Curs VT Anul II

Pr. Lect. Dr.
Constantin Oancea &ULOHLVWRULFHLSURIHLLDQWHULRUL
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Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea
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F. Buggle, Denn sie wissen nicht, was sie glauben. Oder warum man redlicherweise nicht mehr Christ sein kann. Eine Streitschrift, Hamburg 1992. 2 G. Ldemann, Das Unheilige in der Heiligen Schrift. Die andere Seite der Bibel, Stuttgart 1996.
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Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea &DUWHD-XGHFWRUL 1XPHOHFRPSXQHUHDLFXSULQVXOFU LL.
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'XSmDFHHDDYHQLW,HIWDHvQODFDVDVDLLDWmILLFDVDL-DLHLWvQvQWkPSLQDUHFXWLPSDQH LMRFXULDFHDVWDHUDVLQJXUXOOXLFRSLOFmFLHOQXPDLDYHDQLFLEmLH LQLFLIHWH LFkQGDYm]XW-RHOL-DVIkLDWKDLQDLD]LV: "Ah, fiica mea! Tu m-DLUmSXVLHWL dintre cei ce-mi tulbur biruin D(XPL-DPGHVFKLVJXUDSHQWUXWLQHvQDLQWHD'RPQXOXLL nu m voi putea lepda!" 36. Iar ea a zis ctre el: "Tatl meu, dac tu L-ai deschis gura pentru mine naintea Domnului, f FXPLQHFHHDFHDURVWLWJXUDWDGHYUHPHFH'RPQXODVmYkULWSULQWLQH rzbunarea mpotriva Amoni LORUYUmMPDLLWmL
$SRLD]LVLDUmLFmWUHWDWmOVmX,DUWmQXPDLFHVm-mi faci: Las-m dou luni, s m GXFVmPmVXLSHPXQWHLVm-mi plng fecioria cu prietenele mele!" 7
38. Atunci el a zis: "Du-WHLDOmVDW-RGRXmOXQLLV-DGXVFXSULHWHQHOHVDOHLL-a SOkQVIHFLRULDvQPXQ L
39. Apoi dup trecerea celor dou luni ea s-DvQWRUVODWDWmOVmXLDFHVWDDImFXWFXHDFXP ImJmGXLVHLHa n-a cunoscut brbat. LV-a fcut obicei n Israel, ca n fiecare an fiicele lui Israel s mearg s plng pe fata lui Ieftae Galaaditeanul patru zile pe an.
8QDOWPRPHQWGLQLVWRULDOXL,HIWDQHUHOHYH[LVWHQ DGLDOHFWHORUDGLIHUHQ HORUGHSURQXQ DUH DOLPELLvQWUHGLIHULWHVHPLQ LL,QXUPDXQXLFRQIOLFWvQWUH*DODDGLHIUDLPL L,HIWDvLvQYLQJH SHHIUDLPL LLvLXUPUHWH3HFHLFDUHvLEQXLHDILHIUDLPL LvLVXSXQHXQXLWHVWGHOLPE LDXOXDW*DODDGLWHQLLYDGXO,RUGDQXOXLGHOD(IUDLPL LLFkQGYUHXQXOGLQ(IUDLPL L zicea: "ngduie-PLVmWUHFDWXQFLRDPHQLLGLQ*DODDGvLUmVSXQGHDX1XFXPYDHWL Efraimit?" Acela rspundea: "Nu!" (LvQVmvL]LFHDX=LLEEROHWHOvQVm]LFHD6LEEROHWFmQXSXWHD]LFHDOWIHO$tunci HLvOOXDXL-OMXQJKLDXDFRORODYDGXO,RUGDQXOXLLDXFm]XWvQYUHPHDDFHHDGLQ(IUDLPL L SDWUX]HFLLGRXmGHPLL
'XS R VFXUW WUHFHUH vQ UHYLVW D MXGHFWRULORU ,E DQ (ORQ L $EGRQ XUPHD] LVWRULD OXL 6DPVRQ SURYHUELDO SHQWUX IRU D VD GDWRUDW SRGRDEHL FDSLODUH GDU L SHQWUX VOELFLXQHD VD SHQWUXVH[XOIUXPRVFDUHvLYDDWUDJHLVIkULWXO ,QDGDRVXULOHLVWRULFHVHUHODWHD]GRXFD]XULGRXH[HPSOHGHGHFGHUHPRUDOLQHOHJLXLUH LGRODWULD VHPLQ LHL OXL 'DQ L QHOHJLXLUHD ORFXLWRULORU GLQ *KLEHHD $FHVWH VLWXD LL DX IRVW IDYRUL]DWHGHIDSWXOFvQYUHPHDDFHHDQXH[LVWDXQUHJHvQ,VUDHOLILHFDUHIFHDFHLVHSUHD FHGUHSWVDXFHHDFHvLSOFHD Din carte: 2EVHUYUL LVWRULFR-FULWLFH D GLYLQLW L SJkQH GLQ FDUWHD -XG E) efodul lui Ghedeon; c) jertfirea fiicei lui Iefta.
Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea CULOH6DPXHO 1XPHOHFU LORU
&U LOH6DXIRUPDWvQYHFKLPHRVLQJXUFDUWHPSU LUHDvQGRXFU LDSDUHGHDELDvQ /;;FDUHRIHUGHDOWIHOLXQWH[WPDLVFXUWDOFU LL3RWULYLW/;;QXPHOHFU LORUHVWH 5HJL,PSU LUHDvQFU LDIRVWSUHOXDWLGH9XOJDWD'LQVHFvPSU LUHDvQGRXFU LD IRVWSUHOXDWLGHHGL LLOHELEOLHLHEUDLFH'DUvQWLPSXOOXL,RVLI)ODYLXDFHVWHFU LIRUPDXR VLQJXUFDUWHFDGHDOWIHOLFU LOH5&URQ(]UDL1HHPLD 1XPHOHGHFU LOHOXL6DPXHOSURYLQHGHODIDSWXOFSRWULYLWWUDGL LHLUDELQLFHDXWRUXOFU LORU D IRVW 6DPXHO LDU GXS PRDUWHD OXL SURIH LL 1DWDQ L *DG DX FRQWLQXDW VFULHUHD ,XGDLVPXO interpreta astfel nota din 1Cron 29,29- SRWULYLW FUHLD DFHWL SURIH L DX DYXW R DFWLYLWDWH OLWHUDU 6IkULWXOFU LL6HVWHRDUHFXPIRU DWvQWUXFkWHOvQWUHUXSHILUXOQDUD LXQLLGHVSUHVXFFHVLXQHD ODWURQXOOXL'DYLGFDUHVHFRQWLQXvQ5FDSLWROHOHL &XSULQVXOFU LORU &DUWH 6 vQFHSH FX UHODWDUHD QDWHULL OXL 6DPXHO 3ULQ LL OXL (OFDQD L $QD QX DYHDX FRSLL $QDVHURDJVWUXLWRULMXUODFRUWXOVIkQWFDUHVHDIODvQLORFGDFYDGDXQFRSLOvOYD vQFKLQD'RPQXOXL6HQDWH6DPXHOLDU$QDvOGXFHOD cortul sfnt spre a-OGUXL'RPQXOXL DSRL vQDO R IUXPRDV FkQWDUH FDUH YD VHUYL GUHSW PRGHO PDL WkU]LX SHQWUX FkQWDUHD 6ILQWHL Fecioare (Lc 1,46- 6DPXHO FUHWH OD FRUWXO VIkQW OkQJ DUKLHUHXO (OL )LLL OXL (OL vQV QX XUPHD] FLOH WDWOXL ORU L SHUYHUWHVF VOXMLUHD SUHR HDVF ,Q DFHVWH FRQGL LL 6DPXHO HVWH FKHPDWVILHXUPDXODUKLHUHXOXL(OL,QFRQWLQXDUHVXQWGHVFULVHOXSWHOHLVUDHOL LORUvPSRWULYD filistenilor. Intr-XQD GLQ OXSWH HYUHLL VXQW vQYLQL L XPLOL L FFL ILOLVWHQLL FDSWXUHD] L FKLYRWXO ,QV RGDW FH 6DPXHO DMXQJH SURIHW L MXGHFWRU vQ ,VUDHO 'RPQXO vL YD DMXWD SH LVUDHOL LV-LvQYLQJSHILOLVWHQL &kQG6DPXHODvPEWUkQLWQLFLILLLOXLQXVHULGLFODvQO LPHDWDWOXL3RSRUXOvLFHUHGHDFHHD lui Samuel un rege, mai aOHVFDPHQLQ DUHDILOLVWHQLORUQXvQFHWDVH,QFLXGDQHPXO XPLULLOXL 6DPXHOFDUHYHGHvQFHUHUHDSRSRUXOXLROH]DUHDWHRFUD LHL'RPQXOvOvQGUXPVXQJUHJH SH 6DXO 6DPXHO VH UHWUDJH IFkQGX-L ORF OXL 6DXO OD FRQGXFHUHD SRSRUXOXL 2GDW FX HO nceWHD] YUHPHD MXGHFWRULORU L vQFHSH UHJDOLWDWHD vQ ,VUDHO 6DXO UHSXUWHD] YLFWRULL vPSRWULYD ILOLVWHQLORU ,QV VXFFHVHOH OXL PLOLWDUH VXQW XPEULWH GH GRX IDSWH &X RFD]LD XQHL OXSWH 6DXO QHUEGWRU QX PDL DWHDSW SH 6DPXHO L DGXFH HO MHUWIH 'RPQXOXL 'XS DOW OXSW 6DXO FUX YLD D GXPDQXOXL L SVWUHD] SDUWHD PDL EXQ GLQ SUDG GHL WUHEXLD V QLPLFHDVFDWkWSHYUPDLFkWLOXFUXULOHORU6DPXHOLQWHUYLQHLvLSURIH HWHFYDSLHUGH tronul n favoarea lui David. Samuel l unge rege pe tkQUXO 'DYLG 6DXO SUVLW GH 'RPQXO GHYLQH GHSUHVLY 3HQWUX D FRPEDWH VWULOH OXL GH PHODQFROLH HVWH DGXV OD FXUWH 'DYLG FD V-L FkQWH OD KDUS (O DMXQJH VFXWLHUXOUHJHOXL)DLPDOXL'DYLGFUHWHGXSFHvOvQYLJHSHXULDXO*ROLDW2GDWFXIDLPDOXL 'DYLGVSRUHWHvQVLXUDOXL6DXOvPSRWULYDOXL5HJHOHGHFLGHV-l omoare pe David. Dar fiul OXL 6DXO ,RQDWDQ vO SUHYLQH SH 'DYLG V IXJ 6DXO vO XUPUHWH vQ SXVWLXO ,XGHHL XQGH VH UHIXJLDVH 'DYLG ,Q GRX UkQGXUL 'DYLG vL FUX YLD D OXL 6DXO ,Q FHOH GLQ XUP 'DYLG VH UHIXJLD]ODILOLVWHQLXQGHVHvQUROHD]FDPHUFHQDU'HFOLQXOUHJHOXLHVWHLQHYLWDELO(OSLHUH vPSUHXQFX,RQDWDQvQWU-ROXSWvPSRWULYDILOLVWHQLORU 'XS PRDUWHD OXL 6DXO 'DYLG HVWH SURFODPDW UHJH vQ +HEURQ GH FWUH VHPLQ LD lui Iuda. &HOHODWHVHPLQ LLvODOHJSHILXOOXL6DXO,ERHW'DYLGvOvQYLQJHLHVWHSURFODPDWUHJHLGH FHOHODWHVHPLQ LL(OFXFHUHWH,HUXVDOLPXOGHODLHEXVL LLVWDELOHWHFDSLWDODUHJDWXOXLDLFL (O DGXFH vQ ,HUXVDOLP FKLYRWXO VLPEROXO XQLW LL UHOLJLRDVH D SRSRUXOXL 'DYLG GRUHWH V 9
FRQVWUXLDVF WHPSOXO vQV SURIHWXO 1DWDQ vL VSXQH F GRDU XUPDXO VX YD UHDOL]D DFHDVW OXFUDUH ,Q VFKLPE OXL 'DYLG 'RPQXO vL IJGXLHWH SULQ SURIHWXO 1DWDQ F GLQDVWLD VD YD IL YHQLFRSURIH LHPHVLDQLFvPSOLQLWvQ+ULVWRV ,QFHSkQG FX FDSLWROXO GLQ FDUWHD 6 VH UHODWHD] VXFFHVLXQHD OD WURQXO OXL 'DYLG 'DYLG SFWXLHWHFX%DWHEDLvOXFLGHSH8ULHVR XODFHVWHLD&RSLOXOFDUHVHQDWHvQXUPDDFHVWHL UHOD LL PRDUH 'XPQH]HX vL GUXLHWH DOW ILX SH 6RORPRQ vQV YUVDUHD GH VkQJH vQ FDVD OXL 'DYLGFRQWLQX8QDGLQILLFHOHOXL'DYLG7DPDUDHVWHYLRODWLUHSXGLDWGHIUDWHOHHLYLWUHJ $PQRQ )UDWHOH EXQ DO 7DPDUHL $EHVDORP vO XFLGH SH $PQRQ FX SULOHMXO XQXL RVS $EHVDORPVHUHYROWDSRLvPSRWULYDOXL'DYLGLUHYROWDLDSURSRU LLvQFkW'DYLGHVWHQHYRLW VIXJGLQ,HUXVDOLP,QFHOHGLQXUP'DYLGUHYLQHLDU$EHVDORPHVWHXFLV1DUD LXQHDVH vQWUHUXSH DLFL SHQWUX D IDFH ORF XQRU DGDRVXUL 8OWLPXO UHODWHD] SHGHDSVD GLYLQ vQ XUPD recenVPkQWXOXLOXL'DYLG3XVvQID DJUHHOLLVDOH'DYLGWUHEXHLVDOHDJVLQJXUSHGHDSVD DQLIRDPHWHvQ DUWUHLOXQLVILHXUPULWGHGXPDQLVDXWUHL]LOHGHFLXPvQSRSRU'DYLG DOHJHFLXPD3ODJDVHRSUHWHvQ,HUXVDOLPSH DULQDLHEXVHXOXL$UDYQD'DYLGFXPSUGHOD DFHVWDORFXOLDLFLYDILFRQVWUXLWWHPSOXOGHFWUH6RORPRQ 3ODQXOLDXWRUXOFU LORU-2 Samuel &U LOHSRWILvPSU LWHvQWUHLXQLW LOLWHUDUHPDLPDULLVWRULDOXL6DPXHOLDOXL6DXO (1S 1,115,35); A doua parte relaWHD] ascensiunea lui David (1S 16,16XUPDWGHFDSLWROHOHFDUHUHODWHD]DGXFHUHDFKLYRWXOXLvQ,HUXVDOLPLSURIH LDOXL1DWDQUHIHULWRUODFRQVWUXLUHD WHPSOXOXL L GLQDVWLD GDYLGLF $ WUHLD SDUWH UHODWHD] succesiunea la tronul lui David. Ea vQFHSH vQ FDSLWROXO DO FU LL 6 L VH vQFKHLH vQ 5 )LUXO QDUD LXQLL HVWH vQWUHUXSW GH suplimentele din 2S 21-24. $P VSXV F vQ LXGDLVPXO DQWLF DXWRUXO FU LORU HUD VRFRWLW 6DPXHO LDU 1DWDQ L *DG DU IL FRPSOHWDW VFULHUHD VD $VW]L PDMRULWDWHD DXWRULORU VRFRWHVF F DFHVWH FU L DX IFXW SDUWHGLQ RSHUD GH GLPHQVLXQL DPSOH QXPLW LVWRULD GWU UHGDFWDW vQ VDX vQ H[LOXO EDELORQLDQ VDX vQ SUHDMPDOXL,QVSU LOHSHFDUHUHGDFWRUXOOH-a unit sunt mai vechi. Este uimitoare exactitatea descrierii eveniPHQWHORU L SHUVRQDMHORU PDL DOHV vQ LVWRULD VXFFHVLXQLL OD WURQXO OXL 'DYLG $VWIHO UHYROWD OXL $EHVDORP SDWUH D IL GHVFULV GH XQ PDUWRU DO HYHQLPHQWHORU 5HDOLVPXO FX care sunt descrise personajele este un indiciu despre contemporanitatea autorului cu HYHQLPHQWHOH&HOHWUHLSU LLVWRULDOXL6DPXHOL6DXODVFHQVLXQHDOXL'DYLGODWURQSUHFXP L VXFFHVLXQHD OD WURQXO OXL 'DYLG DX SXWXW IL VFULVH DVWIHO GH DXWRUL FDUH DX IRVW PDUWRUL VDX contemporani cu aceste evenimente. Redactorul deuteronomist a fRUPDW GLQ HOH R VLQJXU VFULHUH LQWHUYHQLQG SH DORFXUL vQ QDUD LXQH 0kQD UHGDFWRUXOXL GWU SRDWH IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ FDSLWROHOHLGLQ6FFLUHJDOLWDWHDHVWHDLFLFULWLFDWFDLFXPGHODEXQvQFHSXWHDD IRVW FRQWUDU YRLQ HL GLYLQH 3U LOH PDL YHFKL VXQW vQV IDYRUDELOH UHJDOLW LL VRFRWLQG F regele a fost ales de Domnul 1S 10,24). 