Slender Column Design

using the
ACI 318-08 Building Code
Robert J. Frosch, Ph.D., P.E.
Professor of Civil Engineering
Purdue University
September 21 - 22, 2011
318 Slenderness Task Group
Simplify slenderness provisions
Recognize modern analysis met
Identify when slenderness considered
Combine into one section (10.10)
Flow of Provisions
1. Determine if slenderness can be neglected
2. Compute M
2nd-order
at ends
3. Compute M
2nd-order
between ends
4. Determine if column is too slender
10.10.1 Neglect Slenderness?
Braced Against Sideway
Not Braced Against Sideway
5% Increase in Moment Acceptable
22
l
u
k
r
1 2
34 12( / ) 40
l
u
k
M M
r
Braced or Not-Braced?
Evaluate story stiffness
K
bracing
12K
columns
Story
Stiffness
Shear Wall - K
bracing
Column - K
column
Calculate End Moments
Slenderness
Analysis
Nonlinear second-
order analysis
10.10.3
Elastic second-
order analysis
10.10.4
Moment
magnification
10.10.5
10.10.3 Nonlinear 2
nd
-order analysis
Second-order analysis shall consider:
material nonlinearity
member curvature and lateral drift
duration of loads
shrinkage and creep
interaction with the supporting foundation
Nonlinear 2
nd
-order analysis
The analysis procedure shall have been shown
to result in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with results of comprehensive tests
of columns in statically indeterminate
reinforced concrete structures.
Only 3 Frame Tests
10.10.4 Elastic 2
nd
-order analysis
Use second-order elastic program
P option enabled
Consider section properties accounting:
Influence of axial loads
Presence of cracked regions along length
Effects of load duration
10.10.4.1 Recommended I
Compression Members:
Columns 0.70I
g
Walls Uncracked 0.70I
g
Cracked 0.35I
g
Flexural Members:
Beams 0.35I
g
Flat plates/slabs 0.25I
g
- Reduce I if sustained lateral loads present
ds
1
1 +
Alternate I
Compression members:
Flexural members:
0
0.80 25 1 0
0.35 0.875
.5



= +





st u u
g
g u
g g
A M P
I I
A P h P
I I I
( )
0.10 25 1.2 0.2
0.25 0.5

= +

g
w
g
g
I I
b
I
d
I
I
10.10.5 Moment magnification
P
P
P
P
= 0
Nonsway Sway
No amplification
of end moments
Amplification
of end moments
M
T
M
B
M
T
M
B
T B
M M 0 + =
T B
M M P + =
Nonsway or Sway?
Nonsway
M
end,
1.05M
end,
K
bracing
12K
columns

0.05

=
u o
us c
P
Q
V l
2
nd
-order
1
st
-order
P
P
= 0
M
T
M
B
Sway procedure
1 1 1
2 2 2

= +
= +
ns s s
ns s s
M M M
M M M
P
P
M
Ts
M
Bs
1
1
1
=

s
Q
1
1
1
0.75
=

s
u
c
P
P
Option 1
Option 2
P
P
M
Tns
M
Bns
+

2
nd
-order End Moments
Nonlinear
second order
Elastic
second order
Moment
Magnification
P
u
P
u
M
u,top
M
u,bottom
P
10.10.2.2 Second-order along length
Computer analysis
Equilibrium in Deformed Position
Not practical
Moment magnification 10.10.6
Nodes at ends Nodes between ends
P
Moment magnification due to
member curvature
2
=
c ns
M M
1.0
1
0.75
=

m
ns
u
c
C
P
P
( )
2
2

=
c
u
EI
P
kl
P
u
P
u
M
u,top
M
u,bottom

M
c
M
u,top
M
u,bottom
Moment Amplification
P
u
P
u
M
1

M
1
M
1
M
1
M
c
=M
1
+P
1
1
1
=

c
u
c
M M
P
P
Equivalent Moment - C
m
1
2
0.6 0.4 = +
m
M
C
M
P
u
P
u
M
2

M
1
M
2
M
1
2
=
eq m
M C M
M
c
P
u
P
u
M
eq

M
eq
M
eq
M
eq
M
c
ACI Simplified Equation
1.0
1
0.75
=

m
ns
u
c
C
P
P
Stiffness reduction factor

K
=0.75
( )
2
2

=
l
c
u
EI
P
k
Flexural Stiffness
Account for:
axial load, cracking, reinforcement, sustained load
( )
0.2
1
+
=
+
c g s se
dns
E I E I
EI
0.40
1
=
+
c g
dns
E I
EI
Alternate Stiffness
0
0.80 25 1 0.5
1
0.35 0.875
1 1

= +



+



+ +
c g
st u u
g u dns
c g c g
dns dns
E I
A M P
EI
A P h P
E I E I
EI
Minimum Eccentricity
( )
2,min
0.6 . 0.03 = +
u
M P in h
m
1
2
C 1.0 or
M
0.6 0.4
M
=
= +
Courtesy Walter P Moore
P
u
P
u

