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C= Commonly, O = Operating, M = Machine, P = particularly, U = Used in, T = Trade, E = Educational, R= Research CPU = Central Processing Unit, it is nothing but PROCESSOR. Heart of the computer. 3 types of Units are there in CPU. 1. ALU = Arithmetic and Logical Unit. 2. C.U = Control Unit. 3. M.U = Memory Unit.
Computer:- it is an Electronic Device. The combination of Hardware and Software is called a Computer. It is an Electronic Device which takes Data as input, it process the Data and gives the desired output. Device:- Component, Pheriperal are called Devices. Data:- Combination of Characters, Numbers,symbols and Graphs. Types of DATA:- Text, sound, movie, pictures. Input Devices:- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Compact Disk(CD), Floppy,Pen drive. Output Devices:- Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Processing Device:- Micro Processor is called Processing Device. It is called CPU, Heart of the computer. Hardware:- The Physical components of the computer with can be touch and fell. Ex:- Monitor, Mouse, Ram, Processor, Etc
Software:- Collection of Programs is called Software. Cant touch and fell. Types of Software: 1.System Software 2.Application Software 3.Drive Software 4.Utility Software Operating System:- Operating system is a source to run a computer. it is a Media between user and Computer.It is called "Soul" of the Computer. Operating system is called OS. Note: After asseble a PC, at first we need to install O/S
Os are 2 types
(A). GUI = Graphic user Interface. Ex:- Windows, Linux, Solaris. (B). CUI = Character User Interface. Ex:- MS-Dos, Unix Windows Family Operating systems:- Ms-Dos, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me ,Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows Vista, Windows 7.
Other Operating Systems:- Unix, Solaris, Linux, OS/2 Network Operating Systems:- it is called Multi user O/S. Windows 2000, 2003, Win Xp, Vista, windows 7. 32Bit and 64 Bit Operating Systems:- X86 is called 32 bit and X64 is called 64 bit operating system. Ex:- windows Xp, Vista, windows 7. 32Bit and 64Bit Personal computers:- In house and in small offices and school and colleges usually 32Bit computers. In big companies 64Bit computer used. Price is double from 32Bit PC. Types of Keyboard:- Keyboards are 4 types they are.
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Types of Mouse:- There are 4 types of Mouse available 1.Serial Mouse A 9 pin Female connector. 2. PS/2 Mouse A 6 pin male Round connector with Green color.
4. Wire Less Mouse. Works with a UBS device attached to CPU, the signals will be received with this device. Types of Monitors:4 types 1. B/w or Mono chrome 2. color Monitors (a). Analog Monitor (b). Digital Monitors. These types are called CRT = Cathode Ray Tube 3. LCD Monitors = Liquid Cristal Display 4. LED Monitors.
Types of Printers:1. Dot Metrics Printer 2. Line Printer 3. Ink Jet Printer 4. Lesser Jet Printer
MEMORY MEASUREMENT:
0, 1 is called a Bit 8 Bits = 1 byte 1024 bytes = 1 K.B (kilo byte) 1024 K.B = 1 M.B (mega byte) 1024 M.B. = 1 G.B (Giga Byts) 1024 G.B = 1 T.B (Tera Byte) 1024 T.B = 1 P.B (peta Byte) 1024 P.B = 1 E.B (Exa Byte) 1024 E.B = 1 Z.B (Zetta Byte) 1024 Z.B = 1 Y.B (Yotta Byte) Questions: 1. Convert 81920MB into GB? 2. Convert 3.2GB into MB? 3.Convert 2097152KB into GB?
Types of Computers:
1.Mini computers 2.Micro computers (Personal Computers)(PC) 3.Main Frame computers
4.Super computers
5.Server computers 6.Work station computers
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Personal Computers(PC)
Home based computers designed for some specific programs, it is a single user computer with Micro Processor. we are using PC's in office, School,Colleges.
1. Mother board or Mainboard (M.B) 2. Micro Processor (CPU) 3. RAM (Random Access Memory)(Memory) 4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
5. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) 6. CD-Rom (or) DVD R/W Drive 7. SMPS (Switch mode power supply) 8. Expansion Cards or Add on Cards 9. CMOS Battery (3V) 10. Data Cables.( IDE/SATA)
8.Expansion Cards:
There are different type of Cards used in different purpose:
1. Graphic Card: (used in output display in Monitor. If display card failed we can't see display in the monitor) Types of Graphic cards (CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA, AGP, 3D)
CGA = Color Graphic Adopter. EGA= Enhanced Graphic Adopter. VGA= Video Graphic Adopter SVGA = Super Video Graphic Adopter AGP= Accelereted Graphic Port. 3D= 3 Dimension.