0LHVWULDOLWHUDUDFU LORU6 &U LOH 6 UHSUH]LQW R FXOPH D DUWHL QDUD LXQLL ELEOLFH )UXPXVH HD OLWHUDU D FU LORU Samuel a ncntat nu numai pe teRORJL &RSLL ILLQG DVFXOWDP FX IDVFLQD LH OXSWD OXL 'DYLG vPSRWULYD OXL *ROLDW SDUDEROD OXL 1DWDQ VDX GHVFULHUHD SODVWLF D PRU LL OXL $EHVDORP 'LYHUVH HSLVRDGH DX IRVW LPRUWDOL]DWH vQ DUW VDX OLWHUDWXU &U LOH 6 VH EXFXU GH PDUH DWHQ LHGLQSDrtea unor critici literari care vin din afara teologiei. 10
Istoria succesiunii la tronul lui David (2S 9-20. 1R 1-HVWHVRFRWLWFHDPDLUHXLWQDUD LXQH din VT. Autorul ei ne introduce att de profund n lumea pe care o descrie, nct avem acces la cele PDL LQWLPH PRPHQWH L vQWkPSOUL OD IUPkQWULOH L HPR LLOH LQWHULRDUH DOH personajelor, la gndurile lor care nu ntotdeauna coincid cu cuvintele lor. Nu n ultimul rnd IDVFLQD LDOHFWXULLVHGDWRUHD]DPELYDOHQ HLFDUHSHUVLVWvQMXUXOSHUVRQDMHORUDIDSWHORULD UDSRUWULLORUODYRLDGLYLQ /HFWXUSHQWUXH[HPSOLILFDUH 2S 12, 15-25 2S 13,1-22 2S 19,1-9
'XPQH]HXLLVWRULDXPDQ ,QFHPVXUOXFUHD]'XPQH]HXvQIDSWHOHRDPHQLORU",VWRULDGHVFULVvQFU LOH6DPXHOHVWH o istorieIRDUWHSURIDQ'XPQH]HXHVWHDPLQWLWUDULDUILUXOHSLFHVWUEWXWGHOXSWHSHQWUX SXWHUHvQVR LWHGHYLROHQ LFULP6XQWIDSWHFDUHJUHXSRWILSXVHvQOHJWXUFX'XPQH]HX L WRWXL UH]XOWDWXO DFHVWRU HYHQLPHQWH vQFXUFDWH L REVFXUH HVWH YRLW de Dumnezeu, spune autorul biblic. Domnul l-DDOHVSH'DYLGFDVDMXQJUHJHvQORFXOOXL6DXO6RORPRQQXHVWH XUPDXO OHJDO OD WURQXO OXL 'DYLG L WRWXL vQ XUPD XQHL LVWRULL SOLQH GH OXSWH L FULPH HO DMXQJHSHWURQILLQGF'RPQXOvOLXEHWH,QPLMORFXOLVWRULHLRDPHQLORUVHUHDOL]HD]SODQXULOH OXL'XPQH]HX,VWRULDVHGHUXOHD]DSDUHQWIUQLFLRLQWHUYHQ LHGLYLQH[WUDRUGLQDU8QIDSW XPDQHVWHFDX]DXQXLLUGHDOWHHYHQLPHQWH7RWXOVHSHWUHFHFDRvQOQ XLUHILUHDVFGHFDX]H LHIHFWH2DPHQLLGLQDFHVWHLVWRULLQXVXQWPDULRQHWHDOHOXLGXPQH]HX(LDOHJFHHDFHIDFL IDSWHOHORUVXQWFXPSOLWHvQQLFLXQFD]SOFXWHOXL'XPQH]HX'DUUH]XOWDWHOHQXVXQWvQDIDUD planului divin. $WkWOXFUDUHDRDPHQLORUFkWLOXFUDUHDOXL'XPQH]HXVXQWUHDOH'DUQXPDLFHDXPDQSRDWH UHODWDW 1XPDL FHHD FH IDF L FHHD FH vQGXU RDPHQLL QXPDL OXSWHOH ORU VXFFHVHOH L vQIUkQJHULOH ORU SRW IL UHODWDWH & 'XPQH]HX OXFUHD] vQ LVWRULH IDSWXO F HO vL UHDOL]HD] YRLQ DSULQIDSWHOHLVXIHULQ HOHRDPHQLORUHVWHDGHYUDWLWUHEXLHVRFUHGHP'DUWRFPDL DXWRUXOXLFDUHFUHGHvQ'XPQH]HXvLYLQHJUHXVYRUEHDVFGHVSUH'XPQH]HXFkQGH[SXQH faptele oamenilor. 3ULYLWUHWURVSHFWLYLVWRULDVHVXSXQHYRLQ HLGLYLQH2PXODUHOLEHUWDWHDGHDGHFLGHLIDFHL QXvQWRWGHDXQDUH]XOWDWHOHVXQWSOFXWHOXL'XPQH]HX1LPLFGLQFHHDFHVHvQWvPSOvQVQX HVWH vQ DIDUD DWRWWLLQ HL GLYLQH 'DU SH FkW GH LPSOLFDW D IRVW 'XPQH]HX vQ DFHVWH LVWRULL SH DWkWGHGHSDUWHUPkQHGHHOHvQDOWGLPHQVLXQHGHFkWFHDDYRLQ HLLIDSWHORURDPHQLORU
11
Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea &ULOH5HJL 1XPHOHFU LORU
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3H XQHOH GLQ HOH OH QXPHWH GLUHFW $VWIHO HO WULPLWH OD FDUWHD IDSWHORU OXL 6RORPRQ SH FHL FDUH YRU V WLH PDL PXOWH GHVSUH vQ HOHSWXO UHJH 5 $XWRUXO D XWLOL]DW GRFXPHQWH RILFLDOHDWXQFLFkQGvQLUIXQF LRQDULLGHODFXUWHDOXL6ROomon. Alte izvoare utilizate au fost DQDOHOHUHJDOH$GHVHDGXSFHSUH]LQWXQUHJHGLQUHJDWXOGH1RUGDXWRUXOIDFHWULPLWHUHOD cronica regilor lui Israel (1R 14,19), respectiv la cronica regilor lui Iuda pentru regii din regatul de Sud (1R 14,29). Cu alte cuvinte, autorul a extras din aceste cronici o parte din LQIRUPD LLLDUFHORUFDUHGRUHVFVWLHPDLPXOWOHLQGLFDFHVWHL]YRDUH ,Q JHQHUDO DXWRUXO LD GLQ DFHVWH VXUVH GRDU FHHD FH SUH]LQW LQWHUHV GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD VD ndeosebi conduita reliJLRDVDUHJLORU,VWRULDRFRQVWUXLHWHFXDMXWRUXOXQHLVFKHPHSHFDUHR DSOLFILHFUXLUHJH$QXOvQFHSXWXOXLGRPQLHLSHQWUXXQUHJHGLQ5HJDWXOGH1HVWHGDWSULQ FRPSDUD LH FX GRPQLD UHJHOXL GLQ UHJDWXO GH 6XG L LQYHUV VH PHQ LRQHD] DSRL GXUDWD doPQLHLLQXPHOHPDPHLUHJHOXLXUPHD]DSUHFLHUHDGRPQLHLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHUHOLJLRVOD VIkULW VH LQGLF HYHQWXDO vPSUHMXUULOH PRU LL L VH WULPLWH OD FURQLFL SHQWUX LQIRUPD LL VXSOLPHQWDUHGHVSUHYLD DUHJHOXLUHVSHFWLY([-8. 3HOkQJL]YRDUHOHDPLQWLWHPDLVXVH[LVWL]YRDUHSHFDUHDXWRUXOQXOHPHQ LRQHD]$VWIHO VXQW QDUD LXQLOH GHVSUH SURIH L PDL DOHV FHOH GHVSUH ,OLH L (OLVHL 6H SRDWH FRQVWDWD XRU GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH VWLOXO YLX DO DFHVWRUD L VWLOXO VFKHPDWLF VWHUHRWLS DO LVWRULHL UHgilor. Aceste QDUD LXQL vL DX RULJLQHD vQ PHGLLOH SUHIHWLFH GLQ UHJDWXO GH 1RUG 8FHQLFLL SURIH LORUQXPL L ILLL SURIH LORU DX FXOHV FXYLQWH IDSWH L PLQXQL VYkULWH GH SULQ LL ORU GXKRYQLFHWL ,OLH L (OLVHL )HQRPHQXO SRDWH IL DVHPQDW FX DSDUL LD DSRIWHJPHORU SULQ LORU GHHUWXOXL vQ FUHWLQLVPXOSULPHORUVHFROH6-DXIRUPDWDVWIHOFLFOXULGHLVWRULLGHVSUH,OLHLGHVSUH(OLVHL $FHVWHDDXIRVWLQWURGXVHGHDXWRUXOFU LORU5HJLvQFDGUXOLVWRULHLGHVSUHUHJLLvQWLPSXO FURUDHLDXDFWLYDW. &X SULYLUH OD DXWRUXO FU LORU VH SDUH F HO D WULW vQ H[LOXO EDELORQLDQ ,Q 5 -30 el GHVFULH SHVHPQH XQ HYHQLPHQW OD FDUH D IRVW FRQWHPSRUDQ UHLQWUDUHD vQ JUD LL D UHJHOXL GHSRUWDW ,RLDFKLQ (O HVWH FHO FDUH D UHGDFWDW LVWRULD GHXWHURQRPLVWLF DGLF FU LOH ,RV-2R. (VWH GRDU XQD GLQ LSRWH]HOH FDUH DILUPD DDGDU VLQJXU DXWRU VDXUHGDFWRUDOFU LORU2DOW LSRWH] FRQVLGHU F RSHUD H UH]XOWDWXO PXQFLL D PDL PXO L UHGDFWRUL VDX ILHFDUH continund munca celui anterior). 5HJDOLWDWHDLprofetismul &U LOH5HJLORUVXQWFHOHPDLFULWLFHODDGUHVDUHJDOLW LLGLQWUHFU LOHLVWRULFH7HRORJLDFU LL HVWH FHD GHXWHURQRPLVWLF 3HQWUX UHGDFWRUXO VDX UHGDFWRULL GHXWHURQRPLVW UHJDOLWDWHD HVWH YLQRYDW GH FDWDVWURID QD LRQDO GH H[LOXO DVLULDQ L DSRL GH FHO EDELORQLDQ GH GLVSDUL LD UHJDWXOXLvQILLQ DWGH'DYLG1XSROLWLFDUHJLORUHVWHFRQGDPQDWFLDWLWXGLQGHDORUUHOLJLRDV 7R LUHJLLDWkWFHLGLQ1RUGFkWLFHLGLQ6XGVXQWHYDOXD LSHFULWHULLUHOLJLRDVH,QPVXUDvQ care politiFD ORU UHOLJLRDV D FRUHVSXQV FX SUHVFULS LLOH GLQ OHJHD OXL 0RLVH VDX FX FRQGXLWD UHOLJLRDVDOXL'DYLGHLVXQWDSUHFLD L'DUGLQWRWDOLWDWHDUHJLORUGRDUGRLSULPHVFXQYHUGLFW SR]LWLY,H]HFKLDL,RVLDDPELLGLQUHJDWXOGHVXG'HDX]LPYHUGLFWXOHODIFXWFHHDFH HVWH UX vQ RFKLL 'RPQXOXL &HLODO L V-DX vQGHSUWDW GH OHJHD 'RPQXOXL ILH SULQ LGRODWULH FXOWXO YL HOXOXL GH DXU LQWURGXV GH ,HURERDP vQ 1RUG OD %HWHO ILH SULQ vQFKLQDUHD OD GXPQH]HLVWULQLILHSULQvQILLQ DUHDGHDOWDUHvQDIDUD,HUXVDOLPXOXLFFLVLQJXUXOORFOHJLWLP GHFXOWGXSOHJHH7HPSOXO&XOPLOHQHJDWLYHGLQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHVXQWUHJLL,HURERDP $KDEL0DQDVH63FDWHOHDGXQDWHDOHUHJLORUDXGXVODURELH&RPHQWDULXOIFXWGHDXWRU n 2R 17,7-23 repreziQW R VLQWH] LVWRULF L R UHIOHF LH WHRORJLF DVXSUD LVWRULHL FHORU GRX regate. 2SXVXOUHJDOLW LL LQVWLWX LDFDUHDGXVSH,VUDHOvQSFDWvOUHSUH]LQWSURIH LL3RWULYLWOHJLL GHXWHURQRPLFH UHIHULWRDUH OD UHJL 'HXW X PRQDUKLL DYHDX vQti de toate 14
UHVSRQVDELOLW LID GHSRSRUQUHDOLWDWHSURIH LLVXQWFHLFDUHDXDF LRQDWFDDGHYUD LUHJLDL OXL ,VUDHO FFL SVWUkQG FDOHD FUHGLQ HL DGHYUDWH L vQGHPQkQG OD DVFXOWDUHD OXL 'XPQH]HX 3ULQHL'XPQH]HXDGDWRDQVOXL,VUDHO'DFDUILDVFXOWDWGHSURIH LVRDUWDSRSRUXOXLDUIL fost alta. /HFWXU5-23
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&ULOHSURIHWLFH Profetismul n general

