1!, !!o ;1!, !- ;11, 1 ;1!, o! ;0,
+ ;0., 110 ;0o, !!1 ;0, !0- ;0-, !!1 ;0, 1 ;0.,
!+ ;0+, oo ;0, 1o ;10, !0! ;10, !-. ;10, 1+. ;0-,
0 ;0-, 1+! ;11, !+1 ;1!, !0 ;10, 1-1 ;0, o. ;0o,
!- ;0, - ;0-, 1oo ;11, !! ;11, !! ;1!, 1o! ;1+,
1! ;0!, .+ ;0., 1-0 ;10, !o ;1!, !-. ;1!, ! ;0,
10 ;0, 1- ;0, !.+ ;11, !!! ;0, 1!- ;0., !o ;0+,
1o0 ;0-, !0 ;10, !.o ;0-, !11 ;0, 11 ;0-, + ;0o,
+. ;0., . ;0o, 1. ;0-, !.+ ;1!, !.o ;10, 1. ;1!,
! ;0, 10 ;0, 1 ;0, !1 ;0-, !! ;10, 1!! ;0,
110 ;11, 1++ ;1!, !!o ;1, !o! ;1+, 11 ;1!, ;11,
-1 ;0-, 1.0 ;1!, !++ ;1!, !o! ;11, 1-0 ;11, o+ ;0,
!- ;0+, 110 ;0, !!1 ;11, !11 ;1!, !!o ;0-, + ;0o,
+! ;0+, 10! ;0o, !0 ;0, !0+ ;0, !+! ;0-, 101 ;0,
-- ;0-, 1!o ;0-, !1o ;11, !.! ;10, 1-1 ;0-, 10. ;11,
!o ;0!, ! ;0o, 1+ ;0, !o ;0, !o. ;0-, 1-o ;10,
o! ;11, 11! ;1!, !0o ;11, !! ;11, !!! ;1, 1!. ;1!,
o.9 u.1) 11. u.1) 2u.o u.1) 2.1 u.o) 22.1 u.) 11. u.o)
o. u.1) 11.o u.2) 2u. u.2) 2.o u.2) 22. u.2) 1u.9 u.2)
1 ;1!, !! ;11, !-! ;11, 1 ;10, o0 ;0, 1! ;0!,
1.o ;1., 1oo ;11, !!+ ;1o, !+1 ;1o, 1+! ;1!, o0 ;0-,
11- ;!0, 1o1 ;!1, !++ ;!!, !+ ;!, 10 ;!-, . ;1!,
11 ;11, 1-! ;10, !1 ;11, !+- ;0-, 1!! ;0, ! ;0.,
I|lc !11
rercentage o students at each ievei o proiciency on the reading . reiection and evaiuation scaie
l:oiicic:c, lcvcls
l l l l l l
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!.0
I|lc !!o
Muitipie comparisons o mean perormance on the reading . retrieving inormation scaie
li:l:c
Aust:li
:cw Zcl:c
:c
lo:c
:
l:cl:c
D:itcc li:gcou
wccc:
l::cc
lclgiuu
:o:w,
Aust:i
lccl:c
D:itcc ttcs
witzc:l:c
Dc:u:|
licc|tc:stci:
ltl,
i:
Gc:u:,
zcc| kcu|lic
lu:g:,
lol:c
lo:tugl
kussi: lcc
ltvi
G:cccc
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
l:zil
..o ;!,
.!o ;!,
.!. ;!,
.!0 ;1,
.!0 ;!.,
.!o ;..,
.!+ ;!!,
.!! ;!.,
.1o ;!+,
.1. ;!0,
.1. ;!-,
.0. ;!-,
.0! ;!!,
.00 ;1o,
+-- ;+,
+- ;++,
+- ;!,
+-! ;+-,
+ ;!1,
+! ;!0,
+! ;!+,
+1 ;!,
+ ;++,
+. ;.0,
+.. ;+-,
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Mean
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Instructions
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.0. ;!, 10+ ;1, !!0 ;.-, !o+ ;.., ++0 ;+., .- ;!, o!1 ;!1, oo0 ;+o,
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+-+ ;+!, 10! ;!0, !1o ;.., !.. ;., +!o ;.., .o ;+, o!1 ;.., o.1 ;.!,
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+- ;++, 11! ;!1, !-. ;!, !++ ;o+, +!! ;.., . ;+-, o!o ;.!, oo ;.,
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+-- ;+, 11! ;!, !0! ;1!0, !+ ;1!0, +! ;-!, . ;o+, o! ;o0, o! ;!,
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Variation in student perormance on the reading . interpreting tets scaie

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+0 ;!, -0 ;1-, !! ;o!, !.- ;+o, +1 ;.1, .+. ;+!, .-+ ;+., o!1 ;+-,
.1+ ;1+, -. ;1+, !+- ;+., ! ;!, +.1 ;!!, .1 ;!!, o!! ;!1, oo+ ;+!,
.!o ;!!, - ;1, !.+ ;o, !-o ;., +o+ ;+, .-. ;!+, o+o ;!!, oo ;!,
+- ;!o, o ;!+, !+! ;o-, !o ;.!, +!! ;!., .+- ;!!, .- ;!-, o!. ;!0,
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.!. ;!!, o- ;1., +0+ ;+., +!+ ;!, +0 ;!-, .+ ;!., o0- ;!, o!0 ;!0,
++o ;1o, 101 ;1!, !1 ;+, !1+ ;!o, !1 ;!., .1- ;!o, .1 ;!o, o00 ;!-,
+1- ;!-, ;1, !-+ ;!, !1- ;!!, !o! ;!1, +! ;+!, .!1 ;+-, ..0 ;.,
.!o ;!, 111 ;!0, !!! ;o!, !o ;+!, +.! ;!, o0o ;!+, oo. ;++, o-- ;o,
.0. ;!, 10+ ;1o, !!! ;.0, !o+ ;.0, +! ;+!, .- ;!-, o!! ;!, oo! ;!.,
+! ;+!, - ;!, !1+ ;1, !.0 ;o+, +1 ;+-, ..! ;.., o0+ ;o!, o!! ;o.,
+! ;+!, -! ;1o, !1. ;.-, !+ ;.-, +0 ;., .+1 ;+o, .-1 ;++, o1 ;+.,
+-1 ;!o, + ;11, !+ ;+-, !0 ;!o, +!. ;!, ..1 ;!o, .-. ;!!, o!0 ;!0,
.!! ;!1, -o ;1!, !.. ;+!, !-! ;!, +. ;!1, .-0 ;!, o+1 ;!, oo- ;!+,
+-o ;+!, 101 ;!0, !!0 ;+, !.- ;.-, +!- ;.o, .o- ;+o, o!! ;.., o.! ;.-,
.1+ ;!., 10! ;1+, !+1 ;.0, !0 ;+0, ++. ;!!, .o ;!1, o++ ;+1, o ;+,
.0. ;1, 10o ;!o, !!! ;11!, !o! ;10., +!. ;!, .- ;o, o+0 ;oo, o! ;.,
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Variation in student perormance on the reading . reiection and evaiuation scaie

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+ ;+, 110 ;!!, !- ;-, !! ;0, +0o ;o+, ..o ;o!, o1! ;o+, o+! ;0,
+0 ;+., 101 ;1, !0+ ;.1, !+! ;o, +11 ;o., ..+ ;+!, o0 ;!, o!+ ;+.,
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+.. ;+0, - ;1, !- ;.!, !!o ;o!, !- ;.1, .!! ;+0, .0 ;+!, o1! ;+,
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Betveen-schooi and vithin-schooi variation in student perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie
Variation epressed as a percentage o the average variation
in student perormance (srj across GIcD countries

1otai variation in sr
Variation epiained by the Variation epiained by the

epressed as a

internationai socio-economic internationai socio-economic

percentage o
inde o occupationai inde o occupationai status

the average
status o students o students and schoois
variation in sr 1otai variation 1otai variation
1otai variation across GIcD in sr betveen in sr vithin Betveen-schooi Within-schooi Betveen-schooi Within-schooi
in sr
1
countries schoois schoois variation variation variation variation
Variation epressed as a percentage o the average variation in student
perormance (srj across GIcD countries
Variation epiained by geographicai.systemic.
1otai variation
institutionai actors and the internationai
betveen schoois
Variation epiained by geographicai. socio-economic inde o occupationai
epressed as
systemic.institutionai actors status o students and schoois
a percentage o
Betveen-schooi Within-schooi Betveen-schooi Within-schooi the totai variation
variation variation variation variation vithin the country
1
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schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s pass.aii threshoid and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie
At or above schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s
Beiov schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s pass.aii threshoid pass.aii threshoid
rerormance on the com- rerormance on the com-
rercentage o students bined reading iiteracy scaie rercentage o students bined reading iiteracy scaie
s.I. Mean score s.I. s.I. Mean score s.I.
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Variation in student perormance on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie

standard
rercentiies
Mean deviation sth 10th 2sth 1sth 90th 9sth
Mean
score s.I. s.D. s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I.
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.1 ;!, - ;1-, !o+ ;o+, !-- ;.+, +. ;+, .1 ;!1, o!- ;!!, o.o ;+o,
+-0 ;!., 10! ;!+, !11 ;-, !+- ;o-, +!! ;!-, .o! ;!, o1- ;!o, o+- ;!-,
++ ;.o, 10 ;!-, !o0 ;-0, !0! ;1, !. ;1, .!+ ;o, .o ;, o1 ;o,
+ ;+0, - ;!+, !! ;1, !o0 ;., +1- ;+, .. ;.!, o1. ;o+, o+ ;o-,
.1+ ;!!, . ;1+, !! ;., +0 ;+, +.- ;!., .! ;!0, o!! ;!1, o+- ;..,
.0! ;!, + ;1, !. ;o+, !-+ ;+, ++- ;+1, .o1 ;!o, o0o ;+!, o!0 ;.0,
+. ;!-, -0 ;!+, !01 ;+, !! ;.., !- ;!., .!0 ;!., .0 ;++, o00 ;o1,
.. ;.., ;!1, +0! ;11!, ++0 ;-1, .0+ ;+, o1 ;.!, oo! ;+-, o ;o1,
.+ ;!, + ;!0, +00 ;o1, +! ;.0, +-! ;+!, o0o ;!+, o.0 ;+!, oo ;.!,
++o ;!0, -! ;1, !1 ;+, !! ;+!, !-0 ;!, .0- ;!+, ..- ;!!, . ;!-,
! ;!+, ! ;1-, !.+ ;.., !1 ;!o, !!- ;+1, ++. ;.!, +-o ;.o, .! ;oo,
.! ;!1, -- ;1-, !o+ ;o1, +0. ;.+, +! ;!-, o0 ;+0, o.- ;+!, o- ;.!,
+-- ;!, -! ;1, !+0 ;0, !- ;.!, +!- ;+0, .o. ;!-, o1! ;+., o+! ;+.,
+0 ;.., 10! ;!, !-o ;1!!, !!. ;-!, +0! ;0, .+! ;o, .-- ;, o!! ;.,
+.+ ;+1, -1 ;1, !- ;!, !!! ;o1, !-! ;., .!0 ;+!, .0 ;+!, .-o ;.0,
+o ;!1, -1 ;1., !!! ;., !. ;+!, +1o ;.!, .+0 ;+0, .-! ;!-, o!1 ;!1,
.10 ;!., -! ;1o, !+ ;., !o ;+0, +.0 ;!!, .+ ;!o, o!o ;!!, o.o ;..,
.!- ;++, 100 ;!!, !.! ;-1, !- ;o0, +oo ;+, o01 ;.!, o.! ;., o! ;+,
.!- ;!., -! ;1o, !+ ;.-, +1! ;!o, +0 ;!!, .-! ;!!, o+o ;+!, oo ;.-,
+-! ;o, - ;!+, !! ;11, !o1 ;-o, +! ;-, .o! ;., o!0 ;, o.! ;-,
o9 2.1) 1u1 u.9) 11 1.1) 1 1.o) o29 1.u) 2 2.1) o2 1.9) o 2.1)
uu u.) 1uu u.o) 12o 1.) 1o 1.o) o1 1.1) 1 u.) o2 u.9) o 1.1)
!!+ ;!, - ;!!, 1- ;.., !1! ;.!, !oo ;+!, !-- ;.., +o+ ;., +-- ;-,
+o! ;+., 10! ;!o, ! ;-0, !! ;-, !-! ;., .!o ;o!, .-! ;.o, o!. ;oo,
.1+ ;0, -o ;o0, !+! ;1-, !0 ;1-, +.+ ;1.., .- ;., o!. ;1o-, oo. ;1.0,
+ ;.., 10+ ;!., !0. ;-0, !+! ;+, +0 ;oo, ..! ;oo, o1! ;o, o+ ;,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
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1
R
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A::lX l1
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I|lc !!
schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s pass.aii threshoid and perormance on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie
Beiov schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s At or above schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s
pass.aii threshoid pass.aii threshoid
rerormance on the mathe- rerormance on the mathe-
rercentage o students maticai iiteracy scaie rercentage o students maticai iiteracy scaie
Mean Mean
s.I. score s.I. s.I. score s.I
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
1
11. ;0, +- ;.o, . ;0, .+0 ;!,
. ;0o, .0o ;o, -!. ;0o, .1- ;!.,
!1! ;1o, +-1 ;11., ;1o, .1! ;o,
1+- ;0+, .0+ ;!!, .1 ;0+, .+0 ;1+,
1. ;0!, ++. ;1-, -. ;0!, .0. ;!,
0- ;0!, c c --1 ;0!, .!! ;!!,
1! ;0!, +.o ;11!, - ;0!, .!- ;!1,
! ;1!, .0o ;!!, o1! ;1!, .++ ;!1,
u u u u u u u u
!o ;0, !+ ;1o, -o+ ;0, +.+ ;.+,
1000 ;00, +-0 ;+0,
!+ ;10, +o. ;!, .! ;10, .!o ;!+,
u u u u u u u u
!-1 ;1!, +!! ;+0, 0- ;1!, +o- ;!!,
u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u
-1 ;0, !0 ;o., -0- ;0, !-0 ;!.,
!! ;1!, +- ;+0, ! ;1!, .o1 ;!!,
1+ ;0!, +01 ;1oo, -o ;0!, .0. ;!,
o. ;0, +!! ;11!, -!. ;0, +- ;..,
u u u u u u u u
! ;1., ++! ;!o, o!! ;1., .01 ;!1,
+! ;0o, ! ;-, -. ;0o, .1o ;!+,
-o ;0, +-0 ;+, -0+ ;0, .+0 ;+o,
+o ;0., +!+ ;10!, -.+ ;0., .! ;!1,
u u u u u u u u
1o. u.1) o9 2.1) 1.1 u.1) o 1.1)
12. u.2) oo 1.) . u.2) u u.9)
u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u
-0 ;!!, c c -10 ;!!, .!. ;,
u u u u u u u u
!!0 ;1+, .o- ;0, 0 ;1+, . ;+0,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
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D
c
G
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1
R
I
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A::lX l1
!o1
I|lc !!
Variation in student perormance on the scientic iiteracy scaie

standard
rercentiies
Mean deviation sth 10th 2sth 1sth 90th 9sth
Mean
score s.I. s.D. s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I.
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
.! ;!., -+ ;1o, !o ;.1, +0! ;+, +o! ;+o, .-o ;+, o+o ;.1, o. ;+,
.1- ;!o, -1 ;1, !o! ;., !- ;+0, +.o ;!, .+ ;!., o!! ;+1, o.- ;+!,
+-o ;+!, 111 ;!, !-! ;1!., !+o ;10!, +!+ ;oo, . ;!., o!0 ;!o, o.o ;!0,
.!- ;1o, - ;11, !0 ;!, +1! ;!+, +o- ;!!, .-! ;1, o+1 ;!!, o0 ;!0,
.11 ;!+, -+ ;1., !.. ;.o, !- ;+0, ++- ;!o, . ;!, o!! ;+1, oo! ;+-,
+1 ;!, 10! ;!0, !10 ;o0, !+ ;.!, +10 ;+, ..+ ;!., o1! ;++, o+. ;+,
.! ;!., o ;1!, !-1 ;.!, +!. ;+!, +1 ;!., .- ;!0, o+. ;+!, o+ ;+!,
.00 ;!!, 10! ;!0, !!- ;o1, !o! ;.+, +!- ;.!, .. ;+0, o!1 ;+!, oo! ;+-,
+ ;!+, 10! ;!0, !1+ ;-., !.0 ;o0, +1 ;+-, .o0 ;!!, o1 ;!., o+- ;+,
+o1 ;+-, - ;!o, !00 ;-!, !!+ ;!, !-! ;0, .!0 ;.!, .. ;.!, o1o ;.,
+-o ;+!, 10! ;!!, !! ;., !o1 ;+-, +!! ;.., .0 ;+, o!- ;.1, o.- ;.,
+-o ;!!, ;1o, !.1 ;0, !1 ;+!, +!o ;!, .. ;!1, o0 ;+1, o!. ;+,
.1! ;!!, -! ;1, !o1 ;o., !-+ ;., +.0 ;++, . ;!+, o!0 ;+o, oo1 ;.+,
+ ;!1, - ;!o, !1. ;1, !+- ;o!, +11 ;++, .+ ;!., o0! ;+0, o!! ;++,
..0 ;.., -0 ;!0, !-1 ;11!, +!0 ;--, +-. ;!, o1! ;.0, o.- ;+, o ;.,
..! ;!, 1 ;1, +11 ;.!, ++! ;.!, +-- ;+0, o10 ;!+, o.! ;!-, o+ ;.,
++! ;!!, -o ;!0, ! ;!, !!0 ;o, !! ;!+, .10 ;!, .o! ;++, .-! ;+0,
+!! ;!!, ;!1, !0! ;+, !!. ;+o, !o ;!1, +! ;+, .!. ;.., ..+ ;0,
.! ;!+, 101 ;!!, !. ;.o, !-! ;.!, +.- ;!, o00 ;!+, o.! ;.0, o! ;.1,
.00 ;!, -o ;!0, !! ;!, ! ;oo, +! ;+0, .o- ;!., o1- ;!-, o+- ;o!,
+! ;.1, - ;!, !!o ;-!, !.- ;., +1. ;.., ..! ;!, o10 ;o, o!- ;.,
+.- ;+0, - ;1o, !1 ;.0, !+! ;.1, !- ;.!, .!1 ;+, .. ;.0, o0+ ;.!,
+-1 ;!0, -. ;1, !!! ;.1, !o ;+!, +!. ;++, .. ;!., o1! ;!-, o+! ;..,
.1! ;!., -! ;1+, !. ;., !-0 ;+o, ++o ;+1, . ;!0, o!0 ;!+, oo0 ;+.,
+-o ;++, 100 ;!+, !!! ;., !oo ;.+, +! ;.1, .o ;o+, o!o ;o+, o.o ;-0,
.!! ;!, - ;!0, !oo ;o, +01 ;o0, +oo ;!, o0! ;!-, o.o ;+, o ;.0,
+-- ;!, 101 ;!-, !!0 ;11, !o ;100, +!0 ;-o, .1 ;0, o! ;0, o. ;+,
u2 2.u) 1u2 u.9) 112 1.1) 1o 1.1) o11 2.) o 2.1) o11 1.9) oo2 2.1)
uu u.) 1uu u.) 112 1.) 1o 1.u) o11 1.u) 2 u.) o2 u.) o 1.2)
!. ;!!, -0 ;!!, !!0 ;.., !o! ;.-, !1. ;!, +!! ;+-, +-! ;, .!1 ;!,
+o0 ;.o, - ;!0, !-- ;101, !!+ ;, !-! ;, .! ;., .. ;!, o!0 ;0,
+o ;1, -+ ;.+, !1+ ;!!., !. ;!00, +0- ;1!!, .+! ;1!, .-. ;1!+, o!- ;!+0,
+o0 ;+, -- ;!0, !- ;o., !!! ;.+, !-! ;o!, .!- ;., .-1 ;.-, o!. ;.,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
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D
c
G
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N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!o!
I|lc !+
schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s pass.aii threshoid and perormance on the scientic iiteracy scaie
Beiov schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s At or above schooi`s or ciassroom teacher`s
pass.aii threshoid pass.aii threshoid
rerormance on the rerormance on the
rercentage o students scientic iiteracy scaie rercentage o students scientic iiteracy scaie
Mean Mean
s.I. score s.I. s.I. score s.I
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
1
1!+ ;0-, +o ;o!, oo ;0-, .!- ;+0,
!+ ;0., .1 ;1!-, -oo ;0., .! ;!,
u u u u u u u u
11 ;0+, +-+ ;!!, ! ;0+, .! ;1.,
0o ;0!, c c --+ ;0!, .!0 ;!+,
!! ;0!, !-! ;1-, - ;0!, +-! ;!o,
0! ;01, c c -- ;01, .!- ;!.,
!. ;11, +0 ;++, +! ;11, .!1 ;!1,
u u u u u u u u
!. ;0o, !o- ;1+, -. ;0o, +o- ;.+,
1000 ;00, .00 ;!-,
11! ;0, +.0 ;o!, ;0, .1! ;!.,
u u u u u u u u
1- ;1!, ++0 ;.., 0! ;1!, +- ;!.,
u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u
. ;0o, +0! ;!, -+! ;0o, +!1 ;!+,
!!! ;11, +1 ;+o, ;11, ..! ;!,
1 ;0!, !! ;1, -! ;0!, .0 ;!o,
1. ;0!, +o0 ;!0., -. ;0!, +-1 ;.1,
u u u u u u u u
!o1 ;11, ++0 ;+0, !- ;11, .1+ ;!1,
+. ;0o, +1 ;., -.. ;0o, .1 ;!.,
+- ;0o, +0 ;1!1, -.1 ;0o, .1! ;+o,
!+ ;0., +!! ;10., -oo ;0., .+! ;!o,
u u u u u u u u
11.2 u.1) o 2.2) . u.1) o9o 1.1)
.o u.2) o 1.) 91.o u.2) 11 u.9)
u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u
-! ;!!, c c -0 ;!!, + ;!,
u u u u u u u u
+ ;0-, .!0 ;-o, -1o ;0-, .! ;+0,
G
I
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G
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1
R
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!o!
scIIN1IIIc
II1IRAcY
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
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zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
!
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
MA1HIMA1IcAI
II1IRAcY
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
!
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
1 I|c totl v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc is o|ti:cc s t|c squ:c oi t|c st:c:c ccvitio: s|ow: i: I|lc !1 io: ut|cuticl litc:c, :c I|lc !!
io: scic:ti|c litc:c, I|c sttisticl v:i:cc :c :ot t|c st:c:c ccvitio: is uscc io: t|is cou:iso: to llow io: t|c cccouositio: oi t|c couo:c:ts
oi v:itio: i: stucc:t c:io:u:cc lo: :cso:s cxli:cc i: t|c 0)3! 4ECHNICAL 2EPORT, t|c suu oi t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool :c wit|i:sc|ool v:i:cc
couo:c:ts u,, io: souc cou:t:ics, ciiic: slig|tl, i:ou t|c squ:c oi t|c st:c:c ccvitio: s|ow: i: I|lcs !1 :c !!
! I|is i:ccx is oitc: :cic::cc to s t|c i:t:clss co::cltio: ;:|o,
! Duc to t|c suli:g uct|ocs uscc i: :, t|c |ctwcc:sc|ool v:i:cc i: : i:cluccs v:itio: |ctwcc: clsscs wit|i: sc|ools
10 -!- 1o! o! + o0 10+ o+ 1.
.+. --0 .o .!+ + 0! !-+ 0! .!!
11 !o 1!0. 1o .-+ 1! ! !. ! .+
1.! !- 1+! o! !- ! +. ! 1!
- !o 10. +.- .-! -! !1 !. !1 +!
.00 o- 1.+ 0 - .. - . 1
o +.1 + o1 o. 10 . 10 . 1
u u u u u u u u u
10 .1! 1!1 o.. .!1 10- 1 +01 1 ..!
11 !1 1!.- o.+ +0 -- 0- !-. 0- +o-
- .-! 1111 o01 .!o 1+! 0. +.! 0. .!-
1.- !- +. 0 11 +! 11 +1 .+
o -! 0- -+ !1 !- +! o1 +. 11+
1+ -+ +0. ..1 !! 0! 1.0 0! +!+
..- o +! ++! u u u u +-
110 !+ !!1 .0- ! 0 1!o 0 !
.oo --! !+- !+ -. o- !10 o !.!
o !+ -! +11 !-! o1 0+ !!+ 0+ .11
- + 11!- 1- -! 101 11 10! 1.
!! -1 -1 1. o! 1o o! 1
10 .10 1!1 o!! .!. . 0! ! 0! .+!
!+1 -oo !01 o+0 10. + 1! .0 !!0
1-! -+- 11 o1 .- !. -0 !o 1!
!+ 1011 ! -! .! o0 !
- -!! 11.0 +. o! -o !! !11 !0 +11
+0! -! !1! !0 . o0 1+ o. !!
- o1 11!0 !.0 +. 1!+ o! !+! o. !!0
o11
- +-! 1100 +00 1. !o 1 1.. 10 !.-
10 o.+ 1!!+ !!1 -0 !0- 1 !++ 0 !o
- 1o! 10o! u u u u u u u
10 ! 1!.o +.. -- !-o ! !1 ! !o!
- -+ 1! 10 . +. -o + 1.
!! -!! . +o. 10. 0o !!+ 0. ..
1! !1+ 1!o. + o!! 1++ !! +o0 !! ..+
-! . 1!- 1- !+ +. +- +o 1o!
!1 - !-! .0 -- !0 !o1 !1 +0!
10 o.! 111 1-+ 101o 10! - 10. 1o0
++o !o .. 1 0- ! 10 ! oo
u u u u u u u u u
10 !-+ 11.! .. .- 11 !! +0+ !+ +-.
- !-0 10+1 +!0 o!- .. 0+ 1o 0! +00
10 .10 11o. o.- .- 11 0 +-0 0+ .!
0. .+ o+ ! 10 1+ 0 1. o
+1o -!! 1!! 1! + .+ . .+ 1+1
- o1! 10oo +o- o+! !1 0. 1+1 0+ +!!
1. -0 +0o .0- u u u u +++
o .0 !! !o ++. 1o 0! 100 0! !!
- !1 10!- !0 !+ o- +o !1o +. !o
. -+0 o.- !o ! .0 00 1.. 00 +0-
10 1+- 11!. 1- -!o 100 11+ 100 1o-
- 1! 101! 10! -!. !- o !! o 100
- ! 10+0 .!! .0. 0 0+ !!1 0+ .1+
-!! !+ o0! 0 !- 1o! !- !1!
- 0- 100- 1! !. 1 !. 111 !o 10
o -o! 0 -00 !. o0 +0 o0 !
10 01! 1110 +.+ o!- ! 1-. !o +1o
- o!- 10o- !+o o -0 1 1o0 o !+!
10 !1 11!! +0! !0 1+1 o !o1 1 !.o
9 u19
11 -0 !.. o.! 0! 1+o 0 !1
- .+! 10. !- +. +0 !0 1!! !0 !o
-o -o u u u u u u
- !. 10- !!! .! +0 !0 10- 1- !0o
I|lc !.
Betveen-schooi and vithin-schooi variation in student perormance on the mathematicai and scientiic iiteracy scaies
Variation epressed as a percentage o the average variation
in student perormance (srj across GIcD countries
1otai varia-

1otai variation
Variation epiained by the Variation epiained by the
tion betveen

in sr epressed
internationai socio-eco- internationai socio-eco-
schoois e-

as a percentage
nomic indeo occupa- nomic indeo occupationai
presssedas a

o the average 1otai 1otai
tionai status o students status o students AND schoois
percentage o
1otai variation in sr variation variation Betveen- Within- Betveen- Within- the totai vari-
variation across GIcD in sr betveen in sr vithin schooi schooi schooi schooi ation vithin
in sr
1
countries schoois schoois variation variation variation variation the country
2
G
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D

c
G
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N
1
R
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s
N
G
N
-
G
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c
G
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1
R
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G
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D

c
G
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1
R
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N
G
N
-
G
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c
D
c
G
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N
1
R
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A::lX l1
!o+
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
\cxico
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
I|lc !o
student perormance on the combined reading, scientic and mathematicai iiteracy scaies and nationai income

cumuiative

ependiture on
rerormance on the combined rerormance on the rerormance on the
GDr per capita educationai insti -
reading iiteracy scaie scientic iiteracy scaie mathematicai iiteracy scaie
;D coll:s
1
, tutions per student
Mean score s.I. Mean score s.I. Mean score s.I. ;1---, ;D coll:s
1
, ;1--,
.! ;!., .! ;!., .!! ;!., !+ +00 ++ o!!
.0 ;!+, .1- ;!o, .1. ;!., !+ o00 1 !
.0 ;!o, +-o ;+!, .!0 ;!-, !+ !00 +o !!
+-! ;!+, .11 ;!+, +- ;!, 1! 100 !1 !+
+- ;!+, +1 ;!, .1+ ;!+, !o !00 o. -+
.+o ;!o, .! ;!., .!o ;!!, !! 00 +. !o!
.0. ;!, .00 ;!!, .1 ;!, !1 -00 .0 +1
++ ;!., + ;!+, +-0 ;!., !! o00 +1 -
++ ;.0, +o1 ;+-, ++ ;.o, 1+ 00 ! !.o
+0 ;+0, +-o ;+!, + ;+0, 10 -00 !0 !
.! ;!!, .1! ;!!, .0! ;!, !. !00 !1 01.
+ ;!-, + ;!1, +. ;!-, !1 00 o0 !+
.!! ;.!, ..0 ;.., .. ;.., !+ .00 .! !..
.!. ;!+, ..! ;!, .+ ;!, 1. -00 !0 ++
+!! ;!!, +!! ;!!, ! ;!+, 100 11 !!-
.0. ;!, .00 ;!, +-- ;!, ! o00 o1 o
+- ;+., +! ;.1, +0 ;.., 100 1o 1.+
+0 ;+., +.- ;+0, +.+ ;+1, 1o .00 !o .!1
+-! ;!, +-1 ;!0, +o ;!1, 1 100 !o o--
.1o ;!!, .1! ;!., .10 ;!., !! 000 .! !o
+-+ ;+!, +-o ;++, .!- ;++, ! .00 o+ !oo
.!! ;!o, .!! ;!, .!- ;!., !! !00 +! -!
.0+ ;1, +-- ;!, +-! ;o, !! -00 o !1!
o99 2.u) u2 2.u) o9 2.1)
uu u.o) uu u.) uu u.)
!-o ;!1, !. ;!!, !!+ ;!, o +0 -!!1
+. ;.!, +o0 ;.o, +o! ;+., o 1o+ u
+! ;+1, +o ;1, .1+ ;0, !! !!. u
+o! ;+!, +o0 ;+, + ;.., o -!0 u
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OLcD totol
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Inde o interest in reading and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
2ESULTSBASEDONSTUDENTSSELFREPORTS
Inde o interest in reading
1
Aii students Maies Iemaies Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I.
rerormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
by nationai quarters o the inde o interest in reading
2

change in the combined reading iiteracy score
Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o interest in reading
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. change s.I.
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1
! lo: cxli:cc v:itio: scc A::cx A! D:it c|:gcs u:|cc i: |olc :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t W|c:c |ottou :c to qu:tc:s :c u:|cc i: |olc
t|is i:cictcs t|t t|ci: ciiic:c:cc is sttisticll, sig:i|c:t
! kcso:sc :tc is too low to c:su:c cou:|ilit, ;scc A::cx A!,
00! ;00!, 01o ;00!, 01! ;00!, 10! ;00!, 0!. ;001, 0!1 ;001, 100 ;00!,
00- ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 1++ ;001, 0++ ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 0.+ ;00!, 00 ;00!, 1o0 ;001, 0.. ;001, 001 ;001, 0o ;00!,
011 ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 1!- ;00!, 0! ;001, 0+! ;001, 1. ;001,
01- ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0+. ;00!, 11! ;00!, 01- ;001, 0.0 ;001, 1. ;001,
01- ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 0o1 ;00!, 11! ;001, 01 ;001, 0+ ;001, 1. ;001,
00o ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 1++ ;001, 0+! ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1! ;00!,
00o ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 1+! ;00!, 0+! ;001, 0!! ;001, 1+0 ;001,
00o ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 1!0 ;00!, 0!. ;001, 01 ;001, 11+ ;00!,
00+ ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1+0 ;001, 0!! ;001, 0! ;001, 1.+ ;001,
011 ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 01 ;00!, 1+! ;001, 0++ ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!! ;001,
0!1 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0!- ;00+, 1+ ;001, 0o! ;000, 011 ;001, 0-. ;00!,
00 ;00!, 0! ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1!. ;00!,
01. ;001, 00+ ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 0o+ ;00!, 00. ;000, 0! ;000, 0-- ;001,
00 ;00!, 010 ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 11o ;00!, 0!. ;001, 0!! ;001, 1! ;00!,
001 ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1! ;001, 0!o ;001, 0!! ;001, 1+o ;001,
0!! ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 0. ;00!, 100 ;001, 00. ;001, 0+- ;001, 1+o ;001,
00- ;001, 00 ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 0. ;00!, 010 ;000, 0!o ;000, 10 ;00!,
00+ ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1!- ;00!,
00! ;00!, 01o ;00+, 01- ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0! ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
-u.u1 u.u1) -u.2u u.u2) u.19 u.u2) -1.2u u.u1) -u.11 u.uu) u.2o u.uu) 1.2 u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) -u.2o u.u1) u.2o u.u1) -1.21 u.uu) -u.11 u.uu) u.2 u.uu) 1.1u u.uu)
0!1 ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0+o ;00!, 00 ;00!, 00o ;001, 0+ ;001, 1!- ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 0.0 ;00!, 0-1 ;00!, 01! ;001, 0+- ;001, 1+ ;001,
00 ;00., 0! ;00, 01. ;00, 1!! ;00+, 0! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 1!! ;00o,
01. ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 11. ;00!, 0!1 ;001, 0++ ;001, 1.1 ;001,
01 ;00+, 0.! ;00+, 01 ;00+, 1.! ;00!, 0.+ ;001, 01! ;001, 1! ;00!,
+9s ;+0, .0. ;+!, .+0 ;+, s88 ;+o, +1.1 ;!!,
+81 ;!1, +. ;!., .1+ ;!+, ss1 ;!., 28.s ;1+,
s1s ;+., .1o ;o1, .++ ;.!, s10 ;o0, 22.o ;!0.,
+11 ;!o, ++ ;!0, .1! ;!!, s+8 ;!1, 2o.1 ;1!-,
+12 ;!!, +- ;!+, .0! ;!o, ss1 ;!., 29.o ;1.,
s02 ;!, .! ;+o, .o+ ;!, s99 ;!!, 1o.1 ;11,
+o8 ;!, +1 ;!, .00 ;+!, ss2 ;!, 10.0 ;1o.,
+s1 ;!, +oo ;.+, +- ;.!, s29 ;++, 21.8 ;1..,
+1s ;!!, +-! ;!1, .1+ ;!+, so0 ;!!, 1s.1 ;1.,
+9s ;!, .0! ;+0, .!o ;+1, s80 ;!, 10.0 ;1+o,
+o1 ;+!, ++ ;+!, +-0 ;!., s2+ ;!!, 22.s ;1.1,
+91 ;!, .1- ;!!, .!o ;!., ss1 ;!o, 22.o ;1!,
+++ ;!0, +! ;!., +.1 ;!0, +90 ;!+, 11.0 ;1,
+!! ;+1, +!0 ;!-, +1 ;!, +!! ;.0, 8.8 ;!o1,
s0o ;!., .0- ;+., .!+ ;+, s91 ;+0, 1+.s ;10,
+11 ;.0, + ;+0, .1o ;!, so9 ;!!, 1+.s ;1.,
++2 ;+, +.+ ;o1, +! ;+, s11 ;+, 2o.1 ;1o1,
+19 ;!1, .01 ;!!, .!+ ;!!, so8 ;!, +1.8 ;!01,
+o+ ;+!, +- ;+o, +-- ;., s+8 ;.1, 11.s ;1-+,
+88 ;1, +-. ;o., .0 ;-, ss8 ;o-, 21.0 ;!!,
oo 1.2) o2 1.u) o9 1.o) 1 1.1) 21.o 1.1o)
oo u.) o 1.1) u 1.1) o9 u.9) 2.9 u.o1)
191 ;+!, !-. ;!., !-- ;+., +19 ;+!, 10.0 ;!11,
+29 ;oo, ++0 ;o., +o+ ;.!, s12 ;.o, 12.s ;!!1,
+s+ ;100, +o! ;-o, +-+ ;10!, s28 ;10, 29.s ;.1!,
++0 ;.1, +.! ;!., +o ;+, +98 ;.!, 20.+ ;11o,
s10 ;+, .1o ;+-, .!+ ;+, s12 ;+o, 22.8 ;1-!,
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Inde o interest in mathematics and perormance on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o interest in mathematics
1
rerormance on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie,
by nationai quarters o the inde o interest in mathematics
2

change in the mathematicai iiteracy score
Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o interest in mathematics
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
00+ ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0-+ ;00!, 01 ;001, 0! ;001, 0-- ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 00! ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0+ ;001, 00! ;001, 0- ;00!,
011 ;00!, 00o ;00+, 01o ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0!! ;001, 011 ;001, 100 ;00!,
00 ;00!, 00. ;00!, 01 ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 01 ;001, 10- ;00!,
0+ ;00!, 0o! ;00+, 0!1 ;00+, 0- ;00!, 01 ;001, 0o ;001, 1-! ;00!,
00 ;00!, 00o ;00!, 01- ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0!. ;001, 01 ;001, 11 ;00!,
00 ;00!, 011 ;00+, 0!! ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 01- ;001, 1!! ;00!,
00+ ;00!, 00! ;00+, 00o ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0!o ;001, 01. ;001, 1! ;00!,
011 ;00!, 00- ;00!, 01! ;00!, 100 ;00!, 01 ;001, 0!! ;001, 1! ;00!,
001 ;00!, 00o ;00!, 00 ;00+, 1!1 ;00!, 0!1 ;001, 0!- ;001, 1! ;00!,
000 ;00!, 00! ;00+, 00! ;00+, 1!- ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
0! ;00!, 0!. ;00., 0!- ;00., 1oo ;001, 0oo ;001, 001 ;001, 1! ;00!,
01 ;00!, 00. ;00!, 0!0 ;00+, 1+! ;00!, 0+ ;001, 00 ;001, 111 ;00!,
0!- ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0+0 ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 01 ;001, 0.! ;000, 1!! ;00!,
00- ;00!, 0!0 ;00+, 001 ;00!, 11. ;00!, 01 ;001, 0! ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
0! ;00!, 00+ ;00+, 0.1 ;00+, 1+ ;00!, 0o0 ;001, 00- ;001, 11! ;00!,
0!o ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 0-o ;00!, 001 ;001, 0.! ;001, 1+ ;00!,
0!1 ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0! ;001, 00+ ;001, 0. ;00!,
00! ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0!+ ;001, 11 ;00!,
00 ;00!, 010 ;00., 00. ;00!, 11 ;00+, 01- ;001, 0!o ;001, 1!! ;00!,
u.u u.u1) u.1u u.u2) u.u1 u.u2) -1.1 u.u2) -u.22 u.u1) u.1u u.u1) 1.2 u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) u.u9 u.u1) -u.u9 u.u1) -1.22 u.u1) -u.2 u.uu) u.2 u.uu) 1.22 u.u1)
0o- ;00!, 0. ;00!, 0o. ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0! ;001, 0 ;001, 1-1 ;00!,
0+0 ;00+, 0+! ;00+, 0!- ;00+, 0o ;00!, 010 ;001, 0o ;001, 1o1 ;00!,
00! ;00, 0!! ;00, 0!o ;00-, 0-o ;00-, 0!+ ;00!, 01 ;001, 0-o ;00-,
01! ;00!, 011 ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 10. ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0! ;001, 1! ;00!,
00! ;00!, 0!o ;00., 0!! ;00+, 1! ;00!, 0!1 ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1! ;00!,
s29 ;o1, .!. ;+, .!0 ;+, so0 ;.!, 1s.0 ;!10,
s10 ;+!, .1- ;++, .10 ;.0, s2o ;+, 1.8 ;!!,
s11 ;.1, .+o ;.-, .+. ;oo, so+ ;., 12.s ;!1!,
+91 ;++, +-. ;+., .0- ;+!, s21 ;+, 11.s ;!1!,
+9o ;!-, .0 ;!, .!1 ;+o, s+8 ;++, 11.1 ;10,
s08 ;!., .! ;!, .+1 ;!, s1s ;!+, 2s.0 ;1.,
+91 ;++, + ;+0, +-+ ;.0, s1+ ;+, 8.9 ;1-,
+11 ;.o, +! ;+, +-! ;.., s11 ;.-, 1+.0 ;!!!,
+99 ;+1, .0! ;+1, .!0 ;+1, s+9 ;+!, 22.9 ;!1o,
s01 ;!-, .00 ;++, +-- ;.1, s19 ;+o, 1.8 ;!0,
++1 ;+1, +.. ;.+, +.+ ;+., +1s ;.1, 9.1 ;!!-,
s01 ;+0, .! ;!o, .o+ ;+o, s8+ ;+1, 2o.1 ;1+,
+o. ;!-, +.+ ;+., +.1 ;+., +o. ;+., 0. ;!1.,
!. ;.!, !o ;+!, ! ;+., !-o ;.o, 9.s ;!0.,
s12 ;.0, .!- ;.0, .!+ ;.1, soo ;o1, 11.s ;!,
+1s ;+1, +-! ;+., .0! ;+, s++ ;+!, 22.o ;1o,
+11 ;+, +.1 ;.!, +.- ;.!, +1+ ;., 1s.s ;!1o,
+9s ;!!, .0- ;+!, .0 ;++, s1+ ;+o, 1o.0 ;!10,
.!. ;o., .!! ;o0, .!1 ;.., .+1 ;.o, o.9 ;!.+,
+91 ;-., +-! ;o!, +- ;10, s2s ;-, 12.0 ;!0-,
oo 1.9) o1 1.u) oo o.1) u9 o.) o.1 1.)
o9 1.2) o9o 1.2) u1 1.1) 2o 1.1) 1u. u.o1)
128 ;+-, !!+ ;.+, !+0 ;., 1s9 ;0, 11.+ ;!-.,
++2 ;o0, +o! ;-, +o. ;o+, +92 ;o1, 18.1 ;!1o,
.11 ;1!-, .11 ;1o-, .0o ;1.0, .!! ;1.!, o ;10!o,
+o0 ;o, +oo ;., +! ;!, s11 ;.!, 20.1 ;!.,
sss ;o1, ... ;o., .o- ;o+, s80 ;., -o ;!!,
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Inde o engagement in reading and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o engagement in reading
1
by nationai quarters o the inde o engagement in reading
2

Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o engagement in reading
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
00 ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 01o ;00!, 1!o ;00!, 0!- ;001, 01. ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
00+ ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 1+o ;00!, 0.. ;001, 0! ;001, 1. ;00!,
0!. ;00!, 0.! ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 1+! ;001, 0o1 ;001, 001 ;000, 10 ;00!,
000 ;001, 0!1 ;001, 0!0 ;00!, 1!1 ;001, 0! ;000, 0!o ;000, 1+0 ;001,
01 ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0.+ ;00!, 10! ;00!, 01- ;001, 0++ ;001, 1+ ;00!,
000 ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 11 ;001, 0!. ;001, 0!. ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0o+ ;00!, 10 ;00!, 01o ;001, 0+o ;001, 1.o ;00!,
00o ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 01- ;00!, 1!o ;001, 0!- ;001, 01 ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
00 ;00!, 0.0 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1.1 ;001, 0. ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1.0 ;00!,
001 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 01- ;00!, 0 ;00!, 0!o ;000, 01. ;001, 0-! ;00!,
00 ;00!, 01. ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0-1 ;001, 0!. ;000, 0!! ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
00! ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 10- ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!! ;00!,
00 ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 1!o ;001, 0+1 ;001, 01 ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
000 ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 11+ ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!. ;00!,
00- ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0!+ ;00+, 11o ;001, 0!! ;001, 0!- ;001, 1.+ ;00!,
00! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 01+ ;00+, 0- ;001, 0!1 ;000, 01 ;001, 11o ;00!,
010 ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0+. ;001, 01o ;001, 1!- ;00!,
0!- ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0+o ;00!, 0. ;00!, 00! ;000, 0++ ;001, 1!- ;00!,
001 ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 110 ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0!1 ;001, 1!! ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 0.+ ;00!, 01! ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0.o ;001, 00! ;001, 10 ;00!,
001 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0- ;00!, 0!1 ;001, 01! ;001, 11! ;00!,
0!1 ;00!, 00! ;00!, 0o! ;00!, 0. ;00!, 001 ;001, 0.1 ;001, 1+- ;00!,
00+ ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 11 ;001, 0! ;000, 01o ;001, 1!! ;00!,
00o ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 1! ;001, 0+. ;001, 01- ;001, 1! ;00!,
00o ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0.1 ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0! ;001, 0! ;001, 1o0 ;00!,
010 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 01! ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0!- ;000, 01! ;001, 110 ;00!,
01! ;00!, 0!+ ;00+, 00o ;00+, 1!0 ;00!, 0+! ;001, 00. ;001, 11o ;00!,
-u.u1 u.u1) -u.2o u.u1) u.21 u.u1) -1.1 u.u1) -u.1o u.uu) u.19 u.uu) 1.2 u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) -u.2 u.u1) u.2 u.u1) -1.1o u.uu) -u.1 u.uu) u.21 u.uu) 1.29 u.uu)
01. ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0! ;001, 01- ;001, 0!1 ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
00+ ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 01- ;00!, 0-+ ;001, 0!! ;000, 01! ;001, 0- ;00!,
00 ;00o, 0+o ;00, 0!1 ;00-, 1! ;00+, 0.1 ;00!, 01 ;00!, 1!- ;00,
00. ;001, 01! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!. ;000, 01 ;000, 10 ;001,
0! ;00!, 0.. ;00+, 00! ;00+, 1!o ;00!, 0o0 ;001, 00+ ;001, 0-. ;00!,
+19 ;!, +-o ;++, ..1 ;!, s91 ;+!, +1.8 ;!0o,
+o8 ;!!, +! ;!!, .1- ;!!, so0 ;!1, 29.1 ;1!.,
+81 ;!, +- ;+!, .1! ;+, so2 ;.!, 10.8 ;11,
+8o ;1-, .1+ ;!1, ..! ;!0, s90 ;1o, 1o.2 ;00,
+s9 ;!0, +o ;!, .1 ;!0, ss0 ;!0, 11.8 ;1+,
+s2 ;!, +o ;!+, .11 ;!+, sss ;!., +0.0 ;1o-,
+91 ;!!, .!o ;+., .oo ;!o, o0+ ;!., +0.0 ;11!,
+19 ;!!, +- ;!-, .1 ;+1, ss2 ;!-, 21.s ;1!-,
+s1 ;+1, +oo ;!!, .0. ;+, sss ;!., 11.1 ;1.-,
+s2 ;o!, +.+ ;., + ;.+, s20 ;.!, 1s.1 ;!.1,
++0 ;+0, +.! ;.!, +-! ;.1, s19 ;+1, +1.0 ;!10,
+so ;!-, + ;!., .!o ;!o, soo ;!-, +1.1 ;1.-,
+82 ;!-, .0. ;+0, .!o ;+1, s88 ;!!, +0.1 ;1o!,
+o1 ;+0, +o ;!!, +-1 ;+!, s12 ;!0, 28.0 ;1.,
+99 ;.!, .0- ;.-, .!o ;.-, so2 ;++, 21.8 ;1..,
+9+ ;!-, .1! ;!1, .!. ;!, ss8 ;!o, 2s.9 ;1!o,
+1o ;!, +!+ ;!0, +!o ;!, +9+ ;!+, 19.+ ;1oo,
+11 ;.!, +0 ;!, +!0 ;+1, ++s ;+., 1+.o ;!.-,
+81 ;!1, .01 ;+., .+ ;++, s91 ;+!, +1.1 ;1-.,
+o1 ;.1, ++ ;!-, .1+ ;!-, s10 ;!1, +2.s ;!1!,
+o0 ;., +.+ ;.!, +! ;+-, s11 ;.-, 1+.1 ;!0-,
+1o ;+o, ++- ;.-, +! ;+, s21 ;+., 11.s ;1!,
+o0 ;!., +o ;!+, .01 ;!+, s19 ;!-, 11.1 ;1+!,
+o9 ;!, +-o ;!!, .! ;!., s1o ;!!, 19.s ;1..,
++1 ;+!, +0 ;+, .0- ;+-, sso ;.1, 1+.8 ;1+,
+81 ;!, .0! ;!!, .!o ;!!, s81 ;!, +0.+ ;1..,
+1+ ;o!, +1 ;-, .1+ ;o, soo ;o!, 11.0 ;!!!,
ou 1.) ou 2.o) u 2.o) u 2.u) 2.1 u.o)
oo u.) ou u.) 12 u.9) o u.) 12.o u.19)
18o ;+!, !- ;+1, !-o ;!-, +11 ;+., 20.o ;!!+,
+22 ;o, +!- ;.., +o ;., s11 ;o+, +2.1 ;!!!,
++1 ;, ++o ;10., .0! ;10+, s+1 ;+, 1s.1 ;+01,
+11 ;+-, ++o ;+0, +0 ;+!, s0+ ;., 1+.9 ;11,
s01 ;!, .1! ;o0, .! ;.!, s12 ;+!, 21.o ;!1!,
G
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D

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1
R
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N
-
G
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D
c
G
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N
1
R
I
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s
G
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D

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G
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1
R
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-
G
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D
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1
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A::lX l1
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I|lc ++
1ime students usuaiiy spend each day reading or enjoyment and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie
students report students report students report students report students report
not reading reading 10 min. or iess reading betveeen 10 reading betveen 1 reading more than
or enjoyment each day and o0 min. each day and 2 hours each day 2 hours each day
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
s.I. score s.I. s.I. score s.I. s.I. score s.I. s.I. score s.I. s.I. score s.I.
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
1
!!1 ;1!, ++ ;!-, !0. ;0-, .! ;!-, !0. ;0-, .o+ ;+, 11 ;0., .. ;.., +1 ;0!, .. ;-,
+11 ;11, + ;!., ! ;0, .! ;!0, 11 ;0, .!- ;+!, -0 ;0., .+0 ;.o, !1 ;0+, .!! ;-,
+!! ;0-, + ;!+, !+ ;0, .!+ ;+1, !1+ ;0o, .+1 ;+1, -1 ;0+, .+o ;o., !o ;0!, .11 ;1!1,
!! ;0+, +- ;1o, !! ;0+, .++ ;1, !0+ ;0+, .o+ ;!1, -o ;0!, .. ;!+, !o ;0!, ..0 ;+-,
!o! ;0, +. ;!0, !- ;0, .0- ;!-, !. ;0, .!+ ;!, 1!- ;0o, .!1 ;+!, .. ;0., .1 ;o!,
!o ;0, +o+ ;!!, !o1 ;10, .1! ;!!, !!! ;0o, .1- ;!., -+ ;0., .!0 ;., ++ ;0+, + ;.,
!!+ ;0, +- ;!+, !-1 ;0, .+! ;!!, !o! ;0, .o ;!!, 1! ;0o, . ;+1, +1 ;0!, .+ ;o0,
!00 ;0, +! ;!+, !. ;0, .1- ;!-, !o ;0, .!! ;!1, 10o ;0., .!- ;+!, !+ ;0!, .1+ ;100,
+1o ;0-, +.- ;!0, !0 ;0, .1 ;!o, 10 ;0o, .!! ;!-, ;0+, .+! ;++, +o ;0!, .01 ;+,
!!0 ;0, +.- ;.-, !oo ;0, +o ;., !! ;0, .01 ;o!, !00 ;0, + ;+, ;0., +.+ ;0,
!o0 ;0-, ++ ;+!, !! ;0, +-+ ;+!, !+! ;0, .0+ ;.1, 1!+ ;0o, .01 ;o!, 1 ;0., +o ;o-,
!- ;0, +oo ;!-, !0 ;0, .1- ;!!, !!. ;0, .+! ;!., o- ;0+, .!- ;o1, !- ;0!, .! ;10,
!!+ ;0-, +-1 ;+1, !0- ;0, .!o ;!, !0+ ;0, .. ;!-, 11o ;0., ..o ;.!, ! ;0+, .+1 ;11+,
!0 ;11, +o1 ;!, !0! ;0o, +- ;!!, !!. ;0, .0- ;!o, 1!0 ;0, .0! ;+, ! ;0!, .0- ;-o,
..0 ;1!, .1+ ;.!, 1 ;0, .!- ;.., 1.+ ;0, .! ;o+, ! ;0+, .+1 ;o+, !. ;0!, .!0 ;,
!0o ;0, .0! ;!, !-o ;0, .!- ;!1, !1- ;0, .!o ;!!, 1!0 ;0., .++ ;!., o0 ;0+, .!- ;.!,
!+ ;0, +! ;!!, !.o ;0, +o0 ;!, 1-o ;0, +o! ;!o, 11- ;0o, +o! ;o1, +. ;0+, +o. ;-0,
1!o ;0, +!0 ;o0, +! ;11, +!! ;!o, !! ;0, +!- ;!-, 11. ;0o, +!o ;.+, +0 ;0+, +0o ;o,
!-- ;0-, +-+ ;+1, !oo ;0, .++ ;!+, 1-+ ;0, .o! ;++, 10+ ;0o, .0 ;o., ! ;0!, ..! ;0,
!.! ;0, +1 ;!-, !+ ;0, .! ;!!, !01 ;0, .! ;+!, ;0+, .!o ;., !! ;0!, .0o ;11,
!+! ;11, ++- ;+-, !! ;0-, + ;.+, ! ;0, .0! ;.1, 1o. ;0, +- ;o!, 0 ;0, +- ;100,
1+ ;0, +!! ;.1, !-1 ;0, ++ ;+!, !o. ;0-, +-. ;.!, 1!+ ;0o, +-+ ;o0, ! ;0+, +o ;10,
!1 ;0-, +o0 ;!!, !!- ;0, .0. ;!1, !+! ;0, .1- ;!0, ;0+, .1+ ;.1, !+ ;0!, +-- ;101,
!o0 ;10, +! ;!, !0 ;0, .! ;!o, !10 ;0o, .+ ;!1, ;0., ..o ;+-, !+ ;0!, .!- ;,
!.! ;1!, +.0 ;+1, !!0 ;0, .1. ;+, !0. ;0o, .!! ;+, ! ;0., .!! ;, !0 ;0!, +-- ;1!,
!-1 ;0, +. ;!0, !. ;0, .!! ;!1, !!- ;0, ..- ;!., -+ ;0., ..o ;.o, !- ;0!, .! ;-,
+0 ;1!, +- ;0, !1! ;11, .!0 ;!, 1o! ;0, .!1 ;+, 1 ;0o, .!- ;1!!, !- ;0., .11 ;10,
1.o u.) o1 2.2) 29. u.1) 11 2.1) 2u.o u.1) 22 2.u) 1u.u u.2) 2o 2.) o.1 u.1) u 1.9)
11. u.2) oo u.) 1u.9 u.1) 11 u.) 22.2 u.2) 2 u.9) 11.1 u.1) 2o 1.u) o.2 u.1) uo 2.u)
1-! ;10, !. ;!, !1! ;0, !-! ;+., !1+ ;11, +0- ;+!, 1o ;0, +10 ;., 11! ;0o, +10 ;.!,
10 ;11, +0- ;o, !. ;11, +o! ;o!, !-. ;1!, +! ;.-, 1- ;0-, +o ;., ! ;0., +0 ;o,
+00 ;!, ++ ;o+, !+! ;!, .0+ ;-., 1oo ;!!, .!o ;11+, .! ;1!, c c +0 ;11, c c
1-+ ;0, +!+ ;.-, !+o ;0, +.. ;.!, !. ;0o, ++ ;+!, 1+ ;0o, +! ;!o, 1! ;0., +1 ;.+,
+!! ;1., .0 ;!, !1+ ;11, ..+ ;+., 1o ;0-, .o! ;.!, . ;0, .+- ;-o, !- ;0+, .!0 ;1!o,
G
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A::lX l1
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Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu ;ll,
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lo:tugl
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu ;ll,
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
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luxcu|ou:g
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:cw Zcl:c
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lo:tugl
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witzc:l:c
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OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
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I|lc +.
Inde o controi strategies and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o controi strategies
1
by nationai quarters o the inde o controi strategies
2

Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o controi strategies
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
00! ;00!, 00. ;00!, 010 ;00!, 1!0 ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
0+0 ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 01! ;001, 0o+ ;001, 1.+ ;00!,
01+ ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 0-o ;00!, 011 ;001, 0! ;001, 1!. ;00!,
0! ;00!, 011 ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 0+ ;001, 00! ;000, 0.0 ;001, 1+. ;00!,
0!! ;001, 0!+ ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0+ ;001, 000 ;001, 01 ;00!,
0+ ;00!, 0.! ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 1.+ ;00!, 01 ;001, 0!1 ;001, 0. ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 01+ ;00+, 0!! ;00!, 0-+ ;00!, 00. ;001, 0+ ;000, 1+. ;00!,
0!1 ;00!, 00- ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0-1 ;00!, 00. ;001, 0+. ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
0!. ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 1.! ;00!, 0o0 ;001, 00 ;001, 0- ;00!,
00 ;00!, 010 ;00+, 0!! ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0! ;001, 1!- ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 00. ;00+, 0+1 ;00!, 0-+ ;00!, 00+ ;001, 0+ ;000, 1+1 ;001,
0++ ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 00 ;001, 01! ;001, 0- ;00!,
00. ;00!, 010 ;00!, 01- ;00!, 1!o ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
01o ;00!, 00o ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 0- ;001, 01 ;001, 0!- ;001, 1+1 ;00!,
00 ;00!, 00! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 11! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1!! ;00!,
0. ;00!, 0.0 ;00!, 0oo ;00!, 1o ;00!, 01 ;001, 0! ;001, 0.+ ;00!,
01- ;00!, 00! ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0-0 ;00!, 01! ;001, 0!- ;001, 1+1 ;00!,
00! ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 00! ;00!, 10- ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!- ;001, 11 ;00!,
011 ;00!, 000 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 100 ;00!, 01. ;000, 0!. ;001, 1!o ;00!,
00 ;00!, 0!o ;00+, 00- ;00+, 1++ ;00!, 0+0 ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
u.u1 u.u2) -u.12 u.u2) u.1o u.u2) -1.2o u.u2) -u.29 u.u1) u.29 u.uu) 1.2 u.u1)
u.uu u.u1) -u.u9 u.u1) u.u9 u.u1) -1.1 u.u1) -u.2 u.uu) u.2o u.uu) 1.19 u.u1)
0!! ;00!, 01! ;00+, 0!0 ;00!, 11. ;00!, 00! ;001, 0.1 ;001, 1.! ;00!,
01! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00! ;00!, 110 ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 01! ;001, 0. ;001,
01. ;00., 010 ;00, 0!1 ;00, 10o ;00, 01 ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 1!- ;00,
00 ;00!, 000 ;00!, 01 ;00!, 100 ;00!, 01 ;001, 0!! ;000, 11- ;00!,
00 ;00!, 00- ;00!, 00. ;00!, 10- ;00!, 0!- ;001, 01- ;001, 0-0 ;00!,
+9+ ;+., .!. ;+o, .+0 ;+!, so+ ;., 21.8 ;!0o,
+8s ;+!, .0! ;!1, .1 ;!-, s11 ;!., 18.2 ;1-.,
s12 ;!, .+! ;+!, .+! ;.!, s+s ;.0, 11.+ ;!1.,
+o+ ;!1, +- ;!0, .1 ;!!, s12 ;!-, 2o.o ;1!o,
+81 ;!, +- ;!o, .0 ;!!, s1+ ;!!, 1+.9 ;1!,
s21 ;!, .+o ;!-, ..o ;!o, so2 ;!o, 1s.8 ;1o+,
+s9 ;+!, +-. ;+0, .0 ;!o, s19 ;!!, 22.+ ;10,
+so ;., +! ;++, +-. ;+!, +9o ;.o, 11.9 ;!-,
+90 ;!!, .0- ;!!, .1! ;!1, s2o ;!o, 11.o ;!0!,
+99 ;+!, .!. ;.1, .! ;+0, ss1 ;!, 18.o ;1o.,
+o1 ;.1, +. ;!, +-- ;!+, s0s ;!!, 11.s ;1,
+9o ;!+, .!1 ;!-, .!+ ;!1, s+8 ;!0, 20.2 ;1.+,
+2+ ;!!, +.! ;!0, +.o ;!!, +1s ;!!, 1o.o ;1.,
19+ ;!+, +1. ;!-, +!! ;+!, ++9 ;+, 21.+ ;10,
+9+ ;+!, .!1 ;!, .+0 ;!o, s12 ;.0, 21.1 ;!1.,
+9+ ;.!, .0. ;!., .!1 ;++, s18 ;+1, 11.1 ;!0.,
+19 ;.o, +o+ ;.0, +! ;++, s1s ;++, 1s.s ;!!0,
+91 ;!!, .1. ;!!, .! ;!-, s19 ;!0, 19.1 ;1.1,
+o9 ;+-, +-! ;+-, .0! ;+, s22 ;o1, 20.o ;!o!,
+11 ;+, .0. ;!, .! ;., s1+ ;!, 18.1 ;!.1,
oo 1.2) o92 1.) 1u 2.o) 2u 1.o) 1. 1.11)
oo 1.u) uu 1.u) 12 u.) 2o 1.u) 1.o u.o1)
1o8 ;++, !-. ;+0, +1+ ;+0, +2s ;+!, 20.o ;1o,
+10 ;o+, +o. ;o!, +o! ;o, +82 ;.o, 21.2 ;!+,
+o2 ;--, +- ;10-, + ;-, s20 ;-, 20.o ;.-0,
+11 ;.0, +o! ;+-, +o ;+, +8s ;+, 21.1 ;1!,
s11 ;.o, .+! ;+!, .+1 ;!, s1o ;+-, 9.+ ;!o1,
G
I
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D

c
G
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N
1
R
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1
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c
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A::lX l1
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Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu ;ll,
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lo:tugl
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu ;ll,
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
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:cw Zcl:c
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lo:tugl
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc +o
Inde o memorisation strategies and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o memorisation strategies
1
by nationai quarters o the inde o memorisation strategies
2

Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o memorisation strategies
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
01+ ;00!, 011 ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0-o ;00!, 010 ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!. ;00!,
00! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 011 ;00!, 1!0 ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!o ;001, 1!! ;00!,
00o ;00!, 001 ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 1!0 ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0!! ;001, 1! ;00!,
00o ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00- ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0! ;001, 01- ;001, 11 ;00!,
00. ;001, 00 ;00!, 001 ;00!, 0- ;00!, 01+ ;001, 0!+ ;001, 0- ;001,
010 ;001, 01. ;00!, 00 ;00!, 10 ;001, 0!! ;000, 01o ;000, 0! ;00!,
00! ;00!, 011 ;00!, 01 ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1! ;00!,
0- ;00!, 0. ;00!, 10! ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0. ;000, 10 ;001, !0+ ;00!,
0! ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0! ;00!, 1!- ;00!, 0.0 ;001, 001 ;001, 0- ;00!,
0! ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 0+0 ;00!, 0-o ;00!, 000 ;001, 0.+ ;001, 1.0 ;00!,
0o- ;00!, 0o- ;00!, 0o- ;00!, 1- ;00!, 101 ;001, 0+! ;001, 0+ ;001,
01. ;00!, 01 ;00!, 011 ;00!, 1!- ;00!, 0+0 ;001, 011 ;001, 0- ;00!,
00- ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 011 ;00!, 1.0 ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
00o ;00!, 00 ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 10 ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0! ;00!, 00. ;001, 0+o ;001, 1! ;00!,
0o0 ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 1-o ;00!, 0 ;001, 0!. ;001, 0.- ;00!,
00! ;00!, 00! ;00!, 00. ;00!, 10! ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!. ;001, 11- ;00!,
01 ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0-+ ;00!, 00- ;000, 0+! ;001, 1! ;00!,
00! ;00!, 010 ;00!, 00o ;00!, 10- ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!! ;000, 10 ;00!,
00- ;00!, 00! ;00+, 01- ;00!, 11. ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!o ;001, 1!o ;00!,
u.uu u.u1) -u.u u.u2) u.u u.u2) -1.1 u.u1) -u.29 u.u1) u.2o u.uu) 1.21 u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) -u.u u.u1) u.uo u.u1) -1.1o u.u1) -u.2 u.uu) u.2o u.uu) 1.1o u.u1)
0!! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0! ;00!, 10! ;00!, 000 ;001, 0.! ;001, 1!- ;00!,
01 ;001, 010 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 00+ ;001, 0!- ;001, 10! ;00!,
00 ;00., 01o ;00, 001 ;00o, 11+ ;00o, 0! ;00!, 010 ;00!, 10 ;00,
0!o ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0++ ;00!, 0o0 ;001, 01! ;001, 0.. ;000, 1! ;00!,
00! ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 001 ;00!, 101 ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!0 ;001, 0-+ ;00!,
s1s ;+, .! ;++, .!. ;+-, s+s ;+-, 10.1 ;!!,
s29 ;!, .10 ;!, .0! ;!0, +9+ ;!-, -11.8 ;1.!,
s+1 ;1, .! ;+-, .!o ;+, s19 ;.!, -8.+ ;!+-,
s22 ;!, .00 ;!+, +- ;!-, +92 ;!1, -11.1 ;1+o,
+88 ;!, .0 ;!!, .00 ;!-, s02 ;!!, s.1 ;!+1,
s19 ;!, .++ ;!, ..! ;!-, ss+ ;+0, 1.1 ;!!+,
+-o ;+0, +-- ;!+, +-. ;!., +-! ;!!, 1+ ;1.,
+o0 ;o1, +0 ;.1, +- ;+o, +90 ;+-, 1s.s ;!+,
s1o ;!., .0o ;!!, .1! ;!0, s02 ;!1, !! ;!+0,
.!+ ;.0, .!o ;!-, .!- ;!, .!. ;!, o.0 ;1o,
s0s ;+!, +- ;!!, +1 ;!, +oo ;+-, -1s.+ ;1--,
s12 ;!., .! ;!+, .!- ;!, s10 ;!o, o.s ;1!0,
+.o ;!1, +.0 ;!!, +.! ;!., ++ ;!!, !o ;1..,
+! ;.0, +1. ;!-, +1- ;!., +! ;+, 10 ;1-,
s1o ;+., .!! ;+!, .+0 ;!o, s+9 ;+!, 12.9 ;!!o,
s1s ;+0, .1! ;+!, .10 ;!, s01 ;+., -2.o ;!00,
+. ;o+, +o ;.!, +o! ;.0, +o ;+, -1.2 ;!0,
s0s ;!+, .1 ;!!, .!+ ;!+, s2o ;!!, 8.1 ;1+-,
+-o ;.-, +- ;.+, .01 ;+o, .01 ;+-, !. ;!!!,
.0! ;-!, .1! ;+, .1+ ;0, .10 ;!, 1- ;!o!,
o9o 1.9) o9 1.2) o9 1.2) o9o 1.1) u. 1.21)
u1 1.1) u1 1.u) uo 1.u) u1 1.u) u. u.o)
180 ;!, +00 ;+!, +0 ;+0, +1+ ;+!, 12.8 ;1!,
++1 ;., +oo ;!, +o+ ;+-, +oo ;., 11.8 ;!!!,
+-0 ;10o, +-0 ;10, +o ;10!, +1 ;10, !. ;o!!,
++2 ;.o, +o+ ;+, +. ;++, +12 ;+., 1+.s ;!0+,
s1s ;.0, .!o ;+, .+0 ;+o, s18 ;.+, -o.0 ;!+-,
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I|lc +
Inde o eiaboration strategies and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o eiaboration strategies
1
by nationai quarters o the inde o eiaboration strategies
2

Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o eiaboration strategies
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
00 ;00!, 01! ;00!, 00! ;00!, 11! ;00!, 01- ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
01o ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00- ;00!, 11o ;00!, 01! ;001, 0+- ;001, 1++ ;00!,
01o ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 1++ ;00!, 0+ ;001, 01 ;001, 110 ;00!,
010 ;00!, 01! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 10- ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
01! ;00!, 00o ;00!, 01 ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0++ ;001, 01 ;001, 10! ;00!,
01. ;00!, 00- ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0+ ;001, 01o ;000, 0-+ ;00!,
00. ;00!, 00- ;00!, 001 ;00!, 11- ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0! ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
01. ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 010 ;00!, 10+ ;00!, 011 ;001, 0+- ;001, 1!o ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 01- ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 1.+ ;00!, 0.+ ;001, 010 ;001, 10! ;00!,
00- ;00!, 01! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0! ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
011 ;00!, 00- ;00!, 01! ;00!, 1+- ;00!, 0+1 ;001, 0!- ;001, 11 ;00!,
00! ;00!, 00! ;00+, 00+ ;00+, 1! ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1!. ;00!,
01! ;00!, 01. ;00!, 00- ;00!, 1+0 ;00!, 0++ ;001, 0!1 ;001, 11+ ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 0. ;00!, 001 ;001, 0. ;001, 1. ;00!,
010 ;00!, 011 ;00!, 00- ;00!, 10. ;00!, 01o ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!! ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1++ ;00!, 0+- ;001, 01! ;001, 0-+ ;00!,
01 ;00!, 01. ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0 ;00!, 01+ ;001, 0+1 ;001, 1! ;00!,
001 ;00!, 01. ;00!, 01! ;00!, 11- ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
00- ;00!, 010 ;00!, 00 ;00!, 10 ;00!, 01. ;001, 0+1 ;001, 11 ;00!,
001 ;00!, 00+ ;00+, 00o ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1!! ;00!,
u.u u.u1) u.uo u.u2) u.uo u.u2) -1.21 u.u1) -u.2 u.uu) u.1 u.uu) 1.11 u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) u.uo u.u1) -u.u2 u.u1) -1.22 u.u1) -u.29 u.uu) u.11 u.uu) 1.2u u.uu)
0+ ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 0.! ;00!, 0. ;00!, 0!. ;001, 00 ;001, 1o- ;00!,
00+ ;00!, 00o ;00!, 00! ;00!, 0- ;00!, 01o ;001, 0! ;001, 10+ ;00!,
000 ;00o, 011 ;00, 010 ;00-, 1!o ;00, 0! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1!0 ;00o,
01+ ;00!, 01- ;00!, 010 ;00!, 10 ;001, 01+ ;001, 0+. ;001, 1!+ ;001,
01- ;00!, 011 ;00!, 0! ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0+ ;001, 01! ;001, 0-0 ;00!,
s11 ;++, .!! ;+!, .!! ;+o, ss1 ;.!, 11.0 ;1-o,
s01 ;!o, .00 ;!!, .0- ;!!, s2o ;!, 9.8 ;1++,
.!! ;oo, .!o ;+, .+0 ;+., .!+ ;o1, 0+ ;!!!,
+8s ;!+, +-1 ;!0, .0o ;!0, s29 ;!!, 18.2 ;1+!,
+82 ;!-, +-! ;+1, .1+ ;!1, s1+ ;!!, 11.o ;1oo,
s1s ;!-, .! ;!!, ..! ;!0, soo ;+o, 1s.+ ;11,
+1+ ;++, +o ;!+, +-- ;++, s2s ;!1, 20.1 ;1,
+oo ;., ++ ;., +-0 ;.+, +90 ;.0, 10.1 ;!-o,
+98 ;!., .01 ;!, .0 ;!+, s11 ;!o, 12.+ ;1-.,
s21 ;+., .! ;++, .! ;!, s19 ;+1, o.0 ;1o!,
+81 ;+1, +0 ;+!, + ;!-, s01 ;!o, o.+ ;11,
+92 ;!1, .1 ;!1, .! ;!., ss2 ;!1, 22.+ ;1!-,
++1 ;!!, ++- ;!!, +.o ;!!, +o1 ;!!, 8.8 ;1o-,
+1+ ;!, +1! ;!-, +!. ;++, +19 ;+, 10.9 ;1o,
s2s ;+, .!! ;++, .! ;!, s++ ;.!, 8.1 ;!+,
+90 ;+o, .0+ ;!., .1 ;+!, s29 ;+!, 1o.9 ;1,
++1 ;.., +o! ;+, +o ;.0, s02 ;.1, 2s.2 ;!!,
s0+ ;!0, .1! ;!!, .1 ;!-, s1o ;!1, 12.+ ;1!-,
+11 ;+, +-! ;++, .0o ;.+, s11 ;o1, 1s.2 ;!1-,
.00 ;o, .0. ;., .!0 ;o, .!1 ;1, 1.1 ;!.-,
o2 1.2) o9u 1.) u1 1.1) 11 1.o) .1 1.2o)
o 1.1) o9 u.9) u u.9) 21 1.1) 1u. u.oo)
182 ;+!, !-+ ;!+, +10 ;+1, +18 ;!-, 1s.9 ;10,
++1 ;o!, +.- ;o!, +o! ;o, +11 ;o0, 11.8 ;!1,
+11 ;-o, +. ;110, +o ;110, s0s ;10!, 12.1 ;++,
+s0 ;+, +.- ;.1, +o ;.!, +18 ;+!, 10.o ;1+-,
.!1 ;+!, .! ;+-, .!- ;+!, .!! ;.!, 1o ;!00,
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I|lc +
Inde o co-operative iearning and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o co-operative iearning
1
by nationai quarters o the inde o co-operative iearning
2

Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o co-operative iearning
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
00+ ;001, 00! ;00!, 011 ;00!, 0o ;001, 01o ;001, 00- ;001, 0- ;00!,
010 ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 11+ ;001, 0+. ;001, 011 ;001, 10 ;00!,
01. ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 00! ;00!, 0- ;001, 0! ;000, 00. ;000, 01 ;00!,
00o ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 010 ;00!, 10- ;00!, 0!. ;001, 01! ;001, 10- ;00!,
0.0 ;00!, 0+. ;00!, 0.o ;00!, 0o! ;001, 01- ;001, 0+ ;001, 10 ;00!,
00+ ;00!, 011 ;00!, 01 ;00!, 100 ;001, 0!! ;001, 0!! ;001, 11- ;00!,
0!1 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00- ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0.! ;001, 00! ;001, 10. ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 0+. ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1!o ;00!, 00 ;001, 01 ;001, 0 ;00!,
0!- ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0.! ;001, 010 ;001, 0. ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 001 ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 10- ;00!, 01 ;001, 0.0 ;001, 1o. ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 00+ ;00+, 0+. ;00!, 10 ;00!, 01. ;001, 0.1 ;001, 1.! ;00!,
0. ;001, 01 ;00!, 0-0 ;00!, 1 ;00!, 11. ;000, 0o- ;001, 0!1 ;00!,
0+0 ;00!, 0. ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1oo ;00!, 0. ;001, 01 ;001, 0- ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0- ;001, 011 ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1+ ;00!,
0!- ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0+0 ;00!, 0. ;00!, 00- ;001, 0.! ;001, 1. ;00!,
01 ;00!, 000 ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 11o ;00!, 01 ;001, 0+ ;001, 1.+ ;00!,
0.- ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 0o ;00!, 0o1 ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0o ;001, 1 ;00!,
0!1 ;001, 0!! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 10o ;00!, 0+! ;000, 00o ;000, 0! ;00!,
001 ;00!, 01. ;00!, 01! ;00!, 10! ;00!, 0!- ;001, 01 ;001, 11! ;00!,
0!. ;00!, 01! ;00., 0.. ;00!, 10 ;00+, 00 ;001, 0o+ ;001, 1- ;00!,
u.1u u.u2) -u.u u.u2) u.2o u.u2) -1.11 u.u2) -u.2o u.u1) u.12 u.u1) 1.o u.u2)
u.uu u.uu) -u.11 u.u1) u.1o u.u1) -1.u9 u.u1) -u.11 u.uu) u.2u u.uu) 1.22 u.u1)
0+ ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0. ;00!, 0! ;00!, 00 ;001, 0o ;001, 1o ;00!,
0!+ ;00+, 00 ;00+, 0!- ;00., 100 ;00!, 01+ ;001, 0.1 ;001, 1o0 ;00!,
001 ;00., 00- ;00, 00 ;00, 0-. ;00, 0!o ;00!, 01! ;00!, 101 ;00-,
0!! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 01! ;00!, 1+1 ;00!, 0.. ;001, 00! ;001, 10! ;001,
01+ ;00!, 00! ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 100 ;00!, 01 ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!o ;00!,
s21 ;.., .! ;+., .!- ;+-, s+1 ;+!, o.+ ;!.,
+8o ;+., .11 ;!!, .1 ;!0, s21 ;!., 12.2 ;!1-,
.!+ ;.-, .+. ;+!, .!o ;o!, .! ;o1, !o ;!1.,
+82 ;!, .0. ;!-, .1! ;!0, s11 ;!!, 12.9 ;1+,
+88 ;.0, .0. ;!!, .11 ;!!, s01 ;!., s.+ ;!.!,
s11 ;!!, .+o ;!., ... ;!, so1 ;+, 11.o ;1-,
+11 ;!-, .01 ;!o, .0! ;!., s08 ;!., 9.0 ;1,
+. ;+o, + ;.1, +-0 ;., +1 ;.1, 1! ;!o!,
+91 ;!!, .10 ;!, .1 ;!!, s21 ;!o, 11.1 ;1o!,
.!1 ;.1, .!o ;!, .!! ;+!, .!. ;+1, 1.1 ;1o1,
+18 ;.-, + ;+1, +-! ;!0, +92 ;!!, !- ;!!!,
s09 ;!+, .!. ;!0, .!+ ;!!, s12 ;!., 9.s ;1!+,
++s ;!!, +.0 ;!1, +o ;!!, +so ;!o, !! ;1.+,
+10 ;++, +!+ ;+0, +! ;!-, +11 ;+, 8.1 ;10,
s22 ;+., .!o ;!!, .+o ;+-, s18 ;+, o.1 ;!!1,
+19 ;.!, .1! ;+!, .!. ;!., s21 ;!., 11.o ;!0o,
++1 ;o-, +1 ;.., ++ ;+., +80 ;+, 11.1 ;!.!,
.1. ;!1, .!! ;!-, .1 ;!., .1 ;!+, !! ;1-!,
+11 ;., .0o ;.!, .0+ ;+, s0o ;++, 12.8 ;1-o,
+81 ;-o, .0- ;, .! ;.., s28 ;o1, 11.1 ;1-,
o 1.9) o9 1.1) u 2.) u 2.) . u.)
o 1.1) u 1.u) 11 1.u) 11 1.u) o. u.2)
190 ;+o, !-- ;+1, +1+ ;!o, +0o ;+!, o.1 ;1.-,
+12 ;o!, +o! ;o!, +o- ;.-, +81 ;o+, 11.0 ;!0.,
+ ;10-, +o ;11+, +- ;10, +-! ;--, !1 ;oo,
++1 ;++, +. ;+o, +! ;.0, +19 ;.1, 12.+ ;1!0,
s1o ;oo, .! ;o0, .!o ;!o, s+1 ;!, 8.0 ;!-0,
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I|lc +-
Inde o competitive iearning and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o competitive iearning
1
by nationai quarters o the inde o competitive iearning
2

Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o competitive iearning
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
010 ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 000 ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!0 ;001, 0! ;001, 11 ;00!,
01- ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0.1 ;001, 00+ ;001, 10! ;00!,
0! ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0o. ;001, 01 ;001, 0oo ;00!,
01+ ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 0-+ ;001, 01 ;001, 0!. ;001, 1!! ;00!,
01- ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 10- ;00!, 01. ;001, 0+! ;001, 1. ;00!,
0!. ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0.. ;000, 001 ;001, 0-! ;00!,
00 ;00!, 001 ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 11+ ;00!, 0! ;001, 01! ;001, 111 ;00!,
010 ;00!, 00 ;00!, 01! ;00!, 10. ;00!, 0!! ;000, 0!+ ;001, 1!! ;00!,
001 ;00!, 01! ;00!, 00- ;00!, 1!0 ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0!o ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
01. ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 00o ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0! ;001, 0+ ;001, 1oo ;00!,
001 ;00!, 00o ;00!, 00 ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0!1 ;001, 1! ;00!,
01+ ;00!, 010 ;00!, 01- ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0.1 ;001, 00 ;001, 11- ;00!,
01 ;00!, 01o ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0+- ;001, 00 ;001, 10 ;00!,
0.+ ;00!, 0.- ;00!, 0+- ;00!, 0+o ;001, 0!! ;000, 00 ;001, 10 ;00!,
0!- ;00!, 0+0 ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0-+ ;00!, 00 ;001, 0.! ;001, 1o! ;00!,
00! ;00!, 01! ;00!, 01- ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0+0 ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1+1 ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 0. ;001, 00 ;001, 110 ;00!,
001 ;00!, 00- ;00!, 01! ;00!, 10! ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0!0 ;001, 110 ;00!,
0!o ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0.! ;001, 00! ;000, 0o ;00!,
0! ;00!, 0!0 ;00+, 0!. ;00!, 10! ;00!, 00 ;001, 0.! ;001, 1o ;00!,
u.1o u.u1) u.21 u.u2) u.12 u.u1) -1.u2 u.u1) -u.1 u.u1) u.19 u.uu) 1.o u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) u.1u u.u1) -u.u u.u1) -1.1o u.uu) -u.12 u.uu) u.2 u.uu) 1.2 u.u1)
00! ;00!, 00- ;00!, 01! ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!- ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 01o ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0- ;00!, 00 ;001, 0++ ;001, 1! ;00!,
0!0 ;00., 00 ;00, 0!+ ;00o, 11 ;00o, 0+ ;00!, 00! ;00!, 01 ;00,
01! ;00!, 00o ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 10. ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0+0 ;001, 1! ;00!,
0!. ;00!, 00 ;00+, 0+! ;00+, 1.. ;00!, 0o0 ;001, 00. ;001, 110 ;00!,
s1s ;+, .!! ;+., .!0 ;+!, ss9 ;.o, 21.1 ;!!,
s02 ;!., .01 ;+1, .10 ;!, s22 ;!0, 9.s ;1o+,
.! ;o0, .+! ;+1, .!- ;.0, .!o ;o, !- ;!!!,
+81 ;!!, +- ;!1, .1! ;!., s21 ;!!, 1o.1 ;1.,
+81 ;!., +-! ;!o, .0! ;!+, s21 ;+1, 1s.9 ;1o.,
s10 ;++, .!- ;!, .+- ;!!, s1+ ;!0, 18.1 ;1.,
+1o ;!-, +- ;!., .0! ;+1, s1+ ;!!, 1s.s ;11,
+o0 ;.1, +- ;.!, +- ;.!, +98 ;+., 18.s ;1o,
+89 ;!-, .00 ;!o, .1+ ;!o, s18 ;!., 19.s ;1,
s11 ;+, .!0 ;++, .! ;!-, s+1 ;+!, 11.s ;1o!,
+8s ;+., +1 ;+0, + ;!, +91 ;!, +.1 ;1.,
+9s ;!o, .!. ;!o, .!! ;!-, s+1 ;!o, 18.s ;11o,
++8 ;!!, +.o ;!., +.o ;!1, +o1 ;!+, !0 ;!00,
+09 ;+., +1o ;+0, +!0 ;+., +11 ;+, 12.1 ;1-,
s12 ;+!, .! ;!o, .+0 ;+0, so0 ;.1, 18.9 ;!0-,
+11 ;+o, +-o ;!-, .!0 ;+!, ss1 ;!, 2+.s ;10,
+81 ;.0, +oo ;.!, +o ;.., +o1 ;.!, -s.s ;1o0,
s01 ;!o, .11 ;!, .1 ;!., s1s ;!+, 12.9 ;1!,
.0! ;.+, +-o ;., +-. ;.!, +-o ;.1, !1 ;1-,
+18 ;-+, .0. ;oo, .1- ;o!, s+1 ;o!, 2+.1 ;!+!,
oo o.u) o92 2.9) u1 2.) 21 2.) 11.2 1.u)
o 1.u) o9 u.9) u 1.u) 21 1.u) 11.1 u.o)
+0. ;+., +01 ;!, !- ;+!, +0. ;+o, 10 ;1!.,
+29 ;o, +.+ ;o!, +o ;.!, +9s ;., 21.8 ;!!,
+. ;-!, + ;11, +- ;-, + ;11+, 0. ;o.,
++2 ;+, +.+ ;+!, +1 ;.!, +90 ;+o, 19.0 ;1.0,
.! ;.., .! ;+, .!! ;.1, .!+ ;+o, 0 ;!1.,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!+
Aust:li
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
l:cl:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
Aust:li
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
l:cl:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
I|lc +10
Inde o interest in computers and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o interest in computers
1
by nationai quarters o the inde o interest in computers
2

Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter per unit o the inde o interest in computers
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 \x is uscc to :c:csc:t cou:t:ics w|ic| |vc uo:c t|: !. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts t t|c |ig|cst
vluc oi t|is i:ccx, w|ic| is 0-0
0!1 ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 10 ;00!, 0+0 ;001, 0!. ;00!, \x
000 ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0!1 ;001, 0o+ ;001, \x
00- ;001, 00 ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1.+ ;001, 0! ;001, 0. ;001, \x
00! ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0.! ;001, \x
0!! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0oo ;00!, 1 ;00!, 0+ ;001, 0+1 ;001, \x
01. ;00!, 010 ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 1. ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0+1 ;001, \x
0!+ ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 10- ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0-0 ;000, \x
00! ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 0!1 ;00+, 1+o ;00!, 01- ;001, 0oo ;00!, \x
000 ;00!, 00! ;00!, 00! ;00!, 11 ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0.1 ;00!, \x
0!- ;00!, 0+. ;00!, 01! ;00!, 10+ ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0-0 ;000, \x
0! ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0-- ;00+, 0!0 ;00!, 0-0 ;000, \x
0! ;00!, 01. ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 1. ;00!, 0+ ;001, 0!! ;00!, \x

00o ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 01 ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 010 ;000, 0 ;001, \x
00o ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 01! ;00!, 1+! ;00!, 010 ;001, 0- ;000, \x
0!1 ;00!, 0!- ;00+, 0!! ;00!, 0-! ;00+, 0! ;00!, 0-0 ;000, \x
u.19 u.u1) u.2o u.u2) u.11 u.u1) -1.11 u.u2) u.1 u.u1) u.1 u.uu) u.9u u.uu)
u.uu u.uu) u.1 u.u1) -u.1 u.u1) -1.19 u.u1) -u.11 u.uu) u.o2 u.uu) u.9u u.uu)
0!o ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0oo ;00+, 0!! ;00!, 0-0 ;000, \x
0!1 ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0-! ;00+, 0! ;00!, 0-0 ;000, \x
01 ;00., 0!. ;00o, 00! ;00, 1! ;00, 0!0 ;00., 0-0 ;000, \x
01 ;00!, 01 ;00+, 01 ;00+, 1++ ;00+, 0!o ;00!, 0-0 ;000, \x
.!+ ;.0, .! ;+1, .!! ;+1, .!. ;.0, !+ ;1o,
.! ;!-, .1 ;+, .!! ;!, .!+ ;!-, 01 ;10,
.!+ ;!!, .!. ;1-, .!o ;!!, .!o ;!0, 1! ;01,
.0! ;!-, .0! ;!!, .0 ;!., .0 ;!-, 0 ;1..,
.0 ;!!, .0! ;!o, .01 ;!-, .01 ;!., !+ ;1+1,
so0 ;+, ..! ;!, .+ ;!0, s+0 ;!., -8.+ ;1!o,
.0. ;+0, .00 ;+0, +-o ;!, +- ;+!, -+.1 ;!0o,
+- ;o!, +-0 ;.0, ++ ;+., +- ;+, ++ ;!!!,
.!. ;+!, .!+ ;+o, .!! ;+1, .+. ;+!, !1 ;1-!,
++1 ;!., +.. ;!-, +o1 ;!, +o1 ;!-, ! ;!0o,
+0+ ;+, +!! ;.., +.0 ;.!, ++o ;+, 20.o ;!!0,
s+1 ;+!, .!o ;.0, .!o ;+!, s11 ;+, -s.1 ;!0o,

.!. ;!., .!1 ;!+, .11 ;!., .1 ;!!, -+.+ ;1.-,
.0! ;o0, .0 ;.o, +-. ;+-, +-o ;+, !o ;!0!,
+92 ;10., .!o ;!, .! ;o., s11 ;., 21.1 ;!o,
o91 o.9) u 1.ou) 11 1.2) 11 2.9) . 1.o)
11 1.1) 12 1.2) 11 1.1) 12 1.1) -1. u.o9)
+00 ;., +10 ;.., +1- ;.!, +18 ;.., 11.1 ;!+,
+.+ ;-!, +! ;+, +o ;o+, +. ;!, 9.1 ;!!-,
+1 ;10, +-! ;1!!, +-! ;10!, ++ ;11!, 1o ;.!,
+11 ;., +! ;+!, +! ;+o, +18 ;+o, 20.9 ;1!,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!.
Aust:li
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
l:cl:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
Aust:li
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
l:cl:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
I|lc +11
Inde o comort vith and perceived abiiity to use computers and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o comort vith and perceived abiiity to use computers
1
rerormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters
o the inde o comort vith and perceived abiiity to use computers
2

per unit o the inde o comort vith
Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter and perceived abiiity to use computers
2
Mean Mean Mean Mean
0++ ;00!, 0.o ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0. ;00!, 00 ;001, 01 ;001, 1o1 ;001,
01. ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 00 ;00!, 111 ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0+- ;001, 1+0 ;001,
0+- ;001, 0o ;001, 0!! ;001, 01 ;001, 01 ;000, 0o ;000, 1oo ;001,
0!1 ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0.! ;00!, 1!- ;00!, 0.. ;001, 011 ;001, 0! ;001,
00. ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 1!0 ;00!, 0+! ;001, 01- ;001, 1!+ ;001,
01! ;00!, 01- ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 1!- ;00!, 0+. ;001, 010 ;001, 11. ;001,
0!1 ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0.! ;00!, 1!o ;00!, 0.- ;001, 01! ;000, 0o ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0o0 ;001, 01! ;001, 0! ;00!,
01! ;00!, 00 ;00+, 01- ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 0+- ;001, 01. ;001, 1! ;00!,
00- ;00!, 011 ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0+. ;001, 011 ;001, 1! ;00!,
01- ;00!, 01+ ;00+, 0!! ;00+, 1++ ;00!, 0++ ;001, 01! ;001, 101 ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, 0-. ;00!, 01! ;001, 0.- ;001, 1+. ;001,
001 ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 0! ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0.+ ;00!, 0!o ;000, 1+o ;00!,
00- ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0+1 ;00!, 11+ ;00!, 0+0 ;001, 00 ;001, 110 ;00!,
0!o ;00!, 00! ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 1! ;001, 0.. ;000, 011 ;000, 0-! ;00!,
0o! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0.+ ;00!, 0.! ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0-. ;001, 1o ;001,
u.2 u.u2) u.1 u.u2) u.1o u.u2) -u.91 u.u2) -u.uo u.u1) u. u.u1) 1.o1 u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) u.2 u.u1) -u.19 u.u1) -1.1o u.uu) -u.11 u.uu) u.2 u.uu) 1.21 u.u1)
0.0 ;00!, 0!. ;00+, 0o! ;00+, !0o ;00!, 00 ;001, 00 ;001, 0-o ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 1!o ;00!, 0+ ;001, 00! ;001, 0-0 ;00!,
0! ;00., 00! ;00, 0.! ;00., 11o ;00., 0.! ;00!, 01! ;001, 0- ;00,
0!1 ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 1+. ;00!, 0.o ;000, 010 ;001, 0+ ;00!,
s0s ;.1, .!. ;+!, .+! ;.0, s+o ;+!, 18.0 ;1,
s08 ;++, .1 ;+!, .1. ;!o, s21 ;+0, 1.8 ;1+,
s1s ;!+, .!. ;!1, .+! ;1, s+9 ;!1, 1+.1 ;0-1,
+82 ;!!, .0! ;!1, .0o ;!!, s19 ;!, 1o.1 ;1o-,
+8o ;+1, .0! ;!., .0+ ;!, s10 ;+0, 10.o ;!!1,
s+1 ;!, .+ ;!, ..1 ;!!, ss1 ;!, +.s ;1..,
+-o ;+1, .01 ;!1, +-. ;!!, +- ;+o, 12.1 ;1--,
+11 ;+., +1 ;.!, +- ;!, +98 ;+, 12.1 ;1+,
s1o ;!, .1- ;+!, .!1 ;+., s+8 ;+0, 12.0 ;!0.,
+. ;!, +.- ;!., +. ;!!, ++- ;!o, !+ ;!01,
+00 ;!., +1- ;+!, +! ;+!, +s+ ;.+, 19.2 ;!0,
s11 ;.0, .! ;+1, .+1 ;+1, ss2 ;!, 1o.s ;!0.,
.0. ;+o, .1 ;!, .1! ;!, .0o ;+0, 0. ;1o0,
.10 ;+0, .1 ;!!, .!+ ;!, .1 ;!+, +.9 ;!00,
+11 ;.., +- ;+, .00 ;+-, s10 ;+, 12.9 ;1!,
+80 ;!, .11 ;o, .!- ;o!, s12 ;-, 2+.2 ;!!,
o 1.) o9 1.) u 1.1) 1 1.) 22.o 1.ou)
o92 1.1) u 1.1) 11 1.u) 1 1.1) 11.o u.u)
182 ;!-, !- ;+1, +0! ;.o, +12 ;+-, 1s.1 ;1-,
+.o ;o, +o! ;o, +o0 ;o, +o ;o!, 1.2 ;!.0,
+o- ;11!, +o ;10., +-0 ;100, +-0 ;-+, 11+ ;o!.,
++9 ;.o, +oo ;+1, +o- ;+!, +18 ;+., 0. ;!!.,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!o
I|lc .1A
student perormance on the combined reading, mathematicai and scientic iiteracy scaies, by gender
sssssssssssssssssssssscombined reading iiteracy Mathematicai iiteracy scientic iiteracy
Maies Iemaies Dierence
1
1
1
Mean Mean ss score Mean Mean score Mean Mean score
score s.I. score ss.I. di. s.I. score s.I. score s.I. di. s.I. score s.I. score s.I. di. s.I.
1 lositivc ciiic:c:ccs i:cictc t|t ulcs c:io:u |cttc: t|: iculcs, :cgtivc ciiic:c:ccs i:cictc t|t iculcs c:io:u |cttc: t|: ulcs Diiic:c:ccs
t|t :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t :c i:cictcc i: |olc
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
.1! ;+0, .+o ;+, -1+ ;.+, .!- ;+1, .! ;.1, 1! ;o!, .!o ;!-, .!- ;+, ! ;.!,
+-. ;!!, .!0 ;!o, -2o ;.!, .!0 ;+0, .0! ;!, 21 ;.-, .!o ;!, .1+ ;+!, 12 ;o!,
+-! ;+!, .!. ;+-, -11 ;o0, .!+ ;+o, .1 ;.!, o ;o1, +-o ;.!, +- ;.o, ! ;o,
.1- ;1, ..1 ;1, -12 ;1o, .!- ;1, .!- ;1o, 10 ;1-, .!- ;1-, .!1 ;1, ! ;1-,
+! ;+1, .10 ;!., -11 ;+, .0+ ;++, +-! ;!0, 12 ;.!, .1! ;!, .11 ;!!, 1 ;.1,
+. ;!0, .10 ;!-, -2s ;!!, .!! ;!1, .0 ;!0, 1s ;!, + ;!-, +o ;!., 12 ;+,
.!0 ;!0, .1 ;!, -s1 ;!o, .! ;!, .!o ;!o, 1 ;!!, .!+ ;!., .+1 ;!, o ;!,
+-0 ;!., .1- ;!, -29 ;!+, .!. ;+1, .11 ;!, 1+ ;+!, .0+ ;+!, +- ;!, o ;+,
+o ;!!, .0! ;!-, -1s ;.!, +- ;!1, +! ;+0, 1s ;.1, +- ;!+, + ;!+, ! ;+,
+.o ;o1, +-! ;+o, -11 ;.0, +.1 ;, +++ ;.+, ;+, +. ;o1, +o+ ;.!, ;.,
+o. ;.!, +-o ;+!, -12 ;., +-! ;.!, +. ;+-, ;o!, +-o ;., +- ;.0, ! ;o-,
+ ;!1, .! ;!1, -+0 ;!1, .1! ;!1, .1 ;!-, . ;+0, +-. ;!+, +-- ;!0, . ;+,
.1! ;+!, .+! ;!o, -29 ;+o, .10 ;+0, +- ;!+, 11 ;.1, .11 ;+!, .1 ;+!, o ;..,
+o- ;.1, .0 ;!o, -18 ;0, +o! ;.!, +.+ ;!, ;!, ++ ;.o, +! ;!-, - ;,
.0 ;o, .! ;.+, -10 ;o+, .o1 ;!, ..! ;.-, ;+, .+ ;!, ..+ ;.-, ;!,
.1- ;!, .!! ;!, -1+ ;o0, ..- ;+o, .!! ;.1, 21 ;, .o1 ;+!, .+1 ;.1, 19 ;o,
+!- ;!o, +.o ;!!, -21 ;!, +.+ ;!0, +!- ;!!, 1s ;+, ++1 ;!o, ++ ;!!, ;.0,
+11 ;+!, +!! ;!, -20 ;+!, !-! ;+., !! ;!, 11 ;+-, +!! ;+!, +1- ;!-, + ;+,
.0 ;+!, ..! ;!, -+o ;o!, .!o ;.0, .!- ;+1, ! ;o, .!! ;+o, .!. ;!, -12 ;0,
+o ;!, .!- ;!-, -+1 ;+0, .0o ;!, +-. ;!-, 11 ;+0, +-- ;+1, .0. ;!!, ;.0,
+o1 ;o0, +- ;.., -1o ;0, +! ;., +o ;o!, . ;., +o ;o1, +0 ;o., o ;+,
+. ;.0, +! ;+o, -2s ;!, +o+ ;+, ++o ;+, 19 ;+-, +.o ;+, +o! ;+!, o ;+!,
+1 ;!+, .0. ;!, -2+ ;!!, + ;+!, +o- ;!!, 18 ;+., +-! ;!., +-1 ;!o, 1 ;+0,
+-- ;!o, .!o ;!., -11 ;!, .1+ ;!!, .0 ;!0, ;+0, .1! ;!., .1! ;!-, 0 ;!-,
+0 ;+-, .10 ;+., -10 ;+!, .! ;.!, .!! ;+, 1+ ;.0, .00 ;., +-! ;+, ;.+,
.1! ;!0, .! ;!+, -2o ;+!, .!+ ;!., .!o ;!, ;.0, .!. ;!+, .!1 ;+0, + ;.!,
+-0 ;+, .1 ;o!, -29 ;+1, +- ;-, +-0 ;!, ;.+, +- ;-, .0! ;o., . ;.!,
o 2.1) 1o 2.u) -29 1.o) uo 2.o) o91 2.1) 11 2.1) u2 2.) u1 2.u) u 2.u)
o u.) 1 u.) -12 u.9) uo 1.u) o9 u.9) 11 1.2) u1 u.9) u1 u.) u 1.u)
! ;!-, +0+ ;!+, -11 ;+0, !+- ;+, !!! ;+, 21 ;.o, !o ;+, !o ;!, 0 ;.o,
+!! ;.., +. ;.+, -s1 ;+!, +o ;.!, +o0 ;.o, o ;., ++- ;o+, +! ;., -21 ;.+,
+o ;!, .00 ;o, -11 ;11., .!1 ;11., .10 ;111, 12 ;1, ++ ;10-, +o ;-!, 1o ;+,
++! ;+., +1 ;+1, -18 ;!-, + ;., +- ;o!, ! ;+, +.! ;.+, +o ;.!, -1+ ;+.,
.1 ;+, .+ ;!, -10 ;., .o- ;+-, .. ;+o, 11 ;o!, .!- ;o!, .!- ;.1, 1 ;1,
G
I
c
D

c
G
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N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
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N
1
R
I
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A::lX l1
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I|lc .1B
student perormance on the retrieving inormation, interpreting tets, and renection and evaiuation scaies, by gender
sssssssssssssssssssssss Retrieving inormation Interpreting tets Renection and evaiuation
1
1
1
Mean Mean ss score Mean Mean score Mean Mean score
score s.I. score ss.I. di. s.I. score s.I. score s.I. di. s.I. score s.I. score s.I. di. s.I.
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
.!! ;+!, ..1 ;.0, -28 ;., .11 ;+1, .+. ;+-, -1+ ;., .0 ;+0, .+ ;+, -+2 ;..,
+-. ;!!, .10 ;!o, -1o ;.+, +- ;!1, .!0 ;!, -21 ;.!, +-! ;!., .!! ;!, -19 ;..,
.0+ ;+, .!- ;.+, -2s ;oo, +- ;!-, .!- ;+, -11 ;o1, +. ;.!, .!! ;.!, -+1 ;o+,
.1- ;1-, .+! ;1, -2s ;1, .1 ;1, .+ ;1, -29 ;1o, .!1 ;1, .oo ;1, -+s ;1,
+o ;+, +-. ;!, -21 ;.+, +! ;+1, .1 ;!o, -1+ ;+o, +. ;+!, .11 ;!o, -s+ ;+,
+-1 ;!+, .0o ;!!, -1+ ;!., +. ;!1, .0o ;!-, -21 ;!+, +0 ;!!, .!! ;!!, -+1 ;!o,
.!+ ;!+, . ;!1, -++ ;!+, .!- ;!!, .- ;!!, -s1 ;!1, .01 ;!0, .o+ ;!1, -o1 ;!,
.0! ;!, .! ;!0, -21 ;!o, +-! ;!., .1- ;!, -21 ;!!, + ;!, .1. ;!-, -19 ;!-,
+1 ;!0, +- ;+0, -2o ;.!, +! ;!-, .0. ;!, -11 ;+, +.. ;!., .0! ;+!, -+8 ;..,
+!. ;o, +oo ;.0, -12 ;.o, +.- ;.., +-! ;+!, -11 ;+o, +o ;o, .!! ;.+, -s+ ;o1,
+o. ;o0, +-1 ;+, -2s ;o!, +oo ;.1, +-+ ;+1, -28 ;.+, +o0 ;., .0! ;+., -+1 ;.,
+. ;!+, .1 ;!!, -12 ;!!, +- ;!1, .!. ;!1, -18 ;!0, +o ;!0, .!- ;1-, -s+ ;!,
.1+ ;+!, .!o ;!o, -22 ;+, .1! ;+!, .+1 ;!o, -21 ;+, .1. ;+0, ..! ;!!, -11 ;+!,
++ ;., .0+ ;+0, -11 ;, +0 ;+o, .0- ;!!, -19 ;o+, +o0 ;.., .0 ;!, -+1 ;o,
.1! ;0, .!- ;., -21 ;o, .0. ;o!, .!0 ;.!, -2s ;o1, .0 ;!, ..1 ;.., -+2 ;0,
.! ;+1, .!! ;+!, o ;o-, .!1 ;!, .!0 ;!o, - ;.-, .1+ ;!, .+1 ;!., -21 ;.,
+!+ ;!o, +++ ;!., -20 ;+0, +!! ;!o, +o0 ;!!, -21 ;!-, +!! ;!0, +o+ ;!, -+0 ;+.,
!-o ;.0, +0 ;++, 1! ;.1, +10 ;!, +! ;!!, -11 ;!-, +! ;+-, +o! ;+., -1s ;.o,
.1o ;+, ... ;+1, -19 ;1, .0o ;+!, .+- ;!-, -+1 ;oo, .0! ;+!, ..- ;!-, -s1 ;o+,
+-0 ;!-, .!! ;!-, -12 ;+0, + ;!, .! ;!, -+0 ;!, +- ;+0, .!- ;!-, -o0 ;+1,
+o1 ;oo, +- ;o!, -28 ;, +o. ;.., .00 ;.., -1s ;oo, +.1 ;o+, .0+ ;., -s1 ;+,
++ ;.., +o+ ;.0, -1o ;+!, +o1 ;+, +. ;+!, -2+ ;!., +o1 ;.1, +- ;+., -1o ;!,
+ ;!, +-! ;!1, -1o ;!, +1 ;!!, .0! ;!, -21 ;!+, + ;!., .!o ;!-, -19 ;!.,
.01 ;!, .!! ;!-, -10 ;!!, .0. ;!., .+0 ;!., -1+ ;!, +o ;!, .!o ;!., -s1 ;!o,
+ ;.!, .10 ;+, -22 ;+, ++ ;+, .10 ;++, -2o ;+!, +o. ;.+, .11 ;.1, -+o ;+.,
.1. ;!1, .!+ ;!+, -19 ;++, .0! ;!-, .! ;!., -2+ ;+!, .!! ;!0, .. ;!+, -1s ;++,
+o ;, .1! ;o., -2o ;+., +-1 ;+, .1 ;o+, -21 ;+!, + ;+, .!+ ;o!, -1o ;+.,
o 2.o) u 2.1) -21 1.) o 2.1) 12 2.u) -2o 1.o) o1 2.1) 21 2.u) -ou 1.)
oo u.9) 1u u.) -2o 1.1) o u.) 1o u.) -29 u.9) ou u.) 2 u.) -o 1.u)
!o0 ;+!, !0 ;+0, 10 ;+., !-! ;!, +0 ;!., -1+ ;+1, +0+ ;+!, +!- ;!, -2s ;+!,
+! ;o1, ++ ;o0, -+o ;+-, +!+ ;.0, +. ;.0, -s1 ;!, +!! ;., +-! ;o1, -11 ;+,
++ ;!, .0+ ;, !0 ;1!!, ++ ;, +- ;o-, -21 ;11o, ++ ;-, +-! ;o, -+s ;1!!,
+!+ ;.., +o ;+, -1+ ;!, +.0 ;++, +o ;!-, -1o ;!1, +!1 ;+!, +0 ;+0, -+9 ;!,
.! ;.+, ..- ;++, -22 ;oo, .1- ;.0, ..1 ;+1, -12 ;o1, .0 ;+!, .+! ;!., -1s ;.+,
1 lositivc ciiic:c:ccs i:cictc t|t ulcs c:io:u |cttc: t|: iculcs, :cgtivc ciiic:c:ccs i:cictc t|t iculcs c:io:u |cttc: t|: ulcs Diiic:c:ccs
t|t :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t :c i:cictcc i: |olc
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Aust:li
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:c
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lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
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luxcu|ou:g
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lol:c
lo:tugl
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D:itcc li:gcou
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OLcD totol
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rercentage o students at each ievei o prociency on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by gender
Increased iikeii-
Beiov Ievei 1 Ievei 1 Ievei 2 Ievei 1 Ievei + Ievei s hood o maies per-
;lcss t|: ;i:ou !!. to ;i:ou +0 to ;i:ou +1 to ;i:ou ..! to ;|ovc orming at Ievei 1
!!. sco:c oi:ts, +0 sco:c oi:ts, +0 sco:c oi:ts, ..! sco:c oi:ts, o!. sco:c oi:ts, o!. sco:c oi:ts, or beiov
1
Maies s.I. s.I. s.I. s.I. s.I. s.I. Ratio s.I.
+ ;0, 11! ;10, !1! ;1, !o0 ;1, !!. ;1!, 1+! ;11, 1.1s ;0!0,
.- ;0, 11- ;10, !!! ;1+, !0! ;1o, !1- ;1o, o ;0-, 1.os ;01,
- ;1!, 1!1 ;10, 1 ;11, !. ;1!, !!0 ;11, -- ;0-, 1.o1 ;01-,
!! ;0!, -+ ;0+, !0+ ;0o, ! ;0, !.! ;0, 1!- ;0o, 2.0o ;01!,
-0 ;1!, 1+o ;11, !o- ;1., !o ;1, 1.o ;1!, .! ;0, 2.10 ;0!1,
o ;0, 1+! ;11, !!. ;11, !. ;1!, 1-. ;11, o ;0, 1.o9 ;01!,
!. ;0o, . ;0, 1- ;10, !1 ;11, !o. ;1!, 110 ;0-, 1.19 ;0.-,
o0 ;0-, 1!- ;1!, !!- ;1!, !- ;1!, !10 ;1!, o+ ;0, 1.18 ;01+,
1!o ;0-, 1!- ;0-, !+! ;1!, !o- ;1o, 1.o ;1+, o ;0, 1.+s ;01!,
1! ;1, 1! ;1o, !oo ;1., !.! ;!1, 1! ;1+, !o ;0, 1.82 ;01o,
-+ ;1!, 1- ;1o, !! ;1, !! ;1o, 1+- ;1+, !. ;0, 1.o+ ;01o,
. ;0o, 1++ ;0-, !++ ;1!, !-- ;1!, 1-! ;1., o+ ;10, 2.+0 ;0!!,
+0 ;0o, -. ;11, !1+ ;1., !-- ;1., !+1 ;1., 11! ;11, 1.o2 ;01-,
0 ;1+, 1oo ;1., !! ;1, !1 ;1o, 1.! ;1+, ! ;0o, 1.91 ;0!1,
++ ;11, -- ;1o, !0! ;1., !!o ;1, !.+ ;!1, . ;1!, 2.s1 ;0+!,
1! ;0+, o1 ;0-, 1-+ ;1+, !-! ;1+, !-o ;1-, ++ ;0, 1.98 ;0+1,
1o ;11, !!. ;1!, !oo ;1., !!- ;1!, -! ;0, 1! ;0., 1.1o ;00,
!00 ;1o, !-- ;1-, ! ;1+, 1o. ;1+, .0 ;0-, 0 ;0!, 1.28 ;00o,
! ;0-, 111 ;0-, 1-1 ;1., !o1 ;1, !!o ;1!, 1! ;1!, 2.1+ ;0!,
;10, 1++ ;1+, !10 ;1+, !o ;1!, !0! ;1!, 1 ;0, 2.11 ;01-,
1!! ;1., 11 ;1-, !!+ ;1, !o1 ;1-, 1o0 ;1, +1 ;0, 1.80 ;0!!,
1!! ;1+, 1-1 ;1+, !.- ;1., !+ ;1o, 1+! ;1!, ! ;0o, 1.+1 ;00-,
. ;0, 1+o ;1!, !! ;1!, !01 ;1!, 1 ;1., !o ;0, 1.11 ;01+,
+o ;0o, 1!! ;10, !!! ;10, !- ;1!, !! ;1o, + ;0, 2.11 ;0!1,
! ;0-, 1o+ ;1!, !! ;1+, !o! ;1+, 11 ;1!, ! ;0-, 1.s1 ;01!,
.0 ;0o, 10+ ;0, !1 ;1!, !+ ;1!, !!! ;11, 1!! ;11, 1.s8 ;01o,
-! ;1, 1! ;1o, !1 ;1!, !.. ;1o, 1 ;1o, 110 ;1o, 1.80 ;01!,
. u.) 1o.2 u.) 22.9 u.) 2. u.) 19.2 u.) . u.o) 1.o u.u)
.u u.2) 1o.2 u.2) 21.1 u.1) 2.9 u.1) 19.o u.2) .2 u.2) 1.1 u.u1)
!+ ;1-, !!1 ;1., !.. ;1o, 11- ;1+, ! ;0, 0+ ;0!, 1.1+ ;00+,
1+ ;!1, !!! ;1, !. ;1o, !1 ;1, -! ;11, !. ;0., 2.09 ;01.,
-- ;!o, 1! ;+1, !!+ ;!, !o ;+1, 10 ;!, !- ;1-, 1.+ ;0!.,
1!- ;1o, !!! ;1!, !-- ;10, !! ;1!, 100 ;0, !! ;0., 1.81 ;00-,
!0 ;0-, 10! ;1., 1 ;!1, !-- ;!1, !. ;!0, 10o ;1+, 2.11 ;0.0,
Iemaies
Aust:li
Aust:i
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1 Vlucs t|t :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t :c i:cictcc i: |olc
1 ;0+, o ;0-, 1o. ;1!, !.! ;1., !! ;1+, !1o ;!0,
! ;0., ! ;0, !0! ;1!, !- ;1., !0 ;1+, 10- ;11,
.! ;10, - ;10, 1+o ;10, !o! ;11, !0+ ;1+, 1+. ;10,
1! ;0!, + ;0+, 1.! ;0o, !! ;0o, !0. ;0, !10 ;0,
!! ;0+, ! ;0, !!- ;1!, !!! ;1!, !! ;10, o ;0,
! ;0o, -o ;0-, !1o ;1!, !0o ;1., !+ ;1!, -o ;0-,
10 ;0o, !! ;0+, -1 ;0, !. ;1!, !o+ ;1., !.. ;1+,
!! ;0., ! ;0, !11 ;1!, !1+ ;1!, !o. ;1!, 10. ;0,
o ;11, 11! ;0-, !0! ;1!, !o- ;1!, !!. ;1!, 111 ;0,
+ ;10, 1!0 ;1o, !.0 ;!0, !11 ;1, 1- ;1, o+ ;0-,
+. ;0, 1!+ ;1o, !! ;1, !0. ;1o, !!! ;1o, o ;10,
1 ;0., o! ;0, 1-o ;10, !!1 ;1!, !+ ;1+, 11- ;0-,
!0 ;0., o! ;0-, 1+! ;10, !-o ;1!, !0+ ;1+, 1+ ;1!,
!. ;0o, 101 ;11, !!- ;1!, !!. ;1+, !+0 ;1, 0 ;0,
11 ;0+, +- ;0-, 1. ;1o, !+1 ;1o, !!1 ;!0, 1!1 ;1.,
0. ;0!, !! ;0o, 1o ;1o, !1 ;1o, !!1 ;!0, + ;10,
10. ;0, 1. ;10, !! ;1, !0 ;1., 1!. ;0, !! ;0+,
1!. ;1+, !o+ ;1., !!+ ;1o, !0 ;1., o- ;0-, 0- ;0!,
!0 ;0+, o! ;0o, 1.! ;11, !!! ;1!, !-! ;1o, !+0 ;1o,
!1 ;0o, ! ;0, 10 ;10, !-1 ;1+, ! ;1!, 1+ ;10,
.0 ;1!, 10- ;1!, !+ ;!0, !0+ ;1, !1! ;1, ;1!,
o- ;10, 1+! ;1o, !+ ;1!, !0! ;1+, 1-1 ;1+, + ;0,
!! ;0., -! ;10, !+1 ;1!, !. ;1, !! ;1!, +- ;0.,
1 ;0+, o0 ;0o, 11 ;11, !1! ;1+, ! ;1!, 1.1 ;11,
.. ;0, 10! ;10, 1-0 ;1!, !-- ;1!, !+1 ;1!, 11! ;1+,
!! ;0+, o ;0, 1! ;10, ! ;1!, !o ;1!, 1! ;1!,
! ;0, -. ;11, !0! ;1-, !-! ;1-, !+0 ;1o, 1!+ ;1o,
1.9 u.1) 9. u.o) 2u.o u.o) 29. u.o) 2o.o u.o) 11.1 u.)
1. u.1) 9.1 u.2) 2u.u u.2) 29.o u.1) 2.o u.1) 11.9 u.2)
1-! ;1+, !! ;1, !-- ;1, 1!- ;1., !+ ;0, 0 ;0!,
o ;11, 1!. ;1!, !o ;1., !- ;1+, 1! ;1o, . ;10,
.0 ;!!, 10 ;!!, !!0 ;+-, !!+ ;+, !1. ;!!, o+ ;!o,
.0 ;0, 1+ ;1+, !o ;1!, !11 ;1+, 1oo ;1+, +1 ;0o,
1+ ;0o, ++ ;1!, 1+ ;1!, !-! ;!!, !!! ;!!, 11 ;1.,
G
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Aust:li
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rercentage o students scoring beiov +00 points and above o00 points on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie

Reiative iikeiihood o maies
rercentage o students scoring beiov +00 points
scoring beiov +00 points
on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie
on the mathematicai
Aii students Maies Iemaies iiteracy scaie
1
s.I. s.I. s.I. Ratio s.I.
Aust:li
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OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
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1 Vlucs t|t :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t :c i:cictcc i: |olc

