Noles or lre 3c|erce ol ladeelr exlracled lror 'Tayseer Vusla|ar|| ladeelr - .,=- _==- ,., - 0r.

Varrood al-Tarraar
,,-| -| = ,.,
The eg|nn|ng of Husta|ahu| hadeeth
ll ras |ls oas|s |r lre 0ur.aar ard lre 3urrar ol lre Proprel (). A||aar () says:
} ,,, ,,, `= ,\- ., ,- ,=| ,,|, . . . {
0 you Wro oe||evel ll a reoe|||ous ev|| persor cores lo you W|lr a reWs, ver|ly |l, . . .
[3oorar a|-lujuraal-019, Aayar-00|
Tre Proprel () sa|d ((Vay A||aar ra|e a persor rappy Wro rears sorelr|rg lror us ard lrarsr|ls |l as re reard |l, s|rce
perraps lre ore Wror |l reacres corprererds |l oeller lrar lre ore Wro reard |l.)) [3areer: Arrad, al-T|rr|dree ard lor
l|ooaar lror lor Vas'ood|.
lraar Vus||r reporls |r lre |rlroducl|or ol r|s '3areer lral lor 3eereer - lre larous laao|'ee - sa|d: 'Trey rever used lo
as| aooul lre |sraad, oul Wrer lre c|v|| War oro|e oul, lrey sa|d: Nare lo us your rarralors, lrose Wro oe|orged lo Ar|us-
3urrar, lre|r aradeelr are accepled ard lrose Wro are |rrovalors, lre|r aradeelr are rejecled.
The most famous books on the subject:
1) 'a|-Vuradd|lru| Faas|| oayrar-RaaWee Wa| waa'ee
- a|-0aadee Aooo Vurarrad a|-lasar |or 'Aod|r-Rarraar ar-Raararurruzee (d.30l). F|rsl ooo|
devoled exc|us|ve|y lo lre suojecl.
2) 'Va'r|lal 'u|ooru|-ladeelr
- Aooo 'Aod|||aar Vurarrad |or 'Aod|||aar a|-laa||r ar-Neesaaoooree (d.105l).
3) a|-Vusla|rraj 'a|aa Va'r|lal|| 'u|oor||-ladeelr
- Aooo Nu'ayr a|-lsoaraaree (d.130l).
1) 'a|-K|laayar lee 'l|r|r-R|Waayar
- Aooo 8a|ar Arrad |or 'A|ee |or Traao|l a|-Kraleeo a|-8agrdaadee (d.13l).
5) 'a|-Jaar|' ||.a|r|aaq|r-RaaWee Wa Aadaao|s-3aar|'
- a|-Kraleeo a|-8agrdaadee.
) 'a|-l|raa' ||aa ra'r|lal 'usoo||r-R|Waayar Wal-Taqyeed|s 3araa'
- a|-0aadee 'lyaad |or Voosaa a|-Yars|oee (d.511l).
Z) 'Vaa |aa Yasa'u|-Vuradd|lra Jar|uru
- Aooo lals 'urar |or 'Aod||-Vajeed a|-Vayaarajee (d. 580l).
8) 'u|ooru|-ladeelr
- Aooo 'Arr 'ulrraar |or 'Aod|r-Rarraar asr-3rarrazooree: lorus-3a|aar (d.13l). 0re ol lre oesl
ooo|s, corror|y |roWr as 'Vuqadd|rrar lorus-3a|aar
9) 'al-Taqreeo Wal-Tayseer ||-ra'r|lal 3urar|| 8asreer|r-Nadreer
- Vureeyuddeer Yaryaa |or 3raral ar NaWaWee (d.Zl).
10) 'Tadreeour-RaaWee lee 3rarr Taqreeo|r-NaWaWee
- Ja|aa|uddeer 'Aodur-Rarraar |or Aoee 8a|ar as-3uyoolee (d.911l).
1
11) 'Nazrud-0urar lee 'l|r|| Alrar
- Za|ruddeer 'Aodur-Rareer |or a|-lusayr a|-'lraaqee (d.80l).
12) 'Fal-ru| Vugreelr lee 3rarr A|l|yyal|| ladeelr
- Vurarrad |or 'Aod|r-Rarraar as-3a|raaWee (d.902l).
13) 'Nu|roalu| F||r lee Vusla|ar Ar||| Alrar
- a|-laal|z |or lajar a|-'Asqa|aaree (d.852l).
11) a|-Varzooralu| 8a|qoor|yyar
- 'urar |or Vurarrad a|-8a|qooree (d.1080l).
15) '0aWaa'|dul-Tardeelr
- Jaraa|uddeer a|-0aas|ree (d.1332l).
|n|t|a| def|n|t|ons:
'||mu| musta|ah - ,-
- Tre |roW|edge ol lre pr|rc|p|es ard ru|es oy Wr|cr lre slale ol lre |sraad (cra|r) ard lre lexl (ralar)
ray oe |roWr as regards acceplarce or rejecl|or. ll's uselu|ress lrerelore ||es |r |ls ra||rg poss|o|e lre
d|sl|rcl|or oelWeer aulrerl|c ard Wea| radeelr
a|-hadeeth - .,=|
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 3orelr|rg reW
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr |s allr|ouled lo lre Proprel () as regards Words, acl|ors or lac|l approva|, prys|ca| lealures
ard craracler|sl|cs
a|-khabar -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - NeWs
Tecrr|ca||y - Trere are lrree say|rgs :
1) ll |s lre sare as 'a|-radeelr
2) Tral Wr|cr |s re|aled lror olrer lrar lre Proprel (), ard
3) Tral re|aled lror lre Proprel () or olrer lrar l|r
a|-athar - v
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - A rerrarl
Tecrr|ca||y - Trere are lWo say|rgs :
1) ll |s lre sare as 'a|-radeelr, ard
2) 3ay|rgs ard acl|ors allr|ouled lo lre Corpar|ors ard Taao|'eer
a|-|snaad - .=,
- las lWo rear|rgs:
1) Ascr|o|rg lre radeelr oac| lo lre ore Wro sa|d |l - correcl|rg lre cra|r ol rarral|or, ard
2) Tre cra|r ol rarralors Wr|cr reacres oac| lo lre lexl - Wr|cr |s lre sare as 'as-sarad
as-sanad -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - A supporl
Tecrr|ca||y - Tre cra|r ol rarralors Wr|cr reacres lre lexl
2
a|-matan -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - A rard prolrud|rg parl ol lre earlr
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr lre cra|r ol rarral|or erds al (lre lexl)
a|-musnad -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr ras oeer allr|ouled lo soreore
Tecrr|ca||y - ll ras lrree rear|rgs :
1) Every ooo| arrarged accord|rg lo lre rarral|or's ol eacr Corpar|or separale|y
2) Tre radeelr Wr|cr |s lraced oac| lo lre Proprel (), (rarloo') W|lr a correcled |sraad (rullas||), ard
3) Tre 'sarad
a|-musn|d - =.|
- le Wro rarrales lre radeelr W|lr |ls |sraad
a|-muhadd|th -
- le Wro occup|es r|rse|l W|lr lre sc|erce ol radeelr - W|lr oolr lre sc|erces ol lre lexls ard lre cra|rs
ol rarral|or - ard re |roWs a greal rary rarral|ors ard lre cord|l|or ol lre|r rarralors
a|-haaf|z - =|
- Trere are lWo say|rgs :
1) le |s lre sare as lre ruradd|lr, ard
2) le |s ol a r|grer slardard - sucr lral Wral re |roWs al every slage |s rore lrar Wral re does rol
|roW
a|-haak|m - ,|
- le Wro ras |roW|edge corprererd|rg a|rosl a|| ol lre araadeelr sucr lral or|y a very leW escape r|r
6|ass|f|cat|on of the hadeeth as regards the state |n wh|ch |t reaches us:
3o |l |l ras rary cra|rs ol rarral|or - W|lroul a parl|cu|ar ||r|l - lrer |l |s mutawaat|r - ,-
Ard |l |ls cra|rs ol rarral|or are ||r|led lo a parl|cu|ar ruroer - lrer |l |s a|-aahaad -
a|-mutawaat|r - ,|
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 3uccess|or, corsecul|ve
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr |s rarraled oy sucr a |arge ruroer ol peop|e lral |l |s |rposs|o|e lral lrey rave |rverled a ||e
lls Cord|l|ors :
1) Tral |l oe rarraled oy a |arge ruroer ol peop|e. 3cro|ars d|ller aooul lre aclua| ruroer requ|red
2) Tral lr|s ruroer |s lourd |r every |eve| ol lre |sraad
3) Tral |l |s |rposs|o|e lral lrey cou|d rave galrered logelrer upor a ||e
C|asses ol a|-rulaWaal|r:
1) a|-mutawaat|ru|-|afzee - _=| ,| (rulaWaal|r |r Word|rg)
- Tral Wrose Word|rg ard rear|rg are rulaWaal|r. e.g. Tre radeelr ((le Wro de||oerale|y ||es upor re -
lrer |el r|r la|e r|s p|ace |r lre F|re.))
3
2) a|-mutawaat|ru| ma'nawee - ,-' ,| (rulaWaal|r |r rear|rg)
- |.e. lre radeelr ol ra|s|rg lre rards |r du'aa - Wr|cr |s reporled |r aooul a rurdred araadeelr, a|| ol
lrer slal|rg lral le () ra|sed r|s rards |r du'aa - oul relerr|rg lo d|llererl occas|ors - so lre rerl|or ol
eacr case |s rol rulaWaal|r, oul lre corror laclor - lral le () ra|sed r|s rards, |s.
Tre rosl larous ooo|s ol rulaWaal|r radeelr :
1) 'a|-Azraar a|-Vularaalr|rar l|| A|roaar|| VulaWaal|rar - as-3uyoolee.
2) '0ululu| Azraar - as-3uyoolee.
3) 'Nazru| Vularaalr|r r|ra| ladeelr|| VulaWaal|r - Vurarrad |or Ja'lar a|-Kallaaree.
khabaru| aahaad -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - P|ura| ol 'ore
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr does rol lu|l||| lre cord|l|ors ol lre rulaWaal|r
- lls d|v|s|ors accord|rg lo |ls ruroer ol cra|rs :
1) mash-hoor -
2) 'azeez - ,-
3) ghareeb - .,-
a|-mash-hoor -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 'we||-|roWr
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr |s rarraled oy lrree peop|e or rore al every |eve|, oul does rol reacr lre cord|l|or ol lre
rulaWaal|r
a|-mustafeed - ,.|
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr ras oeer spread or poured lorlr
Tecrr|ca||y - Trere are lrree say|rgs :
- 1) Tral |l |s lre sare as 'a|-rasr-roor,
2) ll |s rore parl|cu|ar - oolr erds ol |ls |sraad rusl oe equa|,
3) ll |s rore gerera| lrar 'a|-rasr-roor.
'a|-rasr-roor - olrer lrar |ls lecrr|ca| rear|rg :
ll |s sorel|res used lo rear lral a radeelr Wr|cr |s rere|y We||-|roWr arorgsl lre peop|e, W|lroul
rav|rg lre cord|l|ors lor lre lecrr|ca| 'rasr-roor. Tr|s |rc|udes :
1) Tral Wr|cr ras a s|rg|e |sraad,
2) Tral Wr|cr ras rore lrar ore |sraad, ard
3) Tral Wr|cr ras ro |sraad al a||.
Tre lypes ol 'a|-rasr-roor olrer lrar lre lecrr|ca| rasr-roor :
1) 'rasr-roor lo lre peop|e ol radeelr parl|cu|ar|y, e.g. lre radeelr ol Aras: 'lral A||aar's Vesserger
() rade qurool lor a rorlr aller ru|oo' |rvo||rg aga|rsl R|'| ard 0ra|Waar. [a|-8u|raaree ard
Vus||r|
2) 'rasr-roor lo lre peop|e ol radeelr , lre scro|ars ard lre corror peop|e, e.g. 'Tre Vus||r |s re
Wror lre Vus||rs are sale lror r|s lorgue ard r|s rard. [a|-8u|raaree ard Vus||r|
3) 'rasr-roor lo lre luqaraa (scro|ars), e.g. Tre rosl raled ol lre perr|ss|o|e lo A||aar |s d|vorce.