2. Sound Card ( used for output sound from system) 3. USB Card ( used to connect USB devices) Ex:- keyboard,mouse,pen drive,Blue tooth, Card Reader, printer, scanner etc
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4. LAN Card (or) Nic card (or) Network card (or) Ethernet card (used to browse Internet through cable & Connect computer into Local Area Network) 5. Modem (used for internet browsing internet through telephone line) 6. TV tuner card ( TV watching)
Note:- identify the Cards with the help of it's port. Identify the company name and model number also, given on the IC. The model number is used to Install Driver Software.
7.SMPS TYPES:
It is AC to DC power converter Input = 230V output = +12V, -12V, +5V, -5V, +3.3V Note:- To check working or not, Connect Green cable to Black cable, if FAN Roating, SMPS working.
Types:
1. AT = 6+6 = 12 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard 2. ATX = 20 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard 3. BTX = 20+4 = 24 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard 4. MBTX = 20+4+4 =28 pin power connector , connected to Motherboard
AT = Advanced Technology ATX = Advanced Technology Extended. BTX = Balanced Technology Extended MBTX = Micro Balanced Technology Extended
Technology Types:
Cd-Rom = compact disk read only memory DVD = Digital Video Disk combo = Multiple
Types:- 1. IDE(40Pins) 2. SATA (7pins) 3. SCSI(50pins) (Small Computer System Interface)(used in servers) IDE - HDD Figure:
Note:- Ever HDD company having different Jumper selection, see the Structure given on HDD. Note:- HDD and Cd-Rom having "master and "slave" Roles. Connect a jumper to Decide a Role. Hdd as master and Cd-Rom as Slave.
3.RAM TYPES:
Ram is called Temporary memory or Primary memory. Data is stored till power on. If Ram not connected or not working, computer will not start, and Beep sound coming.
SIMM= Single Inline Memory Module DIMM= Double inline Memory Module SD-RAM= Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory DDR= Double Data Rate
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Identification of RAM:
Type SD-Ram DDR1 DDR2 DDR3
pins
168 184 240 240
Voltage
3.3V 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V
Notch
2 1 1 1
Highest Capacity
512MB 1GB 2GB 4GB
RAM Capacity: - 64Mb, 128MB 256MB 512MB 1GB 2GB 4GB RAM FSB SPEED: 400MHZ 533MHZ 667MHZ 800MHZ 1333MHZ FSB = Front Side Bus Speed MHZ = Mega Hertz (1000MHZ = 1GHZ) GHZ = Giga Hertz
2. Micro Processor:The function of the Micro processor is to "Execute" data/programs/instructions and gives output.
(1) PGA (Pin Grid Array) (pin processor) (Ex:-Pentium1, Pentium 3, Pentium 4) (2) LGA (Line Grid Array (pin less processor) (Ex:-P4 Pin Less, Dual Core,
Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Core i3, i5, i7)
Motherboard
Motherboard is called "Mainboard" of the system. All Components are connected to Motherboard, if motherboard not working, computer will not start, means no any kind of Display from system.
Types of Motherboards: 1. Desktop Motherboard 2. Laptop Motherboard 3. Server Motherboard Motherboard Manufacturer Companies:
Intel, Asus, Mercury, Gigabyte, Bio-Star, MSI, Asrock etc.
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Motherboard Chipset: North Bridge and South Bridge is called chipset of the motherboard. Chipset Manufacturer Companies: INTEL, SIS, VIA, ATI, ALI, NVIDIA Motherboard Types as per Chipset: 1. Intel Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer company and Chipset made by Intel)..Price 3000/- opporximetely 2. Intel Chipset Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer Company is different but the Chipset is Intel). Price 2500 /- opporximetely 3. Other Chipset Motherboard (Motherboard Manufacturer Company and Chipset both made by other Company). Price 2000 /- opporximetely. EX:- Mercury M.B and VIA Chipset Gigabyte M.b and Nvidia Chipset Asus M.b and SIS Chipset
Motherboard Model number:845 GLM And , it is "Intel chipset" motherboard. It is used to Recongnise the motherboard model number to install "Motherboard" Drive software. The 845 number is used for "Graphic drive" installation. If you lost the motherboard Drives CD, We can download "Driver software" with the help of this model number from the "Mercury" Web-site {www.mercury-pc.com} Note:- Motherboard model number is given on any where on the Motherboard.Or it is given on the Motherboard-Box and in MoterboardManual book or in Motherboard Drive-Cd.