Reiative iikeiihood o maies
rercentage o students scoring above o00 points
scoring above o00 points
on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie
on the mathematicai
Aii students Maies Iemaies iiteracy scaie
1
s.I. s.I. s.I. Ratio s.I.
;0, ;10, ;1!, 0- ;01o,
11 ;0, - ;11, 1! ;11, 0.1o ;011,
1+ ;1!, 1. ;1+, 1! ;1, 11 ;01+,
o ;0+, o ;0o, o ;0+, 0-o ;00,
1o ;0-, 1. ;1., 1o ;1!, 0 ;011,
10 ;0-, - ;11, 10 ;1!, 0! ;010,
. ;0, . ;10, + ;0, 11+ ;0!+,
10 ;0-, 10 ;11, 11 ;11, 0-0 ;01!,
1- ;11, 1 ;1!, !1 ;1-, 0.8o ;00,
!! ;!!, !! ;!-, !! ;!!, 10+ ;00-,
1- ;1+, 1- ;1, !0 ;1-, 0 ;010,
;0, - ;0-, ;11, 10- ;01,
11 ;0-, 10 ;1!, 1! ;1!, 0+ ;01!,
!o ;1!, !. ;!1, !o ;1-, 100 ;01!,
. ;10, o ;1o, + ;10, 1+o ;0.0,
. ;0o, + ;0-, o ;11, 0o- ;01o,
! ;11, !o ;1., !0 ;1o, 0.8s ;00o,
.o ;1-, .+ ;!., .- ;!+, 0-+ ;00+,
- ;0, 10 ;1!, ;10, 1+1 ;0!,
1+ ;11, 1+ ;1+, 1! ;1!, 10. ;011,
!+ ;1, !o ;!o, !! ;!., 11. ;01o,
! ;1, !. ;!0, !0 ;!!, 0.8s ;00,
!0 ;1!, 1 ;1o, !1 ;1-, 0-. ;00-,
1! ;0-, 1! ;1!, 1! ;11, 0 ;00-,
10 ;0-, - ;10, 11 ;1!, 0-1 ;011,
;0, ;0, ;10, 10 ;01o,
1 ;!+, 1 ;!-, 1 ;!+, 10 ;01!,
1 u.) 1 u.9) 1 u.) u.99 u.uo)
1o u.1) 1 u.1) 1o u.o) u.9 u.u2)
. ;1o, 0 ;!+, - ;!1, 0.8o ;00!,
! ;1-, !o ;!+, ! ;!!, 0- ;00,
1! ;!0, 11 ;+!, 1+ ;!, 0 ;0!1,
!! ;1, !+ ;!1, !! ;1-, 10! ;00o,
+ ;10, + ;1!, + ;1!, 10! ;0!,
!! ;1o, !. ;1-, !1 ;!!, 11 ;01!,
1 ;1!, !! ;1, 1! ;1o, 1.11 ;0!+,
!+ ;11, ! ;1o, !1 ;1o, 1.1+ ;01!,
!! ;0o, !. ;0-, 1- ;0, 1.28 ;00.,
1. ;1!, 1 ;1, 1! ;1!, 1.ss ;01o,
1o ;0-, 1- ;1!, 1! ;1!, 1.os ;01,
!! ;10, !! ;1!, !1 ;1!, 10o ;00,
1 ;11, !1 ;1+, 1. ;1!, 1.1o ;01!,
1+ ;0, 1o ;1+, 1! ;0-, 1! ;01.,
;1!, - ;1, o ;11, 1+ ;0!,
1! ;1+, 1+ ;1-, 1! ;1o, 1!! ;01,
1o ;0-, 1o ;1!, 1o ;1!, 10- ;01!,
1! ;1!, 1+ ;1, - ;1!, 1.o1 ;0!0,
. ;0, o ;11, + ;0, 2.0o ;0+1,
!! ;!+, !o ;!+, ! ;!o, 1!+ ;01!,
! ;1., !! ;!+, !1 ;!!, 1.+o ;01-,
+ ;0., . ;0, ! ;0o, 2.2o ;0o0,
0 ;0!, 0 ;0!, 0 ;0!, 1! ;1!,
! ;1o, ! ;1-, ! ;!!, 0- ;00,
1+ ;11, 1o ;1, 11 ;11, 1.s+ ;01,
10 ;1o, 1! ;!!, ;1+, 1.oo ;0!0,
+ ;0o, o ;11, ! ;0, 2.01 ;0+,
- ;0, 1! ;1., . ;0, 2.o2 ;0!-,
1o ;0-, 1 ;1!, 1. ;1!, 10- ;010,
!. ;1, ! ;!1, !! ;!1, 1.21 ;010,
!! ;1!, !. ;1, !0 ;1, 1!0 ;01!,
1+ ;1, 1o ;!1, 1! ;1, 1! ;01.,
1 u.) 19 u.) 1o u.o) 1.11 u.uo)
1o u.2) 1 u.1) 1o u.1) 1.1o u.u1)
0 ;0!, 1 ;0!, 0 ;0!, o. ;oo1,
- ;0-, 10 ;1!, ;1!, 1.+1 ;01-,
1 ;!1, !1 ;+o, 1. ;+o, 1o+ ;0.o,
1! ;1+, 1! ;1+, 1! ;1, 11 ;01!,
! ;!1, +0 ;!o, !+ ;!, 10- ;00,
G
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Aust:li
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1
I|lc .!
1ime students usuaiiy spend each day reading or enjoyment
students report not reading students report reading students report reading betveen
or enjoyment 10 minutes or iess each day 10 and o0 minutes each day
Iemaies Maies Iemaies Maies Iemaies Maies
s.I. s.I. s.I. s.I. s.I. s.I.
Aust:li
Aust:i
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OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
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students report reading betveen students report reading
1 and 2 hours each day more than 2 hours each day
Iemaies Maies Iemaies Maies
s.I. s.I. s.I. s.I.
!.+ ;1., +01 ;1, !1+ ;1!, !- ;1!, !+! ;11, 11 ;1!,
!0! ;10, .!- ;1+, !0. ;10, !o ;1!, !!! ;10, 1!. ;0,
!0o ;0, .!1 ;1+, !0 ;0-, !1 ;10, !. ;0-, 1+ ;0,
!!0 ;0., +!o ;0, !o ;0o, !0 ;0., !+o ;0o, 1o1 ;0.,
1.1 ;0, ! ;1+, !-1 ;10, !0+ ;1!, !1! ;10, 1-. ;0-,
1+ ;10, !. ;1!, !. ;1!, !+ ;1!, !- ;10, 1 ;0,
10! ;0o, !.! ;11, !! ;10, !10 ;0-, !!0 ;1!, !01 ;0,
!1! ;0-, !-. ;11, !0 ;10, !0 ;0-, !!+ ;1!, !!! ;10,
!-1 ;0-, .+. ;1!, !0! ;11, !! ;0-, !!0 ;0-, 1! ;0,
1-+ ;0-, !+o ;1+, !o ;10, !oo ;1!, !! ;10, !1 ;11,
1 ;10, !!! ;1!, !-0 ;1!, !o ;0-, !! ;11, !11 ;11,
!! ;10, !0 ;10, !+ ;11, !. ;11, !! ;11, 1o ;10,
!+. ;10, +!+ ;1+, !!0 ;10, !- ;0-, !! ;11, 10 ;0-,
!!! ;11, !0 ;1!, !+ ;0, !1 ;10, !.. ;10, 1-. ;0-,
.+- ;1., ..! ;1o, 1 ;0-, 1- ;11, 1.+ ;10, 1.. ;0-,
!- ;1+, !1! ;1!, !! ;1!, !1 ;0, !!. ;0-, !1. ;0-,
!. ;11, + ;1!, !o. ;10, !+o ;10, !++ ;1!, 1+o ;0-,
- ;0, 1+ ;11, +1 ;1!, +. ;1+, !-! ;10, !.1 ;10,
!!1 ;10, !o ;1!, !o ;11, !o. ;0-, !!! ;11, 1.! ;0,
!+ ;11, +.o ;1!, !- ;11, !0. ;11, !!o ;11, 1o ;10,
1o1 ;10, !!! ;1, !1o ;1!, !! ;1!, !10 ;1!, !o+ ;1!,
! ;0o, !-+ ;1!, !o1 ;10, +!+ ;1!, !!! ;1!, !01 ;10,
!!+ ;11, +1. ;1!, !!0 ;0-, !! ;11, !0. ;10, 1o ;0,
!0 ;1!, ++- ;1!, !!- ;11, ! ;11, !.1 ;0-, 11 ;0,
!1. ;11, +- ;1o, !.+ ;0-, !0o ;1!, ! ;10, 1!! ;0,
!!o ;0-, !. ;10, !o+ ;11, !+ ;10, !o! ;10, 1-. ;0,
!!0 ;1., .01 ;1, !.! ;1o, !o ;1!, 1 ;0-, 1!o ;11,
2. u.) o2.o u.o) 11.2 u.) 2.1 u.o) 21.o u.o) 1. u.1)
21.1 u.2) ou.2 u.1) 11. u.2) 1u.u u.2) 2o.1 u.2) 1.2 u.2)
1! ;0-, !1 ;1+, 1- ;1!, !.+ ;0-, !!+ ;1!, !01 ;1+,
-. ;0-, !o ;1o, !!+ ;1!, !0 ;1!, !+ ;1!, !+1 ;1,
!1. ;!-, +. ;!-, !!+ ;!o, !.0 ;!-, !! ;!., 10o ;!.,
1!- ;0, !.0 ;0-, !1 ;10, !o ;0, ! ;0-, !!- ;10,
!-! ;1, .1 ;!!, !o- ;1, !.- ;1o, !!! ;1+, 111 ;10,
1!- ;0-, -- ;0o, .1 ;0., !! ;0+,
1!+ ;0, .! ;0o, +. ;0o, 1. ;0!,
1!+ ;0o, .- ;0+, !+ ;0+, 1- ;0!,
11+ ;0!, ;0+, +! ;0!, ! ;0!,
1o- ;10, + ;0o, o ;0, !1 ;0+,
11 ;0, ! ;0, .+ ;0o, !+ ;0+,
!+- ;0-, 110 ;0, .. ;0., !o ;0!,
1!! ;0, o ;0, +! ;0., !. ;0!,
11o ;0, . ;0o, .- ;0+, !! ;0+,
!0 ;11, 1-! ;10, -. ;0, - ;0o,
1o. ;0-, 10! ;0, + ;0, ;0,
0 ;0o, . ;0., !o ;0., !0 ;0+,
1+o ;0, . ;0, .1 ;0o, !+ ;0+,
11 ;0-, - ;0o, +o ;0+, ! ;0+,
. ;0o, ;0, !+ ;0+, ! ;0+,
10 ;0, 1!0 ;0, +. ;0., 1 ;0o,
1.1 ;10, ;0, .o ;0o, !+ ;0.,
1.0 ;0-, - ;0, .1 ;0, ! ;0+,
1!+ ;0-, + ;0, +! ;0+, !0 ;0+,
101 ;0, .+ ;0., ! ;0+, 1o ;0!,
!1! ;0-, 11o ;0, -- ;0-, o0 ;0,
1- ;10, o! ;0, .. ;0o, 1 ;0!,
11. ;0o, .- ;0+, !o ;0!, !! ;0!,
10! ;0, + ;0o, ! ;0., !0 ;0+,
11o ;0, .1 ;0., ! ;0+, !! ;0!,
11! ;0, o ;0o, !. ;0+, !! ;0+,
-o ;0, o+ ;0, +. ;0o, !! ;0.,
12.2 u.1) .9 u.2) o. u.2) 1. u.2)
11. u.2) .1 u.1) .1 u.1) 1.o u.1)
!11 ;0-, 11o ;10, 1. ;0-, . ;0o,
!!- ;11, 1.! ;1!, . ;0, o0 ;0,
+ ;!0, 1- ;11, +0 ;1o, +0 ;1o,
!1! ;10, 1!+ ;0., 1.+ ;0o, 100 ;0,
;0-, !- ;0, ! ;0, !0 ;0+,
G
I
c
D

c
G
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N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
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D
c
G
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N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
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N
1
R
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s
A::lX l1
!1
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lo:tugl
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc .+A
Inde o sei-concept in reading, by gender and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o sei-concept in reading
1
!
Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter
Mean Mean Inde Mean Mean Mean Mean
inde s.I. inde s.I. di. s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I.
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lo:tugl
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
o the inde o sei-concept in reading
Mean Mean Mean Mean
score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I.
1 lo: cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx, scc A::cx A1
! lositivc ciiic:c:ccs i:cictc t|t ulcs c:io:u |cttc: t|: iculcs, :cgtivc ciiic:c:ccs i:cictc t|t
iculcs c:io:u |cttc: t|: ulcs Diiic:c:ccs t|t :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t :c i:cictcc i: |olc
G
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1
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-
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1
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-
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1
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s
011 ;00!, 00o ;00!, -0.11 ;00!, 0-+ ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 000 ;001, 10o ;00!,
01. ;00!, 0!1 ;00!, -0.1s ;00., 1!! ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!. ;001, 1.0 ;001,
0!+ ;00!, 011 ;00!, -0.11 ;00!, 11! ;00!, 0! ;001, 00o ;000, 0! ;00!,
0+. ;00!, 00- ;00!, -0.1o ;00+, 1+! ;00!, 0o1 ;001, 00+ ;001, 10+ ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 0.! ;00!, -0.12 ;00+, 0-1 ;00!, 001 ;001, 0oo ;001, 10 ;001,
0! ;00!, 01+ ;00!, -0.+2 ;00!, 11- ;001, 0+0 ;001, 01. ;001, 11- ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 011 ;00!, -0.+s ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0.0 ;001, 01! ;001, 1! ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 00! ;00!, -0.12 ;00+, 1!+ ;00!, 0.o ;001, 010 ;001, 11+ ;00!,
01. ;00!, 00. ;00!, -0.20 ;00!, 1!o ;00!, 0!- ;001, 01o ;001, 1!- ;00!,
0!0 ;00+, 0!. ;00+, -0.1s ;00., 11! ;00!, 01o ;001, 0oo ;001, 11 ;001,
00 ;00!, 0.! ;00!, -0.++ ;00+, 11! ;00!, 010 ;001, 0o ;001, 1! ;001,
0!+ ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 00! ;00., 1!! ;001, 0o! ;001, 0!! ;001, 01 ;00!,
00o ;00!, 0!o ;00!, -0.21 ;00+, 11o ;00!, 0! ;001, 0+! ;001, 1o. ;001,
010 ;00!, 011 ;00!, -0.21 ;00!, 0 ;00!, 0! ;001, 011 ;001, 10o ;00!,
0!o ;00!, 00! ;00!, -0.29 ;00+, 1!- ;00!, 0+- ;001, 00 ;001, 1!. ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 01. ;00!, -0.18 ;00+, 1! ;00!, 0++ ;001, 01- ;001, 1!. ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 00 ;00!, -0.11 ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0+! ;001, 01 ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
011 ;00!, 01- ;00!, -0.10 ;00!, 0-+ ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!1 ;001, 110 ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 011 ;00!, -0.11 ;00!, 11! ;001, 0! ;001, 01! ;001, 11 ;00!,
00. ;00+, 0++ ;00+, -0.19 ;00+, 111 ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0o+ ;001, 1! ;001,
-u.u9 u.u2) u.2o u.u2) -u.11 u.u2) -1.11 u.u1) -u.11 u.uu) u.1 u.u1) 1.o1 u.u1)
-u.1o u.u1) u.1 u.u1) -u.29 u.u1) -1.1 u.uu) -u.1 u.uu) u.21 u.uu) 1.1u u.u1)
011 ;00!, 01 ;00!, -0.28 ;00!, 11! ;00!, 0!. ;001, 01 ;001, 1!! ;00!,
0!o ;00+, 01. ;00!, -0.s1 ;00+, 10 ;00!, 0!1 ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1+- ;00!,
00 ;00, 0!- ;00o, -0.11 ;010, 11. ;00+, 0+0 ;00!, 00. ;00!, 10 ;00,
0! ;00!, 01. ;00!, -0.s2 ;00!, 11+ ;001, 0!! ;001, 0!- ;001, 1.! ;001,
01! ;00+, 011 ;00+, -0.2s ;00., 111 ;00!, 0!! ;001, 01- ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
+-- ;+o, .1- ;+-, .! ;++, .! ;+.,
++ ;!, +-! ;+1, .1! ;!o, .+ ;!!,
.1+ ;oo, .!- ;.!, ..! ;++, .+ ;.1,
+ ;!, +-0 ;!!, .11 ;!1, .!o ;!1,
+.o ;!-, +-1 ;!., .10 ;!!, .+ ;!+,
.0- ;!1, .!1 ;!-, .o0 ;!!, .-! ;!o,
+ ;!, +o ;+0, .0! ;!o, .!+ ;!,
+. ;+1, +o+ ;.+, +-1 ;+, .!1 ;.0,
++ ;!!, +-. ;!+, .!! ;!!, ..1 ;!!,
.1! ;++, .! ;!, .!! ;+!, .+! ;+,
+.! ;.+, ++ ;!o, .01 ;!1, .1+ ;!,
+- ;!1, .1 ;!-, .!1 ;!!, ..! ;!+,
+1 ;!!, ++! ;!o, +1 ;!-, +-! ;!!,
+10 ;+-, +1. ;+, +!. ;+0, ++1 ;+!,
.1+ ;!-, .10 ;+1, .++ ;+, .! ;++,
+0 ;+, +-0 ;+., .!! ;!+, .o1 ;!-,
+!! ;.-, +.+ ;.!, +! ;+., .1! ;.0,
+1 ;!0, .0! ;!, .! ;!!, ..- ;!.,
+! ;+-, +! ;.o, .11 ;+o, .!+ ;.!,
+o- ;-0, +-o ;o!, .!o ;0, .. ;o!,
oo 1.o) oo 2.9) u 1.1) 11 1.u)
o1 1.u) o9u 1.1) 11 1.u) 19 1.u)
!-1 ;+!, !-! ;!, +01 ;!+, +!+ ;.1,
+!. ;o, ++1 ;o, +o ;.o, .1! ;.+,
+. ;10o, +! ;-, +-+ ;111, .1. ;o,
+!. ;.!, ++ ;+0, +1 ;+!, .0. ;.1,
.1. ;o, .!- ;.0, .! ;+o, .+- ;+!,
A::lX l1
!!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lo:tugl
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
Gc:u:,
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
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:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lo:tugl
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
rerormance on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters
o the inde o sei-concept in mathematics
Mean Mean Mean Mean
score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I.
0! ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 0.21 ;00+, 0+ ;00!, 00 ;001, 0!- ;001, 11- ;00!,
00- ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0.29 ;00+, 1!- ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
00- ;00!, 00- ;00!, 0.18 ;00+, 10+ ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0!! ;001, 10! ;00!,
00! ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0.2o ;00+, 1!- ;001, 0+1 ;001, 01o ;001, 10 ;00!,
0o ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 0.19 ;00+, 0 ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0-1 ;001, 1o ;001,
01. ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0.1s ;00+, 1+1 ;001, 0+1 ;001, 0!1 ;001, 1!- ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0.+2 ;00+, 1!- ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1!. ;00!,
0!. ;00+, 0! ;00!, 0.12 ;00., 1+- ;001, 0o ;001, 00- ;001, 10! ;00!,
011 ;00+, 00- ;00!, 0.20 ;00., 1!o ;001, 0!- ;001, 0! ;001, 1+1 ;00!,
00! ;00!, 011 ;00+, 0.09 ;00+, 1+0 ;001, 0+0 ;001, 0!o ;001, 1! ;00!,
01+ ;00+, 00+ ;00!, 0.11 ;00., 1!o ;001, 0!0 ;001, 0+! ;001, 1+. ;00!,
0+! ;00+, 0. ;00+, 0.1s ;00o, 1o! ;000, 10o ;001, 0!+ ;001, 0- ;00!,
011 ;00!, 01 ;00+, 0.28 ;00., 1!! ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1!. ;00!,
01 ;00!, 01! ;00!, 00. ;00!, 01 ;00!, 01. ;001, 0! ;001, 11. ;00!,
0!0 ;00+, 00+ ;00+, 0.2o ;00+, 1!1 ;00!, 01 ;001, 0.! ;001, 1.! ;001,
01 ;00+, 0!! ;00+, 0.s0 ;00o, 1+- ;001, 0+- ;001, 0! ;001, 1!o ;00!,
01+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0.11 ;00+, 1.0 ;001, 0o+ ;001, 01 ;001, 111 ;00!,
01! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0.1o ;00+, 11o ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!0 ;001, 111 ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0.s0 ;00+, 11! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!o ;00!,
0! ;00., 0!- ;00+, 00- ;00o, 0- ;00+, 00 ;001, 0o ;001, 1. ;001,
u.19 u.u2) u.uo u.u2) u.1 u.u1) -1.12 u.u2) -u.2u u.u1) u.o1 u.u1) 1.1o u.u1)
u.12 u.u1) -u.11 u.u1) u.2 u.u1) -1.2 u.u1) -u.1o u.uu) u.11 u.uu) 1.2 u.u1)
0!- ;00+, 00+ ;00+, 0.2s ;00., 10o ;00!, 01. ;001, 0+. ;001, 1! ;00!,
01+ ;00!, 00+ ;00+, 0.18 ;00., 1!0 ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0+! ;001, 11 ;00!,
0! ;00-, 011 ;00-, 0.19 ;01!, 0-! ;00, 0!! ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 11o ;00,
00+ ;00!, 00! ;00+, 001 ;00+, 1!! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0+! ;001, 1!+ ;001,
0!- ;00., 0!o ;00., 0.os ;00, 1+0 ;00!, 0+! ;001, 0!+ ;001, 1!- ;00!,
.0 ;+, .!1 ;.0, .++ ;.!, .! ;+-,
+-o ;!-, .0 ;++, .1! ;+., ..0 ;+.,
.!0 ;oo, .+. ;.0, ... ;., .o0 ;o,
+ ;+1, +-. ;.!, .1+ ;++, .+! ;+.,
+o ;!o, .1! ;+!, .!- ;!, .. ;.0,
+- ;!+, .1. ;!, .+ ;!-, .-! ;!0,
+! ;+, +o ;.1, +- ;., .!- ;!-,
+o. ;++, +! ;.., +- ;.0, .!+ ;o-,
+ ;+!, +- ;!o, .!1 ;!, .! ;+0,
++ ;!+, +-. ;+0, .0- ;+o, .!! ;.0,
+!+ ;!, ++. ;.+, +o+ ;+!, + ;+,
.1! ;!-, .!. ;++, ..o ;+!, .+ ;+0,
+.. ;+0, +. ;+., +.. ;!-, ++ ;.1,
!! ;+, !+ ;!-, !- ;.1, +01 ;.!,
.0o ;+!, .!. ;+., .+! ;.0, .- ;+-,
+.o ;+, + ;+1, .0 ;.0, .o! ;+!,
+!+ ;+1, +.! ;.o, +o0 ;o!, +0 ;.o,
+. ;!o, +- ;+0, .!1 ;++, .o! ;+o,
.1+ ;o0, .! ;0, .!! ;.1, ..- ;.+,
+! ;0, + ;-1, +-o ;101, .+. ;0,
ooo 1.u) o 1.9) o9 o.2) 21 1.)
o 1.2) o92 1.1) u 1.2) 19 1.)
!!o ;.-, !!. ;o., !+! ;o., !o1 ;o+,
+!- ;o!, +.. ;oo, +oo ;o1, .0+ ;o,
+ ;1., .1- ;1!-, .0! ;1o1, ..+ ;1+,
+.! ;o, +.- ;o+, + ;o0, .!! ;.-,
..o ;1, ..! ;o0, .o+ ;o!, . ;.!,
I|lc .+B
Inde o sei-concept in mathematics, by gender and perormance on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o sei-concept in mathematics
1
!
Mean Mean Inde Mean Mean Mean Mean
inde s.I. inde s.I. di. s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I.
1 lo: cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx, scc A::cx A1
! lositivc ciiic:c:ccs i:cictc t|t ulcs c:io:u |cttc: t|: iculcs, :cgtivc ciiic:c:ccs i:cictc t|t
iculcs c:io:u |cttc: t|: ulcs Diiic:c:ccs t|t :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t :c i:cictcc i: |olc
G
I
c
D

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G
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1
R
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G
I
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D
c
G
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1
R
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G
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c
G
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1
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G
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A::lX l1
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Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
!
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
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:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
!
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
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:cw Zcl:c
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lol:c
lo:tugl
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wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
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kussi: lccc:tio:
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!
I|lc o1A
Internationai socio-economic inde o occupationai status (IsIIj and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
Internationai socio-economic inde o occupationai status
1
Aii students Bottom quarter second quarter 1hird quarter 1op quarter
inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I.

Increased iikeiihood o stu-

change in the combined dents in the bottom quarter
reading iiteracy score o the IsII distribution sco-
o the internationai socio-economic inde o occupationai status
+

per 1o.1 units o the inter- ring in the bottom quarter o
nationai socio-economic the nationai reading iiteracy

Mean Mean Mean Mean
inde o occupationai status
+
perormance distribution
s
score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. change s.I. Ratio s.I.
! : ws cxcluccc i:ou t|is cou:iso: |ccusc oi |ig| :oo:tio: oi uissi:g ct
+ lo: cxli:cc v:itio: scc A::cx A! D:it c|:gcs u:|cc i: |olc :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t W|c:c |ottou :c to qu:tc:s :c u:|cc i: |olc t|is
i:cictcs t|t t|ci: ciiic:c:cc is sttisticll, sig:i|c:t 1o! u:its o: t|c i:ccx co::cso:cs to o:c i:tc::tio:l st:c:c ccvitio:
. ktios sttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, g:ctc: t|: 1 :c u:|cc i: |olc
.!! ;0., !11 ;0!, +o! ;01, .+ ;0!, !! ;0!,
+- ;0!, !!- ;0!, ++ ;01, .!! ;01, o-1 ;0!,
+-0 ;0+, !+ ;01, +!1 ;01, .!. ;01, 1 ;0!,
.! ;0!, !1! ;01, +1 ;01, .- ;01, !- ;01,
+! ;0!, !1! ;0!, +++ ;01, .1. ;00, oo1 ;0!,
+- ;0+, !-0 ;0!, ++0 ;01, .+- ;0!, 11 ;0!,
.00 ;0+, !- ;0!, +!+ ;01, ..1 ;01, 1 ;0!,
+! ;0+, ! ;0!, +11 ;0!, .!1 ;01, 1! ;0!,
+- ;0!, !00 ;0!, +!o ;01, .!. ;01, 0! ;0!,
+ ;0o, !.o ;0!, +0! ;0!, .!0 ;01, !! ;0+,
+-. ;0., !0+ ;0!, +!o ;01, .! ;01, 1. ;0!,
.! ;0!, !1+ ;0!, +! ;01, .o ;0!, ! ;0!,
++ ;0., !. ;0!, +! ;0!, .!! ;01, o-+ ;0!,
+1 ;0!, !. ;01, +0o ;01, .0! ;01, o- ;0+,
u u u u u u u u u u
+! ;0+, !o. ;01, !.- ;01, +o0 ;01, o!- ;0.,
++ ;0!, !.1 ;01, !. ;01, .0o ;01, oo1 ;0+,
+!. ;0, !++ ;01, !!! ;01, +o ;0!, oo. ;0.,
.!! ;0+, !0. ;0!, +1 ;01, . ;0!, !o ;0!,
.!- ;0+, !.o ;0!, +1 ;01, .-0 ;0!, !- ;0!,
+o0 ;0., !! ;0!, +00 ;01, +- ;01, o0 ;0+,
+!- ;0o, !o ;0!, !+. ;01, ++ ;01, o. ;0.,
+.0 ;0o, !o ;01, !o! ;01, +-o ;01, o! ;0.,
.0o ;0+, !0+ ;0!, ++1 ;01, .. ;01, !1 ;0!,
+-! ;0., !-! ;0!, +!. ;01, .!! ;01, 1- ;0!,
.1! ;0!, !0 ;0!, +. ;01, .o- ;0!, 1 ;0!,
.!+ ;0, !0! ;0!, ++ ;0!, .-. ;0!, !. ;0!,
o9.u u.2) 29.1 u.1) o2. u.1) o.u u.1) u.1 u.1)
o.9 u.1) 29.1 u.u) o2.o u.u) 1.o u.u) u.2 u.1)
+!- ;0o, !+o ;0!, !+. ;0!, +-o ;0!, o1 ;0+,
.0! ;0., ! ;01, +0+ ;0!, .. ;0!, +1 ;0!,
+. ;0-, !0 ;0o, +1 ;0+, .!1 ;0!, o! ;0-,
+-+ ;0., !00 ;0!, +0! ;01, .!+ ;0!, !- ;0!,
.0- ;0., !-. ;0!, +.! ;0!, .! ;0!, 1! ;0!,
+90 ;!, .!! ;+., .! ;+!, s1o ;.+, 11.1 ;!10, 1.9 ;01+,
+o1 ;!-, .00 ;!!, .!! ;!+, s+1 ;!., 1s.2 ;!0, 2.1 ;010,
+s1 ;o!, +- ;+., .! ;!!, so0 ;!+, 18.2 ;!!!, 2.+ ;01+,
s01 ;!!, .!- ;1-, .+. ;1-, s10 ;!0, 2s.1 ;0-, 1.9 ;00o,
++s ;!1, + ;!, +-- ;!., s+1 ;!-, +1.2 ;1o, 2.1 ;01!,
+os ;!!, +-0 ;!!, .11 ;!!, s+1 ;!o, 29.1 ;1-, 1.8 ;011,
s2+ ;+., .!. ;!!, ... ;!1, s1o ;!!, 20.8 ;1o, 1.s ;00,
+o9 ;+!, +-o ;!!, .!0 ;!1, ss2 ;!o, 10.8 ;1-1, 2.2 ;01!,
+21 ;.+, +1 ;+0, .1! ;!+, s+1 ;!., +s.1 ;!10, 2.o ;01-,
++0 ;.o, +o0 ;!, +o ;.., s19 ;.., 28.1 ;!.1, 1.8 ;01o,
+1s ;+-, +o1 ;+., .0+ ;!, s11 ;.-, 19.2 ;!!, 2.2 ;01o,
+81 ;!1, +-o ;!!, .1! ;!!, s+0 ;!o, 19.1 ;1+., 1.s ;00-,
+91 ;+!, .!0 ;+!, .!. ;!, s10 ;!, 10.1 ;1-, 1.9 ;010,
+s1 ;+!, +1 ;!!, +-+ ;!o, s2s ;!-, 2o.+ ;1+, 1.8 ;01!,
u u u u u u u u u u u u
s09 ;+., .!+ ;!-, .!1 ;!, s+2 ;!+, 1+.o ;!1!, 1.s ;011,
19+ ;+1, +! ;!+, +! ;!!, +91 ;!, 19.2 ;!0!, 2.s ;01.,
18s ;+1, +0 ;!, +!. ;+0, +11 ;.-, 11.8 ;!!, 1.9 ;01,
+89 ;+!, .!! ;!, .+- ;!+, s1+ ;+., 11.9 ;!1+, 2.0 ;01!,
+11 ;+1, +-+ ;!, .1+ ;!, s+1 ;+!, 29.1 ;!0!, 1.o ;00-,
++s ;.o, +! ;+, +-! ;.!, s1+ ;o+, 1s.+ ;!!, 2.0 ;01o,
+11 ;+-, +.! ;+-, +. ;+!, s21 ;.0, 18.+ ;!1+, 2.0 ;01!,
+o1 ;!., +! ;!o, .0 ;!, s29 ;!0, 2o.s ;1o1, 1.9 ;011,
+8s ;!-, .0- ;!!, .!! ;!1, ss8 ;!!, 21.1 ;1.0, 1.8 ;010,
+1+ ;+!, +-! ;+o, .1! ;+!, s+9 ;.!, +0.2 ;!1, 2.1 ;01,
+81 ;!1, .1! ;!1, .+! ;!., s19 ;!o, 18.+ ;1o0, 2.1 ;011,
+oo ;., .0 ;.-, .! ;o1, sso ;.-, 11.s ;!1, 2.1 ;0!0,
oo2 2.1) o92 1.) 1 1.9) o1 2.1) 1o.u u.9u) 2.u u.uo)
oo1 u.9) o91 u.) 1 u.) o u.9) 11.o u.oo) 2.u u.u2)
1o8 ;!-, ! ;!, +1! ;+0, +1s ;+., 2o.1 ;1-+, 1.9 ;01!,
+28 ;o+, ++- ;.0, +- ;o, +92 ;oo, 21.1 ;!!!, 1.8 ;01!,
+11 ;110, +-1 ;11-, +-. ;-1, s21 ;-!, 12.o ;.1., 2.1 ;0+0,
+29 ;.., +.0 ;!, +! ;+, s02 ;!-, 2o.s ;1o, 1.8 ;00-,
+9s ;.o, .!. ;.!, ... ;!o, soo ;++, 29.9 ;!+., 2.2 ;0!0,
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I|lc o1B
Internationai socio-economic inde o occupationai status (IsIIj and perormance on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie,
1


change in the mathe- dents in the bottom quarter
rerormance on the mathematicai iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters
maticai iiteracy score o the IsII distribution sco-
+

nationai socio-economic the nationai math. iiteracy

Mean Mean Mean Mean
+
s
.!!! ;0o+, !0o. ;0!1, +o1- ;01., .oo ;0!!, !! ;0!!,
+-! ;0!., !!1 ;0!+, ++o ;010, .!!o ;00, o-11 ;0!,
+-0 ;0++, !!o ;01, +!.0 ;01o, .!.- ;01!, 1-. ;0!.,
.!-+ ;0!., !1++ ;01!, +!1 ;00-, .-0 ;010, !0! ;01o,
+!+ ;0!1, !1!- ;0!!, +++. ;01, .1.! ;00+, o.+ ;0!,
+-0 ;0+, !-!+ ;0!1, ++01 ;01, .+-o ;01, 0-- ;0!o,
+--- ;0+, !-+ ;0!!, +!1+ ;01, ..+0 ;01, 1- ;0!o,
+!- ;0.0, !! ;0!0, +1! ;0!+, .!1 ;00, 1!! ;0!1,
+-11 ;0!+, !--- ;0!0, +!o ;01., .!0 ;00, 0-- ;0!,
+!- ;0o!, !.. ;0!0, +0-+ ;0!0, .! ;01., !-1 ;0!-,
+-0 ;0+-, !0.0 ;0!., +!- ;01!, .!-- ;01, 1 ;0!o,
.!++ ;0!, !1+! ;0!., +0o ;01, .-! ;0!, !!- ;0!.,
+00 ;0.1, !.! ;0!0, +!+ ;0!0, .!+ ;00-, o!- ;0!+,
+o-+ ;0!-, !!! ;01, +0+1 ;01-, .0!+ ;00, o1 ;0++,
u u u u u u u u u u
+!- ;0.1, !oo. ;01., !o!1 ;01!, +o1+ ;01-, o!-o ;0+.,
++! ;0!., !+-- ;01-, !o-! ;0!0, .011 ;01, o..0 ;0+o,
+!! ;01, !+1 ;01, !!+ ;01., +1! ;0!1, oo!! ;0.+,
.!+0 ;0+., !0o! ;0!o, +o-0 ;01., .0! ;0!, +1! ;0!,
.!1 ;0+!, !.o. ;0!o, +01 ;01o, ..1 ;0!, !1 ;0!1,
+. ;0+o, !1. ;0!0, +00 ;01, +- ;01!, oo.! ;0.+,
++!0 ;0o, !00 ;01, !+1 ;01o, +o. ;01!, oo! ;0.,
++ ;0oo, !o ;01, !.-o ;01., +-+ ;01., o!! ;0o!,
.0!0 ;0+, !--! ;01, +!o ;01o, ..o+ ;0!0, 1- ;0!,
+-o ;0o!, !-0+ ;0!!, +1-! ;010, .!. ;010, !0. ;0.1,
.1!! ;0!., !0. ;0!1, +.oo ;01, .o- ;0!!, 1. ;0!.,
.!!! ;01, !0+ ;0!!, +!o ;0!o, .-!! ;0!, !+ ;0!-,
o.9 u.2o) 29.1 u.1u) o2.o u.11) 1.9o u.1) u.1u u.1)
o.o u.1u) 29.2 u.uo) o2.1 u.u) 1.o u.u) u.2o u.u)
++00 ;00, !+o+ ;0!+, !+!! ;0!., +-! ;0!0, o! ;0.!,
+-- ;0o1, !o ;01-, !--! ;0!0, .o ;0!, +!o ;0!.,
+oo- ;1!0, !+1 ;00, +0!1 ;0.+, .1!- ;0.!, o!- ;1!!,
+-0 ;0.+, !00! ;0!-, +01 ;01!, .+!. ;0!!, +!o ;0!!,
.0-1 ;0.+, !-+. ;0!, +.+o ;0!o, .1+ ;0!., 1o ;0!1,
+9s ;+!, .! ;+, .+. ;+o, s18 ;o1, 29.2 ;!!., 2.1 ;0!!,
+19 ;.0, .0- ;+1, .! ;+, s+9 ;+!, 11.1 ;!oo, 1.8 ;01.,
+11 ;o, .0 ;+, .+ ;+0, s1+ ;++, 18.1 ;!1, 2.1 ;01,
s09 ;!1, .! ;!!, .+1 ;!!, so1 ;!!, 21.2 ;10!, 1.8 ;00o,
+s+ ;+!, +-1 ;!o, .0 ;+0, s+s ;+!, +1.8 ;!!o, 2.1 ;01.,
+89 ;!, .0. ;!-, .!1 ;+!, ss1 ;+., 2+.8 ;!0+, 2.0 ;01,
s11 ;!o, .! ;!!, .+! ;!1, sos ;!, 19.1 ;1o1, 1.o ;010,
+8o ;+, .1! ;!-, .!0 ;!o, so0 ;!, 2o.9 ;!1, 2.0 ;01o,
+18 ;.!, +1 ;.., .1! ;+0, s+1 ;+!, 19.9 ;!+o, 2.o ;0!!,
+11 ;o., +!0 ;-, +.o ;oo, +99 ;, 10.s ;!!+, 1.1 ;01-,
+19 ;+, +o ;.!, .1! ;+., s+1 ;o-, +1.o ;!-., 2.2 ;01o,
+9o ;+, .11 ;+!, .1 ;+!, s+0 ;!, 1o.s ;!10, 1.s ;01!,
+12 ;+1, +- ;++, .1! ;+1, s1o ;++, 2s.9 ;!!!, 1.8 ;01!,
+11 ;.1, ++- ;++, +o ;+., +8o ;.0, 21.1 ;!+-, 1.o ;01!,
s21 ;+!, .+- ;!o, ..! ;+1, s11 ;+!, 21.9 ;!!0, 1.8 ;01+,
+08 ;.!, +!+ ;++, +0 ;+1, +9+ ;!, 11.2 ;!0+, 2.1 ;01,
1s+ ;+, !. ;+, !- ;.0, +11 ;.-, 10.0 ;!., 1.8 ;01-,
s00 ;.-, .!- ;+., ... ;+!, s8+ ;+, 11.0 ;!.o, 1.9 ;01!,
+1o ;.0, +. ;+., .0o ;++, s11 ;++, 2s.9 ;!+1, 1.s ;01!,
+18 ;0, +.- ;o., + ;o-, s2s ;o+, 1s.1 ;!-, 1.8 ;01,
+20 ;.!, ++1 ;+-, +o+ ;+, s01 ;+-, 11.9 ;!+0, 1.9 ;01,
++1 ;+, +o. ;+!, +-! ;!., s11 ;+, 21.o ;!!., 1.9 ;01!,
+1+ ;+!, +-- ;+., .1 ;!., sss ;!-, 10.o ;!00, 2.0 ;01.,
+18 ;+, .!1 ;.!, .+1 ;.-, s18 ;.!, 1+.0 ;!00, 2.1 ;01,
+88 ;!!, .!+ ;!., .+ ;+1, s18 ;+0, 1+.s ;1-+, 2.1 ;01+,
+s2 ;o, +-. ;0, .1! ;o, ss1 ;o-, 1s.9 ;!1-, 2.1 ;0!1,
o 2.) o9 2.1) u9 2.1) 19 2.) 1o.2 1.1) 2.u u.uo)
oo 1.2) o91 u.9) 11 1.u) o2 1.2) 12.o u.) 1. u.1)
299 ;.1, !1. ;+, !.! ;o0, 18s ;o, 11.1 ;!1-, 2.0 ;01,
+18 ;o-, +.- ;.!, +o ;1, +81 ;o., 1+.2 ;!!, 1.s ;01+,
+8o ;1+!, .1+ ;10, .!! ;1!., s+o ;1.0, 21.1 ;1, c c
+s1 ;+, +oo ;o+, + ;oo, s1s ;.0, 21.1 ;!!!, 1.1 ;01+,
s11 ;., .. ;o+, .! ;+o, s91 ;++, 21.2 ;!o!, 1.8 ;0!!,
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I|lc o1C
Internationai socio-economic inde o occupationai status (IsIIj and perormance on the scientic iiteracy scaie,
1


