1.

CONTINOUS TRADITIONAL UNDERPINNING

The traditional technique of underpinning involves excavation in sections beneath the existing foundations and casting a new concrete foundation. Continuity bars of steel reinforcement are driven into each end of the excavation to connect intervening bases into a continuous strip on completion. Either the width of foundation is B or 1B.

The individual bases are cast in a staggered sequence of alternative bays to ensure the building is fully supported at all times. Special care and often smaller bases should be allowed for at corners or projections such as bay windows or porches. New bases are normally cast to within 50 - 75mm below the underside of the existing foundation. Following curing of the concrete, a dry pack mix of strong cement and sand is driven into this gap to fully support the foundations. This part of the operation may also be carried out by pressure grouting equipment. The purpose of this is to allow for any variations in the underside of the existing foundations and for any shrinkage in the new concrete. Once this work has been done, excavations may commence on the adjacent base.

1.2
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

ADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL UNDERPINNING Simple engineering and easily understood Suitable for heavy loads and massive structures Occupants can remain in the property work can be undertaken from outside Method can be used in restricted access areas Suitable for formation of new cellars and basements Low cost solution at shallow depths Minimal disruption and noise generated

1.3
a)

DISADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL UNDERPINNING Only available for strip foundation only

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2.0

PRETEST METHOD UNDERPINNING

Pretest method is can be used for strip and pad foundation. Its suitable for building which increase the load bearing capacity to the building. This is suitable for increased storey from 5 to 10 storeys. Subsoil in new excavation level will be

compact and compress to give predetermined loads to the soil before underpinning works done. Before the load form is applied in large and heavy buildings a system of pre compressing the soil on which the new work will be carried out by consolidating the soil under the new foundation.

2.1
a)

ADVANTAGES OF PRETEST METHOD UNDERPINNING Minimal disruption and noise generated

2.2
b)

DISADVANTAGES OF PRETEST METHOD UNDERPINNING Not suitable for raft foundation

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3.0

MIGA OR JACK UNDERPINNING

Jack Pile Underpinning method can be used when the depth of a suitable bearing capacity subsoil is too deep to make traditional underpinning uneconomic. It is consist of short pre cast concrete pile lengths jacked into the ground until suitable subsoil is reached. When the jack pile has reached the required depth the space between the top of the pile and underside of the existing foundation is filled with a pinned concrete cap. The existing foundations must be in a good condition since they will have to span over the heads of the pile caps which are cast onto the jack pile heads after the hydraulic jacks have been removed.

3.1
a) b)

ADVANTAGES OF MIGA OR JACK UNDERPINNING This method is suitable for strip and pad foundation Suitable for subsoil with deep bearing capacity which is not practical to use traditional wall underpinning

c) d)

Using jack in underpinning works can avoid deep excavation. No vibration and noise in using jack which will not disturb nearest building or environment.

e)

Suitable for heavy loads and massive structures

3.2
a)

DISADVANTAGES OF MIGA OR JACK UNDERPINNING Used where a vibration less system capable of supporting high compressive loads is required

b)

The movement of hydraulic jacking system tool is slow, so the moving process need long time especially for distance of one pile driving point to other point is relatively far

c)

If there is thin rock or thin hard soil layer at the end of pile which is pressed, then it will result in errors during erection

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4.0

BORED PILE UNDERPINNING

Bore pile is most suitable piling work for underpinning because piling rig can be use in small and limited space especially under existing foundation. The best diameter pile for the underpinning work is 300mm-950mm. It is using to replace the strip foundation or pad foundation.

4.1
a) b)

ADVANTAGES OF BORED PILE UNDERPINNING Suitable method to replace existing foundation with piling Simple method of construction which include excavation, steel casing, reinforcement and concrete works

c) d) e) f)

Quite and not produce a lot of vibration It will be done stage by stage It can be used in space as low as 1.80 meter Suitable for heavy loads and massive structures

4.2
a) b) c)

DISADVANTAGES OF BORED PILE UNDERPINNING Inappropriate for raft foundation Extremely required a high cost construction Time consuming due to the augured process which depending on the weather condition

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5.0

CANTILEVER BEAM UNDERPINNING

This method stabilises existing wall foundations either internally or externally whichever the most appropriate. Two mini-piles are installed, one compression and one tension. A pocket is broken out into the existing wall and a reinforced concrete beam is cast linking the two piles. Load Capabilities using mini-piles:

105mm dia SWL 60KN 150mm dia SWL 90KN Piles are installed at approximately 1.0m 1.5m centers and 1.2m apart

determined by loadings. Then pockets are broken out and reinforced beams are placed to pick up the walls. Beams are usually cast alternate.Piles either driven or augured are installed and then connected to the reinforced concrete needle beams, positioned through the walls

5.1
a) b)

ADVANTAGES OF CANTILEVER BEAM UNDERPINNING Faster than traditional underpinning Access from one side only. Occupants can stay in the property during construction

c) d) e)

Economical at depths greater than 1.5m Suitable for restricted access Cantilever beam constructed at a higher level if existing foundation too deep High load capability

f)

5.2
a)

DISADVANTAGES OF CANTILEVER BEAM UNDERPINNING Uneconomical to dig due to the existing foundations being deep, or that goodbearing strata is so deep which the depths greater than 1.5m

b)

Needle beams cannot be used due to access constraint

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6.0

NEEDLE BEAMS UNDERPINNING

Needle and pile is use if the wall to be underpinned has a weak foundation that is considered unsuitable for spanning over the heads of jack piles. This method uses pairs of jacks or usually bored piles in conjunction with an in-situ reinforced concrete beam or needle place above the existing foundation. The system works on the same principles as a dead shoring arrangement relying on the arching effect of bonded brickwork. If water is encountered when using bored piles a pressure pile can be used as an alternative. There are two ways of arrangements to enable the work to be carried out. Either from both sides of the wall or from the external faces only.