I/O Ports: with the help of i/o ports we can identify how many components/Devices are on board or inbuilt. 1.PS/2 Ports:- (Shape is Round) (a). Keyboard port:- It is 6pin Female Port with Purple Color. (b). Mouse Port:- It is 6pin Female port with Green color. 2.VGA Port:-(Shape is D) It is 15 pin Female port, used to Connect Monitor Display cable/RGB Cable.(RGB=Red-GreenBlue) 3.Serial Port:- (Shape is D) It is 9Pin Male Port, used to connect Serial Devices such as Serial-Mouse,External-Modem,Mobile Device Etc. 4.USB Port:- It is 4Pin port with Rectangle Shape.used for all types of USB devices.Example = usb-keyboard, usb-mouse, usb-
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webcam, usb-printer, usb-scanner, usb-Bluetooth, usb-Data-Card Reader. 5. LPT Port:-(Shape is D) It is 25pin Female port.It is normally called as "parallel port".used for LPT model printer. 6.LAN Port(Ethernet port/RJ45 Port):It is 8pin port,used for Internet Browsing and connect a computer into local area network.It is also called RJ45 Port. 7.Sound ports:(a).Speaker port (b).Microphone port (c).Line in port:- To communicate with other "Line in port" to give output sound sound. Example:- We can get sound from "TV Tuner card Processor socket:With the help of Socket number, we can identify the processor model. North Bridege chip: The biggest chip on the M.B.It is near to processor, It control High speed devices such as RAm, Rom, Cpu etc. It is called "GMCH".(Graphic Memory Controller Hub) South Bridge Chip: The second Biggest chip on the m.b. it is near to slots. it control low speed devices, such as i/o ports and slots. It is called "IOCH".(Input output controller hub) Motherboard power supply connectors: To power on Motherboard, it is important to connect 20+4 or 24+4 power connectors from SMPS, should connect properly. Note:-To check SMPS working or not, connect Green-cable to black-cable and power on. The SMPS FAN is start rotating. If fan rotating, then only SMPS is working. Expansion slots: (A) PCI slots: It is 32Bit slots, used to connect all type of PCI-Cards(vga,sound,lan,modem,usb,TV). These slots are called universal slots.
(B) AGP slot:it is 64Bit slot, and used to connect only AGP-Graphic Card, upto 512MB Graphic memory. (C) EPCI Slot or PCI Express Slot: Express Peripheral component Inter connect. It is 64Bit slot and support only 3DGraphic Cards upto 2GB Graphic memory. RAM slots: On the Ram slot in between the slot "Voltage" and notch and pin number are the identification. BIOS: It is called "Rom-Bios". A chip fixed on the motherboard. Read only memory programs are inside the chip. When you start computer at first the "bios" programs will be activated and check entire system components which is connect to your system. It located the boot order to start computer with the help of Boot-Device. It help to start o/s. It gives a single "Beep" if every thing ok in the system. (Rom =Read only memory) CMOS BATTERY:A 3volt battery used on the m.b.possitive + mark sould be upside. IDE CONNECTORS: In old motherboard 2 IDE given. in latest m.b only one IDE given. In each IDE we can connect 2 IDE devices. (IDE Devices = CD-ROM AND DVD-WRITER and Hard Disk) FDD Connector pins: A 34 pins given on Motherboard to connect a Floppy disk Drive. A Removable disk is used into this drive. Floppy Disk Capacity = 1.44MB and Size of Disk is 3.5 inches. (In the letest Motherboards there is not FDD pins) SATA CONNECTORS: These connects found in the letest Motherboards only from 915 M.B model. Each sata connector will be used for only one sata-device. SOUND IC company name and model number is given on the ic.so identify it carefully.
LAN IC:
LAN IC company name and model number also important to install driver s/w. Note:-If sound ic or Lan ic got burn,in this condition we can use a Sound card or
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Lan-card.
Note:- Identify the company name and model number for Sound IC and Lan IC to install Driver software.