[0a'eel Aooo 0aaWood, lor Vaajar ard a|-laa||r|
1) 'rasr-roor lo lre scro|ars ol 'usoo| (pr|rc|p|es ol l|qr), e.g. 'V|sla|es ard lorgellu|ress rave oeer
4
sel doWr (lorg|ver) lor ry urrar ard lral Wr|cr lrey are lorced lo do. [3areer al-Taoaraaree lror
TraWoaar|
5) 'rasr-roor lo lre peop|e ol arao|c grarrar.
) rasr-roor lo lre corror peop|e.
Tre rosl larous ooo|s ol lrose araadeelr corror upor lre lorgues ol lre peop|e :
1) 'a|-Vaqaas|du| lasarar lee Vasrlarara 'a|a| A|s|rar - as-3a|raaWee.
2) 'Kasrlu| Kralaa Wa razee|u| ||oaas lee Vasrlarara r|ra| radeelr 'a|aa A|s|ral|r-Naas - a|-'Aj|ooree.
3) 'Taryeezul-Tayy|o r|ra| Kraoeelr| leeraa yadurroo 'a|aa A|s|ral|r Naas| r|ra| radeelr - lor ad-
0ayoa' asr-3rayoaaree.
a|-azeez - ,-|
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - E|lrer 'rare or 'slrorg
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr |s rarraled oy ro |ess lrar lWo rarralors al every |eve|, e.g. Tre radeelr ((Nore ol you
oe||eves url|| l ar rore oe|oved lo r|r lrar r|s lalrer, r|s sor ard a|| lre peop|e.)) [a|-8u|raaree ard
Vus||r|. ll |s rarraled lror lre Proprel () oy Aras lror 0alaadar ard 'Aodu|-'Azeez |or 3urayo, ard
lror 0alaadar oy 3ru'oar ard 3a'eed.
TlE PR0PlET ()
2 Aras Aooo lurayrar
2 0alaadar 'Aodu| 'Azeez lor 3urayo
2 3ru'oar 3a'eed
a|-ghareeb - .,-|
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - Tre s|rgu|ar
Tecrr|ca||y - Tre radeelr Wr|cr al sore slage |s rarraled or|y oy a s|rg|e rarralor - e|lrer |r every slage ol lre
|sraad, or al a s|rg|e po|rl.
A|so ca||ed 'a|-lard :
lr lre v|eW ol a|-laal|z |or lajar 'a|-lard ard 'a|-grareeo are lre sare, excepl lral 'a|-lard |s usua||y
used lo reler lo 'a|-lardu| rul|aq (lral Wr|cr |s reporled oy a s|rg|e Corpar|or), ard 'a|-grareeo lo reler
lo 'a|-lardur-r|soee (Wr|cr occurs |aler |r lre |sraad).
lls lypes accord|rg lo Wrere |l occurs |r lre |sraad:
1) a|-ghareebu| mut|aq (aoso|ule) =' .,-|, (or 'a|-lardu| rul|aq)
- Tral Wr|cr occurs al lre rool ol lre |sraad - oe|rg rarraled oy a s|rg|e Corpar|or, e.g. lre radeelr
((ver||y acl|ors are oul oy |rlerl|ors.)) [Reporled or|y oy 'urar |or a|-Krallaao ()|
2) a|-ghareebun-n|sbee (re|al|ve) _,.`| .,-|, (or 'a|-lardur-r|soee)
- Tral Wr|cr |s rarraled oy rore lrar ore rarralor lo oeg|r W|lr, lrer soreWrere |r lre |sraad ore ol |ls
rarralors ras or|y ore persor rarral|rg lror r|r.
5
Types ol grareeo-r|soee :
1) lls oe|rg reporled or|y oy a cerla|r lr|qar (re||ao|e) rarralor. 3ucr as lre|r say|rg: No re||ao|e persor
rarrales |l excepl so ard so.
2) 0r|y a cerla|r persor rarrales |l lror arolrer parl|cu|ar persor. 3ucr as lre|r say|rg: 0r|y so ard so
rarrales |l lror so ard so - ever lrougr |l r|grl rave olrer cra|rs lrrougr olrer rarralors.
3) ll oe|rg or|y rarraled oy peop|e ol a cerla|r loWr or |ard. 3ucr as lre|r say|rg: ll |s or|y rarraled oy
lre peop|e ol Va||ar, or lre peop|e ol 3raar.
1) ll |s reporled lror lre peop|e ol ore |ard oy lre peop|e ol arolrer parl|cu|ar |ard. 3ucr as lre|r say|rg:
ll |s reporled or|y oy lre peop|e ol 8asrar lror lre peop|e ol a|-Vadeerar, elc.
Arolrer c|ass|l|cal|or - As regards Wrelrer lre s|rgu|ar|ly |s |r lre lexl or lre |sraad :
1) grareeo |r |ls ralar (lexl) ard |sraad, |.e. Tral Wrose lexl |s reporled or|y oy a s|rg|e rarralor.
2) grareeo |r |ls |sraad oul rol |r |ls ralar, |.e. a radeelr reporled oy a group ol Corpar|ors, oul ore ol
lrer ras or|y a s|rg|e persor Wro rarrales |l lror r|r, so |l |s grareeo lrrougr lral cra|r ard al-
T|rr|dree descr|oes lral as 'grareeo r|r raadra| Wajr.
Farous Wor|s corcerr|rg 'a|-grareeo :
1) '0raraa.|o Vaa||| - ad-0aaraqulree.
2) 'a|-Alraad - ad-0aaraqulree.
3) 'Tre 3urrars Wr|cr are parl|cu|ar lo peop|e ol a parl|cu|ar |ard, ['as-surar||-|alee lalarrada o||u|||
surrar r|rraa ar|u| oa|dal|r| - Aooo 0aaWood.
Tre d|v|s|or ol a|-|raoaru| aaraad as regards lre slrerglr's ard Wea|ress's :
1) Acceplao|e - ,,,.- (raqooo|) - Tral lourd lo oe reporled oy lrulrlu| ard acceplao|e rarralors. lls
ru||rg |s lral |l |s oo||galory lo accepl ard acl upor |l.
2) Rejecled - ...- (rardood) - Tral rol lourd lo oe reporled oy lrulrlu| ard acceplao|e rarralors. lls
ru||rg |s lral |l |s rol accepled as ev|derce ror acled upor.
a|-|raoaru| raqooo| (acceplao|e reporls) - lls lWo rajor lypes are sareer (aulrerl|c) ard rasar (good)
Wr|cr lrer lurlrer orea| doWr |rlo:
1) sareer - _,= - sareer or |ls oWr,
2) sareer ||-grayr|r| - ,-| _,= - sareer due lo supporl ol olrers,
3) rasar ||-draal|r| - -=| .- - rasar or |ls oWr, ard
1) rasar ||-grayr|r| - ,-| .- - rasar due lo supporl ol olrers.
as-saheeh - _,=|
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 3ourd/rea|lry
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wrose |sraad |s correcled lrrougr 'jusl ('ad|) ard prec|se (daao|l) rarralors lror oeg|rr|rg lo erd,
rol oe|rg sraadrdr or rav|rg a r|dder delecl ('|||ar).
Tre l|ve cord|l|ors :
1) |ll|saa|us- sarad - =.| ,.=` - Tral |ls |sraad |s correcled. Tral every ore ol |ls rarralors reard |l
d|recl|y lror lre persor re |s rarral|rg lror, lror lre slarl ol lre |sraad lo lre erd.
2) a|-'adaa|ar - - Tral a|| ol |ls rarralors are 'ad| (jusl); |.e. Vus||r, 0l age (oaa||gr), 3are ('aaq||),
Nol ar oper s|rrer (laas|q), ard rol rav|rg oad rarrers ard rao|ls (ra|rrooru| raroo.ar).
3) Tral a|| ol |ls rarralors are daao|l (prec|se), Wr|cr |s ol lWo ||rds:
6
daolus-sadr - _==| =,.= (prec|s|or ol lre rearl) - lral re reror|ses |l correcl|y ard lrarsr|ls |l as re
reard |l ard lral re urderslards |l |l re |s reporl|rg |ls rear|rg.
daolu| ||laao - =| =,= (prec|s|or ol Wr|l|rg) - lral re correcl|y Wr|les |l doWr, preserves |l ar ra|es
sure lral |l |s passed or correcl|y.
1) 'adarusr srulroolr - .=.=| ;=.- - Tral |l |s rol sraadrdr. Ard lre sraadrdr |s Wrer lre re||ao|e
rarralors corlrad|cl|rg lrose Wro are rore re||ao|e lrar r|r.
5) 'adaru| '|||ar - -.-| ;=.- - Tral |l does rol corla|r ('|||ar) r|dder Wea|ress. Tre '|||ar |s a ror-
apparerl laclor Wr|cr allecls lre aulrerl|c|ly ol lre radeelr, Wr||sl lre |sraad appears lo oe lree lror |l,
e.g. a r|dder gap |r lre |sraad.
ll ary ol lrese l|ve cord|l|ors are rol lu|l|||ed lrer lre |sraad W||| rol oe sareer.
Tre ru||rg regard|rg lre sareer radeelr:
ll |s oo||galory lo acl upor |l accord|rg lo lre corsersus ol lre scro|ars ol radeelr ard a|| lrose Wrose
Word |s courled lror lre scro|ars ol usoo| ard l|qr. ll |s a prool |r lre sraree'ar ard |l |s rol perr|ss|o|e
lor aryore lo |eave oll acl|rg upor |l.
Tre rosl aulrerl|c |sraads:
lr lre v|eW ol a|-8u|raaree lre rosl aulrerl|c |sraad |s: Vaa||| lror Naal|' lror lor 'urar. [Tr|s |sraad
|s |roWr as 's||s||aludr-drarao (lre cra|r ol go|d)|.
lr lre v|eW ol lsraaq |or RaaraWa|r ard Arrad lre rosl aulrerl|c |s: az-Zurree lror 3aa||r lror lor
'urar.
lr lre v|eW ol lor a|-Vadeeree ard a|-Fa||aas |l |s: lor 3eereer lror 'Aoeedar lror 'A|ee.
lr lre v|eW ol lor Va'eer |l |s: A| A'arasr lror loraareer Ar-Na|ra'ee lror 'A|qarar lror 'Aodu||aar
|or Vas'ood.
lr lre v|eW ol lor Aoee 3rayoar |l |s: az-Zurree lror 'A|ee lor a|-lusayr lror a|-lusayr lror 'A|ee.
Tre l|rsl ooo| Wr|ller lo |rc|ude or|y lre sareer:
'3areeru| 8u|raaree Wr|cr Was lo||oWed oy '3areer Vus||r. Tre rore aulrerl|c ol lre lWo oe|rg
'3areeru| 8u|raaree.
Ne|lrer a|-8u|raaree ror Vus||r lr|ed lo galrer a|| ol lre aulrerl|c araadeelr |r lre|r ooo|s:
3areeru| 8u|raaree corla|rs Z,2Z5 araadeelr |rc|ud|rg repel|l|ors ard aooul 1,000 W|lroul repel|l|ors.
3areer Vus||r corla|rs aooul 12,000 W|lr repel|l|ors ard aooul 1,000 W|lroul.
wr|cr ol lre radeelr ol a|-8u|raaree ard Vus||r rave lre ru||rg ol oe|rg del|r|le|y sareer?:
0r|y lre radeelr Wr|cr lrey reporl W|lr a correcled |sraad are so courled. As lor lrose Wr|cr are
reporled W|lr a rarralor or rarralors r|ss|rg lror lre slarl ol lre |sraad, lrer lrey are lerred a|-
mu'a||aq - .-|. a|-8u|raaree oller does lr|s |r lre crapler read|rgs, oul rol W|lr|r lre lexl ol r|s
ooo|. Ard lrese rarral|ors are ol lWo lypes:
1) Tral Wr|cr |s reporled W|lr cerla|rly, e.g. re sa|d, re ordered, re rerl|ored - lrer lral |s judged lo oe
sareer lror lre persor |l |s rarraled lror.
