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BITSPilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
Engineering Mathematics I
(MATH ZC 161)
Dr. Amit Setia (Assistant Professor)
Department of Mathematics
BITSPilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Chapter 8: Matrices
The remaining part of section 8.1(Matrix Algebra) with
examples was discussed:
Triangular Matrix
Upper triangular matrix
Summary of lecture 2
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Upper triangular matrix
Lower triangular matrix
Symmetric Matrix
03/08/2012 3 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Then the section 8.2 (System of linear algebraic equations)
was started and following topics were covered:
Linear equations and its examples with geometrical
interpretations in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional space
Linear System
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Linear System
Solution of Linear System
Homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear system
Consistent and inconsistent system
Equivalent systems
Row equivalent
03/08/2012 4 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Elementary row operations
Row echelon form
Reduced row echelon form
Augmented Matrix
Method for solving linear system: Gaussian elimination
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Method for solving linear system: Gaussian elimination
and Gauss-Jordan elimination method
Procedure for finding leading 1, echelon form and row
reduced echelon form
Examples based on Gaussian elimination method having
unique solution, no solution.
03/08/2012 5 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
8.2 System of Linear Algebraic Equations
8.3 Rank of a Matrix
Outline of presentation
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
03/08/2012 6 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1 2 3
Solve the following system of equations
using Gauss Jordan Method
2 3 16
3 2 16
x x x
x x x
+ + =
+ + =
Problem (infinite solutions)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1 2 4
1 3 4
3 2 16
2 12 5 5
x x x
x x x
+ + =
+ =
03/08/2012 7 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1
2 1 3 0 16 1 1/ 2 3/ 2 0 8
1
3 2 0 1 16 3 2 0 1 16
2 0 12 5 5 2
2
0 12 5 5
R
( (
( (
( (
( (
Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 0 12 5 5 2 0 12 5 5
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 3
0 1 9 5 11 0 0 0 3 27 R R
(
(
\
+
(
(
|
(
(
(
(
(
( (
\
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
3
0 1 9 2 16
0 0 0 3 2
0 1 9 2 16
0
3
0 0 1 9 7
R
|
(
(
(
\
(
03/08/2012 12 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
3 1
3 2
1 0 6 0
25
0 1 9 0 34
9
0 0 0 1
6 25
1 0 6 1
16
0 1 9 2 16
9
0 0 0 1
2
x x
R R
R R
(
(
(
(
(
+ =
(
(
(
(
+
+
( ) { }
4, , 9 | c c R
Column without leading 1
03/08/2012 13 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Example ( )
If the resulting augmented matrix by using
Gaussian elimination method is
1 5 2 3 2 4
0 1 1 3 7 2
solution set
(
(
(
(
(
Columns without
leading 1
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
3 5
3 5
5
0 0 0 1 2
0
0 0 0 0 0
& are independent variables
let ,
x x
x c x e
(
(
(
= =
03/08/2012 15 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
This matrix corresponds to
1 5 2 3 2
4
2
0 1 1 3 7
the system
5
0 0 0 1 2
0
0 0 0 0 0
(
(
(
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5
4 5
This matrix corresponds to the system
5 2 3 2 4 (1)
3 7 2 (2)
2 5 (3)
0 0 (4)
x x x x x
x x x x
x x
+ + =
=
+ =
=
03/08/2012 16 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
4 5
2 3 4 5
4
Ignore eq. (4),
eq. (3) 5 2
eq. (2) 3 7 2
3 5 2 7 2
5 2
x x
x x x x
x c e e
x e
=
= + +
= + +
=
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 5 4 3
1
2
1
2
3 5 2 7 2
eq. (1) 2 3 2 5 4
2 3 5 2 2 5 13 4
13
3 13 46
x c e e
x x x x x
x c
x e
e
x c e
e c c e
= + +
= +
= + + +
= + +
= + +
03/08/2012 17 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( ) { }
the complete solution set is
: ,
Particular solution can be found by choosing values
3 13 46, 13, ,
Note
,
:
5 2 c e c e c e e c e R + + + +
Homogeneous Linear
System
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
11 1 12 2 1
21 1 22 2 2
1 1 2 2
... 0
... 0
.......................................