AUDIO PINS:
9 PINS are given with the identification after 3 pins there is no pin, in 5 pins.
Pins Structure
USB PINS:
9 PINS are given with the identification after 4 pins there is no pin, in 5 pins.
Pins Structure
F-PANEL PINS:
9 PINS given on the motherboard, identify with written some words in front of the pins or back side of the pins, and it is written F-panel below the pins.
Structure 1
Structure 2
Structure 3
Structure 4
Structure 5
Note:- Power Led and HD. Led are opposite and Restart Button, Start Button are
opposite.
Assembling tips:
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1. Take cabinet and open left-side door and lie down 2. Fix I/O shield of the motherboard. 3. fix SMPS, The label should be up-side. 4. Take Motherboard and install/connect CPU and cooling FAN with Heat-sink. 5. Install RAM in slot1 or slot2. 6. connect "USB" cable for front panel. 7. connect "Audio" cable for front panel. 8. Connect F_panel pins for front panel "start,Reset and Led's. 9. Fix Motherboard into cabinet. 10. Fix dvd-writer from outside to inside 11. Fix Hard disk inside to inside 12. Connect Motherboard power supply 20+4 or 24+4 pins to Motherboard. 13. Connect Hard disk data cables to HDD and DVD 14. Connect power cables to HDD and DVD.
Dissembling tips
1. Power off AC 2. Disconnect i/o devices(printer,mouse,monitor etc) 3. Open cabinet left door only 4. Remove power and data cables of HDD and DVD. 5. Remove usb and audio cable. 6*. Before Removing F_Panel cable take a structure of pin connection (if structure not given on Motherboard)
BIOS Settings:
How to enter into BIOS settings: By pressing "DEL", F1,F2,F9,F10,F12.Or According to "motherboard Manual Book, a key given for BIOS settings. Why to enter into BIOS settings: 1. To check System Information.(Ram,Hdd capacity and CPU speed.) 2. Security settings (BIOS and Booting passwords) 3. Enable/Disable Ports (USB, serial, parallel) 4. Detecting Drives (HDD, CD-Rom or DvD) Master or Slave Mode if "IDE Devices" 5. Enable/Disable Drives (HDD and CD-Rom or DVD drives) 6. Boot Order Settings (or) Boot Sequence (or) Boot priority First Boot device = Cd-Rom
Second Boot device = Hard disk/HDD0 At the time o/s installation.
7. Hard Disk Boot Priority (If 2 HDD connected to system, set Proiority to Specific HDD)
Main menu of BIOS and CMOS Settings: Step 1: Take default settings
Press Enter on Load Optimized Defaults (or) Load Setup Defaults. Press Y press Enter.
(This setting need to take 3 different conditions: 1. CMOS batter failed we insert new battery. 2. CMOS batter replaced. 3. clear cmos option taken by setting jumper in 2,3 pin on Motherboard.). in this condition need to take default setting in BIOS
Note:- when O/S loading need to take 1st boot device (CD-Rom), 2nd Boot Device (HDD) Note:- Security Option (setup/system), use to set Password protection. Setup option for Bios
setting password and System is for Booting password.
Integrated Peripherals:
On board Devices: In this menu there are options given to disable USB ports, disable USB Keyboard, Disable USB mouse. Super I/O Devices:- In this menu there are options given to disable/Enable Serial, parallel ports. Note: use all other setting in default. Futher infomation Refer Motherboard manual book.
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Note: Now installation process started, if CD is damaged or files missing so we can get error
at begging of the Installation. So change other CD and restart system.
Step: 3 press Enter to Install XP, R for Repair XP, F3 to quit 3 option will be given Note:- if o/s Corrupted press R for repair. Note:- if fresh Installation press ENTER BUTTON(Press F3 to quit installation) Step 4: press F8 to agree Step 5: if o/s already in the HDD, system asks for Repair. Press R for repair, ESC to dont repair, F3 to quit. Note:- if you want a fresh installation press ESC( All partitions will appear) Step 6: Create Partition Table C = For create partition; Enter to Install, F3= quit Note:- press C after delete the size, assign size, press Enter. Step 7: Select C Drive and press Enter to Install XP on C Drive Step 8: Format Partition Note:- Format the selected partition with NTFS quick option, if the HDD in Good condition and the partition is more than 20,000MB. Step 9: computer will Restarts here. (after formatting and copying files) Note:- If the CD is old and if you find while copying files an error like file missing, change the XP CD. Step 10: Select Language ( click on Next only) Step 11: name and organization name ( give 2 name in the 2 blanks) Step 12: License key required (25 number key given with CD) Step 13: Time Zone (set +5.30 Chennai, Mumbai, Calcutta, and Delhi) Step 14: Typical Settings or Custom settings (click on typical setting, click next)
Step 15: Workgroup or Domain (click on Workgroup, click on Next) (System will be restarted here) Stet 16: A window will open indicates Display setting .click on OK. Step 17: click on Cancel if Appear a Small window. Note:- A window opens to indicates updating XP and creating users. If you click on OK, it will guide you to create uses and update XP. If you want to Login with ADMINISTRATOR click on CANCEL.
