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4 Logic

unit 12

ABOUT LOGIC

LOGIC deals with meanings in a

language system, not with actual


behavior of any short. Logic deals

most centrally with PREPOSITIONS.


The terms logic and logical do not

apply directly to UTTERANCES


(which are instances behavior).

Logic, then, tells us nothing about goals, or


assumptions, or actions in themselves. It simply provides rules for calculation which may be used to get a rational being from goals and assumptions to action. There is a close analogy between logic and arithmetic (which is why we have used the word calculation). Arithmetical fact does not mean just fact involving numbers in some way, but rather fact arising from the system of rules defining addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. A similarity between arithmetic and logic is the unthinkability of alternatives.

Practice : Given below are a number of sentences. Each one expresses either a logical contradiction or a necessary truth of logic. (Sentences expressing necessary truths of logic are a type of analytic sentence.) Mark each sentence for contradiction (C) or for analytic (A) as appropriate.

John is here and John is not here


Either John is here or John is not here

C
C

A
A

If John is here, John is here


If everyone is here, no one isnt here

C
C

A
A

If someone is here, then no one is here

LOGIC
Sentence with similar or identical grammatical forms may sometimes have different logical forms.

(1) Does the truth of the third sentence below follow necessarily from the truth of the first two? A plant normally gives off oxygen A geranium is a plant therefore A geranium normally gives off oxygen Yes / No (2) Does the truth of the third sentence below follow necessarily from the truth of the first two? A plant suddenly fell off the window-sill A geranium is a plant therefore A geranium suddenly fell off the window-sill Yes / No

A system of logic, like a system of arithmetic, consist of two things: A notation Set of rules necessary to include/exclude in logical system which captures the essence of rational human thought. E.g: page 138 (using invalid and valid)

Logic
Modus ponens is a rule stating that if a proposition Q and P is true, then Q is true.

P P Q

Logic
Logic deals with meaning in a language system not with actual bahaviour, although logical calculations are an ingredient of any rational behaviour.

Thank You

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