... 0
n n
n n
m m mn n
a x a x a x
a x a x a x
a x a x a x
+ + + =
+ + + =
`
+ + + =
( )
2
. . i e
AX O
)
=
03/08/2012 19 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 3 0
4 6 0
e.g.
x y
x y
=
+ =
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
03/08/2012 20 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1. A homogenous system is
and (0,0,0,.....,0) is a of AX=O
Any oth
always consistent
nontrivial solution
er sol
trivi
ution of AX=O is called
.
al solution
Remarks
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
. .
2 3 0
1
4 6 0
(0, 0) is a trivial solut
e g
x y
x y
=
`
+ =
)
( )
( )
ion of 1
(9, 6) is a nontrivial solution of 1
03/08/2012 21 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2. The homogeneous linear system has two
posibilities for its solutions:
i) The system has only the trivial solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ii) The system has infinitely many nontrivial solutions,
in addition to the trivial solution
03/08/2012 22 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Existence of Nontrivial
solution
Let be a homogeneous system of
equations in variables.
If ,
AX O
m n
m n
=
<
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
If ,
then the system has a nontrivial solution.
m n <
03/08/2012 23 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Use Gauss-Jordan method to determine the complete
solution set for each system and give one particular
nontrivial solution, if exists.
2 3 2 13 0 x x x x + =
Problem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 2 13 0
4 7 4 29 0
2 8 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ =
+ =
+ + =
03/08/2012 24 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1
2 3 2 13 0 1 3/ 2 1 13/ 2 0
4 7 4 29 0 4 7 4 29 0
1
R
( (
( (
( (
| |
|
Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1
13
4 7 4 29 0 4 7 4 29 0
1 2 1 8 0 1 2 1 8 0
Note: R was a better
2
option
R
( (
( (
|
\
(
(
(
(
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
1 3
1
0 1/ 2 0 1 2 1 8 3 2 0 0 /
R R +
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
03/08/2012 27 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 3
1 0 1 2
0
0 1 0 3 0
1 3/ 2 1 13/ 2
1
2
0
0 1 0 3 0
R R
| |
+
|
\
(
(
(
(
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 1
0 1 0 3 0
0 0
0 1 0 3 0
0 1
3
/ 2 0 3/ 2 0
2
0 0 0 R R
\
|
(
( |
+
|
\
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+ =
+ =
Rank of a Matrix
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
The row vectors are linearly independent if none of the
The row vectors are linearly dependent if
any of th
row vectors can be written as a linear combination
e row vectors of can be written as a
linear comb
of
the other row vector
ination of the oth w
s
er ro
A
vectors of A
03/08/2012 33 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
If we row-reduce a matrix into a row-echelon matrix ,
then the nonzero rows of are linearly independent
A B
B
Remark
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
03/08/2012 34 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1 2 3
Determine whether given set of vectors are
linearly dependent or linearly independent
1, 2, 3 , 1, 0,1 & 1, 1, 5 u u u = = =
Problem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
03/08/2012 35 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1 2 3
Forming a matrix A by
1, 2, 3 , 1, 0,1 & 1, 1, 5
as row vectors of A,
u u u = = =
Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
( )
2 1
23
3 1
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
1 0 1 0 0 1
1
1 1 5 0 1 5
R R
R
R R
( (
+
( (
( (
+
( (
=
03/08/2012 37 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1 2 3
Write the vector 1, 2, 5 as a linear combination
of the vectors e 1,1,1 , 1, 2, 3 & 2, 1,1
v
e e
=
= = =
Problem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
03/08/2012 38 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2 3
We want to writescalars , , such that
1, 2, 5 1,1,1 1, 2, 3 2, 1,1
1, 2, 5 , , , 2 , 3 2 , ,
a b c
v ae be ce
a b c
a a a b b b c c c
= + +
= + +
= + +
Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
1, 2, 5 2 , 2 , 3
2 1
2 2
3 5
which can be written in the form
a b c a b c a b c
a b c
a b c
a b c
AX
= + + + + +
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
= B
03/08/2012 39 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
[ ]
1 1 2 1
Writing as A|B 1 2 1 2
1 3 1 5
(
(
=
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1 2 3
solving it by Gauss elimination method, we get
6, 3, 2
6 3 2
a b c
v e e e
= = =
= + +
03/08/2012 40 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1 2 3
Write the vector 2, 5, 3 as a linear combination
of the vectors 1, 3, 2 , 2, 4, 1 & 1, 5, 7
Trying as in last problem,
Hint:
v
e e e
=
= = =
Problem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Trying as in last problem,
one will get an inconsistent system.