change in the combined dents in the bottom quarter
rerormance on the scientic iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters
scientic iiteracy score o the IsII distribution sco-
+

nationai socio-economic the nationai scientic iiteracy

Mean Mean Mean Mean
+
s
.1- ;0.o, !10 ;0!0, +o!! ;01!, .! ;01, !!! ;0!,
+-.! ;0!, !!-+ ;0!!, ++o- ;00, .!!+ ;00o, o-0o ;0!,
+-+ ;0+1, !! ;01!, +!0 ;01!, .!.! ;00, 1! ;0!0,
.!+ ;0!., !1!! ;00, +1+ ;00, .-+ ;00, !-+ ;01!,
++o ;0!, !11- ;0!0, +++0 ;01!, .1.! ;00!, oo1+ ;0!,
+-.o ;0+-, !-01 ;01-, ++0! ;01!, .+. ;01., 10 ;0!,
.00. ;0+!, !-o. ;01, +!+0 ;01!, ..1+ ;01!, 1+ ;0!0,
+.0 ;0+o, !o- ;01, +10- ;01o, .!0 ;00o, 1!1 ;0!,
+o ;0!o, !00+ ;0!0, +!o+ ;01!, .!.! ;00o, 0!1 ;0!!,
+o! ;00, !... ;0!o, +0!! ;0!1, .!-- ;010, !!! ;0!,
+-!- ;0.o, !0!- ;01-, +!o! ;010, .!o ;01!, 1+. ;0!+,
.! ;0+1, !1!o ;0!+, +!o ;01!, .. ;0!1, !o ;0!.,
++ ;0.0, !+. ;01, +!! ;01., .!!! ;00, o-!o ;0!.,
+!+ ;0+0, !+ ;01., +0o+ ;01!, .0!0 ;00o, o-1 ;0!,
u u u u u u u u u u
+!00 ;0+., !o.0 ;01+, !.- ;010, +.- ;01+, o! ;0+.,
+.0 ;0!-, !.0- ;01+, !+o ;01+, .0.. ;01!, oo0o ;0!,
+!+0 ;0., !+!o ;01!, !!!! ;011, +o- ;01o, oo+o ;0+,
.!10 ;0+o, !0.! ;0!, +0. ;01!, .oo ;0!0, !.o ;0!0,
.!-0 ;0+o, !..- ;0!., +1+ ;01!, .- ;01, !-+ ;0!!,
+o1 ;0.-, !!! ;01, !-- ;01!, +-! ;00-, o0! ;0+!,
+!! ;0o0, !o0 ;01o, !++ ;010, ++0 ;011, o.+ ;0..,
+.10 ;0o, !o! ;011, !o!! ;01+, +-o! ;01!, o!0 ;0+-,
.0! ;0+o, !0+0 ;01o, ++0 ;01!, ..1 ;01!, !10 ;0!0,
+-1. ;0.+, !-!o ;01-, +!+- ;00-, .!!1 ;00o, 1-+ ;0!0,
.11! ;0!, !0oo ;01, +.o ;01+, .o-! ;01-, 1! ;01-,
.!.o ;0-1, !0!- ;0!!, +!o ;01-, .-.0 ;0!!, !+ ;0!0,
o9.u2 u.2) 29.u9 u.1u) o2. u.12) o.1 u.11) u.1o u.1o)
o.1 u.1u) 29.2o u.uo) o2.12 u.uo) 1.1 u.u) u.21 u.u)
++0+ ;0oo, !+.o ;0!!, !+.0 ;01-, +-o0 ;01, o1! ;0!,
.001 ;00, !o ;01., +0+1 ;01-, .+o ;0!1, +0 ;0!,
+ ;11, !01 ;0o!, +1! ;0!, .!11 ;0!+, o!! ;0-!,
+-!! ;0+., !00! ;01, +0! ;00, .!!- ;01, !. ;01,
.0!o ;0.o, !-.! ;0!1, +.!+ ;01o, .!- ;0!, 1! ;0!!,
+98 ;+-, .!! ;+, .!1 ;+o, s11 ;o!, 2o.2 ;!+1, 2.0 ;01o,
+19 ;+, .11 ;!., .!+ ;!, sso ;+1, 1+.1 ;!.-, 2.1 ;01+,
+++ ;-0, +o ;+o, .!+ ;!o, ss2 ;+1, +0.2 ;!, 2.+ ;01,
s01 ;!, .!+ ;!!, .! ;!1, so1 ;!+, 21.1 ;1!, 1.8 ;00,
+o8 ;+1, .0+ ;!, .1- ;+0, so1 ;!-, +1.1 ;!+1, 2.2 ;01+,
++s ;+., +! ;.1, +-! ;+1, s12 ;.!, 12.1 ;!.o, 1.8 ;01+,
s11 ;+!, .!o ;!, .+o ;++, sos ;+!, 18.+ ;!1, 1.1 ;011,
+o0 ;+., + ;.0, .1 ;+., sso ;+., 11.9 ;!!0, 2.0 ;01.,
+11 ;.+, +! ;.-, .1! ;!, s19 ;!-, +0.1 ;!.1, 2.1 ;01-,
+29 ;o0, ++! ;, + ;.o, +98 ;0, 2s.9 ;!0!, 1.1 ;01,
+++ ;oo, + ;.!, .1- ;+., ss+ ;.-, +1.1 ;!!+, 2.2 ;01o,
+81 ;++, ++ ;+!, +- ;!-, s19 ;+!, 11.s ;!!, 1! ;010,
+82 ;+, .0+ ;+-, .!! ;+., ss1 ;+., 28.9 ;!1., 1.1 ;01!,
+s1 ;.0, +1 ;+., +0 ;.1, s1+ ;+!, 2+.+ ;!1, 1.s ;01!,
s1+ ;.1, .+- ;+., ..- ;!, s1s ;+, 18.8 ;!+, 1.s ;01+,
+01 ;.!, +!+ ;+, +oo ;+!, +90 ;.+, 11.1 ;!00, 2.2 ;01-,
192 ;+1, +10 ;!, +!0 ;+., +o1 ;o+, 2s.8 ;!+-, 1.1 ;01+,
+90 ;.., .1 ;!o, .+o ;!-, s1s ;+1, 11.1 ;!+., 2.2 ;01,
+11 ;+., +- ;+, .0 ;+!, s1o ;++, 2s.1 ;!+o, 1.o ;011,
+s2 ;o0, +. ;o, +-! ;o!, s1s ;-, 12.8 ;!-0, 1.1 ;01,
+2o ;+., ++. ;.!, +. ;!-, s0+ ;.!, 12.+ ;!!0, 1.9 ;01,
+ss ;++, + ;+-, .0o ;!, s11 ;+, 10.1 ;!!., 1.9 ;01+,
+8s ;!, +- ;+!, .1- ;+1, ss2 ;!, 2s.2 ;1!, 1.s ;01!,
++2 ;+, +. ;., .10 ;.0, ss+ ;.-, +0.2 ;!+., 2.s ;01o,
+92 ;+1, .!! ;!!, .+ ;+., s88 ;!-, 11.s ;!!, 2.2 ;01+,
+o+ ;+, +- ;o., .!1 ;o-, sss ;, 11.+ ;!!!, 2.2 ;01-,
oo 2.o) o92 1.9) 1o 2.2) o 2.) 12.o 1.uo) 1.9 u.u1)
oo u.9) o9u u.9) 12 u.9) o1 1.1) 11.9 u.o9) 1.9 u.u1)
1+o ;.o, !o! ;.1, !-1 ;.1, +1+ ;o, 2s.1 ;!!1, 1.8 ;01+,
+11 ;1, +.1 ;.-, +! ;, +90 ;!, 19.1 ;!-0, 1.o ;01,
+11 ;1+, +! ;1!, +-. ;1!!, s21 ;1.+, 1s.1 ;o-, c c
+11 ;.o, ++ ;.o, +o- ;.+, +99 ;.+, 2+.0 ;!!0, 1.o ;01!,
+9o ;!, .1- ;.-, ..+ ;.!, so+ ;., 29.2 ;!., 2.1 ;0!0,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
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N
G
N
-
G
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c
D
c
G
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1
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A::lX l1
!o
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc o!
Inde o amiiy veaith and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o amiiy veaith
1

Increased iikeiihood o
students in the bottom quarter
change in the combined o the veaith distribution
o the inde o amiiy veaith
1

reading iiteracy score scoring in the bottom quarter o
per unit o the inde the nationai reading iiteracy

Mean Mean Mean Mean
o amiiy veaith
1
+
+ ktios sttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, g:ctc: t|: 1 :c u:|cc i: |olc
0+! ;00!, 0o+ ;00!, 01. ;001, 0oo ;001, 1.! ;00!,
0!. ;00!, 00 ;00!, 000 ;000, 0+. ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
00- ;00!, 10! ;001, 0!. ;000, 011 ;000, 0-0 ;00!,
0+1 ;001, 0o ;001, 01. ;000, 0oo ;000, 1.1 ;001,
0o ;00!, 1-! ;001, 11! ;001, 0o1 ;001, 0!0 ;00!,
0+- ;00!, 0+o ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0! ;000, 1+o ;001,
0!! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 00! ;000, 0+ ;000, 110 ;001,
01. ;00!, 10 ;001, 0! ;001, 00 ;000, 0 ;001,
0!0 ;00!, 0. ;00!, 00 ;001, 0+! ;001, 1!0 ;00!,
0+. ;00!, 1+- ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!! ;001, 0o! ;00+,
0 ;00!, 1-o ;00!, 11o ;001, 0.- ;001, 0!. ;001,
0.! ;001, 0+. ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0 ;001, 1.! ;001,
00. ;00!, 10! ;001, 0!1 ;001, 0!1 ;001, 111 ;00!,
01! ;00!, 0. ;00!, 01! ;001, 0!+ ;001, 11! ;00!,
01+ ;00!, 0-- ;001, 0!1 ;000, 00 ;000, 0o ;001,
0! ;00!, 11+ ;00!, 0+! ;001, 00! ;000, 0+- ;001,
0!! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 00. ;001, 0. ;001, 1+. ;00!,
1++ ;00o, !1 ;00!, 1-0 ;001, 11+ ;001, 010 ;00o,
0!! ;00!, 0 ;00!, 00o ;001, 0.0 ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
0.o ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0 ;001, 1.0 ;001,
100 ;00!, !!! ;00!, 1!0 ;001, 0! ;001, 0!+ ;00!,
01! ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0+. ;001, 01- ;001, 11! ;00!,
01+ ;00!, 11o ;001, 0+! ;001, 00- ;001, 0-! ;00!,
0o. ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0+! ;000, 0-! ;001, 1o! ;00!,
00. ;00!, 0- ;001, 0!! ;001, 0! ;001, 11+ ;00+,
0+! ;00!, 0o1 ;00!, 01. ;001, 0oo ;000, 1.1 ;00!,
0o1 ;00o, 0o0 ;00!, 0!. ;001, 0-1 ;001, 10 ;00!,
u.uu u.u2) -1.u u.u2) -u.2o u.u1) u.2o u.u2) 1.u9 u.u2)
u.uu u.uu) -1.uo u.u1) -u.2o u.u1) u.2 u.u1) 1.uo u.u1)
1!- ;00+, !o- ;001, 1- ;001, 11! ;001, 00. ;00!,
1+o ;00!, !o! ;00!, 11 ;001, 11 ;001, 0!1 ;00!,
0!o ;00., 0! ;00., 00! ;001, 0.! ;00!, 1! ;00.,
1- ;00!, ! ;00!, !0+ ;001, 1.+ ;001, 00 ;00!,
01 ;00!, 0o- ;00!, 001 ;001, 0+0 ;001, 10! ;00!,
s10 ;+!, .!! ;+o, .! ;+, s++ ;.0, 1o.o ;!o+, 1.+ ;011,
+9s ;!-, .0 ;!+, .1+ ;!, s1+ ;!, 10.8 ;!!, 1.1 ;00,
+9+ ;.-, .0- ;+o, .1o ;!1, s1s ;!, 9.o ;!-, 1.1 ;00,
s1+ ;!+, .! ;!0, .+! ;1-, s+o ;!!, 11.8 ;11-, 1.+ ;00.,
+1s ;!-, +-1 ;!, +-- ;!0, s02 ;+0, 11.o ;!0!, 1.1 ;00,
+8s ;!, +-! ;!, .11 ;!o, s0o ;!, 12.1 ;!+!, 1.1 ;00,
s1s ;.o, .++ ;!-, ..1 ;!!, sso ;!, 12.2 ;+!0, 1.2 ;00,
+18 ;+., .01 ;!, .1+ ;!!, s28 ;!!, 2o.2 ;!.o, 1.o ;010,
+s1 ;.!, ++ ;!., +- ;+0, s0o ;+1, 2s.2 ;!-o, 1.1 ;01+,
+s9 ;0, +o- ;.o, ++ ;., +9s ;oo, 1s.1 ;!+., 1.1 ;011,
+so ;.-, +o- ;+, +-+ ;.0, s02 ;.1, 22.2 ;!0., 1.o ;01!,
s1s ;!1, .0 ;!!, .0 ;!1, s01 ;!1, -s.o ;!!!, 0- ;00o,
s11 ;+1, .!! ;+!, .!1 ;+!, s+1 ;+, 11.9 ;!+, 1.1 ;00,
+1o ;+0, + ;!o, + ;+, s00 ;!., 9.9 ;!0!, 1.2 ;00,
.!1 ;o, .!o ;.., .!o ;.1, .! ;.o, !- ;!1+, 11 ;00,
s09 ;+0, .!. ;!0, .!1 ;!-, s1+ ;!!, 1s.1 ;!-0, 1.o ;010,
+0s ;!, ++ ;!, +.. ;!!, +o+ ;!., 2s.0 ;1o, 1.9 ;01!,
192 ;+1, +0 ;+!, +!+ ;!., +o+ ;o-, 2+.+ ;!!, 1.o ;01.,
+91 ;+o, .!- ;+!, .+0 ;+1, ss2 ;+!, 21.8 ;!!-, 1.8 ;00-,
+-o ;+1, .1. ;+!, .11 ;.., .0+ ;+0, +! ;!-o, 1.2 ;00,
+o+ ;+, +! ;., +-0 ;., +88 ;o!, 8.8 ;!o!, 1.1 ;00-,
+12 ;+-, +. ;.1, +o ;+-, s01 ;.!, 29.8 ;!!-, 1.8 ;01!,
+12 ;!, +-1 ;+!, +-- ;!-, s12 ;!1, 11.2 ;1-, 1.s ;010,
s08 ;!, .1 ;!!, .!0 ;!!, s22 ;!+, 8.2 ;!10, 1.1 ;00,
+1o ;.., +- ;+!, .0! ;+o, s0+ ;o, 11.s ;!.!, 1.s ;010,
s08 ;!, .!0 ;!, .!1 ;!+, s+1 ;!, 1+.9 ;1-!, 1.1 ;00,
+ss ;+, .0! ;o!, .!. ;oo, s+0 ;o-, 12.0 ;!0o, 2.1 ;01+,
o2 2.) o9 1.) u9 1.9) 2u 2.2) 2.1 u.9) 1.o u.u1)
o1 u.9) o99 u.9) u u.) 1 u.) 19. u.o) 1.o u.u2)
110 ;!o, !. ;!, !-o ;+., +11 ;., 2s.2 ;!1., 1.o ;01!,
++- ;., +.. ;.+, +o ;!, +o. ;, 1.s ;!!, 1! ;011,
+o ;11-, + ;110, +-. ;11o, +-0 ;111, 1+.9 ;1, c c
++9 ;o1, +o0 ;++, +o+ ;+-, +11 ;!, 12.1 ;!o+, 1.+ ;00,
.!! ;.o, .!- ;+o, .!! ;.1, .!. ;+o, !- ;+!, 10 ;011,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
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A::lX l1
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc o!
Inde o possessions in the amiiy home reiated to ciassicai cuiture and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
Inde o cuiturai possessions in the amiiy home
1

change in the combined
o the inde o cuiturai possessions in the amiiy home
1

reading iiteracy score
per unit o the inde

Mean Mean Mean Mean
o cuiturai possessions
1

1 lo: t|c ccii:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 \x is uscc io: cou:t:ics wit| uo:c t|: !. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts
t t|c |ig|cst vluc oi t|is i:ccx, w|ic| is 11.
! lo: cxli:cc v:itio: scc A::cx A! D:it c|:gcs u:|cc i: |olc :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t W|c:c |ottou :c to
qu:tc:s :c u:|cc i: |olc t|is i:cictcs t|t t|ci: ciiic:c:cc is sttisticll, sig:i|c:t
00- ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0.0 ;001, 0! ;00!, \x
001 ;00!, 1!+ ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0+1 ;00!, \x
0+1 ;00!, 1o. ;000, 0o ;001, 01. ;001, 0-! ;001,
01! ;001, 1!- ;001, 0.o ;000, 0!! ;001, \x
01 ;00!, 10o ;00!, 00 ;001, 0! ;00!, \x
011 ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0.. ;001, 0! ;001, \x
01! ;00!, 11 ;00!, 0!. ;001, 0. ;00!, \x
0!0 ;00!, 1o. ;000, 0o. ;001, 01! ;000, 100 ;001,
00! ;00!, 1!0 ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!- ;001, \x
0!0 ;00!, 0-o ;00!, 00! ;001, 0o! ;00!, \x
0!! ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 01! ;000, 0-0 ;001, \x
0o ;001, 0++ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 11. ;000, \x
00 ;00!, 1!- ;00!, 0+! ;001, 0!o ;001, \x
0!+ ;00!, 0- ;00!, 01! ;000, 10 ;001, \x
0! ;00!, 1o! ;000, 0o! ;000, 00- ;000, 10- ;001,
0!+ ;00!, 10! ;00!, 00o ;001, 0. ;00!, \x
011 ;00!, 1.0 ;001, 0+ ;001, 0! ;001, \x
0. ;00!, 1o. ;000, 11. ;001, 0!- ;001, 0 ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 1.1 ;001, 0o! ;000, 010 ;001, \x
01+ ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 0!. ;001, 0o ;00!, \x
01 ;00!, 10! ;00!, 000 ;001, 0o0 ;00!, \x
010 ;00!, 1++ ;001, 0! ;001, 0!. ;001, \x
01 ;00!, 11o ;00!, 00+ ;001, 0! ;00!, \x
00. ;00!, 11 ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0. ;00!, \x
00 ;00!, 1! ;001, 0+! ;001, 0!1 ;001, \x
00 ;00!, 1.0 ;001, 0+! ;001, 0+ ;00!, \x
01! ;00+, 1+- ;00!, 0.1 ;001, 0!. ;00!, \x
-u.1u u.u1) -1.ou u.u1) -u.o u.u1) u.1 u.u1) 1.1u u.uu)
u.uu u.uu) -1.2 u.uu) -u.11 u.uu) u.o u.uu) 1.12 u.uu)
0+1 ;00!, 1o. ;000, 0o ;001, 00o ;001, 0 ;00!,
0.. ;00!, 0.! ;00!, 0++ ;00!, 11. ;000, \x
00! ;00., 1!+ ;00., 0! ;00+, 0! ;00+, \x
0++ ;00!, 0++ ;00!, 01! ;000, 0-. ;001, \x
0+. ;00!, 1o. ;000, 0o ;001, 0!1 ;00!, 0 ;00!,
+92 ;!, .11 ;+-, .+1 ;+!, s12 ;+., 12.10 ;!0-,
+8s ;+0, +-! ;!+, .1! ;!, s+2 ;!, 22.92 ;!0,
+oo ;.!, .0+ ;+!, .1 ;!, s+9 ;!!, 11.o1 ;11,
s08 ;!!, .!+ ;!0, .+! ;!!, so1 ;1, 22.8+ ;0-+,
+s1 ;!, +- ;!o, .0- ;!!, s22 ;!., 10.89 ;!o,
+oo ;+1, +-0 ;!-, .0o ;!, s1+ ;!!, 2s.98 ;1,
s1o ;++, .+! ;!1, .o! ;!!, sos ;!!, 21.s1 ;1o!,
+so ;+!, +- ;!., .!0 ;!0, s18 ;!!, 11.9+ ;1o,
++8 ;o, +o ;o1, +-1 ;+o, s12 ;+1, 11.9+ ;!!!,
+1s ;o, +0 ;+o, +- ;.o, s0s ;.., 12.08 ;!--,
+2o ;+, + ;., .0o ;+., s11 ;+!, +2.08 ;!.,
+8+ ;!, .11 ;!!, .!0 ;!+, s18 ;!!, 22.21 ;!+!,
s02 ;++, .1 ;+o, .!o ;!-, sso ;+0, 22.02 ;!1,
+so ;+0, +o ;+0, .0o ;!, s01 ;!!, 21.2o ;!0!,
+91 ;o, .!. ;+-, .! ;.0, s++ ;.!, 18.8o ;!00,
s02 ;!., .!+ ;!-, .!+ ;!1, s+1 ;!-, 1o.11 ;1o,
19s ;!, +!- ;!o, +.o ;!., +9s ;!-, 1o.11 ;1.,
+00 ;!!, +0. ;!!, +!! ;+0, +o+ ;.o, 21.28 ;!!1,
s0s ;!, .1- ;+1, .!. ;!-, s12 ;+-, 2+.2o ;!!,
+o+ ;+!, .01 ;+0, .!+ ;++, s19 ;!-, 29.10 ;!01,
+11 ;.., +-0 ;.., +-+ ;.+, s0o ;o, 10.28 ;!0!,
+2o ;.!, +.+ ;.0, +-. ;++, s08 ;.0, 11.o8 ;!0!,
+ss ;!, +-! ;!!, .10 ;!o, s1o ;!!, 2s.o0 ;1.,
+8+ ;!0, .0- ;!-, .!0 ;!, s+s ;!!, 2o.21 ;1+,
+os ;+!, +. ;+!, +-o ;., s1o ;., 2o.os ;!!!,
+89 ;!-, .0. ;!1, .+0 ;+!, soo ;+, 29.01 ;1-.,
+os ;o!, + ;10!, .1- ;, ss2 ;o, 12.19 ;!.-,
ooo 1.9) o9u 2.) 12 2.1) 1 2.u) 2.9o u.)
ooo u.9) o91 u.9) 11 u.) 1o u.) 2.u2 u.oo)
180 ;!, !o ;+1, +0. ;+1, +21 ;.1, 19.9+ ;!!!,
+21 ;oo, +o! ;o0, +! ;0, +1+ ;.-, 1+.11 ;!+0,
+s0 ;10, +! ;10!, +-! ;-, s20 ;10, 21.1+ ;o10,
++0 ;+, +oo ;.+, +! ;+, +1o ;!o, 2+.0o ;!!.,
s09 ;.!, .!o ;+o, .!. ;+!, so0 ;+!, 20.o1 ;1-1,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
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N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
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N
1
R
I
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N
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G
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D
c
G
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1
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A::lX l1
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc o+
Inde o activities reiated to ciassicai cuiture and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
Inde o cuiturai activities
1

o the inde o cuiturai activities
1

per unit o the inde

Mean Mean Mean Mean
o cuiturai activities
1

1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 \i: is uscc io: cou:t:ics wit| uo:c t|: !. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts t t|c
lowcst vluc oi t|is i:ccx, w|ic| is 1!
! lo: cxli:cc v:itio: scc A::cx A! D:it c|:gcs u:|cc i: |olc :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t W|c:c |ottou :c to qu:tc:s
:c u:|cc i: |olc t|is i:cictcs t|t t|ci: ciiic:c:cc is sttisticll, sig:i|c:t
0!+ ;00!, \i: 0-- ;00!, 00. ;001, 0-+ ;00!,
01o ;00!, 1!o ;000, 01. ;000, 0o. ;001, 1+1 ;00!,
010 ;00!, \i: 0.0 ;00!, 0!o ;001, 11+ ;00!,
01! ;001, 1!1 ;001, 01. ;000, 0. ;000, 1! ;001,
0o0 ;00!, 0.- ;00!, 0+o ;001, 0-! ;001, 1o! ;001,
0!1 ;00!, 0o ;00!, 00- ;001, 0o+ ;001, 1!. ;00!,
01o ;00!, \i: 0. ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0-- ;00!,
0!o ;00!, \i: 10! ;00!, 00o ;001, 0-+ ;00!,
001 ;00!, \i: 0!. ;001, 0! ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 01 ;001, 0o ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
01 ;00!, 0.- ;00!, 0.o ;000, 110 ;001, 1 ;001,
0!1 ;00!, 0-- ;00!, 011 ;001, 0o! ;001, 1!+ ;001,
00! ;00!, \i: 01 ;000, 0! ;001, 10 ;00!,
00! ;00!, \i: 0!+ ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!1 ;001,
0! ;00!, \i: 1! ;000, 01 ;00!, 0!- ;00!,
00 ;00!, \i: 1! ;000, 0- ;00!, 0.+ ;00!,
01o ;00!, \i: 0+ ;00!, 01 ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
00 ;00+, \i: 0.+ ;00!, 0! ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
00 ;00!, \i: 0+0 ;00!, 0!! ;001, 11+ ;00!,
0!1 ;00!, \i: 0o- ;00!, 010 ;001, 101 ;00!,
0! ;00!, 11! ;001, 001 ;001, 0o- ;001, 1.! ;00!,
00- ;00!, 1!1 ;001, 01o ;000, 0+ ;001, 1!. ;00!,
00! ;00!, \i: 0! ;001, 0+0 ;001, 1!. ;00!,
01! ;00!, \i: 0.o ;00!, 0!! ;001, 111 ;00!,
00 ;00!, \i: 0!! ;001, 0+ ;001, 1!1 ;00!,
00+ ;00!, \i: 0+! ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!! ;00!,
0!0 ;00+, 111 ;00!, 00 ;001, 0o+ ;001, 1!o ;00!,
-u.u u.u1) -1.2u u.uu) -u.oo u.u1) u.2o u.u1) 1.12 u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) -1.1 u.uu) -u.1o u.uu) u.1o u.uu) 1.19 u.uu)
0!. ;00!, \i: 0 ;00!, 00- ;00!, 0- ;00!,
0.. ;00!, 0- ;00!, 0+0 ;001, 0-o ;001, 1o+ ;001,
00. ;00., 11! ;00+, 01o ;000, 0!0 ;00+, 11- ;00o,
011 ;00., \i: 0!1 ;001, 0.. ;001, 1+ ;00!,
0!o ;00!, \i: 0+ ;00!, 00 ;001, 100 ;00!,
s01 ;+!, .0 ;+!, .!+ ;++, s10 ;.!, 28.18 ;!o+,
+1s ;!+, .0+ ;!+, .1. ;!!, s+0 ;!-, 21.11 ;1o,
+os ;.., +-+ ;!-, .! ;!o, ss+ ;+-, 11.1o ;!!-,
s02 ;1-, .!. ;1-, .+ ;!0, so1 ;!1, 2o.2o ;0!,
+12 ;!., +-+ ;!+, .0+ ;!-, s1s ;!!, 2o.+9 ;1.,
+11 ;!o, +-1 ;!!, .0- ;+0, s2o ;+!, 2+.81 ;1!,
s10 ;+., .+0 ;!1, ... ;!, so+ ;+o, 1o.22 ;1!,
+19 ;!, +-1 ;!, .1. ;!+, s19 ;!., 2o.09 ;1-0,
+o0 ;+!, +o ;!!, +- ;!!, s1o ;!-, 11.08 ;!0!,
+o1 ;o!, + ;.o, +- ;o0, +81 ;o., -. ;!-0,
+s+ ;+-, +o. ;.+, +o ;+!, s18 ;.+, 2s.11 ;!!!,
+81 ;!+, +-- ;!-, .1 ;!!, s1+ ;!o, 22.2+ ;1.,
s09 ;+., .!. ;!., .!! ;!, s+1 ;+-, 1o.s1 ;!11,
+oo ;+!, +0 ;!, +-. ;!., s11 ;+!, 18.22 ;1,
s11 ;.+, .1! ;o., .!. ;.o, s+1 ;.1, 21.+1 ;!oo,
s21 ;!, .1- ;!1, .!+ ;!-, s11 ;!!, 8.+1 ;1o0,
+20 ;!!, +!1 ;!+, +.+ ;!., +1s ;+1, 22.o9 ;1-,
19+ ;!., +1! ;!, +!! ;!-, +s8 ;o!, 2o.1s ;!!!,
s11 ;+!, .!! ;+!, .!- ;+!, s+1 ;., 1o.02 ;!.+,
+82 ;+!, +- ;!, .1 ;!, s11 ;!-, 20.++ ;1-.,
++1 ;.-, +- ;+!, +- ;.-, s08 ;!, 22.00 ;!0,
++1 ;.!, +o0 ;.0, ++ ;.+, s0+ ;o!, 21.1+ ;!o1,
+s1 ;!, + ;!0, .0! ;!!, s29 ;!, 28.02 ;1.o,
+98 ;!1, .1! ;!, .!! ;!!, s18 ;!, 1s.22 ;1+,
+o9 ;+., +o ;+1, +-+ ;+, s1o ;o., 2+.+o ;!o+,
+9+ ;!-, .0- ;!, .! ;!+, so+ ;.0, 29.s+ ;!0+,
+o8 ;, +-o ;.-, .!! ;o, s18 ;, 28.os ;!+,
o1 2.2) o91 1.) 1u 2.1) 12 2.o) 19.11 1.21)
o u.) o91 u.) 1u u.9) 11 1.u) 1.21 u.o)
+00 ;++, !-+ ;!!, +0! ;+1, +0 ;.0, !! ;!1o,
++2 ;o0, +o! ;1, +o+ ;+, +12 ;o-, 11.so ;!-.,
+ss ;100, +0 ;10-, +! ;11., s22 ;10, 28.08 ;..!,
++1 ;o!, +.o ;+!, +o- ;+1, +90 ;+, 1o.18 ;1-!,
s0s ;!, .11 ;.o, .+. ;+!, s10 ;+o, 28.98 ;!1!,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!-
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc o.
Inde o sociai communication vith parents and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o sociai communication
1

o the inde o sociai communication
1

per unit o the inde o

Mean Mean Mean Mean
sociai communication
1
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 \x is uscc to :c:csc:t cou:t:ics w|ic| |vc uo:c t|: !. c: cc:t oi stucc:ts t t|c |ig|cst
vluc oi t|is i:ccx, w|ic| is 1!0
0!1 ;00!, 1+- ;00!, 0o ;001, 01! ;001, 10. ;001,
0! ;001, 1! ;00!, 0o+ ;001, 00- ;001, 10! ;001,
01! ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0.+ ;000, 01o ;001, \x
0!0 ;001, 1!+ ;001, 0. ;000, 00. ;000, 11o ;000,
0! ;00!, 0-- ;00!, 00- ;001, 0-- ;00!, \x
0!0 ;00!, 0-! ;00!, 011 ;001, 0o! ;00!, \x
0!0 ;001, 110 ;001, 0.1 ;000, 00. ;001, 0o ;00!,
01o ;00!, 10! ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0o ;00!, \x
0!+ ;00!, 1! ;001, 0. ;001, 00- ;001, 0-- ;001,
010 ;00!, 11! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0.! ;00!, \x
0.+ ;00!, 0o- ;00!, 0+o ;00!, 1!0 ;000, \x
00- ;00!, 1!0 ;00!, 0.1 ;001, 01. ;001, \x
00. ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0++ ;001, 0!0 ;00!, \x
0 ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 10- ;001, 1!0 ;000, \x
01- ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 0o. ;001, 01+ ;001, \x
01 ;00!, 1o1 ;00!, 0o. ;001, 0!+ ;00!, \x
01- ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0. ;001, 00! ;001, 11- ;000,
00. ;00!, 1+. ;00!, 0+ ;001, 0.+ ;00!, \x
0! ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 0o- ;001, 00- ;001, 11! ;001,
001 ;00!, 11 ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0!0 ;00!, \x
00+ ;00!, 1!o ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0.+ ;00!, \x
0! ;00!, 0-! ;00!, 00+ ;001, 1!0 ;000, \x
01- ;00!, 11! ;001, 01 ;001, 0o ;001, \x
00+ ;00!, 11+ ;001, 0+ ;001, 0! ;00!, \x
0!. ;00!, 1!. ;001, 0o0 ;001, 011 ;001, 0-. ;001,
001 ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0+o ;00!, \x
00o ;00!, 1++ ;00!, 0!o ;001, 0. ;00!, \x
u.u1 u.u1) -1.1u u.u1) -u.1o u.u1) u.1 u.u1) 1.1 u.uu)
u.uu u.uu) -1.2u u.uu) -u.1o u.uu) u.ou u.uu) 1.1 u.uu)
010 ;00!, 1.1 ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 10o ;001, \x
010 ;00!, 110 ;00!, 0!. ;001, 0. ;00!, \x
0!+ ;00., 1! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 01o ;00!, 0- ;00,
0+ ;00!, 0-0 ;00!, 0!- ;00!, 1!0 ;000, \x
0!- ;00!, 10 ;00+, 010 ;001, 11+ ;001, \x
s02 ;+o, .!o ;.0, .+. ;!-, s+s ;+, 11.+1 ;1-,
+91 ;++, .0+ ;!!, .!0 ;!+, s1+ ;!-, 10.98 ;1o.,
+92 ;.+, .1o ;!-, .!0 ;!, s11 ;!-, 10.+9 ;1--,
s1s ;!+, .!o ;!1, .+! ;!!, s+8 ;1, 11.80 ;0-+,
+81 ;!!, .0! ;!!, .0. ;!, s09 ;!1, 9.81 ;1+o,
+o9 ;++, .0. ;!o, .0 ;!0, s1o ;!!, 21.28 ;!!!,
s1s ;.1, ..1 ;!!, ..+ ;!+, s+9 ;!+, 1.+2 ;!!,
+8o ;+o, .11 ;!0, .1o ;!+, s11 ;!1, 12.+1 ;1-!,
+19 ;!, +- ;!, .0+ ;!!, +98 ;!., 1.9s ;11,
+s1 ;o, ++ ;.+, + ;+!, +80 ;., 9.o0 ;!1!,
+os ;.!, +- ;+, +-1 ;.., +88 ;+., 11.9o ;!!!,
+91 ;!+, .0- ;!!, .1o ;!!, s18 ;!!, 11.9o ;1.,
s1s ;+, .!o ;+!, .!. ;+0, s1o ;+1, 9.99 ;1,
+0 ;+o, + ;+, +-! ;!+, +-1 ;!+, 8.oo ;!o.,
+91 ;+, .!. ;.+, .!+ ;.1, s+o ;.0, 20.0s ;!!+,
+92 ;!+, .!+ ;!, .+0 ;!!, s+s ;!+, 18.2o ;1..,
+2+ ;+0, +.1 ;!o, +.- ;!+, ++o ;!1, 11.o+ ;!0!,
191 ;!, +!! ;!-, +!- ;+, ++0 ;+o, 1+.s+ ;1,
s11 ;+!, .!. ;!., .+. ;++, s+1 ;+!, 11.19 ;1-,
+80 ;++, .0- ;+1, .!o ;+0, s11 ;+!, 1o.+1 ;!!!,
+s1 ;o0, +- ;+., +-+ ;., +89 ;.!, 1+.1s ;!10,
++2 ;., +o ;.+, + ;+, +8s ;.1, 22.00 ;1o-,
+1s ;!, .00 ;!., +-- ;!+, s00 ;!1, 11.0s ;1!,
s0o ;!1, .!0 ;!., .!1 ;!!, s21 ;!o, s.+1 ;1!,
+11 ;o0, +- ;.1, .0 ;+, s0+ ;.0, 1+.o9 ;!!0,
s01 ;!o, .!- ;!+, .!! ;!., s18 ;!-, 11.10 ;1..,
+80 ;1, .1. ;o, .1o ;o, s1s ;+, 12.+1 ;!1o,
o 2.o) u 2.1) 1u 1.9) 12 2.o) 11.91 u.9)
o1 u.9) uo u.) 12 u.) 11 u.9) 1u.u1 u.1)
112 ;+1, +0! ;!-, +0. ;+, +11 ;!, 12.11 ;1.1,
+++ ;-0, +o+ ;o., +o! ;.!, +o1 ;o., -o! ;!+-,
+o2 ;111, + ;10., +-1 ;100, +9+ ;10+, 1++! ;1!,
+++ ;.+, +oo ;+, +1 ;+., +12 ;!o, 11.0+ ;1.,
+91 ;o!, .+ ;+!, .+. ;+1, s+o ;.0, 21.2s ;!o,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
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1
R
I
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A::lX l1
!-0
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc oo
Inde o communication vith parents reiated to aspects o cuiture and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
Inde o cuiturai communication
1
o the inde o cuiturai communication
1