'HILQL LDSURIHWLVPXOXL6HQVXOFXYkQWXOXLSURIHW7HUPLQRORJLDIRORVLWvQ97 (YDQJKHOLLOH QH PHQ LRQHD] F FRQWHPSRUDQLL Mntuitorului l credeau a fi un profet. ,QY WXUDGHFUHGLQ RUWRGR[PUWXULVHWHF,LVXV+ULVWRVDvQGHSOLQLWLVOXMLUHDGHSURIHW DOWXULGHFHDGHvPSUDWLGHSUHRW5H]XOWGHDLFLFSURIHWLVPXOVDXVOXMLUHDSURIHWLFVXQW chestiuni importanWH SHQWUX XQ FUHWLQ 'DU FH HVWH SURUSLX]LV SURIHWLVPXO VDX FH HVWH XQ profet? Prin profetism vQ HOHJHP XQ IHQRPHQ UHOLJLRV FDUDFWHULVWLF SRSRUXOXL ,VUDHO FDUH vQFHSH DSUR[LPDWLYvQSHULRDGDMXGHFWRUXOXL6DPXHOLVHvQFKHLHGXSH[LO,QDFFHS LXQHDPRGHUQ D FXYkQWXOXL SURIHW vQVHDPQ FODUY]WRU DGLF R SHUVRDQ FDUH YHGH L SUH]LFH YLLWRUXO $FHDVWVHPQLILFD LHHVWHvQVRvQJXVWDUHDVHQVXOXLLQL LDOSHFDUHvOUHGGRDUSDU LDO(DVH SRWULYHWH GRDU SHQWUX FXYkQWXO prooroc, care vine din limba JUHDF SUR-oraw, a vedea n viitor. Cuvntul profet HVWH GH RULJLQH JUHDF prophetes). El apare n LXX ca echivalentul cuvntului ebraic nabi,QHEUDLFQDELHVWHXQXOGLQWUHWHUPHQLLIRORVL LSHQWUXSURIHW1XHVWH singurul, cum vom vedea, dar este cHOPDLIUHFYHQW1DELDUHXQVHQVSDVLYLXQXODFWLY a) FHOFUXLDLVHYRUEHWHFDUHDXGHRYRFHOXQWULF b) FHOFDUHYHVWHWH Deci nabi-profetul-HVWHFHOFDUHYHVWHWHFHHDFH'XPQH]HXL-DVSXV3URIHWXOFHOFDUHYHVWHWH cuvntul lui Dumnezeu. Acest senVDOFXYkQWXOXLSURIHWUH]XOWLGLQ([-2, unde Domnul i spune lui Moise:
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16
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4. Fost-DFXYkQWXO'RPQXOXLFWUHPLQHLPL-a zis: rnduit prooroc pentru popoare". porunci vei spune.