2) Tral reporled W|lroul cerla|rly, e.g. |l |s sa|d lral, |l |s reporled lral (us|rg lre pass|ve lerse), lrer lral
does rol carry lre auloral|c ru||rg ol |l oe|rg sareer.
7
Leve|s ol aulrerl|c|ly:
1) Tral reporled oy oolr a|-8u|raaree ard Vus||r,
2) Tral reporled oy a|-8u|raaree a|ore,
3) Tral reporled oy Vus||r a|ore,
1) Tral lu|l||||rg lre cord|l|ors ol oolr a|-8u|raaree ard Vus||r, oul rol reporled oy lrer,
5) Tral lu|l||||rg lre cord|l|ors ol a|-8u|raaree, oul rol reporled oy r|r,
) Tral lu|l||||rg lre cord|l|ors ol Vus||r, oul rol reporled oy r|r,
Z) Tral aulrerl|caled oy olrers, rol lu|l||||rg lre cord|l|ors ol oolr a|-8u|raaree or Vus||r.
a|-hasan -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 0ood/rardsore.
Tecrr|ca||y - lor lajar exp|a|rs |l lo oe lral Wr|cr lu|l|||s lre cord|l|ors ol lre 'sareer excepl lral lre prec|s|or ol ore
or rore ol |ls rarralors |s ol |esser slardard, |.e. |l lu|l|||s a|| ol lre cord|l|ors (1) lo (5) excepl lral
cord|l|or (3) |s rel lo a |esser degree, lrerelore lre |sraad la||s lror lre slardard ol sareer lo lral ol
oe|rg rasar. Tr|s |s lre del|r|l|or ol lre hasan ||-dhaat|h| - -=| .
ll's ru||rg: ll |s lre sare as lor sareer ever lrougr |l |s oe|oW |l |r slrerglr
Regard lre say|rg:
1) 'radeelr sareeru| |sraad - 'A radeelr Wrose |sraad |s sareer.
2) Tr|s |s ol |esser slardard lrar lre say|rg 'radeelr sareer - 'a sareer radeelr, s|rce (1) ray or|y
rear lral lre |sraad |r |lse|l |s 'sareer oul ray corlrad|cl sorelr|rg rore aulrerl|c or sl||| rave a
r|dder delecl. loWever, lre lerr 'radeelr sareer (2) rears lral a|| l|ve cord|l|ors rave oeer rel. ll
roWever (1) |s used oy a deperdao|e laal|z ol radeelr, lrer |l srou|d rear lral lre lexl |s a|so sareer
s|rce |l |s rol usua| lor r|dder delecls lo oe preserl or lor |l lo corlrad|cl sorelr|rg rore sourd.
Tre say|rg ol al-T|rr|dree ard olrers:
hasan-saheeh - _,= .-
Tr|s ras oeer exp|a|red oy lor lajar ard agreed lo oy as-3uyoolee as lo||oWs:
1) ll lre radeelr ras lWo |sraads or rore, lrer |l rears lral ore |sraad |s sareer ard lre olrer |s
rasar.
2) ll lre radeelr ras or|y ore |sraad - lrer |l rears lral |l |s sareer |r lre v|eW ol sore scro|ars, rasar
|r lre v|eW ol olrers.
as-saheeh ||-ghayr|h| - ,-| _,=| (sareer due lo supporl):
Tr|s |s lre radeelr Wr|cr |s rasar |r |lse|l oul |s rarraled W|lr arolrer cra|r |||e |l or slrorger lrar |l,
Wr|cr supporls |l ard ra|ses |l lo lre |eve| ol sareer. 3o |l |s r|grer |r |eve| lrar lre rasar ||-draal|r|, oul
|oWer lrar lre sareer ||-draal|r|.
a|-hasan ||-ghayr|h| - ,-| .| (rasar due lo supporl):
ll |s lre radeelr Wr|cr |s or|g|ra||y da'eel, oul ras olrer cra|rs ol rarral|or, ard lre reasor lor |ls or|g|ra|
Wea|ress |s rol s|rlu|ress ol ary rarralor ol r|s oe|rg a ||ar. 3o sucr a radeelr ray oe ra|sed lo lre
|eve| ol rasar |l lWo cord|l|ors are rel:
1) Tral |l |s rarraled lrrougr ore or rore cra|rs ol rarral|or oes|des lre or|g|ra| cra|r, ard lral lre olrer
cra|r |s s|r||ar lo |l or slrorger lrar |l, ard
2) Tral lre reasor lor lre or|g|ra| Wea|ress Was e|lrer soreore's rav|rg a poor rerory, or a r|ss|rg
||r| |r |ls cra|r, or ore ol |ls rarralors oe|rg ur|roWr
8
3o |l |s ol |esser |eve| lrar lre rasar ||-draal|r|, lrerelore |l ary corlrad|cl|or occurs lre rasar ||-draal|r|
|s g|ver precederce.
Tre ru||rg lor |l: ll |s acceplao|e ard used as prool.
Trose araadeelr Wr|cr are g|ver precederce due lo ouls|de laclors:
Trey are ol d|llererl lypes, lre rosl larous oe|rg:
1) Trose araadeelr reporled oy a|-8u|raaree ard Vus||r |r lre|r '3areers,
2) Trose araadeelr Wr|cr are reporled oy var|ous |sraads, a|| ol lrer lree lror Wea|ress or r|dder
delecls,
3) Trose Wrose |sraads are rade up ol pror|rerl scro|ars, e.g. lral reporled oy lraar Arrad, lror
lraar asr-3raal|'ee, lror lraar Vaa|||.
3o |l lrere |s ary corlrad|cl|or, araadeelr sucr as lrese are g|ver prelererce.
a|-rur|ar Wa| ru|rla||l |r radeelr:
a|-muhkam -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr |s l|rr.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tre acceplao|e (raqooo|) radeelr Wr|cr |s rol corlrad|cled oy arylr|rg ol a s|r||ar lype. Vosl
araadeelr are ol lr|s ||rd.
mukhta||fu| hadeeth - .,=- .- :
- ll |s lre acceplao|e radeelr Wr|cr ras sorelr|rg |||e |l Wr|cr corlrad|cls |l, lrougr |l |s ao|e lo rarror|se
lrer.
wral |s lo oe dore |l lWo acceplao|e araadeelr are lourd lo oe corlrad|clory?:
Tre lo||oW|rg process |s lo oe lo||oWed:
1) ll |l |s poss|o|e lo rarror|se lrer, lrer lral rusl oe dore, ard lrey lrer srou|d oolr oe acled upor.
2) ll |l |s |r ro Way poss|o|e lo rarror|se lre lWo, lrer:
1) ll |l |s |roWr lral ore aorogales lre olrer, lrer We la|e ard acl or lre aorogal|rg ard |eave lre
aorogaled;
2) we g|ve prelererce lo ore over lre olrer due lo ore ol lre d|llererl Ways ol do|rg so, ard lrere
are rore lrar l|lly ol lrer;
3) Ard |l We carrol l|rd ary Way lo preler ore over lre olrer, lrer We cease acl|rg or e|lrer ol lrer
url|| We are ao|e lo preler ore.
Tre rosl larous ooo|s or lre suojecl:
1) 'l|rl||aalu| ladeelr - lraar asr-3raal|'ee.
2) 'Ta.Wee| Vu|rla||lu| ladeelr - lor 0ulayoar.
3) Vusr|||u| Aalraar - al-TaraaWee.
naas|khu| hadeeth wa mansookhuhu (the abrogat|ng and abrogated ahaadeeth} - --,.- .,=- _=
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - Rerova| ard corveyarce.
Tecrr|ca||y - A||aar's rep|ac|rg a lorrer ru||rg W|lr a |aler ore.
KroW|edge ol |l |s ore ol lre rosl |rporlarl ard yel rardesl ol lre orarcres ol |roW|edge. Tre rosl
pror|rerl ol lrose We||-versed |r |l Was lraar asr-3raal|'ee. lraar Arrad sa|d: 'we d|d rol |roW lre
gerera||y app||cao|e lror lre exp|a|red, ror lre aorogal|rg radeelr lror lre aorogaled url|| We sal W|lr
asr-3raal|'ee.
loW |s lre aorogaled ard lre aorogal|rg |roWr?:
9
ll |s |roWr |r ore ol lre lo||oW|rg Ways:
1) ll A||aar's Vesserger () c|ear|y slales so r|rse|l, e.g. lre radeelr ol 8uraydar |r '3areer Vus||r:
((l used lo loro|d you lror v|s|l|rg lre graves, so (roW) v|s|l lrer s|rce lrey W||| rer|rd you ol lre
lerealler.))
2) 8y lre say|rg ol a Corpar|or, e.g. lre say|rg ol Jaao|r (): 'Tre |aller ol lre lWo acl|ors lror A||aar's
Vesserger () Was lo |eave Wudoo lror lral loucred oy l|re. [Tre 1 3urar|
3) 8y |roW|rg lre dales ol eacr, e.g. lre radeelr ol 3raddaad |or AWs: ((Tre cupper ard lre ore
cupped rave oolr oro|er lre|r lasl.)) [Aooo 0aaWood|, Wr|cr |s aorogaled oy lre radeelr ol lor 'Aooaas
'lral lre Proprel () rad r|rse|l cupped Wr||sl |r |rraar ard lasl|rg. [Vus||r|, s|rce |r sore rarral|ors
ol lre radeelr ol 3raddaad lrere occurs lral |l Was |r lre l|re ol lre corquesl ol Va||ar, ard lor
'Aooaas Werl a|org W|lr r|r |r lre FareWe|| lajj.
1) 8y lre ev|derce ol |jraa'. ljraa' does rol |lse|l aorogale arylr|rg, oul |s ar ev|derce lral aorogal|or
ras la|er p|ace.
Farous Wor|s or lre suojecl:
1) 'a|-l'l|oaar l|r-Naas||r Wa| Varsoo|r r|ra| Aalraar - a|-laaz|ree.
2) 'ar-Naas||r Wa| Varsoo|r - lraar Arrad.
3) 'Tajreedu| Araadeelr|| Varsoo|rar - lor JaWzee.
a|-khabaru| mardood (rejected narrat|on's} -
- Trere are rary lypes, oul lrey are rosl|y due lo ore ol lWo reasors:
1) 3orelr|rg r|ss|rg |r lre |sraad, ard
2) Narralors oe|rg uracceplao|e.
ad-da'eef - .,-=|
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 0ppos|le ol lre slrorg.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr does rol lu|l||| lre cord|l|ors ol lre rasar radeelr, due lo lre aoserce ol ore or rore ol |ls
cord|l|ors. Ard jusl as lrere are |eve|s ol lre sareer, lrere are |eve|s ol lre Wea|. Tre Wea|er lre
rarralors are lrer lre Wea|er |l oecores, rarg|rg lrrougr:
- da'eef (weak} - .,-=
- da'eef j|ddan (very weak} - =- .,-=
- qaahee (base|ess} - _
- munkar (weak and contrad|ct|ng someth|ng more authent|c} -
- mawdoo' (fabr|cated} - , lre Worsl ol lre rejecled reporls.
Tre Wea|esl ol |sraads:
Tre Wea|esl ol |sraads W|lr regard lo Aooo 8a|ar () |s: 3adaqar |or Voosaa ad-0aqeeqee lror
Farqad as-3aoa|ree lror Vurrar al-Tayy|o lror r|r.
Tre Wea|esl ol |sraads ol lre peop|e ol 3raar |s: Vurarrad |or 0ays a|-Vas|ooo lror 'uoa|du||aar
|or Zarr lror 'A|ee |or Yazeed lror a|-0aas|r lror Aooo uraarar ().
Tre Wea|esl ol |sraads W|lr regard lo lor 'Aooaas () |s as-3uddee as-3agreer Vurarrad |or
VarWaar lror a|-Ka|oee lror Aooo 3aa||r lror r|r. [lor lajar says: 'Tr|s |s rol lre Cra|r ol 0o|d
(s||s||aludr-drarao), ralrer |l |s lre Cra|r ol L|es (s||s||alu| |adr|o).