per unit o the inde o

Mean Mean Mean Mean
cuiturai communication
1
01! ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0! ;001, 10- ;00!,
01. ;00!, 1+! ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0!1 ;001, 101 ;001,
0!+ ;00!, 1o ;001, 0+- ;001, 01. ;001, 10! ;001,
00 ;001, 11 ;001, 01+ ;000, 0+! ;000, 1!1 ;001,
01. ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0! ;001, 01- ;001, 0-. ;001,
011 ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 010 ;001, 0.. ;001, 1!1 ;001,
001 ;00!, 111 ;00!, 01 ;000, 0! ;001, 0-o ;001,
0! ;00!, 0-+ ;00!, 00 ;001, 0o. ;001, 1!0 ;001,
01+ ;00!, 1+! ;00!, 0!. ;001, 0!! ;001, 0- ;001,
01- ;00!, 0-! ;00!, 000 ;001, 0.! ;001, 11 ;001,
0!! ;00!, 0! ;00!, 01. ;001, 0o. ;001, 1!. ;001,
00 ;00!, 1!o ;00!, 01+ ;001, 0++ ;001, 1! ;00!,
00- ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0!+ ;001, 10. ;001,
0+1 ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0+ ;000, 1+1 ;001,
00- ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 00 ;001, 0.o ;001, 1!+ ;00!,
0.- ;00!, !!0 ;000, 10 ;00!, 00. ;001, 0-- ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 1.. ;00!, 0++ ;001, 01 ;001, 10! ;00!,
000 ;00!, 1!- ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!! ;001, 1!! ;001,
00 ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 01. ;001, 0++ ;001, 1!! ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 1.1 ;00!, 0+ ;001, 01! ;001, 0-- ;00!,
00! ;00!, 1!. ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0!! ;001, 11. ;00!,
00! ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0!o ;001, 11! ;001,
01 ;00!, 0- ;00!, 00! ;001, 0+- ;001, 11 ;001,
01+ ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0!o ;001, 01 ;001, 0-- ;001,
001 ;00!, 1!- ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0!. ;001, 11+ ;00!,
00o ;00!, 110 ;00!, 01! ;000, 0!. ;001, 111 ;00!,
0!! ;00+, 1!! ;00!, 001 ;001, 0o. ;001, 1+ ;00!,
u.u u.u1) -1.29 u.u1) -u.1 u.uu) u.o u.uu) 1.2o u.u1)
u.uu u.uu) -1.29 u.u1) -u.21 u.uu) u.1 u.uu) 1.1 u.uu)
01 ;00!, 1!1 ;00!, 00- ;001, 0o! ;001, 1+ ;00!,
0!. ;00!, 101 ;00!, 00! ;001, 0o+ ;001, 1!o ;00!,
0!0 ;00., 1+! ;00, 0+o ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 0-o ;00.,
01- ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 00o ;001, 0o! ;001, 1+! ;001,
0!. ;00!, 1. ;00!, 0o1 ;001, 011 ;001, 0-. ;00!,
+88 ;+1, .1. ;+, .+! ;+1, s11 ;+, 10.8+ ;1,
+1+ ;!!, .0! ;!o, .!0 ;!, s1s ;!!, 2+.++ ;1!,
+90 ;+1, .0 ;!., .1+ ;+., s11 ;+!, 11.o1 ;1+1,
s01 ;1-, .! ;!0, .+! ;!0, so+ ;!1, 22.0o ;0,
+1+ ;!!, +-+ ;!!, .0 ;!-, s10 ;!-, 21.1o ;1.o,
+s9 ;!, + ;!!, .11 ;!o, s+0 ;!!, 11.11 ;1,
s1+ ;+, .++ ;!, .. ;!0, s11 ;!1, 2o.20 ;!+-,
+1+ ;++, .00 ;!!, .1- ;!!, s12 ;!!, 22.91 ;1--,
+o0 ;!!, +-! ;+!, .0+ ;!, s22 ;.!, 21.10 ;1!,
++8 ;.o, +o ;., + ;.1, +98 ;o!, 22.81 ;!+,
+s1 ;+., +0 ;+o, +- ;+!, +91 ;o1, 18.21 ;!oo,
+80 ;!!, .0. ;!!, .1o ;!!, s11 ;!., 19.1+ ;1,
s02 ;+!, .!! ;!, .!. ;+!, ss+ ;+1, 18.o8 ;1-,
+s9 ;!-, +o ;!, .0. ;+1, s01 ;+!, 18.8s ;1o,
+91 ;., .1- ;.!, .!- ;+, s+s ;+-, 18.+0 ;!0,
s09 ;!!, .!1 ;!!, .!- ;!, s++ ;!., 10.s2 ;11+,
+1+ ;!, +.0 ;!o, +.1 ;!!, +oo ;!o, 1o.90 ;1-,
19s ;!+, +1o ;+1, +!! ;+!, +s0 ;.1, 22.02 ;1-.,
s08 ;!, .!! ;+!, .+0 ;!, ss2 ;.!, 1o.91 ;!!1,
+o1 ;++, +-- ;+!, .1o ;!-, s+s ;+1, 29.o8 ;1o-,
+ss ;.1, +- ;.!, +-. ;+-, s01 ;o+, 1o.11 ;!!+,
+21 ;+-, +o! ;+, +o ;+!, s11 ;.1, 1+.91 ;1-,
+s+ ;!, + ;!o, .0 ;!0, s28 ;!, 11.19 ;1+,
+81 ;!, .1! ;!+, .! ;!, s+o ;!o, 21.91 ;1.0,
+s1 ;+-, +- ;++, .0 ;.0, s11 ;.., 21.s1 ;!0+,
+91 ;!, .!0 ;!!, .!1 ;!+, so1 ;+o, 28.2+ ;!0!,
+11 ;+, +-- ;o, .!o ;o, s29 ;, 20.oo ;1-o,
ou 2.2) o9 2.u) 1 2.u) 2o 2.) 19.o u.9)
o1 u.9) o9 u.) 11 u.) 1u u.9) 2u.u u.1)
111 ;!, !+ ;+1, +11 ;+1, +1s ;+, 19.81 ;1o+,
+11 ;+, ++ ;., +. ;., +19 ;0, 1o.18 ;!!,
+os ;10o, +1 ;10!, +. ;10-, s28 ;11, 21.o1 ;o1!,
++0 ;.o, +o1 ;++, +. ;++, +81 ;!-, 1+.10 ;1!0,
s00 ;++, .!. ;+!, .+1 ;++, so8 ;+!, 22.00 ;1,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
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N
1
R
I
I
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G
I
c
D

c
G
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1
R
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G
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c
D
c
G
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Aust:li
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lclgiuu
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l::cc
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lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
!
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
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:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
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wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
+
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
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lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
!
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
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:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
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wccc:
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D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
+
!-0 ;1!, s02 ;+0, s08 ;+., s0s ;+!, +00 ;0-, s10 ;!, s11 ;+., s29 ;!.,
!1 ;0, +82 ;!, +91 ;+o, +91 ;+, .! ;0-, s11 ;!-, s20 ;!!, s2o ;!!,
!+! ;10, +o1 ;.!, +1+ ;.o, +s2 ;.-, +!0 ;0, s1o ;!!, s+1 ;!, s21 ;!+,
1+- ;0+, +9o ;!+, s02 ;!o, +91 ;!-, !.o ;0+, s11 ;1-, s29 ;1, s21 ;!0,
oo ;0., +21 ;1!!, +++ ;10, +o1 ;10-, -+ ;0, +92 ;!!, +9+ ;!, s09 ;!+,
!!- ;0-, ++1 ;+., +1o ;.!, +10 ;o+, !!o ;0-, +98 ;!, s11 ;!., +80 ;+0,
!10 ;0-, s29 ;!, s20 ;!!, s21 ;!+, +!! ;0-, ss1 ;!!, s+0 ;!-, s19 ;!+,
!!0 ;0-, +80 ;+0, +9s ;+!, +10 ;.0, !. ;0, s18 ;!-, s12 ;!+, s12 ;!-,
!00 ;0, +08 ;.., +20 ;.-, +12 ;o0, o01 ;0-, s01 ;!., s09 ;!, s0+ ;!0,
+!1 ;1!, ++o ;.., +1+ ;o0, +1o ;.o, !!. ;11, +90 ;+-, +o+ ;o!, +10 ;..,
1o ;11, +2+ ;., +2o ;., +1s ;-, o!1 ;11, +81 ;!o, +8o ;!o, +9o ;+0,
+o ;0, +9s ;!!, s02 ;!1, +8s ;!1, !0 ;0-, s1o ;!, s2s ;!, +99 ;+!,
+0 ;1!, s11 ;!., +8o ;!1, +91 ;!, !1 ;10, s1o ;!, s1o ;!, s22 ;+!,
+.. ;10, +o8 ;!, ++2 ;+1, +s1 ;+o, +0o ;0-, s0+ ;!!, +11 ;!, +91 ;+!,
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
+1- ;1!, s09 ;!1, s21 ;!!, s1o ;!!, +.1 ;10, s1s ;!., ss1 ;!!, ss9 ;!+,
.!! ;10, +2+ ;!., +1+ ;!!, +29 ;!!, !1+ ;0-, +o1 ;!!, +10 ;+!, +o1 ;!,
!o ;1, +0+ ;!-, 111 ;!0, +01 ;!, 1+0 ;0, +19 ;.0, +1o ;oo, +o1 ;.,
1! ;0, +99 ;.0, s08 ;o., +91 ;o0, !. ;10, s19 ;!!, s+2 ;+!, s1s ;!,
1-1 ;0, +8s ;+., +82 ;o, +18 ;.., !-0 ;0-, s09 ;!0, s0+ ;!0, s0+ ;+!,
1 ;0., ++1 ;., +.+ ;-., +s2 ;-+, !o ;0-, +18 ;+1, +o ;.!, +81 ;.1,
!! ;1., +o0 ;+!, ++. ;!, +s0 ;!, 1!. ;0, +88 ;1, +o0 ;, +8+ ;+,
o!1 ;1., +18 ;!0, +o1 ;!!, +12 ;!+, !1! ;0, s1o ;!, s01 ;.!, s1o ;++,
1.- ;0, +90 ;!, +8o ;., +90 ;.+, !o ;0, s21 ;!o, s18 ;!, s1+ ;!o,
+!1 ;1!, +s8 ;+!, +91 ;+-, +so ;+., !-. ;10, s12 ;+0, so1 ;+, s12 ;.0,
1+ ;0, +90 ;.0, +91 ;., +9+ ;o!, ++1 ;11, s21 ;!, s1+ ;!1, s18 ;!!,
1!1 ;1-, ++9 ;o+, +12 ;!, ++o ;-o, .+! ;1+, s08 ;.1, +9o ;o0, s00 ;o1,
2. u.) o1 1.o) oo1 1.) o 1.) oo. u.) u9 1.9) u1 2.2) u 2.1)
12.1 u.1) oo u.9) ooo u.9) oo u.9) o1.1 u.2) 11 u.) 1u u.9) 1u u.9)
o. ;1., 119 ;!0, 11o ;!+, 1s8 ;!o, !1- ;0-, +11 ;+!, 112 ;o-, +01 ;.-,
! ;0o, +01 ;., +11 ;1!+, 19s ;-, ..- ;1+, +s1 ;.1, +o2 ;+!, +s8 ;.!,
.oo ;!, +o8 ;o!, s01 ;o, +o2 ;, !.- ;!+, s20 ;-, s+s ;11, s1+ ;10,
o! ;0+, +11 ;o!, ++s ;101, +11 ;-!, .o ;11, +o1 ;+1, +11 ;o0, +so ;+,
.+. ;1., s22 ;!o, sss ;+, s1s ;+., !o1 ;1!, ss1 ;o0, s8o ;.-, ss2 ;o,
!10 ;11, .o0 ;.0, .o. ;+o, ..+ ;.o, 1.o ;011,
1! ;0, .!- ;!-, ..1 ;.1, .+ ;+, 1.1 ;00-,
!! ;0-, .!. ;+., .+0 ;+o, .1. ;.+, 2.1 ;01.,
+-. ;0., ..! ;1, .+- ;1-, .+ ;1, 1.1 ;00o,
1+0 ;0, .+0 ;o!, ..! ;o, .o! ;o, 2.1 ;01,
++. ;11, .!1 ;!, .+0 ;!!, .1o ;!, 2.+ ;01+,
!o ;10, .o! ;!, ..! ;!+, .. ;++, 1.+ ;00,
!!! ;10, .! ;!+, .!. ;+1, .!0 ;+!, 1.9 ;01!,
!00 ;0, .!+ ;!, .!. ;.0, .! ;.!, 1.0 ;0!!,
!.! ;1!, .0! ;o-, +! ;-1, +-! ;, 1.9 ;01+,
!11 ;11, .!! ;., ..0 ;o, .. ;o., 2.+ ;01-,
!!o ;0, .!- ;!!, .++ ;+o, .! ;.0, 1.s ;00,
!. ;10, .+. ;.0, .1 ;+o, .!- ;.+, 1.+ ;010,
1!- ;0, .1+ ;.!, +! ;.o, .11 ;.-, 1.o ;01!,
u u u u u u u u u u
1!0 ;10, .+0 ;.0, .o ;o-, .- ;., 1.o ;011,
1o! ;0, +. ;+-, + ;o-, +-0 ;o, 2.1 ;01+,
1!+ ;1!, ++ ;., +!o ;o, +o- ;0, 1.1 ;0.,
+.! ;10, ..! ;+0, .o+ ;!, ..! ;!, 1.o ;010,
+1- ;10, .!! ;+1, .11 ;+0, .1o ;!-, 1.s ;00-,
1! ;0-, .!. ;1, .!0 ;-!, .!0 ;, 1.+ ;01+,
1+! ;11, .!0 ;-, .01 ;, +-. ;o, 1.o ;01o,
1o. ;1!, .!. ;!!, .1 ;+, .+0 ;.0, 2.2 ;01o,
++ ;11, .! ;!, .1 ;!., .!! ;!+, 1.s ;00,
1! ;0-, .1 ;., ..! ;!, .!+ ;o, 2.s ;01,
!. ;10, ..1 ;!, ... ;+0, .. ;!, 1.1 ;01!,
!!. ;!!, .! ;+, .! ;!, .!o ;., 2.1 ;0!0,
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2o.o u.2) 1o u.9) 11 1.u) 12 1.1) 1. u.u1)
1!! ;0-, ++0 ;o!, ! ;10!, +! ;1, 2.+ ;0!!,
!.- ;1+, +- ;0, +! ;o., +o ;1, 2.1 ;01-,
o ;1o, c c .0 ;!0., c c c c
!o! ;11, + ;+, +-+ ;o0, + ;o!, 2.0 ;011,
1-+ ;10, ..+ ;.., .! ;o, .o1 ;!, 1.1 ;01,
1 \c: sco:cs u:|cc i: |olc i:cictc t|t t|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: stucc:ts w|osc uot|c:s |vc coulctcc uc: scco:c:, ccuctio:
:c t|osc w|osc uot|c:s |vc :ot is sttisticll, sig:i|c:t
! lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts :ticiti:g i: t|c sscssuc:t oi :cci:g litc:c, wit| t|c :cscctivc lcvcl oi uot|c:s` ccuctio:
+ kcso:sc :tc is too low to c:su:c cou:|ilit, ;scc A::cx A!,
I|lc o
rercentage o students and perormance on the combined reading, mathematicai and scientic iiteracy scaies,
by ievei o mothers` education
Mothers vith compieted primary or iover secondary Mothers vith compieted upper secondary education
education (IscID Ieveis 1 or 2j
1
(IscID Ievei 1j
1
rerormance rerormance
combined Mathematicai scientic combined Mathematicai scientic
reading iiteracy iiteracy reading iiteracy iiteracy
iiteracy scaie scaie scaie iiteracy scaie scaie scaie
o Mean Mean Mean o Mean Mean Mean
students
2
s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. students
2
s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I.
Mothers vith tertiary education (IscID Ieveis s or oj
rerormance
Increased iikeiihood o students vhose mothers
combined reading Mathematicai scientic
have not compieted upper secondary education
iiteracy scaie iiteracy scaie iiteracy scaie
scoring in the bottom quarter o the nationai

o Mean Mean Mean
reading iiteracy perormance distribution
s
students
2
s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. Ratio s.I.
G
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I|lc o
rercentage o the aduit popuiation vho have compieted tertiary education and the probabiiity o obtaining a tertiary
quaiication, by parents` ievei o education
Increased iikeiihood o obtaining a tertiary quaiication or
rercentage o the popuiation 1o to os years o age vho have individuais vhose parents have aiso compieted tertiary education
compieted tertiary education, by ievei o educationai compared vith individuais vhose parents have not compieted
attainment o their parents secondary education
Beiov upper secon- upper secondary 1ertiary 1otai
dary education education education (1o-os yearsj 2o-1s years-oid +o-ss years-oid
ou:cc lD :c ttistics :c ;1--.,
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1! ;0., +81 ;.., ! ;0., s12 ;!o, 1.1 ;00,
1.o ;0!, s21 ;!., ++ ;0!, s11 ;1o, 1.1 ;00.,
110 ;0., +-+ ;o+, -0 ;0., +-! ;!!, 10 ;00-,
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1 ;0, s29 ;o, 1+ ;0, ss1 ;!!, 1.+ ;00-,
1.0 ;0o, +88 ;+, .0 ;0o, s08 ;!, 1.1 ;00,
1.! ;0, + ;.+, + ;0, +. ;!o, 11 ;00-,
;0., +! ;!, -1! ;0., +. ;+-, 11 ;01!,
1! ;0o, ++ ;+o, ! ;0o, +! ;+!, 11 ;00-,
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1- ;0o, +1 ;+., 0! ;0o, +-0 ;!, 1.2 ;00,
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;0+, s10 ;.o, -!! ;0+, s2o ;!+, 1.+ ;011,
10 ;0o, +12 ;.., -! ;0o, +++ ;1, 1.2 ;01!,
1+ ;0, +!0 ;++, !o ;0, +!! ;!o, 11 ;00-,
!0. ;0, s11 ;+-, -. ;0, s1s ;!, 1.1 ;00,
1o0 ;0o, +89 ;.., +0 ;0o, s10 ;!-, 1.1 ;010,
-o ;0o, +- ;o!, -0+ ;0o, +! ;+, 11 ;011,
11! ;0+, +o ;., ;0+, +! ;+., 11 ;00,
1o- ;0o, +8o ;!o, !1 ;0o, +9s ;!, 11 ;00-,
1o ;0o, s01 ;+0, !! ;0o, s21 ;!1, 1.1 ;00-,
1!0 ;0., +-o ;o0, 0 ;0., +-. ;++, 10 ;00,
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11 ;0, !-o ;.+, 1- ;0, !- ;!0, 0- ;00-,
!0o ;0-, +.1 ;, -+ ;0-, +o1 ;+-, 1! ;00-,
1!o ;1., +o ;1o., + ;1., +. ;++, 1+ ;0+0,
1-. ;0o, +o! ;+, 0. ;0o, +o! ;+1, 10 ;00o,
10! ;0, s01 ;+, - ;0, s1s ;!!, 1.s ;01,
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi iuil, t,c, scc A::cx A1 co:cs u:|cc i: |olc :c:csc:t sttisticll, sig:i|c:t ciiic:c:ccs o: t|c cou|i:cc :cci:g litc:c, sclc
|ctwcc: stucc:ts i:ou si:glc:c:t iuilics :c t|osc i:ou ot|c: t,cs oi iuilics
! ktios sttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, g:ctc: t|: 1 :c u:|cc i: |olc
I|lc o-
rercentage o students and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by type o amiiy structure
students rom singie-parent students rom other types
Increased iikeiihood o students rom singie-
amiiies
1
o amiiies
1

parent amiiies scoring in the bottom quarter o the

o Mean o Mean
nationai reading iiteracy perormance distribution
2
students s.I. score s.I. students s.I. score s.I. Ratio s.I.
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0 ;11, s22 ;!, s1o ;+0, s11 ;+o, o ;0-, +11 ;, +18 ;10!, +01 ;-0,
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-- ;0!, .01 ;!1, .0+ ;!, .1 ;!+, 0o ;01, c c c c c c
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0 ;0-, s12 ;!, s21 ;!, s10 ;!!, - ;0, +11 ;o!, +81 ;0, +s1 ;+,
+ ;0, s01 ;!!, s10 ;!., s01 ;!., .1 ;0., +12 ;-0, +11 ;, +21 ;1!0,
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--- ;01, .!. ;.1, ..- ;.., ..! ;.., 00 ;00, c c c c c c

o. ;0, +1+ ;1, +12 ;!!, +11 ;!., 1 ;0, 199 ;+o, +22 ;.+, +01 ;.!,
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0+ ;11, s18 ;!, s+1 ;!!, s1o ;!+, o+ ;0., s01 ;10!, s01 ;1!0, s0o ;11!,
-.+ ;0+, s10 ;!, .0! ;!, s0o ;!, 1. ;0!, +o+ ;10o, +1 ;1.-, +11 ;1!0,
-- ;01, +! ;++, ++ ;.1, +. ;.1, 00 ;00, c c c c c c
-o- ;0!, +! ;+., +.o ;+0, +o1 ;+1, 1 ;0!, +o! ;1+!, +!+ ;!0!, +! ;1+1,
-0 ;0+, +9+ ;!o, + ;!0, +-! ;!-, 0o ;01, +s0 ;1.-, c c c c
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-! ;0-, s1+ ;+0, s+8 ;+!, s1+ ;++, -! ;0o, +o0 ;o, +89 ;, +s+ ;.,
-0+ ;1!, .! ;!o, s1+ ;!., .! ;!, 0 ;0-, .10 ;-+, s0s ;111, .1- ;10!,
o+ ;!1, .11 ;o., .00 ;!, .0o ;o, + ;1+, + ;1-+, +o ;!0!, +o! ;!!o,
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1 ;1, s+2 ;!0, s1s ;!!, s+1 ;!, + ;1!, +10 ;1+!, +9+ ;1o0, ++1 ;1+,
11- ;1!, .1! ;-!, .!o ;-., .1+ ;10.,
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0. ;01, c c c c c c
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10 ;0!, +o ;1!-, c c +.- ;10,
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101 ;0o, +1- ;., +!! ;-, +10 ;-,
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1o ;0!, +o ;11o, +-1 ;1!, +! ;1+,
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1+ ;0!, +.0 ;1., c c +!0 ;1o1,
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1 \c: sco:cs u:|cc i: |olc i:cictc t|t t|c ciiic:c:cc i: c:io:u:cc |ctwcc: :tivc :c
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! I|is qucstio: ws :ot s|cc i: lo:c
I|lc o10
rercentage o students and perormance on the combined reading, mathematicai and scientic iiteracy scaies,
by students` nationaiity and the nationaiity o their parents
Native students ;stucc:ts w|o wc:c |o:: i: t|c cou:t:, oi sscssuc:t Iirst-generation students ;stucc:ts w|o wc:c |o:: i: t|c cou:t:, oi sscssuc:t
wit| t lcst o:c oi t|ci: :c:ts |o:: i: t|c suc cou:t:,, |ut w|osc :c:ts wc:c io:cig:|o::,
rerormance
1
rerormance
1
students
2
2
Non-native students ;stucc:ts w|o wc:c io:cig:|o:: :c w|osc :c:ts
wc:c lso io:cig:|o::,
rerormance
combined reading Mathematicai scientic
iiteracy scaie iiteracy scaie iiteracy scaie
o Mean Mean Mean
students
2
G
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0 ;0!, c c c c c c --! ;0!, +-+ ;!!, +-- ;!, .1! ;!+,
o ;0+, +2s ;1, ++o ;, +0s ;11., -!! ;0+, s01 ;!!, s20 ;!+, +88 ;!,
1! ;0!, +0 ;1!., +o- ;1-!, +! ;1-1, - ;0!, .+ ;!o, .! ;!1, .!- ;!+,
+0 ;0., ++2 ;, +o1 ;, +11 ;-, -o0 ;0., s10 ;!o, s21 ;!, s0o ;!1,
- ;0, 18o ;1!-, 19s ;11+, 190 ;10!, -!1 ;0, s00 ;!-, s0s ;!o, s0+ ;!o,
! ;0o, +01 ;1!, 111 ;1+, 119 ;!0, -! ;0o, +11 ;+, +s1 ;.o, +o+ ;+o,
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
1- ;0!, +o1 ;1!+, c c +1 ;!1., -1 ;0!, s09 ;1., .1o ;!!, +- ;!!,
0- ;0!, c c c c c c --1 ;0!, .! ;!!, .0! ;!, .1+ ;!1,
0 ;0!, c c c c c c --! ;0!, +-1 ;!0, +o0 ;!1, +1 ;!1,
0! ;01, c c c c c c -- ;01, .!. ;.!, ..- ;.., ..! ;..,

1! ;0, 1o1 ;+1, 189 ;.o, 111 ;.!, 1 ;0, +o0 ;1o, +o2 ;!!, +s9 ;!+,
0! ;01, c c c c c c -- ;01, +!! ;!+, ! ;!+, +!! ;!!,
-o ;0o, +o9 ;-o, s11 ;10!, +1+ ;-o, -0+ ;0o, s+1 ;!o, s+s ;!!, s+0 ;!+,
.! ;0+, +s9 ;+, +so ;111, ++9 ;-+, -+ ;0+, s10 ;!, s0+ ;!-, s0o ;!-,
0. ;0!, c c c c c c --. ;0!, +! ;++, ++ ;.1, +o ;.!,
1. ;0!, +1o ;1!, +!+ ;!11, 18s ;1.+, -. ;0!, +11 ;+o, +.. ;+0, +o1 ;+0,
1! ;0!, +so ;1o0, +! ;!.., ++2 ;!!!, - ;0!, +9s ;!o, + ;!0, +91 ;!,
o ;0o, +so ;1, ++8 ;10-, +s0 ;-!, -!! ;0o, s21 ;!0, s11 ;!!, s19 ;!.,
1!o ;0o, +1+ ;o1, +ss ;!, +19 ;o+, o+ ;0o, s09 ;+1, s+1 ;+!, s08 ;+.,
+1 ;0, +10 ;1!, +1o ;1+1, +81 ;1o+, -.- ;0, s28 ;!., s1+ ;!., s1o ;!o,
10 ;!+, +18 ;1!1, +10 ;11!, ++0 ;1o0, -! ;!+, s1+ ;., s01 ;o, s09 ;o!,
. u.) oo1 .2) oo1 .) oo1 9.o) 9o. u.) u1 1.) uu 1.9) u 1.)
. u.2) oou 2.o) oo 1.u) o1 2.) 9o. u.2) uo u.o) u1 u.) uo u.)
0 ;0!, c c c c c c --! ;0!, !- ;!0, !!. ;!, !o ;!!,
00 ;00, 1000 ;00, +o0 ;.!, +o+ ;++, +o! ;..,
!0 ;!!, ++1 ;1+!, +-0 ;1o, +12 ;1o, -! ;!!, +9+ ;.1, .!0 ;!, +88 ;+,
! ;!1, +12 ;-!, +o. ;1+-, +11 ;10!, -! ;!1, +os ;+!, +0 ;., +o2 ;.1,
o! ;11, +oo ;1!1, +9o ;1+-, +s1 ;1!-, -! ;11, s19 ;!, s11 ;!0, s18 ;!!,
1 \c: sco:cs u:|cc i: |olc i:cictc t|t t|c ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: stucc:ts
w|o co :ot sc| t|c l:gugc oi sscssuc:t t |ouc :c t|osc w|o co is
sttisticll, sig:i|c:t
! lc:cc:tgc oi stucc:ts :ticiti:g i: t|c sscssuc:t oi :cci:g litc:c,
i: t|ci: :cscctivc ctcgo:,
! I|is qucstio: ws :ot s|cc i: lo:c
I|lc o11
students perormance on the combined reading, mathematicai and scientic iiteracy scaies, by ianguage spoken at home
Ianguage spoken at home most o the time Is DIIIIRIN1 rom Ianguage spoken at home most o the time Is 1HI sAMI
the ianguage o assessment, rom other ociai ianguages as the ianguage o assessment, other ociai ianguages
or rom other nationai diaiects or another nationai diaiects
rerormance
1
rerormance
1
students
2
2
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
!
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
+
1.o ;01!,
2.1 ;01,
2.8 ;0!!,
1.o ;00,
c c
2.s ;01,
c c
2.1 ;0!1,
2.9 ;0!-,
2.1 ;0+1,
u u
c c
c c
c c
c c

2.8 ;01!,
c c
2.1 ;01.,
1.8 ;01.,
c c
c c
c c
2.1 ;01-,
2.8 ;01.,
1.9 ;0!+,
2.1 ;0!!,
2.u u.12)
2.1 u.u)
c c

c c
1.s ;0!!,
2.2 ;0!-,
Increased iikeiihood o students vho do not speak
the ianguage o assessment at home scoring in the bottom
quarter o the nationai reading iiteracy
s
Ratio s.I.
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!-.
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc 1
Inde o teacher support and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
k.o! /o.1 c o1. .!..c.
Inde o teacher support
1
Aii students Bottom quarter Middie hai 1op quarter
Mean Mean Mean Mean
inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I.
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
o the inde o teacher support
1

Bottom quarter Middie hai 1op quarter

Mean Mean Mean
per unit o the inde o teacher support
1
score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. change s.I.
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
0+1 ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0+1 ;001, 0 ;00!,
0!. ;00!, 0. ;00+, 0!+ ;00!, 0!! ;00!,
0! ;00!, 0o ;00!, 0!- ;001, 011 ;00!,
0!1 ;001, 00 ;00!, 0!1 ;001, 0o- ;001,
0.0 ;00!, 0 ;00!, 0+- ;001, 01! ;00!,
01 ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 01 ;001, 0.+ ;00!,
00! ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00+ ;001, 0!o ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 0o! ;00!, 01 ;001, 01 ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 0 ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 011 ;00!,
01+ ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 01o ;001, 0+ ;00!,
00. ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00o ;001, 0+! ;00+,
01! ;001, 0! ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0.. ;00!,
01! ;00!, 0! ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0.! ;00!,
0! ;00!, 0o. ;00!, 0!- ;001, 01! ;00!,
01 ;00+, 0! ;00., 01. ;00!, 0!+ ;00+,
0o ;00!, 10! ;00!, 0o ;001, 0!1 ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 0o+ ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00! ;00+,
00 ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 00 ;001, 0+. ;00!,
0!+ ;00!, 000 ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 0o ;00!,
00! ;00!, 0+! ;00+, 001 ;001, 0!+ ;00!,
0!- ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0!- ;001, 00+ ;00+,
0+ ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0+ ;001, 0- ;00!,
00- ;00!, 0! ;00!, 00- ;00!, 0. ;00!,
0!1 ;00!, 01! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 0.! ;00!,
001 ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 00! ;001, 0+o ;00!,
0.0 ;00!, 01+ ;00!, 0.! ;001, 0! ;001,
0!+ ;00+, 01! ;00., 0!o ;00!, 01 ;00+,
u.u2 u.u1) -u.o1 u.u2) u.uo u.u1) u.oo u.u2)
u.uu u.u1) -u.ou u.u1) u.u1 u.u1) u.19 u.u1)
0! ;00!, 00 ;00+, 0! ;00!, 01 ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 0.! ;00!, 0!! ;001, 01o ;00!,
00- ;00., 0!! ;00-, 00 ;00o, 0+ ;010,
01o ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 01o ;001, 0.1 ;00!,
0!1 ;00!, 0.! ;00+, 01- ;001, 00 ;00!,
.!+ ;1, .!! ;.0, .!- ;-, ! ;!!+,
.! ;-1, +- ;.!, .10 ;-1, 0o! ;!!+,
s2o ;, .1+ ;.-, +8s ;1+0, -+.81 ;!!,
.!o ;!!, .!o ;!., .!+ ;!+, ++! ;0-,
.1+ ;1, +- ;+-, +-+ ;o., 0 ;!!!,
+90 ;o+, .00 ;!0, s01 ;+1, 11.os ;!!+,
.+! ;.0, ..1 ;!, .+! ;0, s.+8 ;!0!,
s2+ ;!, .01 ;., +99 ;-+, !.! ;1,
s12 ;!, .00 ;.1, ++1 ;-o, -12.ss ;!1!,
+oo ;1!., +- ;-!, +.- ;-0, !!0 ;!+!,
+90 ;11!, +-1 ;o, +s1 ;1!-, !+! ;!o,
.0 ;!0, .0o ;!0, .1+ ;!, 8.81 ;1-!,
.!0 ;o1, .!0 ;.1, .!1 ;o-, 01! ;1-0,
s21 ;1, +-! ;o0, +++ ;o, -11.+o ;!!1,
.1 ;1!!, .!! ;!, .! ;., o.21 ;!!,
.1o ;o!, .!o ;+-, .!! ;o, s.so ;1o1,
+91 ;!+, +!o ;!!, +10 ;!-, -s.11 ;1+,
+!. ;101, +!! ;o!, +10 ;., !o0 ;!!-,
.!+ ;o., .!+ ;+1, .!0 ;!, s.2o ;!+.,
.0! ;.1, .11 ;+!, .0+ ;o0, 1+.9s ;!!o,
+++ ;1!., +-! ;, +99 ;1!1, 9.20 ;!-o,
+! ;1!., +o- ;o!, +o! ;--, 1!! ;!,
+ ;o0, +- ;+0, +-+ ;o+, !.! ;1-,
.1o ;.0, .1+ ;!., .!+ ;!-, o.20 ;1!,
s+o ;-!, +- ;., +s8 ;o, -11.+0 ;!!+,
.!! ;oo, .!. ;o+, .!- ;o, o.oo ;1+.,
.0! ;1!, .0 ;!, .0 ;1!!, o.81 ;!o1,
u1 1.) u2 2.) o9o o.o) 2.9o u.9u)
u 1.) u1 1.1) o9 2.u) 2.2 u.o)
!-0 ;1, !-+ ;+, +10 ;oo, +.o0 ;1-,
+.o ;11-, +.1 ;o0, +1 ;-, 1s.so ;!+!,
s8+ ;!, +0 ;+, +08 ;10!, -1+.19 ;.1-,
+o. ;., +o! ;!, +o! ;0, o+0 ;1+1,
so1 ;11., .! ;!, s10 ;1!!, ..+ ;!..,
A::lX l1
!-o
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc !
Inde o student-reiated actors aecting schooi ciimate and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
k.o! /o.1 c ..c. .c .|cc! ....o! o1 ..c..1 .cc..co. c |. o/.. c :,.o.c!1 ..c!!.1 . |. .|cc!
Inde o student-reiated actors aecting schooi ciimate
1
Mean Mean Mean Mean
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
o the inde o student-reiated actors aecting schooi ciimate
1

per unit o the inde o student-reiated actors

Mean Mean Mean
aecting schooi ciimate
1
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 1ne scole wos :nverteJ so tnot pos:t:ve onJ n:qn volnes represent o pos:t:ve scnool cl:mote
w:tn reqorJ to stnJent-reloteJ joctors
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
00o ;00o, 11! ;00., 001 ;00+, 1!! ;00-,
01o ;00o, 11o ;00., 01+ ;00!, 00 ;00o,
0!o ;00, 1!! ;010, 0!0 ;00+, 1. ;00,
0! ;00!, 1!+ ;00+, 0!0 ;00!, 0 ;00+,
0.o ;00o, 0. ;00o, 0.1 ;00+, 1o ;00o,
0! ;00o, 0!+ ;00, 00 ;00+, 1. ;00,
0+! ;00., 110 ;00+, 0+o ;00!, 0!. ;00,
u u u u u u u u
010 ;00., 10+ ;00, 011 ;00!, 0. ;00,
10. ;010, !+. ;00, 1!! ;00, 0o. ;011,
01. ;00-, 1+. ;00, 0!! ;00o, 1.! ;00,
0!! ;000, 10o ;000, 0!1 ;000, 0 ;001,
0!! ;00o, 1!! ;00o, 0!! ;00+, 0! ;00,
01 ;00, 10o ;00, 01! ;00+, 1+ ;00,
0o- ;00-, 0o1 ;00, 0! ;00o, 1 ;00,
0-! ;00, 0o1 ;01!, 0- ;00., !! ;00,
0+1 ;000, 1! ;000, 0+! ;000, 0!. ;000,
00. ;00-, 1o! ;01+, 00o ;00+, 1! ;00.,
01- ;00., 11o ;00, 01o ;00!, 0! ;00o,
0!1 ;00., 11! ;00, 0!! ;00!, 01 ;00o,
00! ;011, 1! ;00, 00! ;00o, 1!o ;011,
0!! ;00, 1!. ;00, 0!- ;00+, 0- ;00-,
000 ;00, 1!! ;00-, 001 ;00+, 1!0 ;00,
00. ;00o, 0- ;00., 00 ;00!, 0! ;00,
001 ;00o, 101 ;00o, 00o ;00!, 10 ;00o,
00+ ;00., 101 ;00., 00 ;00!, 1!0 ;00-,
0!! ;00, 11- ;00, 0!1 ;00., 0o. ;00.,
u.u9 u.u2) -1.u9 u.u1) u.u9 u.u2) 1.22 u.uo)
u.uu u.u1) -1.11 u.u2) -u.u2 u.u1) 1.11 u.u2)
0!. ;00, 1! ;011, 0! ;00+, 11+ ;00,
000 ;00, 101 ;00o, 00+ ;00+, 10. ;01+,
u u u u u u u u
0-o ;00, !+o ;00-, 101 ;00o, 0o0 ;011,
011 ;00, 11- ;00-, 00 ;00+, 0 ;00o,
s01 ;1, .!+ ;!, so2 ;+, 21.1s ;!0,
+88 ;-1, .1! ;.-, s11 ;., 1o.11 ;.o,
++1 ;11., .1 ;.o, ss+ ;-., 11.91 ;+0!,
s19 ;!, .!- ;!0, s+1 ;!!, 12.+1 ;1-,
+s8 ;10+, +-. ;+-, s19 ;, 11.01 ;++,
+80 ;o-, +-- ;+0, s0s ;.!, 1+.+8 ;+0,
.+. ;+1, .++ ;+!, ..+ ;.1, +!0 ;!o,
u u u u u u u u
+12 ;111, .0o ;0, s19 ;., s0.1+ ;0-,
++ ;1+1, +! ;1, + ;1!!, 1+- ;+-,
+29 ;, +0 ;!, s21 ;o, 29.+1 ;!0,
s02 ;!1, .0. ;!1, s11 ;!!, 8.29 ;1-!,
s02 ;!, .! ;!, s+8 ;o!, 21.81 ;!-!,
++s ;1!0, +- ;.., s2o ;!, 11.98 ;+-!,
+11 ;111, .!! ;o., ss1 ;-, 1+.1+ ;+.,
+89 ;1, .!1 ;!-, s+1 ;!, 19.ss ;!.-,
+s1 ;!., +1- ;!o, +81 ;!-, 11.++ ;!0-,
+0 ;-1, +!0 ;o, +!! ;-., +!1 ;+00,
s0+ ;o., .!o ;+o, s+o ;.-, 2o.11 ;+0!,
.0! ;.o, .0. ;++, .0- ;.!, .!. ;!+.,
+21 ;1!!, +1 ;-+, s10 ;., 18.90 ;o.!,
+s1 ;-., +! ;o!, +8+ ;110, 11.28 ;..0,
+11 ;., +-0 ;+1, s19 ;.-, 18.1s ;!.!,
+98 ;., .!0 ;!!, s2o ;+-, 1s.10 ;!+,
+o1 ;!, .0! ;0, s08 ;1, 19.0s ;.1.,
+81 ;.-, .!1 ;!, so1 ;o, 1o.o9 ;!1!,
+- ;1!1, .0. ;, .!0 ;100, 1.-! ;-!!,
ooo 1.9) u1 2.2) 22 1.2) 21.9 1.)
o1 1.) u2 1.u) 22 1.) 2u.11 u.)
181 ;o!, !- ;.+, +22 ;o!, 12.21 ;!0,
+.! ;10., +.0 ;o!, ++ ;1+o, -.! ;--,
u u u u u u u u
+.0 ;o, +o! ;o., +1 ;+, 1.81 ;!!0,
+s8 ;1!!, .+. ;1, s12 ;o, s2.09 ;o!+,
A::lX l1
!-
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD totol
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc !
Inde o discipiinary ciimate and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
k.o! /o.1 c o1. .!..c.
Inde o discipiinary ciimate
1
Mean Mean Mean Mean
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
o the inde o discipiinary ciimate
1