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cuvntul Domnului s-DSUHIFXWvQ
18
Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea 5HYHOD LDLIRUPDPHVDMXOXLSURIHWLF
Cel mai frecvent, profetul aude n interior vocea lui Dumnezeu, cuvintele tainice pe care 'RPQXO L OH GHVFRSHU $FHVWH FXYLQWH HO OH URVWHWH vQ ID D GHVWLQDWDULORU vQFHSkQG FX R foUPXOLQWURGXFWLY Fost-DFXYkQWXO'RPQXOXLFWUHPLQH: sau $DDVSXVVSXQH'RPQXO: )RUPXOD DD D VSXV [ HUD IRORVLW vQ DQWLFKLWDWH GH VROLL FDUH WUDQVPLWHDX R VROLH RILFLDO 3URIHWXOVHFRQFHSHDVWIHOSHVLQHvQVXLFDVROXOOXL'XPQH]HX Un miMORFPDLSX LQRELQXLWDOFRPXQLFULLYRLHLGLYLQHHUDYL]LXQHD5DUVHDPLQWHWHYLVXO 3ULPLQG UHYHOD LD SURIHWXO QX HVWH GRDU XQ LQVWUXPHQW UHFHSWLY SXU SDVLY )LHFDUH SURIHW vL DUH LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD VD FDUH FRQOXFUHD] FX DF LXQHD GLYLQ ,QWU-un fHO VXQ FXYkQWXO Domnului n gura lui Isaia, altfel n a lui Ieremia, de ex. Sau Mi 2,1-3 se vede conlucrarea vQWUHFRQVWDWDUHDRPXOXLLVHQWLQ D'RPQXOXL
9DLGHFHLFHFXJHW JkQGXULVLOQLFHVWkQGvQDWHUQXWXULOHORULGHFHLFHV YkUHVFI U GHOHJ GHvQGDW FHDIO SULOHM /H SODF DULQLOH SHQWUX DFHHD OH L U SHVF FDVHOH GH DFHHD OH L LDX &DOF VLOQLF GUHSWXULOH VW SkQXOXL L DOH FDVHLOXLDOHRPXOXLLDOHPRWHQLULLOXL 3HQWUX DFHDVWD DD ]LFH 'RPQXO ,DW F (X SXQ OD FDOH SHQWUX QHDPXO DFHVWD R QHQRURFLUH GH FDUH QX YH L
ea la lumina zilei
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DFHHD RSHUH UHGDF LRQDOH &HOH PDL PXOWH DSDU vQ H[LO L GXS H[LO FkQG FXYLQWHOH SURIH LORU sunt confirmate de cursul istoriei. 6WLOXOFU LORUSURIHWLFHVHDSURSLHGHSRH]LDHEUDLF,QWkOQLPLODSURIH LDFHDWHKQLFOLWHUDU QXPLWSDUDOHOLVPXOPHPEUHORU2LGHHHVWHH[SULPDWvQWU-XQYHUVILLQGUHOXDWvQXUPWRUXO vers, cu alte cuvinte. De multe ori cuvintele profetice nu sunt clare, mai ales acolo unde este vorba de vestirea YLLWRUXOXL $FHVWHD VXQW vQ HOHVH GHSOLQ GRDU RGDW FX vPSOLQLUHD ORU 'H H[HPSOX SURIH LLOH mesianice n-DXIRVWvQ HOHVHGHFkWGXS&LQFL]HFLPHFkQGDSRVWROLLLHYDQJKHOLWLLOHYGFX DO L RFKL ILLQG LOXPLQD L GH 'XKXO 6IkQW $ VH YHGHD FD]XO IDPHQXOXL HWLRSLDQ FXP YRL vQ HOHJH GH QX-mi va e[SOLFD FLQHYD $FHO FLQHYD HVWH vQV DSRVWROXO )LOLS 3H GH DOW SDUWH QHFODULWDWHD FXYLQWHORU VH SRDWH GDWRUD L VXEOLPLW LL FXSULQVXOXL FFL HOH YRUEHVF GHVSUH tainele divine, care nu pot fi redate dect greu prin cuvinte. 8QHRUL SURIH LL YRUEHVF GHVSUH OXFUXUL GLQ YLLWRU FD L FkQGHOHV-ar fi petrecut deja, folosind WLPSXOWUHFXWSHUIHFWXOSURIHWLF3URIH LLOHYGFDvPSOLQLWHFDDSDU LQkQGWUHFXWXOXL Profetismul n afara Israelului &KLDU %LEOLD QH VSXQH F DX H[LVWDW SURIH L L OD SRSRDUHOH din jurul Israelului. Balaam din Num 22-SURYHQHDGLQ LQXWXULOHGLQHVWXO,RUGDQXOXL,QWLPSXOUHJDOLW LL,OLHvQIUXQW GHSURIH LDLOXL%DDO(SRVLELOFDRSDUWHGLQHLVILIRVWLVUHDOL LGDUHIRDUWHSRVLELOVILIRVW DGXL GH ,]DEHOD GLQ RUDXO HL GH EDWLQ 7LU ,Q YUHPHD OXL 6DPXHO SURIHWLVPXO HVWH XQ fenomen nou, cvasi-VWULQSHQWUXLVUDHOL L2DUHL6DXOHVWHvQWUHILLLSURIH LORU 'DULGRFXPHQWHDUKHRORJLFHH[WUDELEOLFHYRUEHVFGHVSUHSURIHWLVPvQDIDUD,VUDHOXOXL$VWIHO o iQVFULS LH vQ 7HOO 'HU $OOD PHQ LRQHD] SH Y]WRUXO %DODDP GH FDUH YRUEHWH L %LEOLD Scrisori descoperite la MariUHODWHD]UHYHOD LLIFXWHXQRUEUED LVDXIHPHLvQQXPHOHXQHL GLYLQLW LSHFDUHDFHWLDOHWUDQVPLWUHJHOXL([LVWGRXWLSXULGHPHVaje: unele care vestesc ELQHOH UHJHOXL IDSWXO F ]HLL VH SUHRFXS GH VRDUWD OXL L vO VSULMLQ $OWH SURIH LL FULWLF GHOVDUHDFXOWLFODWHPSOX$VHPQWRDUHSURIH LLORUGHOD0DULVXQWL SURIH LLOHQHRDVLULHQH din sec 7. .H. Comparnd profetismul isrDHOLWLFHOGLQMXUVHFRQVWDWXUPWRDUHOH -DVHPQULOH SULYHVF PDL PXOW IHQRPHQXO L QX FRQ LQXWXO $VHPQULOH VXQW PDUL FX SURIHWLVPXOGHFXUWHFXSURIH LLGHFDULHUGLQ97FDUHvQ%LEOLHVXQWGHRELFHLFULWLFD L -QX H[LVW SURIH L FULWLFL DVHPHQHD PDULORU SURIH L GLQ ,VUDHO FDUH DERUGHD] SUREOHPH GH PRUDOVRFLDO6LQJXUDFULWLFHFHDFXOWLFLWUHEXLHSXVSHVHDPDLQWHUHVHORUFHUFXULORUGH OD WHPSOX 'HVWLQDWDU DO PHVDMHORU SURIHWLFH HVWH GH RELFHL UHJHOH VDX VWDWXO L QX VH FXQRVF confOLFWH vQWUH SURIH L L UHJL FD vQ ,VUDHO 1LFLRGDW FXYkQWXO SURIHWLF QX SULYHWH SRSRUXO vQWUHJ,QLPDPDULORUSURIH LGLQ97HVWHIUPkQWDWGHVRDUWDSRSRUXOXL,VUDHO -GHL DX IRVW DGXQDWH L DUKLYDWH SURIH LLOH GLQ 9HFKLXO 2ULHQW RGDW URVWLWH QX au mai LQWHUHVDW SH QLPHQL $X UPDV SLHWUH vQ ELEOLRWHFLOH UHJDOH SHVWH FDUH V-D DWHUQXW SUDIXO L uitarea, bucurndu-VH GH DFHHDL VRDUW D PDULORU SXWHUL DOH DQWLFKLW LL 'HVFRSHULUHD ORU VH GDWRUHD] GRDU DUKHRORJLHL PRGHUQH ,Q VFKLPE SURIH LLOH vQ ,VUDHO DX IRVW DGXQDWH VFULVH L WUDQVPLVHGLQJHQHUD LHvQJHQHUD LHLSULQ6I6FULSWXUDXDMXQVSkQvQ]LOHOHQRDVWUH&HL care le-DXGDWPDLGHSDUWHDXWULWFXFRQYLQJHUHDFFXYkQWXOOXL'XPQH]HXHVWHPHUHXYLX FDFWXDOLWDWHDOXLQXvQFHWHD]YUHRGDW ,QVHPQWDWHDFU LORUSURIHWLFH 3HQWUXFUHWLQLvQVHPQWDWHDFU LORUSURIHWLFHHVWHGHQHWJGXLW(VWHVXILFLHQWVREVHUYP F FHOH PDL PXOWH FLWDWH GLQ 97 vQ 17 VXQW WH[WH SURIHWLFH PDL FRQFUHW SDVDMH GLQ ,VDLD 20
&U LOH SURIHWLFH UHSUH]LQW XQ SURJUHV vQ GHVFRSHULUHD OXL 'XPQH]HX vQ 5HYHOD LH ID GH FU LOHLVWRULFH(OHQHWUDQVPLWDGHYUXULSURIXQGHGHVSUH'XPQH]HXLGHVSUHLPSOLFDUHDVD vQLVWRULHQHDUDWFVRDUWDSRSRUXOXL,VUDHOLDRPHQLULLQX,-DIRVWLQGLIHUHQW0DMRULWDtea FU LORU SURIHWLFH YRUEHVF PDL vQWkL GH MXGHFDW GDU QX VH RSUHVF DLFL FL IJGXLHVF YUHPXUL DOHLHUWULLLvPSFULLDOHPkQWXLULL'LQWUHWH[WHOHPHVLDQLFHDOH97FHOHPDLPXOWHOHDIOP ODSURIH L(LIJGXLHVFPkQWXLUHDvQ+ULVWRV3URIH LLQu vorbesc doar de mntuirea propriului ORUSRSRUFLGHXQLYHUVDOLVPXOPkQWXLULL'XPQH]HXDSUHJWLWPkQWXLUHDSHQWUXWR LRDPHQLL ,QVHPQWDWHDFU LORUSURIHWLFHUH]XOWLGLQIDSWXOFHOHDXDMXQVSkQODQRLGHLGDWHD]GH peste 2000 ani. CuvntulXQXLSURIHWDIRVWURVWLWRVLQJXUGDWvQWU-RFOLSDLVWRULHLXPDQH unor oameni dintr-un loc precis. Dar cei care le-au auzit le-DXWUDQVPLVJHQHUD LLORUXUPWRDUH FDUH SRDWH WULDX vQ DOWH ORFXUL vQ DOW FRQWH[W FRQIUXQWkQGX-se cu alte probleme. Aceasta ILLQGFFXYLQWHOHSURIHWLFHDXIRVWVRFRWLWHFXYLQWHOHOXL'XPQH]HX,DUFXYkQWXOOXL'XPQH]HX HVWHYLXGLQHOVHSRWDGSDLJHQHUD LLOHXUPWRDUHILLQGFHOQXVHVIkUHWHYUHRGDW
21
Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea Cartea Isaia