Important Settings after O/S Installation: Hard Disk Partition information:Partition:- Dividing the Hard disk Memory logically into some group of Drives is called a partition. Format:- formatting is the process of creating file system on the partition. A File system indicates how the files and Folders to be created or stored and retrieved. Windows Operating system recognize only 2 types of File systems, those are (1) FAT (2) NTFS FAT = File Allocation Table NTFS: = New Technology File System Note:- Other operating systems (Linux, Unix, Solarix) supports EXT file system. ( EXT = Extended File system)
O/S Support Windows 95,98 Windows 98,2000,XP,Vista, Win7 Windows xp, Vista, win7
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Calculate your Hard disk space before creating partition table. If it is showing space in MB need to divide by 1024. Example your Hard disk space 40960. So divide 40960/1024 = 40GB Create partitions like below: 1. 10 GB = 2 partitions 5 + 5 2. 20 GB = 3 partitions 5+5+10 or 10+10 3. 40 GB= 4 Partitions 10+10+10+10 4. 80 GB = 4 Partitions 20+20+20+20 5. 160GB = 4 Partitions 40+40+40+40 6. 250 GB = 5 Partitions 50+50+50+50+50 7. 320GB = 5 Partitions 50+100+50+50+70 8. 500 GB = 5 Partitions 100+100+100+100+100 9. 1TB (1024GB) = 100+200+200 +200+200+Remaining space
HARD DISK PARTITION TABLE STRUCTURE: Note: - C Drive is called primary partition and it is called as an "Active Partition", we can install O/S only in the Active partition. and D, E, F, G Drives are called Logical Drives and these partitions are created logically into Extended Partition. After creating C partition, in the future we cant add some more free space from other partitions. So be careful of creation of C partition. See some
instructions of creating C partition below. To look up these partition table open Computer Management and click on Disk Management. Computer management:- Right click on My computer Icon, click on manage. There is an Option below Disk management Allocation of C Partition SPACE: According to Installation of Software need to assign space to C Drive. 1. operating system XP = 2GB 2. Application Software (Ms-office, VB, Oracle, Java) = 5GB 3. Utilitie softwares = Antivirus, Zip, typing, Media player Etc = 3GB 4. Drive Software = Printer, web-cam, Scanner, Sound VGA, Etc = 2GB
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--open folder name (4 types of name for this device "Network,NIC,Lan,Ethernet) --open "network folder" --open model number folder --open "o/s" model number folder --Unzip folder (if required) --setup.ext(double click) --next -install -next -finish. Note:- after installation of this device driver it creates a new section "network Adopters" and shows company name and model number.
2.PCI Device
--it is called "Audio device" or "Multimedia DEvice" or Sound Device. This device driver is used for output sound from computer. Steps to Install driver : --open my computer icon -- open cd icon --open folder name( 3 types of name for this device "Sound", Audio,Multimedia) --open sound folder --open model number --open o/s model number --setup.ext --next - next -don't close any windows -next -finish --Restart computer Note:- After installation of this device driver it goes into "Sound Video and Game controllers" section.
"Graphic Clarity". Steps to Install driver: --open cd --open folder name (chipset of the motherboard) --open Intel folder(intel chipset in this motherboard) --open VGA folder --open Model number folder --open o/s model folder --open "setup.exe" --next -next-yes-next-don't close any folder -next-finish --restart computer Note:- This driver goes into "Display Adopter" section. Note:- Check the Drivers properly installed or not, is there any " Exclamation mark" found still after installation. If installation found, Unistall and Re-install the driver software.