Tre ru||rg regard|rg acl|rg or lre da'eel radeelr:
10
3ore ol lre greal scro|ars, arorgsl lrer lraars a|-8u|raaree, Vus||r, lor Va'eer ard lor lazar
ro|d lral lre Wea| radeelr |s rejecled oulr|grl ard rol lo oe acled upor as |l |s rol |roW|edge. 0lrers
ro|d lral |l ray oe acled upor |l cerla|r cord|l|ors are rel, ard lrer or|y W|lr regards lo ercouragererl
lor do|rg good or avo|d|rg ev||. Tre cord|l|ors as exp|a|red oy lor lajar oe|rg:
1) Tral |ls Wea|ress |s rol severe,
2) Tral |l la||s urder sorelr|rg gerera| a|ready eslao||sred |r lre sraree'ar, ard
3) Tral |l |s rol cors|dered lo oe sorelr|rg eslao||sred or as rav|rg core lror lre Proprel ().
Tral Wr|cr |s da'eel due lo a gap |r lre |sraad:
Tr|s |s ol lWo lypes:
1) An obv|ous gap - ` == (saqlur zaar|rur)
lral lre rarralor Was rol a||ve |r lre l|re ol lre persor re |s rarral|rg lror, or lral |l |s |roWr lral re
rever rel r|r. ll |s c|ass|l|ed |rlo lour lypes:
- a|-mu'a||aq -
- a|-mursa| -
- a|-mu'da| -
- a|-munqat|' - _=|
2) A h|dden gap - _- == (saqlur |raleeyyur)
- a|-muda||as -
- a|-mursa|u| khafee - _- =|
a|-mu'a||aq -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y 3usperded, rarg|rg
Tecrr|ca||y Tral Wr|cr ras ore or rore rarralors, corsecul|ve|y, de|eled lror |ls |sraad, |.e.:
1) Tral a|| ol |ls |sraad |s de|eled, lrer |l |s sa|d, lor exarp|e: Tre Proprel () sa|d . . .
2) Tral a|| ol lre |sraad |s de|eled up lo lre Corpar|or, or up lo lre Taao|'ee.
ll's ru||rg: Tre ru'a||aq |s rejecled s|rce |l |s r|ss|rg ore ol lre cord|l|ors ol acceplao|||ly, |.e. lral lre
|sraad oe correcled
Tre ru||rg lor ru'a||aq araadeelr |r lre sareera|r:
ll |l |s slaled |r del|r|le lorr: 'le sa|d:, elc. lrer |l |s sareer lror lral persor. ll roWever lral |s rol so,
ard |l |s quoled |r lre lorr: 'll |s sa|d:, elc. lrer |l W||| rol oe judged lo oe sareer url|| a correcled
|sraad car oe lourd lor |l. lor lajar corp||ed a larous Wor| 'Tagr|eequl-Ta'|eeq Wrere|r re researcres
ard prov|des |sraads lor lre ru'a||aq araadeelr ol '3areeru| 8u|raaree.
a|-mursa| -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - '3el lree.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wrose rarralor lror lre erd ol lre |sraad, aller lre Taao|'ee, |s r|ss|rg; |.e. Tral a Taao|'ee says
'Tre Proprel () sa|d . . ..
ll's ru||rg: Tre rursa| |s |r pr|rc|p|e da'eel (rejecled), s|rce |l |s r|sses ore ol lre cord|l|ors ol
acceplao|||ly ard lral |s, lre correcl|or ol lre |sraad, ard lral We do rol |roW lre slale ol lre r|ss|rg
||r|, s|rce re ray rol oe a Corpar|or ard so |l ray oe Wea|. loWever, scro|ars rave d|llered over |ls
ru||rg s|rce lr|s lype ol orea| |r lre |sraad |s ur|||e ary olrer, s|rce |l W||| usua||y oe a Corpar|or, ard
11
a|| ol lrer are perlecl|y acceplao|e ard so |l does rol raller lral We do rol |roW Wro re |s. Trerelore
lrere are oas|ca||y lrree say|rgs as regards lre ru||rg ol lre rursa|:
1) da'eel. Tr|s |s lre pos|l|or ol rosl ol lre ruradd|lroor ard rary ol lre scro|ars ol usoo| ard l|qr.
Trey oase lr|s upor lre lacl lral We do rol |roW lre cord|l|or ol lre r|ss|rg rarralor, s|rce re ray rol
oe a Corpar|or.
2) sareer, used as a prool. Accord|rg lo Aooo lareelar, Vaa||| ard a|so Wral |s We||-|roWr lror
Arrad ard sore olrers: w|lr lre cord|l|or lral lre rarralor oelore lre orea| |s re||ao|e (lr|qar) ard
does rol do |rsaa| excepl lror a re||ao|e rarralor. 8as|rg lr|s upor lre lacl lral |l Wou|d oe |rposs|o|e lor
a Taao|'ee lo reporl sorelr|rg lror lre Proprel () Wr|cr re d|d rol rear lror a re||ao|e source.
3) Acceplao|e W|lr cord|l|ors. Tr|s |s lre pos|l|or ol lraar asr-3raal|'ee ard olrers. Tre cord|l|ors are:
1) Tral lre ore Wro does |rsaa| |s ore ol lre ser|or Taao|'eer,
2) ll re rares lre persor re r|ssed oul, lrer re rares soreore re||ao|e,
3) ll lre lruslWorlry rullaaz rarrale a|org W|lr r|r, lrer lrey do rol d|ller lror r|r,
1) Tral ore oul ol lre lo||oW|rg cord|l|ors |s a|so added:
1) Tral lre radeelr |s rarraled oy arolrer correcled cra|r,
2) Tral lre radeelr |s rarraled oy arolrer rursa| cra|r ard lral lre persor do|rg lre |rsaa|
rarrales lror olrer lrar lrose Wror lre rarralor do|rg lre |rsaa| |r lre l|rsl cra|r rarrales lror,
|.e. r|s sray|rs are rol lre sray|rs ol lre l|rsl ore, |r order lral lrey W||| rol oolr oe do|rg |rsaa|
lror lre sare persor,
3) Tral |l agrees W|lr lre say|rg ol a Corpar|or,
1) Tral rosl scro|ars g|ve a lalWaa |r accordarce W|lr lre |roW|edge corla|red |r |l.
3o |l lrese cord|l|ors are rel, lrer |ls acceplao|||ly |s eslao||sred.
mursa| of the sahaabah - _,=| =-
- Trose araadeelr Wr|cr sore ol lre Corpar|ors reporled rol rav|rg reard lrer d|recl|y lror lre
Proprel (), due e|lrer lo lre|r yourg age, |ale acceplarce ol ls|aar or aoserce. Ard lrere are rary
araadeelr ol lr|s ||rd reporled oy lre very yourg Corpar|ors sucr as lor 'Aooaas ard lor az-Zuoayr.
Tre ru||rg lor rursa|us-saraaoee: wral |s correcl |s lral |l |s sareer ard used as prool, s|rce lre
Corpar|ors rare|y rarraled lror laao|'eer ard |l lrey do lrer lrey say so. Ard |l lrey do rol say arylr|rg
lrer lrey W||| oe rarral|rg lror arolrer Corpar|or, ard a|| ol lrer are aoso|ule|y acceplao|e.
Farous Wor|s or lre rursa|:
1) 'a|-Varaasee| - Aooo 0aaWood.
2) 'a|-Varaasee| - lor Aoee laal|r.
3) 'Jaar|'ul Tar-see| ||.ar|aar|| Varaasee| - a|-'A|aa.ee
a|-mu'da| -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - wea|ered, d|sao|ed.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr ras lWo or rore success|ve rarralors r|ss|rg lror |ls |sraad.
lls ru||rg: ll |s da'eel ard |r a Worse cord|l|or lrar lre rursa| or lre rurqal|'. Tr|s |s agreed lo oy a|| ol
lre scro|ars.
wrer |l |s lre sare as lre ru'a||aq ard Wrer |l d|llers:
1) ll lWo success|ve rarralors are r|ss|rg lror lre slarl ol lre |sraad: Trer |l |s ru'a||aq ard ru'da|.
2) ll lWo success|ve rarralors are r|ss|rg |r lre r|dd|e ol lre |sraad: Trer |l |s ru'da| ard rol ru'a||aq.
3) ll a s|rg|e rarralor |s r|ss|rg lror lre slarl ol lre |sraad: Trer |l |s ru'a||aq ard rol ru'da|.
a|-munqat|' - _=|
12
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 'Cul-oll, delacred
Terr|ro|ogy - Tral Wrose |sraad |s rol correcled, roWever lre r|ss|rg ||r| occurs. Tr|s lrerelore |rc|udes a|| lre olrer
lypes. loWever, |aler scro|ars ard rary ol lre ear||er ores use |l lo app|y lo olrer lrar lre rursa|,
ru'a||aq ard ru'da|. 3o W|lr lrer |l |s: Tral Wrose |sraad |s rol correcled, oul |s re|lrer rursa|,
ru'a||aq or ru'da|. A|so |rq|laa' ray occur al a s|rg|e po|rl |r lre |sraad, or |r rore lrar ore p|ace.
lls ru||rg: ll |s da'eel oy agreererl ol lre scro|ars, s|rce We do rol |roW lre slale ol lre r|ss|rg rarralor.
a|-muda||as - | at-tad|ees - ,|=|
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 'lad|ees |s r|d|rg lre delecls ol ar arl|c|e oe|rg so|d.
Tecrr|ca||y - l|d|rg a delecl |r lre |sraad ard ra||rg |l lo appear lo oe sourd.
lls lypes: ll ras lWo rajor lypes:
1) lad|eesu| |sraad
2) lad|eesusr-sruyoo|r
1) tad|eesu| |snaad - .=, ,|=
Tral a rarralor reporls lror lre ore Wror re ras reard lror, lral Wr|cr re d|d rol rear lror r|r, us|rg
sucr Word|rg as W||| |eave lre |rpress|or lral re reard |l lror r|r, lrougr rol del|r|le|y slal|rg so. wral
aclua||y la|es p|ace |s lral lre rarralor reporls lror a sray|r ol r|s, Wror re rarrales sore radeelr
lror, roWever re ras rol reard lr|s parl|cu|ar radeelr lror r|r, oul ralrer re reard |l lror arolrer
rarralor Wro rarraled lror lre sray|r, so re drops lre rare ol lr|s |rlerred|ary ard quoles |l d|recl|y
lror lre sray|r us|rg a Word|rg Wr|cr corveys lre |dea lral re reard |l lror r|r, sucr as: 'lre sray|r
sa|d: or 'lror lre sray|r:, roWever re does rol use sucr Word|rg as 'l reard r|r say: or 're rarraled
lo re: as lr|s Wou|d ra|e r|r a ||ar.
The d|fference between tad|eesu| |snaad and a|-|rsaa|u| khafee (h|dden |rsaa|} -
_- ,=_, .=, ,|= ,, 3:
Tre d|llererce |s lral lad|ees |s a persor rarral|rg lror soreore re reard lror, sorelr|rg Wr|cr re d|d
rol rear lror r|r. wrereas |rsaa| |s a persors rarral|rg lror soreore re d|d rol rear arylr|rg lror al
a|| (|.e. Was rol a sray|r ol r|s).
tad|eesut-tasw|yah - ,.| ,|=
Tr|s |s |r rea||ly a lype ol lad|eesu| |sraad. ll |s: A rarralor rarral|rg a radeelr lror r|s sray|r W|lr r|s
|sraad ard lrer dropp|rg lre rare ol a Wea| rarralor occurr|rg |r oelWeer lWo re||ao|e rarralors Wro
are |roWr lo rave rel eacr olrer, |.e. re rears a radeelr lror r|s sray|r Wro |s re||ao|e (A): Wro
rarrales |l lror a Wea| rarralor (8): Wro rarrales |l lror a re||ao|e rarralor (C). 3o lre correcl |sraad |s
(A)[re||ao|e| lror (8)[Wea|| lror (C)[re||ao|e|. 8ul lre or|g|ra| rarralor crarges |l lo (A)[re||ao|e| lror
(C)[re||ao|e| . . , dropp|rg oul lre Wea| rarralor so lral lre |sraad seers lo oe sareer, ard lre gap |s
r|dder s|rce (A) ard (C) rad aclua||y rel ard lrus rarral|or |s poss|o|e oelWeer lrer. Ard lr|s |s lre
Worsl lorr ol lad|ees ard lre rardesl lo delecl. Trose We||-|roWr lor pracl|c|rg lad|eesul lasW|yar:
8aq|yyar |or a|-wa|eed ard a|-wa|eed |or Vus||r.