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22

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fntul lui Israel, Cel care s-a
23

Isaia 40-55 (Deuteroisaia) 1. &RQWH[WXOvQFDUHDFWLYHD]SURIHWXO.
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FDUH QL OH RIHU WH[WXO D DVLVWDW OD SULPHOH VHPQH DOH GHFOLQXOXL LPSHULXOXL EDELORQLDQ L DQXPH DVFHQVLXQHD L SULPHOH VXFFHVH PLOLWDUH UHSXUWDWH GH &LUXV UHJHOH SHULORU $FHVWH HYHQLPHQWH DX
Din datele pe
avut loc n jurul anului 550 .H. Activitatea sa s-a ncheiat nainte de 538 .H., anul decretului lui
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-ar fi amintit. a capitolelor 1- 'HVWLQDWDULL SURSRYGXLULL

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puternic. Poporul nvins a avut un dumnezeu mai slab. Israel s-DVRFRWLWvQXUPDvQIUkQJHULLSUVLW

GH 'RPQXO 'XPQH]HXO V X ,Q ORFXO RSWLPLVPXOXL UHOLJLRV GLQ SHULRDGD SUHH[LOLF DSDUH
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-un dumnezeu care a fost mai slab, care te-D SUVLW" 3H VFXUW R SDUWH GLQ HYUHLL GLQ H[LO WULVF R VWDUH GH DSRVWD]LH DSURDSH GH FHDDRPXOXLPRGHUQSHQWUXFDUHGXPQH]HXDRERVLWGDFQXDPXULW2DOWSDUWHDGRSW religia
GH]Q GHMGHD vQGRLDOD L VFHSWLFLVPXO &H URVW PDL DUH V FUH]L vQWU vQYLQJ WRUXOXL 'LQ PRPHQW FH EDELORQLHQLL DX vQYLQV vQVHDPQ F 0DUGXN H PDL SXWHUQLF F HO
este dumnezeu.