Mean Mean Mean
per unit o the inde o discipiinary ciimate
1
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 1ne scole wos :nverteJ so tnot pos:t:ve onJ n:qn volnes represent o pos:t:ve stnJent percept:on
oj J:sc:pl:nory cl:mote.
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
00- ;00!, 0.1 ;00!, 010 ;00!, 0!! ;00!,
01- ;00+, 0! ;00!, 01 ;00!, 0o ;00+,
01! ;00!, 0. ;00!, 01! ;001, 0!! ;00!,
01+ ;001, 0.! ;001, 01. ;001, 0! ;001,
01+ ;00!, 0+! ;00+, 011 ;00!, 0 ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 0. ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 01 ;00!,
01o ;00!, 0.. ;00!, 01 ;001, 0! ;00+,
00. ;00!, 0+- ;00!, 00 ;001, 0+! ;00!,
010 ;00!, 0!- ;00+, 010 ;00!, 0.. ;00!,
0+! ;00!, 0 ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 00o ;00!,
0!! ;00+, 0! ;00., 0!! ;00!, 00 ;00!,
00 ;001, 0o! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0++ ;00!,
00- ;00!, 0! ;00!, 00 ;00!, 0.+ ;00+,
0!+ ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 0!. ;00!, 0! ;00!,
0+- ;00., 0!! ;00., 0.1 ;00!, 11+ ;00.,
0!0 ;00!, 0!o ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0o! ;00+,
01! ;00!, 010 ;00+, 00- ;00!, 0! ;00+,
01 ;00!, 0!+ ;00!, 01. ;001, 0o1 ;00!,
01. ;00!, 0+ ;00!, 01o ;00!, 0!1 ;00!,
0!o ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0! ;001, 00! ;00!,
0! ;00+, 0!+ ;00+, 0!- ;00!, 0-1 ;00+,
00. ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 00. ;001, 0!0 ;00!,
01 ;00!, 0o. ;00+, 01o ;001, 0! ;00!,
01- ;00!, 0. ;00!, 01- ;001, 01 ;00!,
0!0 ;00!, 0!! ;00!, 0!0 ;00!, 0! ;00!,
00! ;00!, 0++ ;00!, 001 ;00!, 0+- ;00+,
00! ;00!, 0+0 ;00!, 001 ;001, 0+ ;00+,
u.u9 u.u1) -u.ou u.u1) u.u u.u1) u. u.u2)
u.uu u.u1) -u.o u.u1) -u.u1 u.u1) u.o u.u1)
0!+ ;00!, 0! ;00!, 0!. ;001, 00o ;00+,
0! ;00!, 00 ;00+, 0+0 ;001, 0- ;00!,
0!. ;00., 00. ;010, 0!o ;00, 0.! ;00o,
0+. ;00!, 001 ;00!, 0+! ;00!, 0-! ;00!,
0!! ;00!, 0! ;00., 0!1 ;00!, 00! ;00!,
s0o ;.!, .! ;.., ss1 ;-, 1o.o9 ;!!o,
+81 ;!, .1! ;.!, s2+ ;!, +.98 ;1--,
.11 ;-!, .0+ ;1, .!1 ;1+-, !1. ;!+,
s22 ;!-, .!o ;!0, s+1 ;!, 11.28 ;0-.,
+o8 ;o0, .0o ;+o, s21 ;o, 12.11 ;1,
+81 ;.+, .01 ;+0, s10 ;.1, 9.11 ;!+1,
.+. ;+-, .+. ;!, ..+ ;+., 9.so ;1o,
.0 ;+, +- ;.., .!! ;10!, 1.! ;1!,
+o1 ;o, +-o ;.-, s1s ;0, 10.11 ;1o+,
+o1 ;11+, +0 ;+, s00 ;111, !-o ;!+,
+12 ;-, +! ;., s2s ;0, 1o.0s ;!o!,
+91 ;!!, .1! ;!!, s1s ;!, 8.90 ;10,
s09 ;!, .!! ;+, s11 ;oo, 1s.+1 ;1o,
++2 ;--, +-! ;.!, s21 ;, 1+.11 ;!1!,
+1s ;10., .! ;o1, so1 ;.-, 11.1s ;!-,
s01 ;!, .!. ;+1, s+8 ;.o, o.88 ;1+1,
+. ;+0, +!o ;!0, ++- ;!+, !+1 ;1!,
+!. ;-1, +1 ;oo, +!- ;-0, !0! ;!-,
s11 ;1, .!! ;!o, s+1 ;-, 12.+1 ;!.,
+92 ;o0, .1! ;!+, s10 ;o, 1.19 ;!oo,
+18 ;101, +o ;!, s12 ;-!, 20.88 ;!+1,
+s2 ;1!., +0 ;o!, +91 ;0, 10.s1 ;!1.,
+80 ;o+, +-! ;+., s10 ;.!, 12.18 ;1!,
s02 ;+0, .1+ ;!1, s11 ;+0, 12.++ ;11,
+! ;10., +-! ;o-, .11 ;10!, 9.81 ;!+!,
s01 ;o1, .!+ ;!, s+8 ;-!, 20.10 ;!01,
s0s ;-, +-1 ;--, s1o ;-o, 11.11 ;!!!,
o2 1.2) o9 2.) 2 1.1) 11.99 u.9)
o1 1.o) u1 1.1) 22 1.) 9.o u.o)
+1o ;-, ! ;+-, !- ;o!, -s.9s ;!!+,
++. ;!, +o! ;-, +0 ;1+0, 9.0+ ;!+,
s12 ;1, .! ;., +1+ ;!, !.- ;o0+,
++2 ;o, +o! ;o, +82 ;o, 10.0o ;1+,
.!! ;1!!, .!0 ;o, ... ;1!, !o! ;!o,
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Inde o teacher-reiated actors aecting schooi ciimate and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
Inde o teacher-reiated actors aecting schooi ciimate
1
Mean Mean Mean Mean
G
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o the inde o teacher-reiated actors aecting schooi ciimate
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per unit o the inde o teacher-reiated actors

Mean Mean Mean
aecting schooi ciimate
1
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 1ne scole wos :nverteJ so tnot pos:t:ve onJ n:qn volnes represent o pos:t:ve scnool cl:mote
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011 ;00, 11! ;00+, 0!0 ;00., 1!o ;01!,
011 ;00., 0- ;00., 00! ;00!, 11 ;010,
00 ;00o, 11 ;00, 00. ;00+, 1!+ ;00,
01! ;00!, 0-1 ;00!, 00! ;00!, 1!+ ;00.,
0.! ;00., 0.. ;00+, 0+ ;00+, 11 ;00,
01 ;00, 0!! ;00., 00 ;00!, !0. ;00o,
00 ;00o, 0- ;00., 010 ;00+, 0 ;00.,
u u u u u u u u
01o ;00., 110 ;00+, 01+ ;00!, 0! ;00.,
11 ;01!, !-- ;01!, 1! ;00, 0-! ;01,
0+! ;00, 101 ;00-, 0+o ;00., 1o- ;00,
0!! ;000, 0! ;000, 0! ;000, 1+ ;000,
00! ;00, 11. ;00-, 01 ;00+, 1!. ;010,
00. ;010, 1!o ;00, 001 ;00., 1.0 ;010,
01! ;00-, 0-- ;00, 00! ;00!, 1.0 ;011,
0! ;00, 0o- ;00, 0! ;00., 1+. ;00-,
0+ ;000, 1+0 ;000, 0.! ;000, 0!0 ;000,
0o. ;00, 1-+ ;00-, 0o! ;00+, 0.o ;010,
00. ;00o, 10 ;00-, 01+ ;00!, 11! ;00,
0!- ;00o, 10o ;00., 0! ;00!, 0o! ;00,
010 ;010, 0-+ ;01+, 00! ;00., 1!! ;011,
0!- ;00, 1!1 ;00, 0!! ;00+, 0! ;011,
0!0 ;00, 10. ;00, 01! ;00o, 1.. ;011,
000 ;00, 100 ;00., 01+ ;00!, 1!. ;010,
01! ;00., 0+ ;00+, 00 ;00!, 10- ;00,
00 ;00, 11 ;00o, 0!! ;00!, 1! ;00-,
00 ;010, 100 ;00., 01 ;00+, 101 ;01!,
-u.uo u.u1) -1.12 u.u2) -u.12 u.u2) 1.1 u.uo)
u.uu u.u1) -1.u9 u.u2) -u.u u.u1) 1.1 u.u2)
0!! ;00, 1!1 ;00, 01. ;00., 1 ;00,
0.. ;00, 0.1 ;00o, 0.! ;00., 1o! ;011,
u u u u u u u u
0. ;00-, !1- ;00o, 0! ;00+, 01 ;01!,
0o! ;00, 1+ ;00., 01 ;00+, 0!! ;00o,
s01 ;!, .!! ;.1, s+o ;!, 1s.1o ;!1,
s2s ;o., .11 ;.!, +8+ ;, -1+.2o ;..+,
+o1 ;-, .11 ;., s+1 ;-+, 2+.11 ;.-,
s29 ;!-, .!+ ;!!, s+2 ;!o, +.o2 ;1.,
+-0 ;1!1, +-+ ;oo, +-0 ;o, 1o+ ;+o.,
+8+ ;o-, +- ;!., s01 ;., o+o ;!.!,
.+- ;+!, .+ ;!., .+1 ;!, +-o ;++o,
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+-! ;11, +o. ;+, +. ;11+, !1! ;+0.,
+o+ ;-1, +! ;0, + ;--, 10.2s ;+!-,
+99 ;!!, .0- ;!1, s12 ;!-, o.o9 ;1o-,
.!. ;o., .!- ;+, .!! ;, 1! ;!.,
+12 ;100, + ;o0, s01 ;100, 1- ;+.,
+8s ;10-, .!1 ;!, s+1 ;-0, 11.18 ;.-!,
.1- ;oo, .!! ;.!, .!+ ;o1, 9.2s ;!+1,
++9 ;!+, +.o ;!o, +22 ;!, -10.o8 ;!1,
+1o ;, +!o ;o!, +!0 ;1, 0- ;+.,
s12 ;., .!! ;+!, s+1 ;.!, 1o.+0 ;+00,
+-- ;o., .0. ;!., .1! ;oo, o!0 ;+.!,
+s9 ;1.!, ++ ;., s09 ;1!0, 1!.+ ;-!,
+o! ;-!, +! ;0, +! ;101, 1! ;o!o,
+8+ ;.!, +-! ;+0, s01 ;o, 9.+1 ;!1.,
.0 ;o0, .1- ;!-, .!0 ;+!, !.0 ;!,
+! ;101, .0+ ;oo, +! ;!, +.. ;.o,
s0o ;o., .1. ;+1, so0 ;, 22.81 ;!o,
+19 ;., .1+ ;-!, s1+ ;110, 11.08 ;.--,
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+! ;, +.. ;!, +.+ ;1+-, -! ;-1!,
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+8o ;1+o, .+0 ;oo, ss+ ;!, 11.s1 ;-!,
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Inde o principais` perception o teachers` moraie and commitment and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
Inde o schooi principais` perception o teachers` moraie and commitment
1
Mean Mean Mean Mean
rerormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the
inde o schooi principais` perception o teachers` moraie and commitment
1

per unit o the inde o schooi principais` perception

Mean Mean Mean
o teachers` moraie and commitment
1
00+ ;00, 0-o ;00, 00 ;00., 1!- ;00,
0o! ;00, 0+o ;00o, 0o! ;00+, 1! ;00!,
0!0 ;00o, 11! ;00o, 0!- ;00!, 0-. ;00o,
00 ;00+, 10+ ;00+, 00! ;00!, 1!+ ;00+,
0!- ;00., 11+ ;00, 0!1 ;00+, 0o! ;00o,
00! ;00o, 0. ;00, 010 ;00., 11. ;00,
00! ;00o, 0-0 ;00, 00+ ;00., 10 ;00-,
u u u u u u u u
001 ;00o, 10+ ;00, 001 ;00+, 10! ;00,
0! ;011, 0- ;010, 0!. ;00, 1 ;000,
0! ;00, 10- ;00-, 0+1 ;00+, 1! ;00,
0! ;000, 0- ;001, 0! ;000, 1o ;000,
01- ;00, 0- ;010, 00 ;00o, 1. ;00.,
0o- ;00, 1o ;00+, 0 ;00., 0+o ;00,
01+ ;011, 1!. ;011, 01+ ;00, 1o+ ;00.,
0! ;00, 1- ;00., 0 ;00+, 0+ ;010,
00! ;001, 0- ;000, 00- ;000, 1!! ;001,
0!- ;00-, 10! ;00-, 0+! ;00o, 1 ;001,
0!! ;00, 0-! ;00-, 01! ;00o, 1.- ;00+,
00- ;00, 0-. ;00, 01. ;00+, 0-1 ;00,
0.! ;00-, 1+ ;00, 0.. ;00, 0.! ;010,
0. ;00, 1oo ;00., 0.- ;00+, 0o0 ;00,
0!1 ;00o, 1+o ;00!, 0!! ;00., 0-1 ;00-,
0!+ ;00, 0! ;010, 0!o ;00!, 1.1 ;00o,
0+! ;00, 0. ;00., 0+! ;00o, 1! ;00!,
00! ;00, 10o ;00, 00! ;00., 1! ;00,
00+ ;011, 10 ;0!!, 01 ;00, 1!0 ;01!,
-u.u u.u1) -1.2u u.uo) -u.u9 u.u2) 1.22 u.uo)
u.uu u.u1) -1.1u u.u2) -u.uo u.u1) 1.21 u.u2)
0+! ;00, 1. ;00+, 0.0 ;00+, 0-. ;00-,
0+ ;00, 1+- ;00, 0.0 ;00+, 0o- ;01!,
u u u u u u u u
01. ;00, 1!1 ;00o, 0!! ;00+, 10 ;00,
01- ;00-, 0-! ;010, 0! ;00o, 0. ;011,
s12 ;o-, .!o ;.+, ss0 ;o0, 18.2+ ;!.!,
.1 ;, .0 ;., +-o ;!, ! ;o0.,
+s1 ;, .1! ;0, ss1 ;!, 1s.11 ;o!,
s2s ;+1, .!o ;!0, s19 ;!, s.s1 ;1-o,
+-! ;101, +1 ;!, .11 ;0, .!1 ;.oo,
+-0 ;o, +- ;!o, .0! ;., 8.9o ;+1!,
.+! ;!o, .+o ;++, ..1 ;+, s.9o ;!.,
u u u u u u u u
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+o+ ;1!, +o ;+, +0 ;-+, 1- ;.1!,
+o1 ;, +o ;!, s08 ;10o, 1o.09 ;.0,
.0o ;!+, .0o ;!!, .11 ;!!, !+ ;1o,
.!. ;o!, .!! ;+-, .! ;0, 1.+8 ;!+o,
++ ;-, +-0 ;.o, + ;-!, !- ;.++,
+82 ;11, .!- ;o, ss0 ;-1, 19.99 ;+-!,
+91 ;o!, .! ;!, s10 ;!, 12.00 ;+.,
+1+ ;!0, ++o ;!1, +10 ;!, 22.oo ;11,
+0- ;o, +!o ;o!, +! ;10o, .+. ;+!,
s02 ;o., .! ;+o, s++ ;.., 11.11 ;+11,
.0. ;.!, .0o ;+0, .0. ;., 1-+ ;.0o,
+so ;1.+, +o ;-+, s21 ;10o, 10.+1 ;+,
+o0 ;10+, +0 ;o!, ++ ;10o, -- ;.0,
+oo ;.+, +-- ;!-, s0o ;., 1s.o9 ;!0!,
.0- ;0, .1 ;!., .!! ;+!, o! ;!+,
+ ;100, +- ;o!, .10 ;100, +0+ ;.!0,
s01 ;.-, .!o ;+!, s+2 ;--, 11.s0 ;+!1,
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Inde o time spent on homevork per veek in the ianguage o assessment, mathematics and science courses and perormance
on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
k.o! /o.1 co1. .!..c.
by nationai quarters o the inde o time spent on home-
Inde o time spent on homevork in the ianguage vork in the ianguage o assessment, mathematics
o assessment, mathematics and science courses
1
and science courses
2
Aii Bottom second 1hird 1op Bottom second 1hird 1op
students quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. inde s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I. score s.I.
change in the combined reading Istimated mean number o hours spent
correiation betveen the inde
iiteracy score per unit o the on homevork in the ianguage assess-
o time spent on homevork and
inde o time spent on homevork
2
ment, mathematics and science courses
the internationai socio-economic

change s.I. Mean s.I. inde o occupationai status
00. ;00!, 11! ;00!, 0!0 ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!! ;00!, +91 ;+, .!+ ;+1, .+! ;+!, so2 ;+-,
0+! ;00!, 1.+ ;00!, 0oo ;000, 01! ;001, 0o. ;00!, .0 ;+., .11 ;!o, .1o ;!+, +-- ;!+,
010 ;00!, 1! ;00!, 0! ;001, 0!o ;001, 0- ;001, +s8 ;+-, .1 ;., .!o ;!0, s1s ;!1,
00- ;001, 1!! ;001, 0!! ;000, 0+! ;000, 1! ;001, s0+ ;!., .!+ ;!0, .+ ;!0, ss1 ;1-,
0!+ ;00!, 1. ;00!, 0. ;001, 00. ;001, 0! ;001, +81 ;!, +-o ;!, .1+ ;!1, s12 ;!1,
00+ ;00!, 0- ;00!, 01o ;001, 0!+ ;001, 10+ ;00!, ++ ;.o, .0 ;!o, .10 ;!., +-. ;!,
0! ;00!, 1!! ;00!, 0.- ;001, 00! ;001, 0. ;001, s12 ;!o, .+! ;+., .o! ;!-, ss2 ;!!,
011 ;00!, 0- ;00!, 00 ;001, 0!- ;001, 11! ;001, +oo ;+, .10 ;!., .!1 ;!1, s18 ;!-,
001 ;00!, 10. ;00!, 0!. ;001, 0! ;001, 100 ;00!, +1+ ;!, +- ;+!, .0! ;+!, s01 ;!.,
0o. ;00+, 01 ;00!, 0+1 ;001, 110 ;001, 1-1 ;001, +19 ;o., +. ;o0, +-1 ;+!, s1o ;+1,
0!. ;00!, 0o0 ;00!, 00 ;001, 0o1 ;001, 1!0 ;001, +++ ;., +o ;.!, +-! ;+0, s12 ;+-,
00! ;001, 10. ;00!, 0!1 ;001, 0!o ;001, 10 ;00!, +9+ ;!1, .!! ;!1, .1+ ;!+, s01 ;!,
0!0 ;00!, 11. ;00!, 011 ;001, 0.. ;001, 1.! ;00!, s01 ;.0, .!! ;+!, .! ;!, s+1 ;!-,
0!1 ;00!, 0- ;00!, 00. ;001, 0+o ;000, 1!! ;00!, +s1 ;., +! ;!1, +- ;!!, s19 ;+!,
0 ;00., !!. ;000, 11 ;001, 0! ;001, 0! ;00!, +90 ;, .!! ;+, .!. ;.!, ss0 ;.0,
01o ;00!, 1+ ;00!, 0.- ;001, 0!0 ;001, 1+ ;00!, s01 ;!!, .!0 ;!., .!+ ;!1, s+o ;!-,
0!0 ;001, 1! ;00!, 0+- ;001, 00+ ;001, 0-! ;00!, +++ ;!., ++- ;!+, +.! ;!, ++- ;!!,
0!! ;00!, 0- ;001, 00- ;001, 0+ ;000, 1+! ;00!, +01 ;!-, +1- ;+o, +! ;+1, +1+ ;!-,
00o ;00!, 10 ;00!, 0!- ;001, 0!- ;001, 1!! ;00!, +9s ;+!, .!! ;+!, .+ ;!-, ss1 ;+o,
00 ;00!, 11 ;00!, 0+! ;001, 0!- ;001, 101 ;00!, +81 ;.!, .1! ;+1, .! ;!!, s11 ;!,
0!+ ;00!, 0-o ;00!, 00o ;001, 0.+ ;000, 1+! ;00!, +11 ;.o, +. ;+, +-0 ;.., s19 ;.,
01. ;00!, 10+ ;00!, 0!+ ;001, 0+ ;000, 1+! ;00!, +s2 ;.o, +o ;+-, + ;+-, +88 ;..,
0!+ ;00!, 10. ;00!, 001 ;001, 0.+ ;000, 1+ ;00!, +s1 ;+!, +-o ;!0, .0- ;!-, s18 ;!.,
0! ;00!, 1+! ;00!, 0o+ ;000, 01+ ;001, 0! ;00!, .1! ;!!, .!! ;!+, .!. ;!1, .0 ;!o,
01 ;00!, 11+ ;00!, 0+ ;001, 00o ;001, 0+ ;00!, + ;+-, .0 ;+!, .0 ;.!, +-! ;.-,
0! ;00!, 0! ;00!, 01! ;001, 0.! ;000, 1!0 ;00!, +19 ;!1, .!- ;!+, .+1 ;!, sss ;!,
00+ ;00., 1!+ ;00!, 0+! ;001, 0!! ;001, 1! ;00!, +o8 ;o+, +- ;o0, .! ;!, s+2 ;o,
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00. ;00!, 11 ;00+, 0++ ;001, 0! ;001, 11. ;00!, 18o ;+1, ! ;+!, +01 ;!, +19 ;+0,
0! ;00!, 0- ;00!, 00! ;001, 0. ;001, 1+. ;00!, +11 ;0, +o+ ;o-, +1 ;.!, +1o ;o-,
0!. ;00+, 11+ ;00o, 0.+ ;00!, 00+ ;00!, 0! ;00o, ++ ;10, + ;10, .00 ;10, +1 ;1!1,
0o0 ;00!, 0- ;00!, 0!! ;001, 10o ;001, 1-0 ;001, +19 ;.!, +. ;+1, +o ;+1, +91 ;+-,
01! ;00!, 11! ;00!, 0+. ;001, 01 ;001, 0-! ;00!, s18 ;.!, .! ;+, .+- ;+0, s18 ;.+,
21.11 ;1--, + ;011, 01+
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12.9+ ;1!, +! ;00o, 01
18.99 ;10!, .0 ;00+, 01!
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1.ss ;!-, + ;00o, 00+
12.91 ;1-., !. ;00o, 00!
11.s8 ;1-+, +- ;00, 01+
11.s1 ;!0, +. ;00o, 000
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12.o1 ;!1-, . ;00-, 01o
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11.0s ;1o, .+ ;00, 00
2o.o1 ;!-, .! ;00-, 00-
11.10 ;!1+, !- ;01!, 00
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11.21 ;1., .! ;00, 001
20.01 ;!0., + ;00, 011
1s.0s ;!1, +! ;00o, 00+
10.28 ;!+0, .! ;00-, 010
12.28 ;1o, .0 ;00, 00-
2+.os ;1o., .+ ;00, 01+
101 ;1-1, !! ;00o, 00!
!! ;!!-, !- ;00, 001
11.92 ;!1!, .+ ;00o, 01o
2o.s1 ;1-, +o ;01., 01+
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10.18 ;!!, +1 ;00, 00!
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student participation in educationai courses outside schooi
k.o! /o.1 co1. .!..c.
rercentage o students vho have sometimes or reguiariy rercentage o students vho have sometimes or reguiariy
attended courses in the ianguage o assessment, attended remediai courses in the ianguage o assessment,
courses in other subjects, or etension remediai courses in other subjects, training to improve
or additionai courses in the iast three years study skiiis or private tutoring in the iast three years
rercentage s.I. rercentage s.I.
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- ;1, ! ;!o,
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Inde o teacher shortage and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by nationai quarters o the inde
Inde o teacher shortage
1
Mean Mean Mean Mean
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1


Mean Mean Mean
per unit o the inde o teacher shortage
1
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00! ;00, 0- ;00!, 00. ;010, \x
0.! ;00o, 0.- ;011, 0. ;00!, \x
0!. ;00, 1.+ ;00o, 0!1 ;00o, \x
0!. ;00o, 0 ;00, 0o1 ;00., \x
0+0 ;00, 11 ;00o, 0+! ;00o, \x
0!0 ;00, 11 ;00-, 0+ ;00, \x
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.!1 ;!o, .!o ;!!, .!. ;!!, !11 ;1+!,
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Inde o the quaiity o the schoois` physicai inrastructure and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
Inde o the quaiity o the schoois` physicai inrastructure
1
Mean Mean Mean Mean
o the inde o the quaiity o the schoois` physicai inrastructure
1

per unit o the inde o the quaiity o the schoois`

Mean Mean Mean
physicai inrastructure
1
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 1ne scole wos :nverteJ so tnot pos:t:ve onJ n:qn volnes :nJ:cote tnot tne scnool`s pnys:col :njrostrnctnre
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0+! ;00, 0o1 ;01., 0. ;00., \x
0!1 ;000, 0. ;000, 0+o ;000, \x
01- ;00-, 110 ;011, 0!. ;00, \x
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0! ;000, 1!! ;000, 0!. ;000, 0.0 ;000,
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0+1 ;00, 1o. ;00, 0+- ;00+, 0-. ;00.,
0!0 ;00, 0 ;00o, 0!0 ;00., \x
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199 ;., +1 ;o!, +s+ ;-+, 1o.88 ;!-1,
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Inde o the quaiity o the schoois` educationai resources and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie,
Inde o the quaiity o the schoois` educationai resources
1
Mean Mean Mean Mean
o the inde o the quaiity o the schoois` educationai resources
1

per unit o the inde o the quaiity o the schoois`

Mean Mean Mean
educationai resources
1
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio: oi t|c i:ccx scc A::cx A1 1ne scole wos :nverteJ so tnot pos:t:ve onJ n:qn volnes :nJ:cote tnot tne scnool`s eJncot:onol
resonrces ore not perce:veJ os on :mportont proIlem
0! ;00, 0! ;00o, 010 ;00., 1o! ;00-,
00! ;00, 10- ;010, 00. ;00+, 10! ;010,
0+. ;00o, 0 ;00, 0++ ;00+, 1o- ;00+,
0!+ ;00+, 0- ;00., 01. ;00!, 1o1 ;00!,
0!! ;00-, 0-! ;00., 00. ;00+, 1o ;00o,
0!. ;00o, 0 ;00, 0! ;00!, 11 ;00,
0!! ;00o, 11 ;00, 0! ;00!, 0- ;00,
u u u u u u u u
0!0 ;00, 1!1 ;00-, 0!+ ;00+, 0-- ;00,
0-! ;00-, !0- ;00-, 0-- ;00+, 0!! ;01!,
0.0 ;00, 0o! ;00, 0++ ;00., 11 ;00o,
01- ;000, 111 ;000, 0!- ;000, 0-1 ;000,
01- ;010, 1+. ;00-, 0!. ;00., 11. ;011,
00 ;00, 11 ;00, 001 ;00., 1+0 ;00-,
000 ;00, 0-o ;00, 011 ;00+, 11 ;00-,
000 ;00, 100 ;00., 00- ;00+, 11! ;011,
011 ;000, 0o. ;000, 001 ;000, 0-. ;000,
0-. ;010, !! ;00, 11! ;00., 00 ;01!,
011 ;00o, 0! ;00o, 00o ;00!, 1!. ;00,
0.. ;00o, 1!+ ;00, 0o! ;00!, 0! ;00-,
01 ;00-, 1!. ;00, 01 ;00o, 0- ;00,
01+ ;00, 10o ;00, 00- ;00+, 1+! ;00-,
01. ;00-, 11! ;00-, 00. ;00., 1. ;00,
000 ;00, 0-- ;00o, 01! ;00+, 1!! ;010,
0.1 ;00, 0.o ;00., 0! ;00., 1 ;00!,
0++ ;00, 1o! ;00, 0.! ;00+, 0. ;011,
0+0 ;00, 0o0 ;00, 0!0 ;00., 1.. ;010,
u.u1 u.u1) -1.u9 u.uo) -u.u u.u2) 1.2 u.u1)
u.uu u.u2) -1.u9 u.u2) -u.u u.u1) 1.22 u.u2)
0!o ;010, 1! ;010, 0++ ;00., 1!1 ;010,
0o ;00-, 1. ;01!, 0o. ;00., 0+1 ;00-,
u u u u u u u u
1! ;00, !.! ;00o, 1!1 ;00!, 00+ ;00-,
010 ;01!, 11 ;01, 00! ;00., 1+. ;01!,
s1s ;o!, .! ;.., s+2 ;o, 9.1o ;!!!,
.0! ;-0, .1! ;., .0! ;0, !-o ;.+,
+-1 ;11, .1+ ;.o, .1o ;11+, -!1 ;.+,
.!0 ;!!, .!. ;!0, .!- ;!, +.s0 ;1+-,
+- ;!, +-. ;o, + ;1!!, 0!! ;.++,
+8s ;o+, +- ;!, s01 ;o0, o!1 ;!+!,
..1 ;.!, .+ ;!0, .+1 ;o, +!- ;+0!,
u u u u u u u u
++1 ;1o!, +- ;-0, s02 ;100, 2+.99 ;-01,
+o ;1!, +.- ;!, + ;10, -! ;o!,
+o! ;1!+, +. ;0, +o ;10o, 100o ;00,
s09 ;!-, .00 ;!1, s19 ;!1, o.+8 ;1.,
.1- ;1, .!! ;.+, .!! ;o, 1 ;!!,
+o9 ;11-, +- ;o0, s02 ;10!, 11.+1 ;.1,
s11 ;10., .1 ;, s++ ;1, 11.os ;+--,
.!o ;o0, .1 ;.0, .!+ ;o-, 1o! ;++1,
+01 ;+!, ++. ;!1, +10 ;!., 22.98 ;!!,
191 ;, +1! ;.1, +12 ;-, 2o.01 ;!o,
s1o ;+, .!0 ;!-, s+s ;, 12.18 ;+0!,
+90 ;., .0 ;+0, s1+ ;.-, 9.09 ;+!!,
+o+ ;1o+, +o ;-0, +- ;1!o, .- ;-1-,
+. ;10., ++ ;1, ++ ;1!1, .!1 ;.1!,
+80 ;., +-0 ;!o, s09 ;0, 10.12 ;!-,
s09 ;., .1! ;!+, s10 ;+o, o.89 ;!,
++ ;1!0, +-+ ;o0, .0+ ;o, !. ;.0+,
s01 ;o0, .!! ;+, s+o ;0, 1o.8o ;!1-,
+1 ;0, .!1 ;-o, +- ;1!, 0oo ;o.o,
ou 1.2) u2 2.9) 11 1.2) 1o. 1.o)
o 2.1) u1 1.2) 11 1.o) 1u. 1.uu)
180 ;0, !-! ;+-, +21 ;-., 12.10 ;!++,
+.! ;1+0, +o ;, +.! ;11!, -+. ;.0-,
u u u u u u u u
+.. ;1, +.- ;o0, +! ;0, 9.09 ;!!o,
.1! ;1!, .+1 ;-, .! ;1!, 11!- ;!0,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
A::lX l1
!0.
I|lc 11
rercentage o students enroiied in schoois vhich have at ieast some responsibiiity or the oiioving aspects
o schooi poiicy and management
Deciding
Istabiishing Determining on budget
teachers` teachers` Iormuiating aiiocations
Appointing Dismissing starting saiary the schooi vithin the
teachers s.I. teachers s.I. saiaries s.I. increases s.I. budget s.I. schooi s.I.
Istabiishing Istabiishing Approving choosing
student student students or vhich Determining Deciding
discipiinary assessment admittance tetbooks course vhich courses
poiicies s.I. poiicies s.I. to schooi s.I. are used s.I. content s.I. are oered s.I.
1 o::cltio: vlucs i:cictcc i: |olc :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
cross-country correiation
betveen country`s average
achievement on the
combined reading iiteracy
scaie and the percentage
indicated by the respective
coiumn header
1
:ct|c:l:cs
!
o0 ;!!, + ;!1, 1 ;!!, 1- ;!o, -o ;1., 100 ;0!,
1. ;!-, . ;1, 1 ;0., 1 ;0., 1+ ;!, -! ;!0,
-o ;1!, -. ;1+, ;1, ;1, - ;10, -- ;0o,
! ;1!, o1 ;1, !+ ;1, !+ ;1, ;1+, -- ;0!,
-o ;1!, -. ;1!, 0 ;!1, ! ;!1, ! ;!o, -- ;0o,
- ;1!, . ;!!, 1! ;!., 1. ;!, - ;!!, - ;10,
!. ;!, !1 ;!!, 1 ;0, ! ;10, .o ;!-, -- ;0-,
10 ;!!, + ;1!, ! ;0-, 11 ;!!, 1! ;!0, -o ;1!,
o. ;+, 0 ;++, ! ;+!, ;!-, ;!+, -. ;!1,
100 ;00, -- ;10, +1 ;+!, .0 ;+!, o1 ;+1, -! ;!!,
-- ;00, -- ;01, + ;01, ;01, o ;0!, ;01,
;!., ! ;!0, + ;1, . ;!!, - ;!1, 100 ;00,
10 ;!1, 11 ;!o, 1 ;0, 1 ;0, -+ ;!+, . ;.0,
!! ;1-, !! ;!0, !! ;!0, !! ;!0, .0 ;!!, -1 ;!-,
!! ;+1, !! ;+0, 1. ;!1, ;!+, ;!., -. ;1,
u u u u u u u u 100 ;00, 100 ;00,
. ;!+, + ;!, !o ;!1, ! ;!1, o ;+!, ;!,
100 ;00, -- ;0, 1 ;!+, +1 ;!!, - ;11, 100 ;00,
1! ;!1, - ;1!, 1 ;0, 1 ;0, - ;!-, -. ;!0,
! ;!., !- ;!o, - ;!!, - ;!!, -0 ;!., - ;1!,
-- ;0, ! ;!!, o! ;!o, + ;!o, . ;!1, -- ;0o,
-! ;1, ! ;!!, 1! ;!, 1. ;!0, .+ ;!!, ;!-,
-- ;0!, - ;1!, ! ;!0, 0 ;!1, -! ;0, 100 ;01,
- ;0-, - ;1!, o ;+-, + ;.1, -o ;1-, -- ;10,
o: (.) . () 2+ () 2o () o (o) v. (+)
!- ;!, !! ;!-, 10 ;1, 10 ;1, .. ;!+, . ;!,
100 ;00, -- ;0-, !. ;+!, !. ;.!, !! ;+., - ;!,
100 ;0+, - ;0, +1 ;!!, + ;!!, + ;+0, 0 ;!,
:o : o +
100 ;00, 100 ;00, 1 ;.0, +. ;.o, 100 ;00, 100 ;00,
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
achievement on the
coiumn header
1
:ct|c:l:cs
!
100 ;0!, -- ;0o, -+ ;1o, 100 ;0!, + ;!!, -o ;1,
-o ;1o, o- ;!., . ;!-, -- ;0, .+ ;!o, . ;!,
-- ;0-, 100 ;0+, -. ;1, -- ;0o, .- ;!, o1 ;!o,
- ;0., -+ ;10, - ;10, - ;0-, +- ;1, -0 ;11,
100 ;0., 100 ;0!, - ;1, 100 ;00, ! ;!-, ! ;!,
-- ;0, ;!+, ;!o, 100 ;00, -0 ;1-, ;!o,
-o ;1-, - ;!o, .+ ;+0, 100 ;00, -1 ;!!, -. ;!0,
-. ;1+, - ;!, - ;!0, -o ;1, !. ;!!, !. ;!+,
- ;1., -+ ;!!, -0 ;!., -0 ;!-, -! ;!o, - ;!-,
100 ;00, - ;10, -- ;0, 100 ;0+, - ;1!, - ;10,
-- ;00, - ;01, + ;01, -- ;00, - ;0!, o! ;0!,
-- ;0o, -- ;0-, -. ;!0, 100 ;00, ! ;+1, - ;1!,
100 ;00, 100 ;00, o! ;.1, 100 ;00, -! ;!-, !! ;+0,
100 ;0+, 100 ;00, 100 ;00, -- ;0, -- ;0, - ;1!,
100 ;00, -- ;01, - ;1+, -- ;0o, -- ;0o, -! ;!!,
u u u u 100 ;00, u u u u u u
-- ;0, -! ;!., o ;!!, 1 ;!0, .- ;+1, . ;!+,
100 ;00, 100 ;00, -+ ;1!, 100 ;00, ;!, 100 ;01,
-! ;!!, ;!o, . ;!1, 100 ;00, !0 ;!+, .+ ;+.,
-- ;0, - ;1., - ;!+, 100 ;0+, o ;!-, .+ ;!,
100 ;00, - ;1., .+ ;+0, 100 ;00, ;!, o ;!,
- ;1!, . ;!o, ! ;!0, .1 ;+1, !- ;!., !+ ;!+,
-- ;0., 100 ;0!, oo ;!o, 100 ;00, -+ ;1., 100 ;01,
-- ;0-, -! ;!!, - ;!o, -! ;!0, + ;+!, - ;1!,
v (2) v (.) . () v2 (2) ov (o) : (o)
- ;0, -1 ;1, - ;!!, 100 ;0!, -0 ;!!, . ;!+,
100 ;01, ;+o, - ;1!, -- ;0o, o ;+-, -0 ;!.,
100 ;00, 100 ;0+, -- ;0o, - ;10, -. ;1+, -o ;1!,
2: 2 2: + 2 u.1
100 ;00, 100 ;00, 100 ;00, 100 ;00, -! ;!!, -. ;!+,
A::lX l1
!0o
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
achievement on the
coiumn header
1
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc 1!
rercentage o students enroiied in schoois in vhich teachers have the main responsibiiity or the oiioving aspects
o schooi poiicy and management
Deciding
Istabiishing Determining on budget
teachers` teachers` Iormuiating aiiocations
Appointing Dismissing starting saiary the schooi vithin the
teachers s.I. teachers s.I. saiaries s.I. increases s.I. budget s.I. schooi s.I.
Istabiishing Istabiishing Approving choosing
student student students or vhich Determining Deciding
discipiinary assessment admittance tetbooks course vhich courses
poiicies s.I. poiicies s.I. to schooi s.I. are used s.I. content s.I. are oered s.I.
o0 ;!, .+ ;!-, 1! ;0, o!! ;++, o!0 ;!-, !o ;+1,
o0 ;!!, o1 ;!-, 1!- ;!., -01 ;!1, ..1 ;!, +!0 ;+0,
+. ;+o, .!+ ;!., 1o ;!-, -0 ;!!, .- ;!, !+. ;!1,
. ;!0, o+1 ;1-, 1 ;0., o. ;1-, +1 ;1, !-0 ;1-,
.10 ;!., .-1 ;!., . ;1!, ooo ;!!, +.! ;!, 11 ;!.,
.-0 ;!-, .!+ ;+0, 1!1 ;!0, . ;!, - ;!!, .!+ ;!.,
o ;!, -!+ ;!!, .- ;!0, -+! ;1-, -- ;1!, !1 ;!!,
o+ ;!1, -0 ;!0, !1 ;1!, .!! ;!!, !! ;!, !!+ ;!!,
+1. ;+o, !.0 ;+1, !! ;1, -0 ;!+, ! ;1, !+ ;!0,
.-! ;+., oo ;+!, 1o! ;!1, ! ;!0, 1+ ;!!, !! ;+1,
o! ;0!, .! ;01, +- ;01, -o ;00, - ;0!, +o ;0!,
!! ;+0, +! ;+!, 1.- ;!0, -o ;1, +0 ;!, .!1 ;+1,
1o. ;++, -!! ;!-, ! ;1, -! ;!+, ..! ;o0, !0 ;+0,
!.! ;!., !!0 ;!o, o1 ;!!, !+. ;+!, !+o ;!o, !o! ;+0,
-+ ;!., 1- ;+0, 0o ;0o, o ;!-, 1 ;!, 1o. ;!!,
!! ;!., +-1 ;!, - ;!+, o!+ ;+0, !! ;!, 1 ;!+,
! ;!, !-! ;!, 1 ;0, .+ ;!, +- ;!, !+1 ;!+,
o1! ;+., - ;!+, 1! ;0-, o ;!, 1-. ;!!, 1-+ ;!+,
!o ;!, .1 ;+!, 0o ;0o, +! ;!1, !. ;!!, 1!+ ;!o,
+01 ;!-, o+! ;!o, .! ;1, !0 ;!!, ;!1, +-! ;+!,
!! ;!, o- ;!+, 1!0 ;!, .o! ;!, !. ;+0, +!1 ;!.,
+!! ;+0, + ;!-, !+ ;1., -!! ;1!, o ;!0, .0! ;!-,
!! ;o0, !.1 ;.0, !1 ;!1, 1o ;.+, o1! ;+, +! ;o1,
. () o () o2 (.) 2 (o) . () +2 ()
.! ;!, o! ;!o, 1+! ;!0, -!1 ;1., !o ;!+, !!! ;+!,
!0. ;.0, !o ;+!, !! ;1!, . ;!!, .o! ;., !11 ;!!,
!0 ;1!, 100 ;1, 1o ;10, o ;!!, 11 ;!!, !! ;!1,
:o + : 22 u.oo u.
1-! ;.0, !! ;.o, ;!., .o ;+1, .0 ;+, 1.! ;+!,
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
G
I
c
D