2) tad|eesush-shuyookh - _,,=| ,|=
- Tral a rarralor rarrales a radeelr Wr|cr re reard lror r|s sray|r, ard g|ves r|s sray|r a rare, |uryar
or l|l|e Wr|cr re |s rol rorra||y |roWr oy, |r order lo d|sgu|se r|s |derl|ly.
Tre ru||rg regard|rg lad|ees:
1) lad|eesu| |sraad: |s severe|y cersured ard greal|y raled oy rosl ol lre scro|ars. 3ru'oar sa|d: 'lad|ees
|s lre orolrer ol la|serood.
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2) lad|eesul-lasW|yar: |s ever rore raled ard cersured, a|-lraaqee say|rg lral |l deslroys lre re||ao|||ly ol
lre persor Wro ras dore |l de||oerale|y.
3) lad|eesusr-sruyoo|r: |s raled lo a |esser exlerl lrar lre l|rsl s|rce ro-ore ras aclua||y oeer dropped
lror lre |sraad.
Reasors lor Wr|cr peop|e pracl|ced lad|ees:
lad|eesu| |sraad:
1) To srorler lre |sraad ard lre ruroer ol ||r|s oelWeer r|r ard lre rarralor ol lre lexl. ('u|uWWu|
|sraad).
2) Tral re r|ssed sorelr|rg lror lre sray|r Wror re rarrales a |ol lror, so re perlorrs lad|ees so lral
|l seers lral re reard lral lror r|r as We||.
3) Tral lre sray|r |s a Wea| rarralor.
1) Tral re ||ved |org lrus a |ol ol olrers a|so rarrale lror r|r, so lrere W||| oe rolr|rg spec|a| aooul r|s
rarral|rg lror r|r |l re used r|s usua| rare.
5) Tral lre sray|r |s yourger lrar lre ore rarral|rg lror r|r.
lad|eesusr-sruyoo|r:
1) Tral lre sray|r |s a Wea| rarralor.
2) Tral re ||ved |org lrus a |ol ol olrers a|so rarrale lror r|r, so lrere W||| oe rolr|rg spec|a| aooul r|s
rarral|rg lror r|r |l re used r|s usua| rare.
3) Tral lre sray|r |s yourger lrar lre ore rarral|rg lror r|r.
1) Tral re rarrales a greal dea| lror r|r, ard so lre rarralor does rol |||e lral r|s rare srou|d appear
so oller |r r|s rarral|or's.
Tre ru||rg regard|rg lre rarral|ors ol a ruda|||s:
3cro|ars rave d|llered aooul lre acceplao|||ly ol lre|r rarral|or's, lre lWo rosl larous pos|l|ors oe|rg:
1) Tre|r rarral|or's are a|| rejecled oulr|grl, lral |s ever |l lrey c|ear|y slale lral lrey reard lre rarral|or
lror lre sray|r. [Tr|s pos|l|or |s rol lre deperdao|e ore|.
2) Tre pos|l|or ol d|llererl|al|or, so lral rarral|or |r Wr|cr lrey c|ear|y slale lral lrey reard lre rarral|or
lror lre sray|r |s accepled. Ard lral rarral|or |r Wr|cr lrey do rol c|ear|y slale lral (e.g. say|rg 'lror so
ard so) |s rol accepled. [Tr|s |s lre deperdao|e pos|l|or|.
loW |s lad|ees d|scovered? - E|lrer oy:
1) Tre ruda|||s r|rse|l adr|ll|rg |l Wrer as|ed, or
2) 8y lre slalererl ol a deperdao|e scro|ar lral |l ras occurred.
Farous Wor|s or lad|ees ard lre ruda|||soor:
1) 'al-Taoyeer ||.asraa.|| ruda|||seer - a|-Kraleeo a|-8agrdaadee.
2) TWo Wor|s ol a|-Kraleeo eacr or a separale lype ol lad|ees.
3) 'al-Taoyeer ||.asraa.|| ruda|||seer - 8urraaruddeer |or a|-la|aoee.
1) 'Ta'reel Ar|ul Taqdees o|raraal|o a| VaWsooleer o|l-Tad|eees - a|-laal|z |or lajar.
a|-mursa|u| khafee (h|dden |rsaa|} - _- =|
- ls lral a rarralor rarrales lror a sray|r |r Wrose l|re re ||ved, ard rayoe ever rel r|r, oul re rever
reard arylr|rg lror r|r, us|rg a Word|rg sucr as: 're sa|d:.
loW |s |l d|scovered? - 8y ore ol lrree Ways:
1) Tre slalererl ol scro|ar(s) lral lre rarralor rever rel lre sray|r or lral re d|d rol rear arylr|rg lror
r|r.
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2) Tre rarralor r|rse|l |rlorr|rg lral re rever rel or reard lror lre sray|r.
3) Tral lre |sraad |s e|seWrere reporled W|lr ar add|l|ora| rarralor oelWeer r|r ard lre sray|r. (Trere |s
roWever d|llererce aooul lr|s s|rce |l ray oe Wral |s ca||ed 'a|-razeed lee rullas|||| asaareed.)
lls ru||rg: ll |s da'eel s|rce |ls |sraad |s d|scorrecled.
Farous Wor|s aooul |l:
1) 'al-Talsee| ||-ruorar|| Varaasee| - a|-Kraleeo a|-8agrdaadee
a|-mu'an'an -
- ls lre rarralors say|rg: '3o ard so lror ('ar) so ard so.
ls ar |sraad corla|r|rg |l correcled (rullas||) or oro|er (rurqal|')? - 3cro|ars d|ller, rav|rg lWo say|rgs:
1) ll |s oro|er url|| sroWr lo oe correcled.
2) [wr|cr |s Wral |s correcl accord|rg lo lre rajor|ly ol scro|ars|: Tral |l |s |r pr|rc|p|e correcled, W|lr
cerla|r cord|l|ors, lWo ol Wr|cr lrey agree upor ard lrree ol Wr|cr lrey d|ller aooul. 3o lre lWo agreed
upor are:
1) Tral lre rarralor do|rg |l |s rol a ruda|||s.
2) Tral |l Was poss|o|e lral lre lWo rarralors |r quesl|or cou|d rave rel.
Ard accord|rg lo Vus||r lrese lWo are sull|c|erl. Tre lrree exlra cord|l|ors are:
1) Tral |l oe eslao||sred lral lrey rel, deered recessary oy a|-8u|raaree, lor a|-Vadeeree ard
olrers.
2) Tral lrey Were |r eacr olrers corpary lor a |org per|od ol l|re, deered recessary oy 'Aodu|
Vuzallar as-3ar'aaree.
3) Tral |l |s |roWr lral re rarraled lror r|r, deered recessary oy Aooo 'Arr ad-0aaree.
a|-mu.annan -
- ls lre rarralors say|rg: '3o ard so lral (arra) so ard so [sa|d|:.
lls ru||rg:
1) Arrad ard sore scro|ars say lral |l |s oro|er url|| |l |s sroWr lo oe correcled.
2) Tre rajor|ly ol scro|ars say lral |l |s lre sare as lor ('ar) ard |s acceplao|e W|lr lre sare cord|l|ors.
Tral Wr|cr are rejecled due lo cr|l|c|sr ol rarralors - Tre reasors lor cr|l|c|sr ol rarralors:
Trere are ler reasors lor cr|l|c|sr ol rarralors, l|ve correcled W|lr lre|r lruslWorlr|ress ('adaa|ar) ard
l|ve W|lr lre|r prec|s|or (daol). As lor lrose re|al|rg lo lre|r 'adaa|ar, lrey are:
1) Ly|rg (a|-|adr|o) - ==|
2) 8e|rg accused ol |y|rg (al-lurrar o|| |adr|o) - ==|, -,|
3) 0per s|r (l|sq) .
1) lrroval|or (a|-o|d'ar) --=,|
5) Tre rarralors oe|rg ur|roWr (a|-jaraa|ar) - .
As lor lrose re|al|rg lo lre|r daol, lrey are:
1) Poor rerory (soo.u| r|lz) - =- ,=
2) Corlrad|cl|rg rore re||ao|e rarralors (ru|raa|alalulr lr|qaal) -
3) Va||rg rary errors; |.e. rarral|rg lr|rgs oy r|sla|e (|alrralu| aWraar) - v
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1) lrao|||ly lo d|sl|rgu|sr Wral |s correcl lror Wral |s a r|sla|e |r r|s rarral|ors (a|-gral|ar)
5) 3er|ous r|sla|es (lar-sru| gra|al) -
Trese resu|l |r lre lo||oW|rg lypes ol Wea| radeelr, oeg|rr|rg W|lr lre Wea|esl:
a|-mawdoo' (fabr|cated} -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - Tral orougrl or pul doWr.
Tecrr|ca||y - ls a ||e, |rverled ard allr|ouled lo lre Proprel ().
lls |eve|: ll |s lre Worsl ard rosl ev|| ol a|| lre Wea| araadeelr. 3ore scro|ars p|ace |l |r a c|ass ol |ls
oWr, rol ro|d|rg |l lo oe a lype ol Wea| radeelr.
Tre ru||rg regard|rg |ls rarral|or: 3cro|ars rave agreed lral |l |s rol perr|ss|o|e lo rarrale |l excepl lo
exp|a|r lral |l |s laor|caled.
loW |s |l delecled? - ll |s |roWr oy var|ous rears, lror lrer:
1) Tre laor|calors |aler adr|ll|rg |l.
2) Tral Wr|cr |s lre sare as r|s adr|ll|rg |l, sucr as r|s adr|ll|rg lral r|s a||eged sray|r d|ed oelore lre
rarralor's o|rlr.
3) 3ore oulWard |rd|cal|or, e.g. lral lre rarralor |s a Raal|dee ard lre rarral|or supporls r|s parly.
1) 3ore lexlua| |rd|cal|or, e.g. uroel|ll|rg |arguage or a corlrad|cl|or ol lre c|ear lexl ol lre 0ur.aar.
Reasors Wry peop|e laor|caled araadeelr:
1) lrag|r|rg lral lrey Wou|d oe reWarded lor |l, oy lorg|rg araadeelr lo Warr lre peop|e aga|rsl ev||
acl|ors ard ercourag|rg lrer lo do good.
2) To supporl lre|r oWr radrrao.
3) To allac| ls|aar, dore oy lrose Wro cou|d rol allac| ls|aar lror ouls|de.
1) 3ee||rg c|oseress lo ru|ers, oy laor|cal|rg araadeelr |r lre|r lavour lo p|ease lrer.
5) 3ee||rg rorelary ga|r.
) 3ee||rg lare, oy rarral|rg araadeelr rol reporled oy aryore e|se.
Farous Wor|s or laor|caled araadeelr:
1) 'K|laaou| VaWdoo'aal - lor a|-JaWzee.
2) 'a|-Laa|eeu| Vasroo'ar l|| araadeelr|| VaWdoo'ar - as-3uyoolee.
3) 'Tarzeerusr 3raree'al|| Varloo'ar 'ar|| araadeelr|sr-sraree'al|| raWdoo'ar - lor 'lraaq a|-K|raaree.
a|-matrook -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - Aoardored, rerourced.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral |r Wrose |sraad |s soreore accused ol |y|rg.
Reasors lor accus|rg a rarralor ol |y|rg:
1) Tral lre radeelr |s or|y reporled lrrougr r|r, ard |l corlrad|cls eslao||sred pr|rc|p|es.
2) Tral re |s |roWr lo ||e |r r|s everyday speecr.