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2. Mesajul profetului este adaptat coQWH[WXOXLQRXLPXWD LLORUVXIHULWHGHHYUHLLGLQH[LO -VSHUDQ SHQWUX GH]QGMGXL L SUHJWLUHD QRXOXL H[RGXO

-21; iertarea 40,1-2;
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-Cirus, instrumentul lui Dumnezeu, unsul 44,28-45,7 3. Problema lui Ebed- Iahve. -colectiv: Israel 44,1 -SHUVRDQ -6; 50,10; 52,13- ,GHQWLWDWHD VD H PLVWHULRDV GH DLFL GLIHULWHOH LGHQWLILFUL GH-D OXQJXO LVWRULHL &LUXV SURIHWXO vQVXL PHVLD vQ LXGDLVPXO
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sunt amestecate imagini ale cap.53. 4. 3URIHLLPHVLDQLFH 40,3; 49,1-6; 53
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24

Isaia 56-66 (Tritoisaia)
L SURIHWLFH XQLWH vQWU-R VLQJXU FDUWH Referitor la capitolele 56-66, opiniile clasice moderne sunt: -HOH DSDU LQ WRW SURIHWXOXL 'HXWHURLVDLD vQWRUV GLQ H[LO vPSUHXQ FX FRQD LRQDOLL VL confruntndu-VH FX SUREOHPHOH vQWkOQLWH vQ DUD 6IkQW 6XV LQWRULL DFHVWHL WH]H DX vQ YHGHUH vQGHRVHELDVHPQULOHFDUHH[LVWvQWUHFDSLWROHOH-L-66. -HOH DSDU LQ DOWXL SURIHW QXPLW L 7ULWR-LVDLD FDUH DFWLYHD] vQ DUD 6IkQW vQ SULPHOH GRX GHFHQLL GXS vQWRDUFHUHD HYUHLORU GLQ H[LO FFD - &HL FDUH DILUP DFHDVW WH] LQVLVW asupra deosebirilor dintre cap. 40-L-66.
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$P PHQ LRQDW GHMD IDSWXO F WUDGL LD LXGDLF L FUHWLQ DWULEXLD vQWUHDJD FDUWH SURIHWXOXL ,VDLD
Contextul n care sunt rostite discursurile profetice din 56-66.

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-LXGHLL UHYHQL L GLQ H[LO (L VXQW vQ FHD PDL PDUH SDUWH GLQ VHPLQ LD OXL ,XGD DSRL GLQ FHD D OXL 9HQLDPLQ L 6LPHRQ &X VLJXUDQ F DX WULW R GH]DPJLUH DIOkQG DUD SH DORFXUL SXVWLLW sau
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unitate
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ochi buni rentoarcerHDDFHVWRUDSUHWHQ LLOHGHUHVWLWXLUHDYHFKLLORUSURSULHW L([LVWvQ3DOHVWLQD

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-VWULQLLFDUHWULHVFvQ

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H[LOD LLDLFLLDFHWLDVXQWVWU LQLGHUHOLJLDLVUDHOLW ,QILQHDUPDLWUHEXLDPLQWL LLHYUHLLFDUHDXU PDVvQH[LOILLQGF L DXI FXWRVLWXD LHPDWHULDO EXLQ LQXYRUV UHQXQ HODHDSHQWUXXQYLLWRULQFHUWvQ,XGHHD
Mesajul profetului Capitolele 56-66 sH DGUHVHD] WXWRU FHORU PHQ LRQD L PDL VXV L SUREOHPHORU LYLWH vQ ,XGHHD L vQ
,HUXVDOLP ,QWHQ LD SURIHWXOXL HVWH GH D YHGHD R FRPXQLWDWH UHI FXW L XQLWDU I U GHVELQ UL L
din Ierusalim, din Sion, centrul lumii, locul de pelerinaj pentru toate neamurile. (60,14f.) -HOFRQGDPQLGRODWULDFXOWXOQHOHJLWLPLSUDFWLFLVWULQHGH/HJH-4 66,3): -ura LGHVELQDUHDvQWUHIUD LLLXGHLH[SORDWDUHDYLROHQ DQHGUHSWDWHD -HO DILUP XQLYHUVDOLWDWHD PkQWXLULL IDSWXO F 'XPQH]HX vQ DFFHSW L SH VWULQL L FKLDU vL YD DOHJH SUHR L GLQWUH FHL GH DOW QHDP -11; 56,3-7; 66,21). Mesajul profetului nu este numai pentru fiii lui Israel, ci pentru fiii lui Adam (56,2).
WHQVLXQLOH FX VDPDULWHQLL L FX HYUHLL UPDL vQ DU ntrzie, e din cauza pFDWHORU - 'XPQH]HX YD GUXL vQV JORULH SRSRUXOXL VX L YD IDFH
WHPSOXO OD IHO FRQGL LL JUHOH GH YLD 'XPQH]HX U PkQH FUHGLQFLRV I J GXLQ HORU VDOH GHVSUH PkQWXLUHD ORU VSXQH HO 'DF PkQWXLUHD
lupte interne. -HO FDXW V-L vQFXUDMH]H SH FHL UHYHQL LGLQH[LOGH]DPJL LGHVLWXD LDDIODW,HUXVDOLPXOGLVWUXV

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$FHVWH FXYLQWH VXQW URVWLWH FD XQ U VSXQV FHORU FDUH FUHG F 'XPQH]HX QX LQH FRQW GH SRVWXO ORU
(vv.2- $FHDVWD VH vQWkPSO vQV GLQ FDX]D SFDWHORU Oor, expuse n vv. 3- $GHYUDWXO SRVW QX
25

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-2 (Lc 4,18-19)
26
Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea Cartea Ieremia

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-a
profetice (36,32). Alte pasaje dinFDUWHVXQWUHODWULFXFDUDFWHUELRJUDILFGHVSUH,HUHPLDVFULVHvQSUR]vQWU-un stil