c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
N
G
N
-
G
I
c
D
c
G
u
N
1
R
I
I
s
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
achievement on the
coiumn header
1
:ct|c:l:cs
!
1+ ;10, u u 0! ;0!, 1! ;0, 11! ;!., 1!o ;!o,
1 ;0-, 1 ;10, u u u u ! ;1!, !!o ;!0,
0o ;0o, 0+ ;0+, u u u u !0 ;1!, 1 ;!0,
!! ;0+, u u 10 ;0+, 11 ;0+, ;0, !0+ ;1+,
u u 0o ;0o, u u u u 1! ;0o, o1 ;1,
1-. ;!o, 1o ;0-, u u 0- ;0o, 1! ;!!, !1 ;!0,
10 ;0, 1 ;0-, 0+ ;0+, u u 1. ;!, !-0 ;+!,
0- ;0., 0. ;0!, 0. ;0!, 0. ;0!, o ;1., !1 ;!o,
0+ ;0+, 0 ;0o, u u u u u u 01 ;01,
u u 0. ;0., u u 0 ;0, !- ;1!, + ;!!,
u u u u u u u u !- ;01, 11o ;0!,
0- ;10, u u u u u u +! ;1, + ;1,
0 ;0, u u u u u u u u + ;1,
0 ;0, u u 0 ;0, 0 ;0, +1 ;1-, !o ;1.,
!! ;11, 1! ;0-, u u u u !! ;10, !1 ;1!,
u u u u u u u u +- ;1, o! ;1,
u u u u u u u u 1! ;0-, !o ;1o,
0o ;0o, 0o ;0o, 0o ;0o, 0o ;0o, +. ;1+, .. ;1,
.. ;1o, u u 0o ;0., 0o ;0., ! ;1+, 1!- ;!,
+ ;1, 1 ;1!, u u u u 11 ;!, !1. ;!!,
!0 ;1!, u u u u u u 0- ;0o, +! ;1o,
-. ;!!, u u o ;!1, 1!+ ;!-, 1!. ;++, !+! ;+-,
2.2 u.2) u. u.1) u.o u.1) u. u.1) o. u.1) 12.u u.)
1+ ;1!, u u u u u u ! ;!!, 1. ;!,
u u u u u u !! ;1!, u u 1 ;10,
u u 0+ ;0!, u u 1- ;11, u u u u
v 2 2: + 2.
!- ;!!, !+ ;1, u u 0 ;0, u u 1 ;1-,
1 o::cltio: vlucs i:cictcc i: |olc :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
A::lX l1
!0
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
+
Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
l:zil
ltvi
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
+
I|lc 1!
rercentage o students and perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie, by type o schooi
Government or pubiic schoois
1
Government-dependent private schoois
2
Government-independent private schoois
1
Internationai Internationai Internationai
rerormance socio- rerormance socio- rerormance socio-
on the economic on the economic on the economic
combined inde o combined inde o combined inde o
reading iite- occupationai reading iite- occupationai reading iite- occupationai
racy scaie status (IsIIj racy scaie status (IsIIj racy scaie status (IsIIj
o stu- Mean Mean o stu- Mean Mean o stu- Mean Mean
dents s.I. score s.I. score s.I. dents s.I. score s.I. score s.I. dents s.I. score s.I. score s.I.

Dierence in perormance Dierence on the internationai socio-economic
on the combined reading iiteracy scaie inde o occupationai status
Government- Government- Government- Government-
dependent private schoois independent private schoois dependent private schoois independent private schoois
and pubiic schoois
s
and pubiic schoois
o
and pubiic schoois
s
and pubiic schoois
o
Dierence s.I. Dierence s.I. Dierence s.I. Dierence s.I.
1 Govc::uc:t o: u|lic c|ools w|ic| :c ci:cctl, co:t:ollcc o: u:gcc |, .) u|lic ccuctio: ut|o:it, o: gc:c,, o: ..) |, govc::uc:t gc:c, ci:cctl, o: |, govc::i:g |oc,, uost oi w|osc ucu|c:s
:c cit|c: oi:tcc |, u|lic ut|o:it, o: clcctcc |, u|lic i::c|isc
! l:ivtc, govc::uc:tccc:cc:t c|ools w|ic| :cccivc uo:c t|: .0 c: cc:t oi t|ci: co:c iu:ci:g ;iu:ci:g t|t suo:t t|c |sic ccuctio:l sc:viccs oi t|c i:stitutio:, i:ou govc::uc:t gc:cics
! l:ivtc, govc::uc:ti:ccc:cc:t c|ools w|ic| :cccivc lcss t|: .0 c: cc:t oi t|ci: co:c iu:ci:g ;iu:ci:g t|t suo:t t|c |sic ccuctio:l sc:viccs oi t|c i:stitutio:, i:ou govc::uc:t gc:cics
. lositivc ciiic:c:ccs ivou: govc::uc:tccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools w|ilc :cgtivc ciiic:c:ccs ivou: u|lic sc|ools lolc vlucs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
o lositivc ciiic:c:ccs ivou: govc::uc:ti:ccc:cc:t :ivtc sc|ools w|ilc :cgtivc ciiic:c:ccs ivou: u|lic sc|ools lolc vlucs :c sttisticll, sig:iiic:t
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
;!, .0+ ;!+, +- ;0+, o! ;!0, .!1 ;1.-, .+1 ;!!, .0 ;1, .!! ;10, .-0 ;1+,
-! ;0., .!! ;1o, .!! ;0!, ! ;0., .! ;., .-! ;11, !o ;0+, .o ;!, o+! ;0,
-+1 ;1o, +-1 ;!, ++ ;0!, . ;1o, .0! ;1!o, +! ;1, 0! ;0!, c c c c
.. ;!!, +- ;!-, +-o ;0., !+. ;!!, +-o ;., .0 ;0-,
-! ;1!, .+o ;!o, +-- ;0+, ! ;1!, ... ;1+, ..1 ;!0,
-.- ;1!, +1 ;!, + ;0+, +1 ;1!, .o! ;1!, .o- ;1,
-.- ;!1, +o ;.!, +o! ;0o, +1 ;!1, .+- ;!o!, oo- ;!-,
-.! ;1, +0 ;+!, +-+ ;0., ++ ;1o, +-+ ;!.., .!o ;!!, 0! ;0!, !-+ ;+, !0 ;00,
--! ;00, .0 ;1., .!o ;0!, 0 ;00, c c c c
!-. ;!0, .01 ;+-, ++o ;0, . ;!+, .+1 ;!-, .01 ;0., !- ;1+, .o ;o, o!. ;0,
-+1 ;1o, +o ;!!, +o ;0!, 0 ;0, c c c c .1 ;1+, .1! ;1!-, .!o ;!0,
o-o ;10, .!+ ;.-, +-! ;0, 0 ;0, c c c c !-o ;11, .1 ;110, .!0 ;1!,
.0 ;+., .1- ;.o, +! ;0, 1. ;!o, .!! ;-, +0! ;1, !!o ;!, .!! ;!o, ++1 ;0,
- ;00, +++ ;1, +.. ;0!, 1!1 ;00, ++0 ;!o, +1. ;0,
.1 ;!1, +1! ;!o, !- ;0., 1+- ;!1, +-! ;., .! ;1.,
-.1 ;0o, .! ;!, .1 ;0+, 01 ;01, c c c c + ;0o, .-- ;!+1, o+0 ;1!,
-o ;0-, .0. ;!-, .! ;0+, 1+ ;0-, .1- ;1!-, .+0 ;.o,
-1 ;1!, + ;.0, +.o ;0., !- ;1!, .00 ;!.!, .- ;!-,
-!o ;0, +o- ;+-, +! ;0o, .- ;0-, +! ;1o, +1 ;!1, 1. ;0, .0 ;+0, .o1 ;0,
o!0 ;!0, + ;!, +1! ;0o, !- ;!!, .0! ;0, +o. ;1!, -! ;!., .+! ;o!, o! ;1+,
-oo ;0, .1o ;!!, .0+ ;0+, !+ ;0, .!0 ;1o0, .+ ;!!,
-+1 ;1o, +-! ;+o, +! ;0+, 1! ;0o, .!0 ;!0o, .1 ;!, + ;1., .!! ;!, o!! ;!!,
-0 ;1!, .1. ;!., .01 ;0+, -! ;1!, o1+ ;-+, o+ ;0-,
-+o ;!!, .0! ;.o, .1 ;0o, 11 ;1!, .!! ;!!, +- ;00, +! ;!1, .+. ;!+!, ..! ;!,

-. ;!!, !o ;!-, +1. ;0, 10. ;!!, +.- ;1., .0 ;1-,
--! ;0, +o! ;o+, .0 ;0, 0 ;0, c c c c
1000 ;00, +o1 ;+!, +-! ;0+,
!o! ;.!, .1+ ;1!!, +-! ;1!, !- ;.!, .! ;0, .1o ;0,
u u u u u u u u
!o ;1o., 28 ;11, .! ;!!, 10.1 ;1.,
u u u u u u u u
+1 ;o, 1o ;!, 1.0 ;11, 12.1 ;0,
11 ;1!., c c 11 ;1-, c c
! ;o, 1! ;11,
- ;1.0, .! ;!1,
u u u u u u u u
81 ;1!, 8.2 ;1-,
81 ;!o, 20.o ;!0,
1+ ;!o!, -8s ;o!, !! ;!+, -11.+ ;0.,
c c c c
+1 ;o!, 8o ;-0, s.s ;0-, 18.0 ;11,
c c ! ;1!!, c c o.8 ;!1,
c c o ;1!., c c 1.8 ;1+,
! ;11+, 1! ;1, !o ;!1, 1! ;11,
+ ;!, -+.0 ;0-,
19 ;-, 18.s ;1,
c c 11 ;!++, c c 12.1 ;1+,
1+ ;1!!, 0! ;.,
!! ;!o!, 12.1 ;+0,
1! ;1., !- ;+!, !1 ;!!, 1!! ;1,
2s ;-, os ;1, s.2 ;1+, 21.s ;1.,
! ;1o!, +! ;!!,
! ;!!o, !1 ;!-+, !. ;!, 1s.1 ;!!,
98 ;-, 1+.1 ;10,
22 ;o1, +! ;!o!, -1.9 ;0o, !. ;+0,

1+ ;1o+, 1s.+ ;!1,
c c c c
u u u u u u u u

!+ ;1., !! ;1,
G
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1
R
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G
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-
G
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c
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1
R
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G
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1
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-
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A::lX l1
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Aust:li
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Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
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lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
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wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
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kussi: lccc:tio:
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I|lc 1
Reiationship betveen student perormance and socio-economic background
i.o.1 !..!, !c. o1 ..| c |. ..!o.c|. /... o1. ..c.o.. c |. .c/..1 ..o1. !...o., .o!.
o1 |. ti:+ .1. c ..cc.., c..o! o1 .o!o.o! oo (i:c:)
(1j (2j (1j (+j (sj (oj
unadjusted Mean score i Iscs vas equai siope o strength o Iength o projection Missing data
mean score to the GIcD average socio-economic gradient
1
reiationship o gradient iine or the Iscs
score point Dierence
dierence associated rercentage betveen 9s
th
and
vith one unit o epiained s
th
percentiie rercentage
Mean score Mean score s.I. on the Iscs s.I. variance o the Iscs o students
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1 locs u:|cc i: |olc :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:tl, ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c lD vc:gc sloc
.! .1! ;!10, +o ;!!o, 1 !- 1!
.0 .0 ;!o!, +1 ;!!o, 1+ ! 0o
.0 .!0 ;!+, +8 ;!!., !1 !1 1-
.!+ .! ;1.!, 11 ;1!1, 11 ! !+
+-! .00 ;!+!, s0 ;!!!, !0 ! 11
+- +- ;!!!, +! ;!0, 1. ! 1
.+o .+o ;!!!, 10 ;!+0, - !- 0.
.0. .1! ;!+, +1 ;!1, !! !- 11
++ +o ;!0, o0 ;!++, !! ! 1
++ ++ ;+1!, ! ;!0., 1. !! 1
+0 + ;!+o, s1 ;!-, !o !- 0o
.0 +-! ;!1!, 2+ ;!0., . ! 1!
.! .!o ;!-, ! ;!!!, 1! !- 11
+ + ;!11, 12 ;!!., 11 !1 0.
.!! .!! ;+o!, 21 ;!, o !o o1
.!. .!+ ;!!!, 21 ;!!, - !- 0!
++1 ++ ;!10, +o ;1o-, !+ !+ !+
+!! +.- ;!0+, 1s ;!+, !! ++ !
.!- .!+ ;!.!, +. ;!!, 1o !1 1!
.0. + ;!0!, +1 ;1!, 1! !- 1
+- +-o ;+!o, !o ;!+0, 1+ !! !1
+0 + ;!o, +0 ;!0-, !0 !o 0-
+-! .0+ ;!!!, 12 ;1.!, 1o !! 1!
.1o .0+ ;1-, 1o ;1o, 11 ! 10
+-+ +-- ;!.., +9 ;!!+, 1- !0 11
.!! .1- ;!!1, +9 ;1, 1- !- 1
.0+ +- ;+-, +8 ;!., !! !! .-
uu u 1.11) o1 u.9) 2u 1.u 1.
!-o +!+ ;!!, ! ;!o0, 1- +0 !+
+! + ;.!1, +- ;o!0, 1 !. 0
+o! +0 ;!!0, 11 ;!-, 11 !0 !1
u u ! ;!o1, 1. ! 0o
A::lX l1
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Aust:li
Aust:i
lclgiuu
:c
zcc| kcu|lic
Dc:u:|
li:l:c
l::cc
Gc:u:,
G:cccc
lu:g:,
lccl:c
l:cl:c
ltl,
:
lo:c
luxcu|ou:g
\cxico
:cw Zcl:c
:o:w,
lol:c
lo:tugl
i:
wccc:
witzc:l:c
D:itcc li:gcou
D:itcc ttcs
OLcD overoqe
l:zil
licc|tc:stci:
kussi: lccc:tio:
:ct|c:l:cs
!
I|lc !
Iects o seiected amiiy background and demographic actors on student perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie
(1j (2j (1j (+j (sj
Mean score adjusted
unadjusted by the background actors student rom Number o sibiings
1
student
mean score shovn in this tabie singie-parent amiiy
1
(: ./!. ....o.) is oreign-born
1

Mean score Mean score s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I.
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liiccts u:|cc i: |olc :c sttisticll, sig:i|c:t
1 lo: t|c cc|:itio:s oi t|c ucsu:cs, scc A::cx A1
! lo: t|c cc|:itio:s oi t|c i:ciccs, scc A::cx A1
.! .1 ;!01, !. ;++o, -s.2 ;1!, -22.1 ;.o0,
.0 +-- ;!!o, 1 ;+o, -1.8 ;11, -so.8 ;o,
.0 .0. ;!-!, ! ;.!o, -11.2 ;1!, -12.1 ;o1.,
.!+ .!! ;1., !! ;!0, -+.o ;0, -21.8 ;!1,
+-! +1 ;!1, ;..0, -8.9 ;11-, !. ;11-0,
+- +-o ;1o, .1 ;+!, -1.1 ;111, -12.o ;o0,
.+o .+! ;!+!, -11.9 ;.o!, -1.1 ;0-, -11.2 ;10+0,
.0. .0. ;!0., -11.2 ;!+., -o.+ ;110, -28.0 ;o.,
++ +0 ;!+0, 1! ;!.., -1.0 ;1!o, -20.2 ;.!,
++ +1 ;!o-, 0. ;o!!, -1.1 ;1., -++.0 ;101+,
+0 +.- ;!0+, 0! ;!!, -1.s ;1!, 1!! ;-.o,
.0 ++ ;!.+, o ;.0, 0! ;0-o, 1!. ;o+.,
.! .!- ;!., -11.+ ;.!!, -o.1 ;11!, 1s.s ;o,
+ ++ ;!1., -1.1 ;!.o, -1+.s ;1o., 1o1 ;-+,
.!! .!+ ;.-., -. ;.+1, -+.2 ;1-!, !0 ;!.0,
.!. .!. ;!+-, -11.o ;+, -s.o ;1o,
++1 +.! ;1-, !! ;.+!, -o.1 ;1!!, -+1.2 ;!-+,
+!! +.0 ;!1!, 0. ;!0, -1.1 ;0, -s0.9 ;1!,
.!- .!1 ;!01, o! ;+, -9.0 ;1!-, -12.9 ;+!,
.0. +-! ;!o., ;+-, -+.9 ;1-, -2+.s ;oo0,
+- +! ;!o., ! ;.o!, -2.8 ;11o, !!o ;1+.,
+0 +1 ;!!, 0 ;+!o, -12.o ;1!, -+ ;.-+,
+-! +-+ ;!1, !+ ;!!, -1.1 ;1!+, 1o0 ;-1!,
.1o .11 ;!0., -11.8 ;!.+, -s.0 ;0+, -+2.8 ;00,
+-+ +-. ;!+!, 1o ;+!!, -+.2 ;1o!, -o0.1 ;+,
.!! .!! ;1-+, -11.2 ;!!, -s.1 ;0-!, -11.s ;0,
.0+ .1! ;+00, -1+.o ;+o, -o.1 ;101, + ;o-!,
uu u 1.u) -1u. 1.9) -.9 u.o9) -2o.2 2.9)
!-o +!+ ;!!., 11 ;!o!, -o.9 ;0+, +!0 ;!!o!,
+! + ;.1!, .+ ;1o+1, !! ;!--, -o2.s ;1-1,
+o! +o! ;!.., o.1 ;!, -+.1 ;0o+, ! ;.+!,
u u -+ ;.-o, ! ;1-, -+1.o ;.,
Aust:li
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ltl,
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lol:c
lo:tugl
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wccc:
witzc:l:c
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OLcD overoqe
l:zil
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kussi: lccc:tio:
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G
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1
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20.1 ;-0, +.8 ;0!, 11.s ;1o, 18.8 ;1.,
s0.8 ;!, +.1 ;0o1, 11.8 ;!1+, 8.2 ;1-0,
s1.o ;10!, 2.o ;0.1, 22.1 ;!, 11.1 ;1+!,
19.2 ;++, +.o ;0+!, 1.9 ;0-, 11.8 ;0,
11.1 ;110, 1.o ;1!!, 1s.9 ;!+-, 11.8 ;1,
11+ ;-!, 9.+ ;0o, 8.1 ;1o., 10.+ ;1o,
1!+ ;101, 1.1 ;0+-, 1.8 ;1o, 12.1 ;1..,
22.s ;o++, 2.1 ;0.1, 1o.1 ;1o-, 11.2 ;1+.,
oo.1 ;1!1-, s.+ ;0-!, 22.1 ;++!, 1+.8 ;!,
. ;!1, 1.2 ;0o+, 12.2 ;1!, 1s.0 ;1-,
1-+ ;10+, 12.1 ;11o, 10.1 ;1o-, 20.1 ;!0,
-+ ;-., 1.o ;0o0, !1 ;10, 12.1 ;!!,
o ;1, 2.2 ;0!, 11.1 ;1o!, 10.2 ;1-o,
2o.1 ;-!, 2.o ;0o0, 9.s ;!!+, 10.s ;1-,
11.1 ;1+o., 11 ;!!, 11.1 ;!0o, 11.+ ;1+,
1!o ;-0!, 1.1 ;0!, s.8 ;1!+, 9.8 ;1!!,
2+.0 ;oo, 2.s ;0+, 18.2 ;!0!, 18.2 ;1o-,
11.+ ;oo, 2.o ;0+-, 10.9 ;10-, 8.1 ;1.-,
29.0 ;., 2.s ;0!, 18.9 ;11, 1.1 ;1!,
o ;-., 2.0 ;0, 19.s ;1, 12.8 ;1-1,
11 ;-o, o.0 ;1!1, 12.2 ;1-+, 11.+ ;!!0,
21.+ ;1!, 1.1 ;0o0, 1+.s ;1o1, 1+.9 ;1!-,
18.o ;.!o, 1.o ;0!-, 10.o ;1!-, 12.s ;1+0,
.. ;0, 11 ;0o, 1.o ;1!., 1s.1 ;1+-,
+1.8 ;o!1, o.1 ;0o-, 1s.2 ;1-1, 8.1 ;1.o,
1o ;-., s.s ;0oo, 11.s ;1!!, 12.1 ;1.0,
1-! ;10-, +.1 ;111, 10.1 ;1o-, 1s.8 ;!!,
2.1 1.ou) o. u.1u) 12.u u.u) 11.o u.1)
01 ;o., 2.o ;0.1, 12.1 ;1!., +.2 ;!01,
!.0 ;!0, o.0 ;!0o, 10o ;o-!, 101 ;0.,
19.8 ;!!, 0. ;0.-, 12.s ;111, 8.9 ;1!,
2o.1 ;1!!+, 2.+ ;0o, 21.o ;!-1, +.1 ;1!,
(oj (1j (8j (9j
Internationai socio-economic Inde o home Inde o cuiturai
inde o occupationai status (IsIIj
2
rarentai years o schooiing
1
educationai resources
2
possessions in the amiiy home
2
(: ...o.co! o1o.1 1..o.c ....o.) (: ,.o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.)
Iect s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I.
A::lX l1
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OLcD overoqe
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1
I|lc !
Variation in perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie epiained by socio-economic background
rercentage o BI1WIIN-schooi variance that is epiained rercentage o WI1HIN-schooi variance that is epiained
by the socio-economic background actors shovn in 1abie 8.2 by the socio-economic background actors shovn in 1abie 8.2
G
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Iects o the students` and schoois` socio-economic background on perormance on
the combined reading iiteracy scaie
i.. c o ....o. c |o! o o1.!..! o1o.1 1..o.c c |. .1. c ..cc.., c..o! o1 .o!o.o! oo
Interquartiie range o schooi Iect o the students` economic, Iect o the schoois` mean
mean inde o economic, sociai sociai and cuiturai status economic, sociai and cuiturai
and cuiturai status
1
on perormance
1
status

on perormance
1
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Iamiiy background and student characteristics
tucc:tlcvcl i:ccx oi cco:ouic, socil :c cultu:l sttus
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tucc:ttcc|i:g stii :tio ;1 stucc:t lcss io: cc| lIl tcc|c:,
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Iects o student-ievei and schooi-ievei actors on perormance on the combined reading, mathematicai
and scientiic iiteracy scaies, or aii GIcD countries combined
Modei 1: ]oint impact
Modei 1: Impact Modei 2: Impact o o schooi actors and
o schooi actors amiiy background amiiy background
RIADING II1IRAcY scAII Increase Iect s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I.
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20.1 ;!0, 20.1 ;!0,
-1.1 ;0!+, -1.1 ;0!.,
o1.s ;o+, so.o ;.+1,
2s.s ;1-, 2s.0 ;!0!,
-21.2 ;!, -21.1 ;!,
!0 ;1., 11 ;0o+,
-0.1 ;00!, 00 ;001,
! ;1+-, -18.o ;11o0,
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-0.1 ;00., 00 ;00!,
01 ;01-, 00 ;01!,
0.+ ;00, 0.2 ;00+,
-0.1 ;00!, -0.1 ;001,
1! ;11o, 0- ;0o.,
18.1 ;!!0, 9.1 ;1+,
01 ;0-0, 0- ;0!,
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2.2 ;0-., 0+ ;0..,
1! ;1!0, 01 ;0!,
+.9 ;1+, 01 ;0o,
1o ;100, -1.1 ;0..,
18.0 ;1!, 10.1 ;10,
10.s ;1-, 1.0 ;11o,
1.8 ;!.0, !1 ;1!1,
00 12.+ 12.+
11.0 oo.1 11.9
20.8 1+.1 +1.+
19.1 ;1o, 19.1 ;1o,
-1.2 ;0+., -1.2 ;0++,
o2.8 ;o-, s2.1 ;.o,
-1o.2 ;1.o, -1o.8 ;1o0,
-21.1 ;!, -21.s ;!.,
!! ;1+!, 0 ;0.-,
01 ;00!, 0.0 ;001,
-2o.0 ;11!0, 1o- ;10!.,
+.1 ;1!, 1.1 ;0o!,
-0.1 ;00., 00 ;00!,
0! ;0!0, 0! ;01+,
0.1 ;00., 0.1 ;00!,
-0.1 ;00!, -0.1 ;00!,
1 ;110, 1.1 ;0o!,
20.0 ;!!, 10.1 ;!0!,
1. ;11!, 1- ;1!!,
s.o ;!0!, 1+ ;11-,
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1. ;1!, 0! ;0,
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1! ;0-!, 0- ;0o!,
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and scientiic iiteracy scaies, or aii GIcD countries combined
scIIN1IIIc II1IRAcY scAII Increase Iect s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I.
19.1 ;1-+, 19.1 ;1-.,
-0.8 ;0+!, 0 ;0+!,
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-1s.0 ;1!1, -2o.9 ;10.+,
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01 ;00., 00 ;00!,
0! ;01-, 01 ;01!,
0.1 ;00, 0.1 ;00+,
-0.1 ;00!, -0.1 ;001,
1+ ;0--, 1! ;0o.,
18.o ;!!!, 9.9 ;1o,
0. ;100, 1+ ;10+,
s.1 ;1-, 0. ;0-+,
1.1 ;101, 0! ;0.,
10 ;11+, 0! ;0o,
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1! ;0-, 0- ;0o.,
1o.s ;1-o, 10.1 ;11!,
10.s ;1!, 1.0 ;1!!,
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0.0 10.1 10.1
29.+ o2.o o9.0
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Dierence in average Dierence in average Dierence in average rercentage o teachers in
schooi perormance schooi perormance schooi perormance schooi vith a university
or schoois vith a or schoois vith a or schoois vith a rercentage o tertiary-ievei
student-teaching sta ratio student-teaching sta ratio student-teaching sta ratio computers at schooi quaiiication vith a
betveen 20 and 2s betveen 2s and 10 greater than 10 avaiiabie to major in the respec-
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1
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ratio beiov 20
1
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ratio beiov 20
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(: ....o. c. ....o.) (: ....o. c. ....o.)
Iect s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I. Iect s.I.
rercentage o teachers in
schooi participating in proessionai Inde o the quaiity Inde o students` use Inde o the use o ormai
deveiopment programmes
1
o the schoois` physicai o schooi resources
2
student assessments
2
(: ....o. c. ....o.) inrastructure
2
(: o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.)
-+8.22 ;-+, -os.10 ;10+, 0!o ;0+., 0.11 ;01!,
-18.9s ;1--!, 1+10 ;1-!+, !1 ;10-, 0.1 ;0+o, 0.+1 ;0!0,
!o+ ;1o!, -91.11 ;++11, -2.s1 ;0o, 0.98 ;0!0,
22.8o ;+, 0 ;!0!0, -+0.11 ;1++0, -0.s1 ;01o, 0.19 ;00.,
1!+! ;.!, 1!1- ;1-+, 00! ;11o+, 0!- ;0!, 0!! ;01-,
-1.12 ;0+, 0.11 ;01+,
0+ ;10!, 01- ;01!,
u u u u u u u u u u
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!!!- ;1.0, -1.1s ;0+1,
!-1! ;!!+, 0!. ;0+0, 0.0 ;0+-,
-22.12 ;.0, 0!o ;0.+, 00! ;010,
1+! ;11, 00 ;0!!,
-2.0+ ;0--, 0.1s ;0!-,
!+. ;1-0, -1.os ;0+!, 01 ;0!-,
1s.91 ;.1, 21.s2 ;-!, 11+ ;10!1, -0.8o ;0!o, 001 ;010,
1! ;!0o, 1.09 ;0o!,
11-o ;o., 1-o- ;1!00, 11! ;!., 10! ;0.o, 01! ;01!,
0! ;0, 00! ;01,
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+!0! ;!!1!, 011 ;0!!, 01! ;0+!,
18.82 ;o, 11 ;1!1, -2.s+ ;0, 00! ;010,
-2o.1+ ;10!, 0!! ;0o0, 0.1o ;00,
+1!o ;.+, 1!!+ ;11, -0.o8 ;0!o, 0.o2 ;010,
++.+2 ;!0!., 11+! ;1!.+, -+9.s1 ;1!0, -0.1+ ;0!, 01! ;01!,
1+o! ;1.o!, -! ;10!, -1.+1 ;0+0, 0.19 ;01.,
-u.1 .o) -1u.u1 o.o1) -22.o .o1) -u.o9 u.1o) u.1u u.u)
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u u u u u u u u u u
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001 ;00, 0- ;!.0, 11.98 ;!, !+0 ;!-,
01+ ;0!0, +1! ;.o!, 28.0o ;--, 0+ ;+-.,
000 ;0!0, 1o+ ;+!-, +9.s0 ;!!, 0. ;+1,
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0!1 ;01+, -1.2s ;!!, 1+.10 ;+!0, +o ;+!+,
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-0.21 ;010, 0!0 ;!+0, !. ;1001, o!o ;!.0,
u u u u u u u u
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01- ;01., !1 ;+.o, 12.+1 ;.!, 1. ;!+!,
00 ;010, !-+ ;!-., !0 ;!., 0 ;!!!,
10 ;0o!, +s.8s ;-+, -os.9o ;!+,
00 ;010, 8.81 ;!.1, 11.89 ;+.., !!- ;!+,
00! ;011, !. ;+0o, 1+.! ;-, 1! ;o++,
001 ;00, +!- ;+!, ..! ;!o, 11- ;!-!,
00 ;01., +0o ;o0., s1.20 ;o.., o+ ;-10,
0!o ;0!0, 0-o ;+!, !. ;.+, 11. ;o1-,
-0.21 ;00-, s.0+ ;!+!, 9.+o ;+1., 0 ;!+,
00+ ;00o, !1 ;!+o, !o0 ;!!!, !-- ;.+,
01! ;010, +!1 ;+11, 22.+2 ;+o, !-o ;!o,
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01. ;01+, oo ;+!-, s2.19 ;o+, -01 ;oo1,
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Iects o student-ievei and schooi-ievei actors on perormance on the combined reading iiteracy scaie
Inde o teacher-reiated Inde o principais` percep- Inde o teacher Inde o schooi
actors aecting schooi tions o teachers` moraie and autonomy
1
autonomy
1
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1
(: o. ....o.) commitment
1
(: o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.)
Inde o the use Inde o Inde o Inde o
o inormai student teacher-student reiations
1
discipiinary ciimate
1
achievement press
1

assessments
1
(: o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.) (: o. ....o.)
8.11 ;!1, 1.00 ;!!-, -s.o1 ;!1!, 1+.12 ;+o0,
0! ;ooo, +1 ;.-!, -12.81 ;o.-, 18.+1 ;o.,
11.11 ;+o, .o1 ;+, !11 ;+1!, 111. ;o-,
1.11 ;1!, 0!o ;1.0, 1-- ;1!, 8.21 ;!!,
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0!o ;!1!, 9.o2 ;!., !! ;!1, 0o. ;!0!,
!- ;+!1, 1.11 ;!o, ..0 ;!., !o- ;!o!,
u u u u u u u u
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1- ;!1!, !!! ;+.o, 0o ;-., . ;1000,
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.o ;!-, !0 ;!-, !00 ;!o, o.1 ;o.1,
!o0 ;.!!, +1! ;!-+, 0 ;+.1, 1s.11 ;o+0,
12.s1 ;.0o, 1!- ;.o, ..0 ;.-, -00 ;+o,
0+0 ;+o., 9.0s ;!0, !!- ;!0!, .- ;.!o,
!.- ;!-!, 0o ;!o, 111 ;+!-, 00! ;+1!,
-+1.12 ;1!!, o0+ ;1!+!,
1+o ;!!-, 0!. ;!1., !.0 ;!-1, !- ;+++,
11.90 ;.!+, !.1 ;!.1, .! ;+.0, ! ;-11,
o0 ;+++, 1o- ;+o.,
0.- ;!, 11.89 ;.--,
111 ;-!, !+1 ;o!!, 1+1 ;+, 1!!- ;!-,
o.8s ;!o!, o.1s ;!1!, 1! ;!-0, 9.19 ;!!,
0 ;!0, !! ;!!, !. ;!+, 10 ;+.,
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1o.81 ;!.., +.! ;!.., 1o1 ;!o-, 0-1 ;!0!,
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o.2o 1.1o) 1.u1 u.o) -2.2 1.2o) o.1u 1.o)
0- ;!.., 0!. ;!!, -10.18 ;+0!, 11.s8 ;!o,
u u u u u u u u
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20.09 ;10, 1! ;o-, !00 ;.., !!1 ;0+,
-o.91 ;!o, -0 ;o1!, 19.11 ;+-!, o!! ;.0o,
!1 ;.!+, 11.20 ;+o!, -!! ;.-+, .-+ ;.!,
1-! ;!!, 2+.82 ;., 10. ;.!+, 1o.90 ;.,
0!1 ;1+, 18.09 ;!.., 9.12 ;!0, !+o ;!1,
1-0 ;!1., 1.1o ;!!, ooo ;!-, 11. ;!+o,
1. ;!!!, 28.s0 ;.!o, 1.0 ;..!, +! ;oo1,
0!- ;!., 10oo ;.o, o01 ;!1, -12.1s ;o!-,
u u 28.+9 ;!., -0+ ;++, 0! ;o0-,
!. ;+o-, 11.91 ;.!+, 10. ;o10, 0+ ;!!,
0- ;oo0, 11!o ;., 1o ;11+o, 11.20 ;o!,
+0+ ;+, 1011 ;!!, 2o.8o ;oo-, 1.! ;-!!,
0o! ;!1, 10.++ ;+0, !! ;!-, + ;.!!,
!+ ;.0-, +!+ ;1+, 11.21 ;.1!, 11- ;11!0,
0! ;+++, 11.+1 ;o!, 2o.80 ;o!+, o0 ;10.,
1- ;!!., 2s.+s ;.1., 11.so ;!-, 0!! ;!1,
1o0 ;!!!, .o! ;++0, 10.2s ;!o, 21.8+ ;!0,
10!! ;1!!, 011 ;!0!, 1!o ;!1.,
!- ;!!1, 2o.92 ;.o!, 0+o ;+!, 10.81 ;.1,
00- ;+-1, 29.09 ;11, !+1 ;o, -2o.s1 ;11-+,
11.oo ;+10, 11 ;o0., 0.- ;++,
!o ;o!!, -0 ;+--, 22.91 ;.!, 2o.11 ;10..,
.1 ;.1, 11.01 ;1!o0, 29.01 ;10o, 22.12 ;111+,
1.1+ ;1.., 0.1 ;!1+, 8.98 ;!1., 1o! ;!-,
0.! ;!!, 12.11 ;.!, 18.9+ ;+1+, o1 ;+-.,
! ;.!-, 11.12 ;++!, 10.00 ;!., -11.1s ;.!!,
!o1 ;!+, 19.08 ;o00, 1+.o1 ;+1., +1 ;!0,
1++ ;o, 20.00 ;-, !-- ;o., -+! ;-0o,
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1+0 ;o0o, 18.1+ ;!, !1 ;o!!, . ;1!,
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sociai and cuiturai status (Iscsj
rercentage o teachers in
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lugc:c o|:so: ;Auc:ic: l:stitutcs io: kcsc:c|, D:itcc
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#ITOGROEP
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%DUCATIONAL4ESTING3ERVICE
l:wi: li:sc| ;:cci:g tcst ccvclouc:t,
/THEREXPERTS
o:cul A:tclt ;qucstio::i:c ccvclouc:t,
\:c Dcucusc ;qulit, uo:ito:i:g,
l::, G:zc|oou ;qucstio::i:c ccvclouc:t,
Alctt G:is, ;tcc|:icl cvicc, ct :l,sis, t::sltio:,
qucstio::i:c ccvclouc:t,
Do:lc li:sc| ;ccito:il :cvicw,
ulcs lcsc|: ;qucstio::i:c ccvclouc:t,
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\:icA:c:cc ouc:s ;ct :l,sis :c :co:ti:g,
lctc: utto: ;ccito:il :cvicw,
kic| Io|i: ;qucstio::i:c ccvclouc:t :c :co:ti:g,
Dougls Willus ;qucstio::i:c ccvclouc:t, ct :l,sis
:c :co:ti:g,
OECD PUBLICATIONS, 2, rue Andr-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16
PRINTED IN FRANCE
(96 2001 14 1 P) ISBN 92-64-19671-4 No. 52233 2001

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