So one can not write as a linear combi v
1 2 3
nation of
1, 3, 2 , 2, 4, 1 & 1, 5, 7 e e e = = =
03/08/2012 41 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
If a matrix is row equivalent to a row-echelon form ,
then
rank( ) the number of nonzero rows in row-echelon form
A B
A B =
Rank of a Matrix by row
reduction
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
rank( ) the number of nonzero rows in row-echelon form A B =
03/08/2012 42 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Find rank of the matrix
1 2 3 4
1 4 6 8
(
(
(
(
Problem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
0 1 0 0
2 5 6 8
(
(
(
03/08/2012 43 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
( )
2 1
4 1
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1
1 4 6 8
0 6 3 4
0 1 0 0
2 0 1 0 0
R R
R R
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
4 1
0 1 0 0
2 0 1 0 0
2 5 6 8
0 9 0 0
R R
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
4 2
9
0 0 3 4 0 6 3 4
0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
R R
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
03/08/2012 46 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
3
1 2 3 4
0 1 0 0
1
4
3
0 0 1
3
1 2 3 4
0 1 0 0
0 0 3 4
R
(
(
(
| |
(
|
( \
(
(
(
(
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
3
0 0 0 0
the no. of nonzero rows in echelon form of
given ma
0 0 0 0
trix is 3
rank 3 A
(
(
(
(
=
( )
( )
rank ,
arbitrary par
solu
ameters in solutio
tion
n
s
A r n
n r
=
<
<
+ =
`
+ =
)
Problem (unique solution)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1 2 3
2 2 3
is having
i) unique solution
ii) solutions
iii) no solution
x x x
+ =
)
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
( )
5
0 1 1 2
5
0 0 1
rank rank 3
unique solution for given syste m
A A B
AX B
(
(
(
(
(
= ( =
=
+ + =
`
+ + =
)
Problem (no solution)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1 2 3 4
4 8 6 7 5
is having
i) unique solution
ii) solutions
iii) no solution
x x x x
+ + =
)
(
(
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
( )
1 5
0 0 1
2 2
0 0 0 0
1
rank 2 rank 3
no solution for given system
A A B
AX B
(
(
(
(
(
= < ( =
=
ystem AX B =
03/08/2012 57 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
Suppose the system is consistent and AX B =
Problem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
is a 5 8 matrix and rank 3. How many
parameters does the solution of the system have ?
A A =
03/08/2012 58 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
( )
( )
is consistent
rank rank 3 8
no. of parameters in the solution is 5
AX B
A A B r n
n r
=
= ( = = < =
=
Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
no. of parameters in the solution is 5 n r =
03/08/2012 59 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
( )
b) If rank 2, then for what value
a) What is the maximum rank that A can have ?
Let be a nonzero 4 6 matrix
A B s
A
( =
Problem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
( )
of rank A is the system ,
c) If rank 3, then
0,
inconsistent, consistent ?
how many
AX B
A
B =
=
parameters does
the solution of the system 0 have ? AX =
03/08/2012 60 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
( )
b) If rank 2, then for what value
a) What is the maximum rank that A can have ?
Let be a nonzero 4 6 matrix
A B s
A
( =
Problem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
( )
of rank A is the system ,
c) If rank 3, then
0,
inconsistent, consistent ?
how many
AX B
A
B =
=
parameters does
the solution of the system 0 have ? AX =
03/08/2012 61 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
( )
( )
then for rank rank 2
a) A can have maximu
Let be a n
b) rank 2,
onze
m
ro 4 6 mat
ra
ix
nk 4
r
A A B
A
A B
< ( =
( =
Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
( )
( )
( )
the system , 0, is inconsistent,
rank rank 2
the system , 0, i
and
s consi
AX B B
A A B
AX B B
=
= ( =
=
( )
( ) ( )
c) rank 3, then the solution of system
0 have parameters = 6 3 =
stent
3
A r
AX n r
= =
=