M
2,min
M
2,min
M
c
10.10.6.3 Equivalent Length
k=1.0 k=0.5
Flexible Beams
Rigid Beams
M = 0
M
M = 0
M
( )
2
2

=
l
c
EI
P
k
P
P
2
2

=
l
e
EI
P
P
P
e
M
0
> P
e
> 0
k = 1.0
Column loses stiffness as P
e
approached
To achieve k < 1.0
Beams must resist moment for P
Beams not designed for P moment
Use k=1.0 for design
Too slender?
M 1.4M
- 2
nd
-order effects not dominate response
- Eliminate need for stability analysis
Cross-sectional dimensions
Within 10% shown on design drawings
2
nd
order 1
st
order
P
u
= 200 kips
M
u
= 86 ft-kips
P
u
= 200 kips
M
u
= 72 ft-kips
'
4, 000 psi
60, 000 psi
=
=
c
y
f
f
12
15
2.5
2.5
Design Example
16 ft
60 kips
=
=
l
u
sus
P
A
A
Minimum Eccentricity
( )
( )
2,min
0.6 . 0.03
200 0.6 . 0.03(15 .)
200 (1.05 .)
210 .- 17.5 -
= +
= +
=
= =
u
M P in h
kip in in
kip in
in kip ft kip
86ft-kip 17.5ft-kip >
Does not control
12
15
A
A
Amplification between ends
in.
1.0*16 ft *12
ft
0.3*15 in.
42.7
=
=
u
kl
r
1
2
34 12
72 ft-kip
34 12
86 ft-kip
24.0

=
=
M
M
Use k = 1.0
42.7 24.0 Slender >
Column Properties
( )( )
3
4
57 4000 3605 ksi
1
12 in. 15 in. 3375 in.
12
= =
= =
c
g
E
I
12
15
2.5
2.5
A
A
( )
( )
4
6 2
Sustained Axial Load 1.2*60 kips
0.36
Factored Axial Load 200 kips
0.4 3605 ksi 3375 in.
0.4
3.58 10 kip in.
1 1 0.36

= = =
= = =
+ +
dns
c g
dns
E I
EI x
Euler Buckling Load
( )
( )
2 6 2
2
2 2
3.58 10 in. -kip
958 kips
in.
1.0*16 ft *12
ft

= = =



c
u
x
EI
P
kl
Amplified Moment
2
1.29*86 ft-kip 111 ft-kip
=
= =
c ns
M M
1
2
72 ft-kip
C 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.93
86 ft-kip
0.93
1.29
200 kips
1 1
0.75*958 kips 0.75

= + = + =
= = =

m
m
ns
u
c
M
M
C
P
P
Design Column for P
u
= 200 kips
M
u
= 111 ft*kips
M
u
= 86 ft-kips
M
u
= 72 ft-kips
P
u
=
200 kips
Magnitude of 2
nd
-order effects
M 1.4M
2
nd
order 1
st
order
Future Directions
Improved EI expressions
Improved
dns
definition
Increased slenderness limits
Improved EI Expressions
Reduce Conservatism
Provide Simplicity
Axial Load
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Axial Load, P
u
/P
o
c g
EI
E I

0
1 0.6
u
P
P
Eccentricity Ratio
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
Eccentricity Ratio, e/h
Uncracked Transition Zone Cracked
Fully
E
I
E
c
I
g
1
1
.

5
-

P
u
P
u
Analytical Comparison: ACI Eq. 10-15
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
M
c
,Eq./M
c
,Anal.
Design
ACI Eq. 10-15
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
8
>
2
.
0
0
.
8
1
.
4
1
.
6
0
.
6
0 4 .
c g
E I
Analytical Comparison: ACI Eq. 10-8
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
M
c
,Eq./M
c
,Anal.
Design
ACI Eq. 10-8
0 80 25 1 0 5


+





. .
st u u
c g
g u o
A M P
E I
A P h P
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
8
>
2
.
0
0
.
8
1
.
4
1
.
6
0
.
6
Improved
dns
definition
u,sus
dns
u
P
P
=
Same Load Combination
For 1.4D Combination:
dns
1.4D
1.0
1.4D
= =
dns
1 1
0.5
1 2
= =
+
0.20 =
c g
EI E I
Future
dns
Account for creep
Consider axial stress level
u,sus u,sus
dns
'
o c g
P P
P 0.85f A
=
Slenderness Limits
1.4 Maximum Eliminated for P
1.4 Increased for P
Summary
Higher strength concrete
Higher strength reinforcement
Improved estimates of
Short term stiffness EI
Long term stiffness -
dns
Increase used of slender columns
Questions?
Sway Frame
P
2P

M
1
M
2
1 2
M M (P 2P) + = +