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32
Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea &XUSLQVXOSULPHLSU L-6).
'DQLHOVHWUJHDGLQWU-RIDPLOLHQRELOLV-DQXPUDWSULQWUHHYUHLLGXLvQH[LOvQ%DELORQLDGH FWUH 1DEXFRGRQRVRU PSUHXQ FX DO L WLQHUL HO HVWH FUHVFXW OD FXUWH L HGXFDW SHQWUX D devenivQDOWGHPQLWDUEDELORQLDQ&XWRDWHDFHVWHD'DQLHOLFRORHJLLVLUPkQILGHOLFUHGLQ HL VWUPRHWLvQ'XPQH]HXLREVHUYFXVWULFWH HOHJHDPR]DLFFDS'DWRULWvQ HOHSFLXQLL FX FDUH HVWH vQ]HVWUDW GH GXPQH]HX 'DQLHO SRDWH V LQWHUSUHWH]H YLVXULOH L YL]LXQLOH vPSUD LORU $VWIHO HO WkOFXLHWH YLVXO OXL 1DEXFRGRQRVRU GHVSUH VWDWXLD GLQ DXU DUJLQW ILHU DUDP L SPkQW GLVWUXV GH R SLDWU DUXQFDW GH PkQ QHRPHQHDVF VLPERO DO LPSHULLORU FDUHYRUVIkULLYRUILXUPDWHGHvPSU LDPHVLDQLFFDS3HQWUXIDSWXOFQXYRUVVH vQFKLQH VWDWXLL LGRODWUH FHL WUHL WLQHUL VXQW DUXQFD L vQ FXSWRUXO FX IRF GDU UPkQ QHDWLQL GH IRFSULQJULMDOXL'XPQH]HXFDS'DQLHOWkOFXLHWHYLVXOOXL1DEXFRGRQRVRUGHVSUHSRPXO XULD FDUH HVWH WLDW FDUH SUH]LFH QHEXQLD WHPSRUDU D UHJHOXL FDS (O LQWHUSUHWD] DSRL LQVFULS LDPLVWHULRDVGHSH]LGODRVS XOOXL%HOD DUSULQFDUHVHSUH]LFHVIkULWXOLPSHULXOXL EDELORQLDQ L FXFHULUHD OXL GH PH]L L SHUL PHQH PHQH WHNHO XIDUVLQ FDS ,Q XUPa uneltirilor de la curte, Daniel este aruncat n graopa cu lei din porunca regelui Darius Medul, VXEDFX]DFUHIX]VFXOWXOvPSUDWXOXL'XPQH]HXvOS]HWHvQFKLSPLUDFXORVFDS Teme teologice din cap. 1-6 8QLFLWDWHD L XQLYHUVDOLWDWHD OXL 'XPQHzeul. Comun capitolelor 1- HVWH IDSWXO F HOH VH vQFKHLHFXRGR[RORJLHYHQLWGLQSDUWHDUHSUH]HQWDQ LORUSJkQW LL,QXUPDYLVHORUWkOFXLWH GH 'DQLHO VDX PLQXQLORU SULQ FDUH HO L FROHJLL OXL VXQW L]EYL L GH PRDUWH WR L UHJLL SJkQL UHFXQRVF L SURFODP XQLFLWDWHD DWRWSXWHUQLFLD OXL 'XPQH]HX L FDUDFWHUXO XQLYHUVDO DO VWSkQLULL 6DOH 'XPQH]HXO HYUHLORU HVWH VLQJXUXO 'XPQH]HXFDUHJXYHUQHD]LVWRULD ; 2,28-29 ; 6,27-28). &UHGLQDvQ'XPQH]HXvQRULFHvPSUHMXUULvQYUHPHGHSHUVHFXLLLSLOGGHHYODYLH. Un PHVDMVWUXLWRUDOFU LLHVWHvQGHPQXOGHDVWUXLvQFUHGLQ FKLDUFXULVFXOPDUWLULXOXL&DUWHD RIHU SLOGH GH FUHGLQ YLH L QH]GUXQFLQDW vQ 'XPQH]HX GH REVHUYDUH D SUHVFULS LLORU UHOLJLRDVH GH UXJFLXQH L SUDFWLF D SRVWXOXL Din aceste motive, cartea Daniel nu a fost DSUHFLDWGRDUvQLXGDLVPFLHDDMXFDWXQUROvQVHPQDWvQHYODYLDFUHWLQLORUSkQvQ]LXDGH azi. Biserica a preluat din ea texte ca formulare liturgice n cultul ortodox : 3,25-45 i 9,4-19 sunt modele de rugFLXQL GH SHQLWHQ FkQWDUHD FHORU WLQHUL FD PRGHO GH FkQWDUH ELVHULFHDVF6HPDLGHVSULQGHLGHHDFUXJFLXQHDHVWHRSUDFWLFUHOLJLRDVELQHVWDELOLWFX WLPSXULLFKLDUFXRSR]L LHDWUXSXOXLIL[DWHLQGLIHUHQWGHORFXOvQFDUHVHDIOFUHGLQFLRsul 3RVWXOOXL'DQLHOLDOFHORUWLQHULHVWHRIHULWFDPRGHOvQVFULHULOHSULQ LORU%LVHULFLL 6SLULWXDOLWDWHDDFHVWHLFU LDLQIOXHQ DWDDGDUVSLULWXDOLWDWHDRUWRGR[ &XULQVXOSU LLD-a (7-12) Cele patru viziuni ale lui Daniel sunt tlcXLWH GH vQJHUL L UHSUH]LQW GHVFRSHULUL GHVSUH vQIUkQJHUHD LPSHULLORU FDUH VXEMXJ SRSRUXO LXGHX L LQVWDXUDUHD vPSU LHL PHVLDQLFH OD VIkULWXOWLPSXOXL ,Q SULPD YL]LXQH 'DQLHO YHGH ILDUH FDUH LHV GLQ PDUH L vQ FHO GLQ XUP VXQW VXSXVH L judecate GH&HOYHFKLGH]LOHGH&HO3UHDvQDOW,PSU LDYHQLFHVWHGDW)LXOXL2PXOXLFDUH YDYHQLSHQRULLFHUXOXL&DLvQFDSLWROXOYLVXOFXVWDWXLDGLQPHWDOHGLIHULWHFHOHILDUH VLPEROL]HD] LPSHULL FDUH YRU SLHUL EDELORQLDQ PHG L SHUVDQ DO lui Alexandru, al SWRORPHLORULVHOHXFL]LORUFDS $GRXDYL]LXQHHVWHFHDDEHUEHFXOXLFDUHHVWHvQYLQVGHXQ DSGLQDSXV'LQFRUQXO DSXOXL FUHVF FRDUQH GLQWUH FDUH XQXO OXSW FX vQFUkQFHQDUH vPSRWULYD OXL 'XPQH]HX %HUEHFXO UHSUH]LQW LPSHULXO persan, nvoins de Alexandru cel Mare. Cele 4 coarne sunt imperiile 33
IRUPDWHGXSPRDUWHDVD&RUQXOFDUHOXSWvPSRWULYDOXL'XPQH]HXHVWH$QWLRK,9(SLIDQHV (cap.8). 8UPHD]YL]LXQHDFHORUGHVSWPkQLGHDQLWkOFXLWGHDUKDQJKHOXO*DYULLO9RUWUHFH 70 GHVSWPkQLGHDQLGHODSRUXQFDGHUH]LGLUHD,HUXVDOLPXOXLSkQODYHQLUHDOXL0HVLD(OYD SLHUL IU V VH JVHDVF YUHR YLQ vQ (O LDU XQ SRSRU VWULQ YD GUkPD FHWDWHD L WHPSOXO 0HVLDYDvQFKHLDXQOHJPkQWFXPXO LvQWU-RVSWPkQFDS-27). In capitolele 10-12 sunt prezentate viziuni despre succesiunea imperiilor persan, macedonian, SWRORPHLORU L VHOHXFL]LORU ,Q YUHPXULOH GLQ XUP VH YD VFXOD DUKDQJKHOXO 0LKDLO FDUH YD LQWHUYHQLVSUHL]EYLUHDSRSRUXOXLGXSFDUHYDXUPDvQYLHUHDPRU LORU LUVSODWDFHORUGUHS L FDUHYRUVWUOXFLFDVWHOHOHSHFHU'DQLHOHVWHvQGHPQDWVSHFHWOXLDVFFDUWHDGHVFRSHULULLV LQDVFXQVHFXYLQWHOHSkQODVIkULWXOYUHPLL
Teme teologice din cap. 7-FRQFHSLDPHVLDQLFvQYLHUHDPRULORUUHFHSLDFUHWLQDFULL
,PSRUWDQDDSRFDOLSVHLOXL'DQLHO'LQSHUVSHFWLYFUHWLQGHVFRSHULULOHGLQSDUWHDD-a a FU LL UHSUH]LQW XQ SURJUHV vQ UHYHOD LD GLYLQ L HOH SUHJWHVF GHVFRSHULUHD GHSOLQ D OXL Dumnezeu n Iisus Hristos. Sunt importante proIH LLOH PHVLDQLFH GHVSUH WLPSXO YHQLULL OXL +ULVWRV VDX GHVSUH MHUWID 6D L OHJPkQWXO FHO 1RX FDUH VH GLVWLQJ vQ DFHDVW SDUWH D FU LL 9L]LXQLOH YRUEHVF L GHVSUH vPSU LD YHQLF D )LXOXL 2PXOXL GHVSUH D -D 6D YHQLUH L GHVSUH vQYLHUHD PRU LORU 'H DOWIHO 'DQ HVWH VLQJXUXO ORF QHFRQWURYHUVDW FDUH DILUP vQYLHUHDPRU LORUvQ97vQFU LOHFDQRQLFH,PDJLQLOHDSRFDOLVHLOXL'DQLHODXLQIOXHQ DWSH DXWRULLQRXWHVWDPHQWDULLPXOWHLPDJLQLLH[SUHVLLGHDLFLVXQWUHOXDWHvQ$SRFDOLSVD6I,RDQ
34
Osea 1XPHOHFU LL Cartea profetului Osea face parte din cele 12 cU L QXPLWH SURIH LL PLFL ,Q 9HFKLXO 7HVWDPHQWFHOHFU LIRUPHD]XQFRUSXVXQLWDUIDSWSHQWUXFDUHvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWH HOHVXQWGHQXPLWHLFDUWHDFHORUSURIH L. ,Q DFHVW FRUSXV FDUWHD SURIHWXOXL 2VHD HVWH vQLUDW SH SULPXO ORF 'HL GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FURQRORJLFQXHVWHSULPXOGLQWUHSURIH LLVFULLWRUL2VHDHVWHSULQWUHSULPLLHOXUPkQGLPHGLDW GXS$PRVLILLQGFRQWHPSRUDQFX,VDLD 1XPHOH 2VHD vQVHDPQ vQ HEUDLF PkQWXLUH ILLQG vQUXGLW HWLPRORJLF FX QXPHOH ,RVXD VDX Iisus. 9LD DSURIHWXOXL 'LQ SULPXO YHUVHW DO FU LL DIOP F SURIHWXO D DFWLYDW VXE GRPQLD UHJHOXL ,HURERDP ,, GLQUHJDWXOGH1RUG&KLDUGDFPDLVXQWDPLQWL LLUHJLDLUHJDWului de Sud, sub care a DFWLYDWL,VDLD2VHDvOQXPHWHSHUHJHOHOXL,VUDHOUHJHOHQRVWUXGHXQGHUH]XOWF activitatea lui s-DGHVIXUDWvQDFHVWUHJDW(OQLFLQXDPLQWHWHYUHRGDWFHWDWHD,HUXVDOLPvQ VFKLPEYRUEHWHDGHVHDGHFHW LOHQordice. 1XVHPHQ LRQHD]FGHUHDUHJDWXOXLGHQRUGVXEURELDDVLULDQv+VHPQF2VHDQXD PDL WULW DFHVW HYHQLPHQW 3HVHPQH F V-D QVFXW vQ UHJDWXO GH 1RUG SH OD vQFHSXWXO VHF v+L-DvQFHSXWDFWLYLWDWHDSURIHWLFvQMXUXODQXOXLLL-a ncheiat-o n jurul anului 730. 9LD DVDSULYDWDIRVWPDUFDWGHPLVLXQHDSURIHWLFvQPRGWUDJLF'XPQH]HXvLVSXQHVLD vQ FVWRULH R IHPHLH GHVIUkQDW 'UDPD GLQ YLD D SULYDW HVWH WUDQVSXV SH SODQ UHOLJLRV &VWRULD OXL 2VHD HVWH XQ DFW VLPEROLF vQ FDUH VH DUDW OHJWXUD LQILGHO D SRSRUXOXL FX 'XPQ]HXOVX 6LWXD LDLVWRULFR-SROLWLFvQFDUHDFWLYHD]SURIHWXO 2VHD D WULW vQWU-R SHULRDG SROLWLF PDUFDW GH LQVWDELOLWDWH 'XS OXQJD GRPQLH D OXL Ieroboam II, succesiunea la tron se va IDFHGRDUSULQX]XUSDUHLFULP)LXOOXL,HURERDP,, HVWHXFLVGXSOXQL8]XUSDWRUXODUHDFHHDLVRDUWGXSQXPDLROXQGHGRPQLH8QDOWUHJH 3HFD HVWH DVDVLQDW GXS DQL 8OWLPXO UHJH DO UHJDWXOXL GH 1RUG SRDUW DFHODL QXPH FD L profetul- Osea,QWLPSXOGRPQLHLVDOHDVLHULHQLLDVHGLD]6DPDULDFDSLWDODUHJDWXOXL,Q .H. regatul de Nord este cucerit de asirieni. 3URIHWXO2VHDDSUH]LVVIkULWXOGLQDVWLHLOXL,HURERDP,,FDUHDGHFODQDWODQ XOGHX]XUSULL FULPH FH YD GXFH OD FGHUHD UHJDWXOXL &KLDU GDF QX D WULW FXFHULUHD 6DPDULHL FXYkQWXO 'RPQXOXLURVWLWGHSURIHWHVWHRDVSUMXGHFDWDVLWXD LHLSROLWLFH (LL-au ales rege fr voin D0HDL-DXSXVFmSHWHQLLImUmFD(XVmILWLXW'LQDXUXO LGLQDUJLQWXOORUL-au fmFXWLGROLFDHLVmVHSUmEXHDVFm Uzurpatorii nu sunt regi legitimi, sunt criminali. 6LWXD LDUHOLJLRV-PRUDOvQFDUHDFWLYHD]SURIHWXO 3ROLWLFDGLQUHJDWXOGHQRUGHVWHvQVR LWGHRGHJUDGDUHUHOLJLRVPRUDOFHvQFHSHFXSWXULOH FRQGXFWRDUHLFXSULQGHWRWSRSRUXO,QQXPHOH'RPQXOXL2VHDFRQGDPQFRUXS LDPRUDO QHGUHSWDWHDVRFLDOLGHIRUPDUHDFXOWXOXLUHOLJLRV 35
$VFXOWDLFXYkQWXO'RPQXOXLYRLFRSLLDLOXL,VUDHOF Domnul st la judecat cu locuitorii pmntului. C nu mai este crHGLQmQLFLLXELUHQLFLFXQRDWHUHGH'XPQH]HXvQDU. 7R L MXUm VWUkPE PLQW XFLG IXUm L VXQW GHVIUkQD L VmYkUHVF IDSWH VLOQLFH LDU VkQJHOH YmUVDW FXUJH SHVWH
snge.