Leve|s ol Wea|ress (lre Wea|esl l|rsl - lr|s oe|rg lre arrargererl ol a|-laal|z |or lajar):
1) a|-raWdoo'
2) a|-ralroo|
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3) a|-rur|ar
1) a|-ru'a||a|
5) a|-rudraj
) a|-raq|ooo
Z) a|-rudlarao
a|-munkar -
Caused |l lre rarralor ras ser|ous r|sla|es, |rao|||ly lo d|sl|rgu|sr error lror lral Wr|cr |s correcl or oper
s|r.
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 0|sc|a|red, repud|aled.
Tecrr|ca||y - 1) Tral radeelr Wrose |sraad corla|rs a rarralor Wro ras corr|lled ser|ous errors, urao|e lo
d|sl|rgu|sr lrue lror la|se or |s ar oper s|rrer. (Tr|s |s lre del|r|l|or quoled oy a|-laal|z |or lajar) or
2) Tral Wr|cr a Wea| rarralor reporls |r corlrad|cl|or ol lral rarraled oy a re||ao|e rarralor.
Tre d|llererce oelWeer lre rur|ar ard lre sraadrdr:
Tre sraadrdr |s lral Wr|cr a re||ao|e rarralor reporls |r corlrad|cl|or lo lral Wr|cr |s rore re||ao|e.
Tre rur|ar |s lral Wr|cr a Wea| rarralor reporls |r corlrad|cl|or lo lral Wr|cr |s rore re||ao|e.
lls |eve|: ll |s very Wea| (da'eel j|ddar).
a|-mu'a||a| -
0ue lo a rarralor's r|sla|er|y rarral|rg lr|rgs.
Tecrr|ca||y - A radeelr Wr|cr |s apparerl|y aulrerl|c, oul ras a r|dder error allecl|rg |ls aulrerl|c|ly.
a|-'|||ah (h|dden cause of weakness} - --| - wr|cr ras lWo cord|l|ors:
1) Tral |l |s r|dder, rol apparerl, ard
2) Tral |l allecls lre aulrerl|c|ly ol lre radeelr.
Trose larous lor delecl|or ol lre '|||ar:
Arorgsl lrer are lor a|-Vadeeree, Arrad, a|-8u|raaree, Aooo laal|r ard ad-0aaraqulree.
Tral Wr|cr re|ps |r delecl|rg lre '|||ar:
1) A rarralor oe|rg lre or|y ore lo reporl a radeelr.
2) Tral olrers corlrad|cl r|r.
3) 0lrer laclors correcled lo (1) ard (2).
loW |s lre '|||ar urcovered? - 8y galrer|rg lre d|llererl |sraads ard see|rg roW lre|r rarralors d|ller.
wrere does a|-'|||ar occur?:
1) lr lre |sraad, sucr as |rsaa| or a rarral|or |r lacl oe|rg raWqool, rol rarloo'.
2) lr lre lexl (Wr|cr |s rare).
Farous Wor|s aooul a|-'|||ar:
1) 'K|laaou| 'l||a| - lor a|-Vadeeree.
2) 'l||a|u| ladeelr - lor Aoee laal|r.
3) 'a|-'l||a| Wa ra'r|lal|r R|jaa| - Arrad |or laroa|.
1) 'a|-'l||a|u| Kaoeer ard 'a|-'l||a|us-3agreer - al-T|rr|dree
5) a|-'l||a| - ad-0aaraqulree (Wr|cr |s lre |argesl ard rosl exlers|ve).
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a|-ru|raa|alar ||lr-lr|qaal (corlrad|cl|rg re||ao|e rarralors) - Tr|s resu|ls |r l|ve lypes ol radeelr:
1) a|-mudraj -
2) a|-maq|oob -
3) a|-mazeed fee muttas|||| asaaneed - =,=v =- _ =,|
1) a|-mudtar|b - ===|
5) a|-musahhaf -
a|-mudraj -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 3orelr|rg erlered |rlo sorelr|rg e|se.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wrose |sraad ras a lexl correcled lo |l |rcorrecl|y, or lral Wr|cr ras sorelr|rg erlered |rlo |ls lexl
Wr|cr |s rol lror |l.
lls lWo lypes:
1) rudraju| |sraad - .=, __=.- : Tral Wrose |sraad ras a lexl correcled lo |l |rcorrecl|y, e.g. lral a
rarralor re|ales ar |sraad, ard lrer sorelr|rg rappers Wr|cr causes r|r lo say sorelr|rg rol
correcled lo lre radeelr, ard sore ol lrose Wro rear |l lr|r| |l lo oe lre lexl ol lre radeelr ard so lrey
reporl |l as sucr.
2) rudraju| ralar - ' __=.- : Tral Wr|cr ras sorelr|rg added lo |ls lexl Wr|cr |s rol lror |l, W|lroul
ary separal|or. Ard |l |s ol lrree lypes:
1) Tral lre |draaj occurs al lre oeg|rr|rg ol lre radeelr (Wr|cr |s rare), e.g. lral lre rarralor ra|es a
slalererl ard lrer quoles a radeelr d|recl|y aller |l lo supporl |l, so sore ol lre ||slerers lr|r| |l a|| lo
oe parl ol lre sare radeelr.
2) Tral lre |draaj occurs |r lre r|dd|e ol lre lexl (ard lr|s |s ever rarer), e.g. lral a rarralor exp|a|rs a
Word ol lre lexl aller quol|rg |l.
3) Tral lre |draaj occurs al lre erd ol lre radeelr.
Causes ol |draaj - Fror lrer are:
1) C|ar|l|cal|or ol a ru||rg.
2) Exlracl|or ol a ru||rg lror a radeelr oelore corp|el|rg |ls rarral|or.
3) Exp|aral|or ol lre rear|rg ol a Word |r lre lexl.
loW |s |l urcovered? - 8y var|ous Ways, lror lrer:
1) Tral |l |s reporled e|seWrere aparl lror lre lexl.
2) Tral scro|ars dec|are |ls slale lral |l |s so.
3) Tral lre rarralor r|rse|l slales lral |l |s so.
1) Tre |rposs|o|||ly ol |l oe|rg lror lre Proprel's () say|rg.
Tre ru||rg lor |draaj: 3cro|ars are agreed lral |l |s loro|dder ur|ess |l |s lo exp|a|r lre rear|rg ol a Word,
as az-Zurree used lo do.
Farous Wor|s or |draaj:
1) 'a|-Fas|u |||Was||| Vudraj l|r-raq| - a|-Kraleeo a|-8agrdaadee.
2) 'Taqreeou| Varraj o|-larleeo|| Vudraj - lor lajar.
a|-maq|oob -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 3orelr|rg lurred arourd.
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Tecrr|ca||y - Crarg|rg lre Word|rg lor arolrer |r lre |sraad or lre lexl.
lls lypes:
1) raq|ooous-sarad - , Wr|cr ras lWo lorrs:
1) Tral lre rare ol a rarralor ard r|s lalrer's |s reversed, e.g. |rslead ol 'Ka'o |or Vurrar, re |s
ca||ed 'Vurrar |or Ka'o.
2) Tral lre rare ol a rarralor |s rep|aced oy lral ol a corp|ele|y d|llererl rarralor, produc|rg a reW
|sraad. 0re Wro does lr|s |s descr|oed as 'slea||rg radeelr.
2) raq|ooou| ralar - , Wr|cr a|so ras lWo lorrs:
1) Tre order ol lWo Words |s reversed, e.g. lre radeelr Wr|cr Vus||r reporls lror Aooo lurayrar
aooul lre sever Wro A||aar srades or lre 0ay Wrer lrere |s ro srade olrer lrar lral ol l|s Trrore,
Wrere|r |l occurs: 'ard a rar Wro g|ves |r crar|ly ard r|des |l sucr lral r|s r|grl rard does rol |roW
Wral r|s |ell g|ves |r crar|ly. Tr|s Word|rg oe|rg a rarralor's r|sla|e, lre correcl vers|or oe|rg: 'sucr
lral r|s |ell rard does rol |roW Wral r|s r|grl g|ves |r crar|ly. [a|-8u|raaree ard Vus||r|
2) 0|v|rg lre lexl ol a radeelr lre |sraad ol arolrer ard g|v|rg |ls |sraad a|so lo a d|llererl radeelr,
dore lor exarp|e as a lesl, |||e lre peop|e ol 8agrdaad d|d lo a|-8u|raaree.
Reasors lor perlorr|rg |q|aao, lror lrer:
a) To produce a reW ard d|llererl |sraad, lo |rpress peop|e |rlo rarral|rg lror r|r.
o) To lesl a rarralor's rerory ard prec|s|or.
c) ll ray occur oy acc|derl.
Tre ru||rg regard|rg a|-|q|aao - =:|, /(a|-qa|o) -
1) ll |l |s dore lor reasor (a), lrer |l |s loro|dder W|lroul a douol, s|rce |l |rvo|ves crarg|rg lre radeelr.
2) ll |l |s dore as a lesl, lrer |l |s perr|ss|o|e W|lr lre cord|l|or lral Wral |s correcl |s exp|a|red oelore lre
erd ol lre s|ll|rg.
3) ll |l |s dore oy r|sla|e, lrer lre ore Wro d|d |l |s lo oe excused, oul |l |l occurs lror r|r repealed|y lrer
|l deslroys r|s prec|s|or ard re |s dec|ared lo oe Wea|.
As lor lre radeelr Wr|cr |s raq|ooo: Trer |l |s Wea|.
Farous Wor|s aooul |l:
1) 'Raal|'u| lrl|yaao l|| Vaq|ooo r|ra| Asraa.| Wa| A|qaao - a|-Kraleeo a|-8agrdaadee.
a|-razeed lee rullas|||| asaareed (|rcrease |r a lu||y correcled |sraad) - =,=v =- _ =,|
Tecrr|ca||y - A rarralors oe|rg added lo a correcled |sraad.
Cord|l|ors lor |ls rejecl|or:
1) Tral lre ore Wro reporls W|lroul lre add|l|or |s rore sourd lrar lre ore Wro reporls |l W|lr |l.
2) Tral lre add|l|or occurs |r a p|ace Wrere |l |s c|ear|y sroWr lral lre rarralor reard lre or|g|ra| lror r|s
sray|r, |.e. |r lre or|g|ra| |sraad re says, lor exarp|e, 'so ard so rarraled lo re:.
ll e|lrer ol lrese lWo |s aoserl, lrer lre add|l|or W||| oe prelerred ard accepled, ard lre |sraad W|lroul |l
W||| oe cors|dered lo oe d|scorrecled (rurqal|'), ard W||| |r lacl oe 'a|-rursa|u| |ralee.
Po|rls ra|sed aga|rsl lr|s:
1) Tral |l lre |sraad W|lroul lre add|l|or |s reporled, Wrere lre add|l|or |s pul |r us|rg 'ar (lror), lrer lre
19
or|g|ra| |s lo oe dec|ared as rurqal|'. Rep|y: ard lr|s |s lre case.
2) Tral |l al lre po|rl lre or|g|ra| del|r|le|y slales lral lre rarralor reard |l lror r|s sray|r, lrer perraps
re reard |l oy rears ol ar |rlerred|ary, ard lrer |aler reard |l d|recl|y. Rep|y: ard a|lrougr lr|s |s
poss|o|e, scro|ars do rol dec|are lre add|l|or lo oe a r|sla|e ur|ess lrey rave ev|derce ol lral.
Farous Wor|s aooul |l:
1) 'Taryeezu| Vazeed lee Vullas|||| Asaareed - a|-Kraleeo.
a|-mudtar|b - =
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - Tral caus|rg d|sluroarce.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr |s reporled |r corlrad|clory lorrs, a|| ol equa| slrerglr.
lls cord|l|ors - ll |s rol dec|ared rudlar|o ur|ess lWo cord|l|ors are preserl:
1) lls rarral|ors d|sagree ard carrol oe rarror|sed, ard
2) A|| ol |ls d|ller|rg rarral|ors are ol equa| slrerglr, so lral rore car oe prelerred over lre olrers.
ll rarror|sal|or |s poss|o|e or prelererce car oe rade, lrer lral |s dore |r ar acceplao|e Way, lrer |l
ceases lo oe rudlar|o.
lls lypes:
1) rudlar|ous-sarad - .=- =..| = (Wr|cr |s rore corror), e.g. lre radeelr ol Aooo 8a|ar |r al-
T|rr|dree: 'lood ard |ls s|slers rave lurred ry ra|r Wr|le. ad-0aaraqulree says ol |l: 'll |s rudlar|o,
s|rce |l |s rol reporled excepl oy Way ol Aooo lsraaq, ard lre reporlers lror r|r reporl |l |r aooul ler
d|llererl Ways, sore reporl|rg |l as oe|rg rursa|, olrers as oe|rg raWsoo|; sore dec|ar|rg |l lo oe lror
Aooo 8a|ar, sore lror 3a'd ard sore lror 'Aa.|srar ard |r olrer Ways. Ard |ls rarralors are re||ao|e ard
|l |s rol poss|o|e lo preler sore over olrers or lo rarror|se.