6.1
a) b)

ADVANTAGES OF CANTILEVER BEAM UNDERPINNING Suitable for restricted access Needle beam constructed at a higher level if the existing foundation is too deep.

c) d) e) f)

Faster than tradition underpinning. Reducing the span between needle beams can accommodate very high loads More economical at greater depths Less disruption, less spoil generated and completed quickly

6.2
a)

DISADVANTAGES OF CANTILEVER BEAM UNDERPINNING Like beams, they maintain their shape by the opposition of large tensile and compressive forces, as well as shear, and are therefore relatively massive.

b)

Truss construction is used in the larger examples to reduce the weight.

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7.0

PYNFORD STOOL METHOD OF UNDERPINNING

The reinforced concrete beam formed by this method may well be adequate to spread the load of the existing wall or it may be used in conjunction with other forms of underpinning such as traditional and jack pile. The procedure is to cut away portions of brickwork, above the existing foundation to enable precast concrete stool to be inserted and pinned.

7.1
a) b)

ADVANTAGES OF PYNFORD STOOL METHOD UNDERPINNING This method is only suitable for strip foundation Its enable walls to be underpinned in continuous runs without the use needles or raking shoring Can applied existing foundation in poor condition of

c)

7.2
a) b)

DISADVANTAGES OF PYNFORD STOOL METHOD UNDERPINNING Inappropriate for pad foundation Time consuming due to many work to carried out

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8.0

BULLIVANT PATENT ANGLE PILING Bullivant patent process is to stabilize existing sub structural walls and
foundation. RC angle piles installed by using air flushed rotary percussion drill from inside and outside of the building. The voids are lined with steel casing cut off at the surface prior to lowering of reinforcement and placing concrete The pile is installed by using air flushed rotary percussion drill from inside and outside of the building. The spacing and depth of boring will only depend on site conditions such as the occurrence of solid bearing strata and extent of structural damage. The suitable pile diameter to be used in this underpinning works is between 120mm 280mm.

8.1
a)

ADVANTAGES OF BULLIVANT PATENT UNDERPINNING Low cost modern alternative to traditional underpinning for stabilizing existing sub structural walls and foundations

b) c) d) e)

Short duration and minimal excavation involved Simpler alternative to traditional underpinning Suitable for heavy loads and massive structures Less disruptive as large volumes of excavations are avoided

8.2
a) b)

DISADVANTAGES OF BULLIVANT PATENT UNDERPINNING Disruption to the buildings interior is most likely Required a high cost installation

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9.0

HOOPSAVE METHOD
Hoopsave method is the process which involves the new construct of concrete beam at the external excavation above the existing foundation.A limited amount of external excavation is needed to expose the sub structural wall to a depth just above foundation level In situ concrete beam with purpose made longitudinal voids created with plastic conduits, is cast around the building periphery. The small diameter voids accommodate steel stressing tendons for post tensioning to bind the walls into a solid unit. Continuity provided by the post tensioned beams integrates the sub structural wall and compensates for weaker areas of subsoil

9.1
a) b)

ADVANTAGES OF HOOPSAVE METHOD Fast method when applied to regular plan shapes Remedial treatment where differential settlement can be identified

9.2
a)

ADVANTAGES OF HOOPSAVE METHOD Time consuming when the plan shape is irregular

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10.0

OTHER METHOD OF UNDERPINNING

Other method of underpinning;

10.1

UNDERPINNING COLUMNS This system is usually used for lighter structures such as porches, decks, etc.

A concrete pad is poured below the frost line and a concrete column is then poured on top of the pad to support the structure. It can be carried out on brick /stone columns by inserting a series of stools, casting a reinforced concrete base and then underpinning. In addition, underpinning columns also is more difficult than wall. The column loading is transferred from the collar to cross beams or needles which in turn transmits the loads to the ground at a safe distance from the proposed excavations. Cantilever techniques which transfer the loadings to one side of the structural member are possible providing sufficient kentledge and anchorage can be obtained.

10.2

MICRO PILE Involves the drilling the pile shaft to the required depth, placing the steel

reinforcement, initial grouting by tremie placing additional grout under pressure where applicable. The advantages of using this method is a) High carrying capacity b) Less site constraint problems c) Self sustained operations

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11.0

CONCLUSION (SITUATION CASES)

Underpinning is the installation of temporary or permanent support to an existing foundation to provide either additional depth or an increase in bearing capacity. Generally used for remedial or precautionary purposes. For example if currently the situation is as below: One storey bungalow house Nearby ongoing construction which are 10 storeys building. Using strip foundation to receive load. Congested area and nearby shop houses

Based on this situation, the suitable method has chosen are needles and pile underpinning. This method of underpinning can be used where the condition of the existing foundation is unsuitable for traditional or jack pile underpinning techniques. The brickwork above the existing foundation must be in a sound condition since this method relies on the arching effect of the brick bonding to transmit the wall loads onto the needles and ultimately to the piles. The piles used with this method are usually small diameter bored piles. Note: General maximum length is 1:500m with the provision that at no time should the sum total of unsupported lengths exceed 25% of the total wall length. The reason for choosing this method: a) Suitable for restricted access The house is need for underpinning work because is close to the shop. Emphasis should be placed on the working of the existing underpinning likes needle note the use of piles is the most suitable.

b) High load capability The house must be supported by a temporary structure to repair cracks in the walls work in house. Therefore the new structure is able to carry out the loading of the building. c) Less disruption These underpinning works do not interfere with any path where dredging is occurring around the wall only cracked. 11 | P a g e