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r vlag, mpreun FX ILDUHOH FkPSXOXL L
'DU UGFLQD QHGUHSW LL VRFLDOH L D FRUXS LHL PRUDOH HVWH GHFGHUHD UHOLJLRDV 3RSRUXO D SUVLWSH'RPQXO1XPDLH[LVWFXQRDWHUHGH'XPQH]HXFKLDUGDFH[LVWFXOWFKLDUGDF 'XPQH]HXHVWHLQYRFDW6HSUDFWLFILHFXOWXOOXL%DDOILHXQFXOWFXWUVWXULOHEDDOLVWLFHDGXV 'RPQXOXL (VWH YRUED GH XQ FXOW DXWRPDWL]DW vQ VSDWHOH FUXLD VW FUHGLQ D F VSRULUHD MHUWIHORULPSXQHOXL'XPQH]HXUHYUVDUHDEXQW LORUF'RPQXOSRDWHILREOLJDWVUVSXQG DXWRPDWODMHUWIHOHDGXVH/XL2VHDFRQVLGHUDFHVWFXOWFDGHYLDWOLSVLWGHHVHQ DVDILLQGFvL OLSVHWHFXQRDWHUHDOXL'XPQH]HX Iubirea lui Dumnezeu 'LQ FLWDWHOH PHQ LRQDWH V-D SXWXW REVHUYD F XQXO GLQ FXYLQWHOH FKHLH DOH FU LL HVWH GHVIUkQDUH'DU2VHDIRORVHWHFXYkQWXOLFXVHQVILJXUDW'HVIUkQDUHHVWHvQFKLQDUHDODDO L GXPQH]HL SUVLUHD 'RPQXOXL 2VHD DVHDPQ UHOD LD GLQWUH SRSRU L 'XPQH]HX FX UHOD LD GLQWUHRVR LHLQILGHOLVR XOVX'UDPDVR XOXLvQHODWFDUHvLLXEHWHVR LDLQXSRDWHV UHQXQ H OD HD HVWH R LPDJLQH IRORVLW SHQWUX D DUWD LXELUHD WUGDW D OXL 'XPQH]HX SHQWUX ,VUDHO&LQHSRDWHVVLPWPDLELQHDFHDVWLXELUHWUGDWGHFkWvQVXLSURIHWXO" /D SRUXQFD 'RPQXOXL 2VHD VH FVWRUHWH FX R IHPHLH GHVIUkQDW *RPHU FX FDUH DUH WUHL FRSLL SH FDUH vL QXPHWH VLPEROLF OR DPPL QX HVWH SRSRUXO PHX OR UXFKDPD IU PLO (]UHHO'XPQH]HXvOvPSUWLHSHHO $WkWFVWRULDFkWLQXPHOHFRSLLORUVXQWDFWHVLPEROLFHSULQHOHVXQWDUWDWHQHUHFXQRWLQ DL LQILGHOLWDWHD OXL ,VUDHOID GHEXQWDWHDOXL'XPQH]HX3URIHWXODPLQWHWHGHLXELUHDLQL LDO SULQWHDVFDOXL'XPQH]HXSHQWUX,VUDHOSHFDUHO-DOXDWLO-DvQY DWVPHDUJSUHFXPvL vQYD PDPDFRSLOXOVIDFSULPLLSDi.
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jugul de pe
-i hrneam.
Iubirea lui Dumnezeu mbUDFDSRLIRUPDLXELULLFRQMXJDOHDLXELULLFXFDUHVR XOV-a legat de VR LH'DUVR LDGHFDUH2VHDVHOHDJHVWHRIHPHLHGHVIUkQDW,QPRGVLPEROLFSURIHWXODUDW FXP'XPQH]HXVHOHDJGH,VUDHOLvOLXEHWHFKLDUFkQGDFHVWDWULHWHvQSFDW3URIetul Osea WULHWH vQ YLD D VD SULYDW GUDPD OXL 'XPQH]HX ,XELUHD DSULQV FXQRDWH LQGLJQDUH UHJUHWH GDUQXVHSRDWHVWLQJH2GDWLQWUDWvQLQLPDOXL'XPQH]HX,VUDHOQXPDLSRDWHILVFRVGLQHD 'RPQXO vL LXEHWH vQ PRG SDUDGR[DO SRSRUXO L QX vQFHWHD] V-O LXEHDVF QLFL vQ WLPSXO
36
SUVLULL L LQILGHOLW LL VDOH $WXQFL FkQG SHGHDSVD PHULWDW GH SRSRU SDUH LQHYLWDELO 'XPQH]HXODVWRWLXELULL6DOHXOWLPXOFXYkQW 11,5. Nu se vor mai duce n Egipt, ci Asiria le va fi rege, cci n-au voit s se ntoarc la FUHGLQ . 6. Sabia s pustiiasc cet LOHOXLLV drme ntriturile lui, din pricina punerii lor la cale! 7. Dar poporul Meu este hotrt s se despart de Mine. l strig, dar el nici nu ridic ochii spre Mine. 11,8. O, cum te voi lsa, Efraime! Cum te voi prsi, Israele! Cum te voi trece cu vederea FDRGLQLRDUmSH$GPDLWHYRLIDFHFDHERLPXO,QLPDVH]YkUFROHWHvQ0LQHPLOD0m cuprinde! ,HUWDUHDHVWHGHHVHQ GLYLQ'XPQH]HXLDUWSHQWUXFHVWH'XPQH]HXLQXRP ,QIOXHQ DFU LL 97 )LLQG SULQWUH SULPHOH FU L SURIHWLFH WHRORJLD SURIHWXOXL 2VHD D LQIOXHQ DW SH FHLODO L SURIH L PDUL ,HUHPLD ,VDLD ,H]HFKLHO PDL DOHV SULQ FRQFHS LD GHVSUH OHJWXUD GLQWUH 'XPQH]HX L SRSRU FD OHJWXU GH LXELUH FRQMXJDO ([SUHVLD DFHVWHL FRQFHS LL vL JVHWH FXOPHDvQ&kQWDUHD&kQWULORU7HRORJLDFU LL2VHDHWHRORJLDLXbirii lui Dumnezeu. De aceea LQIOXHQ D DVXSUD 17 D FU LL 2VHD H VHVL]DELO vQGHRVHEL vQ (Y GXS ,RDQ L vQ HSLVWROHOH LRDQHLFH$ILUPkQGF'XPQH]HXLDUWXQ,VUDHODIODWvQFvQSFDW2VHDDQWLFLSFXYLQWHOH6I Ap. Pavel din Rom 5,6-8 despre iertarea dDWQRXSULQ+ULVWRV
&mFL+ULVWRVvQFmILLQGQRLQHSXWLQFLRLODWLPSXOKRWmUkWDPXULWSHQWUXFHLQHFUHGLQFLRL &mFLFXJUHXYDPXULFLQHYDSHQWUXXQGUHSWGDUSHQWUXFHOEXQSRDWHVHKRWmUmWHFLQHYDVmPRDUm 'DU'XPQH]HXLDUDWmGUDJRVWHD/XLID vQFmSmFmWRL
9. Nu voi dezln XLLX LPHDPkQLHL0HOHLQXYRLSUpdi din nou Efraimul; cci Dumnezeu sunt, LQXRP(XVXQW6IkQWXOvQPLMORFXOWmXLQXYRLYHQLVmWHSUmSmGHVF
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Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea Cartea Zaharia 1XPHOHLvPSU LUHDFU LL I) Zah 1-8 II) Zah 9-14
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Pr. Lect. Dr.

Constantin Oancea &ULOHLVWRULFHLSURIHLLDQWHULRUL

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Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea

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ordinul regelui Manase (690).

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-ar fi amintit. a capitolelor 1- 'HVWLQDWDULL SURSRYGXLULL

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Contextul n care sunt rostite discursurile profetice din 56-66.

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profetice (36,32). Alte pasaje dinFDUWHVXQWUHODWULFXFDUDFWHUELRJUDILFGHVSUH,HUHPLDVFULVHvQSUR]vQWU-un stil

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Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea

familia sa. 2. De la anul 605

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