2) rudlar|ou| ralar - ' = , e.g. lre radeelr ol Faal|rar o|rl 0ays |r al-T|rr|dree: 'ver||y lrere
|s a r|grl due upor Wea|lr olrer lrar lre Za|aal. loWever lor Vaajar's rarral|or lror rer |s: 'Trere |s ro
r|grl due upor Wea|lr olrer lrar Za|aal. a|-'lraaqee says: '3o lr|s |s ar |dl|raao Wr|cr carrol oe
exp|a|red aWay.
Fror Wror does |dl|raao occur?:
1) ll ray occur lror a s|rg|e rarralor Wro reporls lre radeelr |r lre d|llererl Ways, or
2) ll ray occur due lo a group ol peop|e eacr rarral|rg sorelr|rg corlrad|clory.
Tre reasor lor |ls Wea|ress:
Tr|s |s oecause |l sroWs lral |ls rarralors rave rol oeer prec|se |r Wral lrey are rarral|rg.
Farous Wor|s aooul |l:
1) a|-Vuqlar|o lee oayaar|| Vudlar|o - lor lajar.
a|-musahhaf -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - A ||lerary r|sla|e.
Tecrr|ca||y - Crarg|rg a Word |r a radeelr lo olrer lrar lral Wr|cr |s reporled oy lre re||ao|e rarralors e|lrer |r
Word|rg or rear|rg.
lls lypes - ll ras lrree c|ass|l|cal|ors:
1) wrere |l occurs:
1) las-reel |r lre |sraad
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2) las-reel |r lre ralar.
2) lls cause:
1) las-reelu| oasar (due lo lre eye), |.e. due lo a r|sread|rg.
2) las-reelus-sar' (due lo lre rear|rg), |.e. due lo r|srear|rg.
3) wrelrer |r lre rear|rg or lre Word|rg:
1) las-reel |r lre Word|rg (|alzee).
2) las-reel |r lre rear|rg (ra'raWee), |.e. lral a|lrougr a rarralor reporls lre Word|rg correcl|y, re
r|s|rlerprels |l, sucr as lre say|rg ol Aooo Voosaa a|-'Arazee: 'we are a roo|e peop|e, lre peop|e ol
'Arazar, A||aar's Vesserger () prayed |r our d|recl|or. le urderslood lr|s lror lre radeelr lral
lre Proprel () prayed loWards 'a| 'Arazar Wr|cr re lrougrl relerred lo lre|r |ard. 'a|-'Arazar |s
roWever a srorl spear Wr|cr le () sluc| |rlo lre grourd ard prayed loWards.
Tre c|ass|l|cal|or ol a|-laal|z |or lajar - le d|v|ded |l lurlrer |rlo:
1) rusarral - (due lo lre dols over lre |ellers), |.e. la||rg Ta lo oe Tra or 8a, elc.
2) rurarral - (due lo |rcorrecl voWe|||rg).
0oes las-reel allecl lre rarralor?:
1) ll |l rare|y occurs lror a rarralor, lrer |l W||| rol allecl r|s prec|s|or.
2) ll roWever |l occurs oller, lrer |l W||| deslroy r|s prec|s|or ard sroW lral re |s rol acceplao|e |r lr|s
l|e|d.
Tre reasor lor a reporlers la|||rg |rlo excess|ve las-reel:
Tr|s W||| oe due lo r|s rarral|rg araadeelr lror ooo|s |rslead ol d|recl|y lror lre sray|rs.
Farous Wor|s aooul |l:
1) 'al-Tas-reel - ad-0aaraqulree.
2) 'ls|aar Krala.|| Vuradd|lreer - a|-Krallaaoee.
3) 'Tas-reelaalu| Vuradd|lreer - Aooo Arrad a|-V|s|aree.
ash-shaadhdh - and a|-mahfooz - (|ts oppos|te}:
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - asr-sraadrdr |s lre 'odd ore oul.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr |s reporled oy a re||ao|e rarralor |r corlrad|cl|or lo soreore rore re||ao|e.
wrere |l occurs: ll occurs |r lre |sraad or |r lre ralar.
a|-rarlooz (lral rela|red/reror|sed):
ls lre oppos|le ol lre sraadrdr, |.e. lral Wr|cr a rore re||ao|e rarralor re|ales |r corlrad|cl|or ol a
re||ao|e rarralor.
Tre|r ru||rg:
asr-sraadrdr |s da'eel ard rejecled.
a|-rarlooz |s aulrerl|c ard acceplao|e.
a|-jahaa|ah b|r-raawee - |, -|,| - a rarralors oe|rg ur|roWr
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral lre persor or cord|l|or ol a rarralor |s ur|roWr.
lls reasors:
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1) Tral a rarralor ras rary rares, l|l|es or descr|pl|ors, so re ray oe ca||ed oy a l|l|e corror lo
olrers.
2) Tral re rarrales very ||ll|e, so lral rayoe or|y a s|rg|e persor rarrales lror r|r.
3) Tral r|s rare |s rol slaled, oe|rg ca||ed 'a sray|r, elc.
Exarp|e ol (1): Vurarrad |or as-3aa.|o |or 8|srr a|-Ka|oee. 3ore ca|| r|r 'Vurarrad |or 8|srr,
olrers 'larraad |or as-3aa.|o, sore 'Aour-Nadr, sore 'Aooo 3a'eed ard sore 'Aooo l|sraar so
re ray oe lrougrl lo oe a group ol d|llererl peop|e.
Tre lypes ol rajroo|:
1) majhoo|u| 'ayn - : le Wrose rare |s rerl|ored oul or|y ore persor rarrales lror r|r.
Tre ru||rg regard|rg r|s rarral|ors - Trey are rol acceplao|e ur|ess re |s cerl|l|ed re||ao|e.
loW car re oe cerl|l|ed re||ao|e? - 8y ore ol lWo lr|rgs:
1) Tral soreore olrer lrar lre rarralor lror r|r dec|ares r|r lo oe re||ao|e, or
2) Tral lre persor rarral|rg lror r|r dec|ares r|r lo oe re||ao|e, W|lr lre cord|l|or lral re r|rse|l |s a
cr|l|c ol rarralors.
2) majhoo|u| haa| - ,- ,,.,- or a|-mastoor - : le Wrose cord|l|or |s ur|roWr. le Wror
lWo or rore rarrale lror, oul rol dec|ared as re||ao|e.
Tre ru||rg regard|rg r|s radeelr - lr lre v|eW ol lre rajor|ly, r|s rarral|ors are rejecled.
3) a|-mubham - ("unc|ear"}: Tral corla|r|rg a rarralor Wrose rare |s rol slaled.
lls ru||rg - ll |s rejecled url|| re car oe |derl|l|ed.
w||| r|s rarral|or oe accepled |l lre rarralor lror r|r says sorelr|rg |||e 'a re||ao|e rar rarraled lo
re.....? - ll W||| sl||| rol oe accepled s|rce re ray oe re||ao|e |r lre v|eW ol lre rarralor, oul rol so |r lre
v|eW ol olrers.
Farous Wor|s or lre suojecl:
1) 'Vood|ru AWraar|| Jar'| Wal-Talreeq - a|-Kraleeo.
2) 'a|-wurdaar - lraar Vus||r.
3) 'a|-Asraa.u| Vuorarar l|| Aroaa.|| Vur|arar - a|-Kraleeo.
1) 'a|-Vuslalaad r|r Vuoraraal|| Valar Wa| lsraad - wa|ee-uddeer a|-'lraaqee.
a|-b|d'ah - --=,|
ls ol lWo lypes:
1) o|d'ar ru|allarar - - --=, : Tral Wr|cr arourls lo |ulr ard la|es a persor oul ol ls|aar.
2) o|d'ar rulassaqar - -.- --=, : Tral Wr|cr ra|es a persor a laas|q oul rol a |aal|r.
Tre ru||rg regard|rg rarral|ors ol ar |rrovalor:
1) ll r|s o|d'ar |s ol lre l|rsl lype, lrer r|s rarral|or's are rejecled.
2) ll ol lre secord lype, lrer accord|rg lo lre rajor|ly ol lre scro|ars r|s rarral|or's are acceplao|e W|lr
lWo cord|l|ors:
1) Tral re |s rol a ca||er lo r|s |rroval|or, ard
22
2) Tral Wral re rarrales does rol supporl r|s |rroval|or.
soo.u|-h|fz - ,= =- (weak memory}
-
Tecrr|ca||y - 0re Wro |s 'sayy|.u|-r|lz |s lre ore Wro |s r|sla|er rore lrar re |s correcl.
lls lypes:
1) 0re Wrose rerory Was a|Ways oad lrrougroul r|s ||le. Ard sore scro|ars ol radeelr ca|| r|s
rarral|or's 'sraadrdr
2) 0re Wrose rerory oecare Wea|, e|lrer due lo o|d age, r|s oecor|rg o||rd or r|s ooo|s oe|rg ourrl,
ard re |s ca||ed 'a|-ru|rla|al.
Tre ru||rg lor lre|r rarral|ors:
1) As regards lre l|rsl, r|s rarral|or's are rejecled.
2) As regards lre secord, lrer:
1) wral re |s |roWr lo rave reporled oelore lre '||rl||aal |s acceplao|e.
2) wral re reporled aller lre '||rl||aal |s rejecled.
3) Tral Wr|cr |s rol |roWr Wrelrer |l Was oelore or aller, lrer judgererl |s susperded url|| |l |s c|ear
Wr|cr |s lre case.
a|-ma'roof - ("we||-known"}
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr lre re||ao|e rarralor reporls |r corlrad|cl|or lo Wral a Wea| rarralor reporls; |.e. oppos|le ol
lre rur|ar, |r lre del|r|l|or ol lor lajar.
C|ass|l|cal|or ol lre radeelr accord|rg lo |ls source:
1) a|-hadeethu| qudsee - _==| .,=|
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wr|cr |s rarraled lo us lror lre Proprel () lror r|s Lord, lre Exa|led ard V|grly.
Tre d|llererce oelWeer |l ard lre 0ur.aar - Tre rosl oov|ous d|llererces are:
1) As lor lre 0ur.aar, lrer |ls rear|rg ard Word|rg |s lror A||aar ard lre radeelr qudsee, |ls rear|rg
|s lror A||aar ard |ls Word|rg lror lre Proprel ().
2) Tre 0ur.aar |s rec|led |r Prayer as parl ol Worsr|p, oul lre radeelr qudsee |s rol.
3) Tre 0ur.aar |s a|| rulaWaal|r ard lre radeelr qudsee does rol rave lo oe.
Corp||al|ors ol araadeelr quds|yyar: a|-lll|raalaalus-3ar|yyar o|| Araadeelr|| 0uds|yyar -
'Aodur-Ra'ool a|-VaraaWee, Wr|cr corla|rs 2Z2 radeelr.
2) a|-marfoo' -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 'Ra|sed up.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral allr|ouled lo lre Proprel ().
3) a|-mawqoof -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - '3usperded
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral allr|ouled lo lre Corpar|ors.
ll |s a|so used lor olrer lrar lre Corpar|ors |l reslr|cled, e.g. raWqool lror az-Zurree.
Terr|ro|ogy ol lre peop|e ol Kruraasaar - Trey ca||:
1) a|-rarloo': '|raoar ard
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2) a|-raWqool: 'alrar.
Tral Wr|cr ras lre ru||rg ol oe|rg 'rarloo':
3ore lypes ol rarral|or rave lre appeararce ol lre raWqool oul are g|ver lre ru||rg ol oe|rg rarloo'.
For exarp|e:
1) Tre say|rg ol a Corpar|or Wro |s rol |roWr lor reporl|rg lror lre Peop|e ol lre 8oo|, a say|rg Wr|cr
|s rol poss|o|e lor |l lo core lror r|s oWr deducl|or, e.g.
1) lrlorral|or aooul lr|rgs ol lre pasl, ard
2) lrlorral|or aooul lre lulure or lre urseer.
2) Tre Corpar|or's say|rg: 'we used lo do so ard so |r lre l|re ol lre Proprel ().
3) Tre Corpar|or's say|rg: 'we Were ordered lo do so ard so, 'we Were loro|dder lo do so ard so,
'Fror lre 3urrar |s . . ..
1) Tre lalseer ol a Corpar|or re|al|rg lo lre reasor lor reve|al|or ol a cerla|r aayar.
Ard lre raWqool |s rol ar |rdeperderl prool
1) a|-maqtoo' -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 'Cul oll
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral allr|ouled lo lre Taao|'eer or lrose aller lrer, e.g. 'a| -lasar a|-8asree sa|d: . . ..
ll |s rol a prool.
usage ol asr-3raal|'ee ard al-Taoaraaree - 3ore ruradd|lroor, arorgsl lrer asr-3raal|'ee ard al-
Taoaraaree, use lre lerr Vaqloo' lo reler lo lre Vurqal|'.
a|-musnad -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 'Allr|ouled
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wrose |sraad |s correcled oac| lo lre Proprel ().
a|-muttas|| - =| | a|-mawsoo| -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 'Correcled.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral Wrose |sraad |s correcled Wrelrer rarloo' or raWqool.
A correcled |sraad oac| lo a laao|'ee |s rol relerred lo as oe|rg 'rullas|| ur|ess reslr|cled, e.g. 'rullas||
lo az-Zurree.
z|yaadaalulr-lr|qaal - =| =.,
Tral Wr|cr sore re||ao|e rarralors reporl |r add|l|or lo Wral olrer re||ao|e rarralors rarrale lror a cerla|r
radeelr.
3cro|ars larous lor devol|rg lrerse|ves lo lr|s:
Aooo 8a|ar 'Aodu||aar |or Vurarrad |or Z|yaad ar-Neesaaoooree.
Aooo Nu'ayr a|-Jurjaaree.
Aou| wa|eed lassaar |or Vurarrad a|-0urasree.
wrere |l occurs:
1) lr lre lexl - oy |rcrease ol a Word or serlerce.
2) lr lre |sraad - oy dec|ar|rg lral Wr|cr |s raWqool lo oe rarloo', or lral rursa| lo oe rullas||.
24
Tre ru||rg ol z|yaadar |r lre lexl - 3cro|ars rave d|llered aooul |l:
1) 3ore a|Ways accepl lrer,
2) 3ore a|Ways rejecl lrer, ard
3) 3ore rejecl lre add|l|or |l reporled oy lre sare rarralor ard accepl |l |l reporled oy soreore e|se.
lorus-3a|aar d|v|ded lre add|l|ors |rlo lrree c|asses, lo Wr|cr ar-NaWaWee ard olrers agreed. Trey are:
1) Tre add|l|or Wr|cr does rol corlrad|cl lral Wr|cr olrer re||ao|e rarralors reporl, lrer lr|s |s accepled.
2) Tre add|l|or Wr|cr corlrad|cls lral Wr|cr olrer re||ao|e rarralors or a rore re||ao|e rarralor reporls,
lrer lr|s |s rejecled ard |s sraadrdr.
3) Tre add|l|or Wr|cr parl|a||y corlrad|cls lre rore re||ao|e or lre olrer re||ao|e rarralors, ard |s ol lWo
||rds:
1) Reslr|cl|or ol lre urreslr|cled, ard
2) Parl|cu|ar|s|rg lre gerera|.
Ard ar-NaWaWee dec|ares lral lr|s |s accepled.
Tre ru||rg lor add|l|ors |r lre |sraad, |.e. Wrelrer ar |sraad |s rullas|| or rursa|, ard Wrelrer ar |sraad
|s rarloo' or raWqool. 3cro|ars d|ller aooul lr|s, rav|rg lour say|rgs:
1) Tre ru||rg |s g|ver |r lavour ol lre ore Wro dec|ares lre |sraad lo oe rullas|| or rarloo' (|.e.
acceplarce ol lre add|l|or).
2) Tral lre ru||rg |s g|ver |r lavour ol lre ore Wro dec|ares lre |sraad lo oe rursa| or raWqool (|.e.
rejecl|or ol lre add|l|or). [Tr|s oe|rg lre say|rg ol lre rosl radeelr scro|ars|.
3) Tral lre ru||rg |s g|ver |r lavour ol lre rajor|ly.
1) Tral lre ru||rg |s g|ver |r lavour ol lre ore W|lr oeller rerory.
a|-|'t|baar - _,-,
Tecrr|ca||y - 0alrer|rg lre cra|rs ol rarral|or ol a radeelr reporled oy a rarralor lo see |l olrers a|so reporl |l or rol.
a|-mutaab|' - _,| | at-taab|' - _,|
Tecrr|ca||y - Tre radeelr Wrose rarralors a|so rarrale lral Wr|cr lre or|g|ra| rarralor |r quesl|or reporls |r Word|rg
ard rear|rg, oe|rg reporled lror lre sare Corpar|or.
ash-shaah|d - ==|
Tecrr|ca||y - Tre radeelr Wrose rarralors a|so rarrale lral Wr|cr lre or|g|ra| rarralor |r quesl|or reporls |r Word|rg
ard rear|rg or or|y |r rear|rg, oul lror a d|llererl Corpar|or.
3o a|-|'l|oaar |s lre process ol lo||oW|rg up cra|rs ol rarral|or ol a parl|cu|ar radeelr |r order lo l|rd
supporls (sraWaar|d ard rulaaoa'aal).
A d|llererl usage ol lre lerrs - 3ore scro|ars use:
al-laao|' - lo rear lral supporl|rg rarral|or Wr|cr ras lre sare Word|rg, Wrelrer or rol reporled lror
lre sare Corpar|or, ard
asr-sraar|d - lo rear lral supporl|rg rarral|or Wr|cr ras lre sare rear|rg, Wrelrer or rol reporled
lror lre sare Corpar|or.
Ard lrey ray oe used |rlercrargeao|y W|lroul ary rarr s|rce lre|r purpose |s ore, |.e. supporl|rg lre
or|g|ra| rarral|or.
a|-mutaaba'ah -
L|rgu|sl|ca||y - 'Agreererl.
Tecrr|ca||y - Tral a rarralor agrees lo lre rarral|or ol olrers |r rarral|rg a cerla|r radeelr.
25
Noles or lre 3c|erce ol ladeelr exlracled lror 'Tayseer Vusla|ar|| ladeelr - .,=- _==- ,., - 0r. Varrood al-Tarraar
lls lWo ||rds:
1) mutaaba'ah taammah - (comp|ete mutaaba'ah}, lral |l agrees W|lr lre or|g|ra| |sraad r|grl
lror lre slarl.
2) mutaaba'ah qaas|rah - .=| --,.- (part|a| mutaaba'ah}, lral |l jo|rs W|lr ard agrees W|lr lre
or|g|ra| |sraad soreWrere |r lre cra|r, oul rol lror lre radeelr.
Exarp|e - (quoled oy lor lajar): Tral Wr|cr asr-3raal|'ee reporls |r 'a|-urr lror Vaa|||, lror
'Aodu||aar |or 0eeraar, lror lor 'urar lral A||aar's Vesserger () sa|d: ((Tre rorlr |s lWerly-r|re, so
do rol lasl url|| you see lre reW roor ard do rol orea| lasl url|| you see |l, ard |l |l |s c|ouded over lrer
corp|ele lre lerr ol lr|rly.))
3ore peop|e lrougrl lral lre radeelr W|lr lr|s Word|rg |s rol reporled lror Vaa||| excepl oy asr-
3raal|'ee, ard Was lrerelore lrougrl lo oe grareeo, s|rce lre sluderls ol Vaa||| reporl |l W|lr lr|s |sraad,
oul W|lr crarged Word|rg.
loWever lrrougr |'l|oaar We l|rd lor asr-3raal|'ee, a rulaaoa'ar laarrar, a rulaaoa'ar qaas|rar ard a
sraar|d:
1) As lor lre rulaaoa'ar laarrar, |l |s Wral a|-8u|raaree reporls lror 'Aodu||aar |or Vas|arar a|-
0a'raoee lror Vaa||| W|lr lre sare |sraad ard asr-3raal|'ee's Word|rg.
2) As lor lre rulaaoa'ar qaas|rar, |l |s Wral lor Kruzayrar reporls oy Way ol 'Aas|r |or Vurarrad
lror r|s lalrer Vurarrad |or Zayd, lror r|s grardlalrer 'Aodu||aar |or 'urar W|lr asr-3raal|'ee's
Word|rg.
3) As lor lre sraar|d, |l |s Wral ar-Nasaa.ee reporls oy Way ol Vurarrad |or lurayr lror lor
'Aooaas lror lre Proprel (), W|lr asr-3raal|'ee's Word|rg.
Trars|aled oy: Aou Ta|rar 0aaWood |or Rora|d 8uroar|, hovemoer '99'
26


The Guyana Islamic Institute was established on the 26th of January, 1986, by the Guyana
Islamic Trust under the stewardship of Dr Irshad A Azami from India. At the time, Shaykh
Irshad was a Darul Ifta Daiyah (Missionary) working in Guyana. Several other Shaykhs and
Islamic Workers from the GIT, worked along with him to establish the Institute. The support
for the project was indeed overwhelming.

The first residential course implemented by the GII lasted for four years. However, over the
years the duration of the course was significantly reduced, due to several constraints.
Nevertheless, the GII persisted, graduating hundreds of students, from courses ranging from
one to four years. Many of these students moved on to further their studies at Islamic and
Academic universities overseas.
Today, former GII graduates are serving as Imams, teachers, social workers and Islamic
workers in various communities, organizations and institutions in Guyana, the Caribbean and
North America.

Furthermore, several Shaykhs and teachers generously and graciously served the institution
over the years, making lots of sacrifices and efforts. In fact, the impact of the GII is evident in
many places and on many lives. Generous contributions from our Muslim donors and
supporters ensured that the GII survived until today. The GII is forever grateful to all of these
wonderful people.

The GII was built on the foundations of Tarbiyah. In Islam, education is of paramount importance
and its pursuit is an obligation on every Muslim, male and female. Our Prophet (SAS) says:

The scholars are the heirs of the Prophets. The Prophets do not leave behind an
inheritance of gold and silver; rather they leave behind the inheritance of knowledge.
Whoever acquires knowledge, acquires a lot of wealth.

Thus, he commands us to pursue education:

Acquire knowledge! It enables the possessor to distinguish right from wrong; it illuminates
the path to Heaven. It is our friend in the desert, our society in solitude, our companion
when friendless and our armor against enemies.

Therefore, the establishment of a superior educational institution is also obligatory on the Muslim
community, in order to preserve faith, human dignity and morality and stimulate love for learning.
GIIs doors are opened to all students regardless of race or status.

Our goal is to implement and devise teaching and training strategies that will encourage students
to develop through their natural propensity (fitrah) and strengthen their spirituality; enrich their
Muslim character and identity; develop their intellectual alertness and abilities and provide the
tools for them to fulfill their roles as Muslims, Islamic workers and responsible citizens.

We seek your support and prayers in this endeavor, for Allah, subhaanahu wa taala to make our
joint efforts successful in raising generations of Muslims who shall follow in the footsteps of our
beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), his illustrious Companions and their noble predecessors.

We currently offer three courses:
Tahfeez Program (memorization of Quran)
One year Islamic Studies and Arabic Language Certificate Program
Two year Diploma in Islamic Studies, Arabic Language and Social Work