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note:-system will install the driver software from the folder, if driver not found system shows error "cound not found the driver software".search again from another folder. Note:- To corrupt o/s, click on Start - Control panel -Folder Options -View Tab - click on "Show all files ---Remove Check mark from " Hide protected operating system files" click "Yes"--ok. Delete "NTLDR" file and other files
-->if the device not working after some days,enter into "Device manager" and expand the specific section of the Device" -->check Exclamation mard or disable mark found on the device name. -->if "Excalmation found on the device "uninstall and reinstall the device" 4. If you dont' know the driver model to install --->first install one of the driver and check it, whether it is supporting to your device or not -->check in "Device manager" and open the section,which have just installed the driver software. -->if still exclamation found in other devices section or in the specific section -->goto control panel and open add/remove programs-unistall the device driver software and restart computer -->Reinstall with other model number.
OS installation Methods:
XP installation 2nd method:
when o/s corrupted, and important data on every "Drive" and important software also.Nothing loss after o/s installation( It is nothing But Repair OS). Solution: Repair o/s steps:- 1. Boot order: first boot device = cd-rom 2.pres any key ..... 3.Enter to install 4.F8 to agree 5.R for Repair -->system Restarted here
-->Remaining Steps are same HOw to corrupt O/S:- open "C" drive -- click on "tools Menu" --- folder options -View TAB --click on Show Hidden Files and folders ---Remove Check mark from "Hide protected operating system files ---click on "Yes" ----click on OK. ----Delete "NTLDR" File ---Restart computer now.
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--->one time only system will start with CD-Rom --->select CD-rom and press enter,enter 2.press any key ..... 3.enter to install 4.F8 to agree 5.Select "C" drive and press enter 6.select option "leave current file system" 7.press "L" for delete --->system will be restarted --->Remaining steps are the same
Xp 5th method:
o/s corrupted by Virus, No important DATA and software on HDD. Solution: Delete all partitions and created partitions and install o/s steps:1.First boot Device Cd-Rom 2. press any key to Boot from Cd....
6th method:
o/s corrupted by "File Missing".To recover o/s just Repalce the missing file. Error:- NTLDR MISSING STEPS:1.BOOT ORDER 2. Press any key....3.R for Repair 4.press 1 and pres Enter 5.Type Administrator password and press enter 6.system halt on C:\windows> 7.Search for CD-Rom drive letter -->if three partition on HDD the 4th partition is the cd-rom Drive letter -->if you don't know how many partitions are there,search for all Drives from D,E,F,G,H,I -->Search for "I386" folder in CD 8.c:\windows>G: and press enter 9.G:\>
10.G:\>cd i386 press enter 11.G:\i386>copy NTLDR C:\ (PRESS ENTER) -->Message: 1 file copied 12.EXIT Note: Computer restarted here, Check o/s Repaired or not. If o/s not repaired, use the 2nd Method for Repair.
Ms-Dos commands
microsoft disk operating system External commands:-to run these commands,for each command need an EXE file to run.
EX:-format,edit,Xcopy,Fdisk etc Internal commands:- these commands will install automatically when o/s loaded. how to enter into dos:- start -programs-Accessaries -command prompt (or) run = cmd (press enter) 1. CLS it clears the screen syntax:-cLs
IKNWU420@GMAIL.COM WWW.UNLIMITEDTIPS4ALL.BLOGSPOT.IN 2.date 3.time 4.ver (ver=version) 5.Label it shows the volume label syn:-label (to change label type a different name and press enter) 6. DIR it shows the directory structure.how many files and folders are saved. sub-commands:-dir/p (or)dir/w syntax:-dir (enter) 7. MD make directory syn:-md <dir name> 8. CD change directory syn:-cd <dir name> ((sub commands:-cd.. and cd\ 9. Copy Con create a new file syn:-copy con <file name> save file = F6 or CTRL+Z 10.type it shows file contents syn:-type <file name> 11. Ren it renames an existing file. syn:ren <old file name> <new file name> 12. DEL it Deletes a file. syn:-del <file name> 13. RD remove directory. syn:-rd <dir name> 14.COPY it copy one or more files. (a).syntax:- copy <file name> <targer location> (b).syntax:- copy * (to copy all files without extension) (c).syntax:- copy *.* (to copy all files with and without extension) EX: COPY RAJ D:\ 15.Move it cut and paste command syn:move <file name> <target location>
16. FORMAT it formats any drive syn:-format d:/fs:file system ------>>for help....type any command name---c:\>format/? 17. EXIT close programs
Step1: Install XP o/s on "C" drive at first Step2: Install Vista or Win7 On "D" drive Next Steps to install "windows Vista" on "D" drive: 1. Insert "Vista" DVD into DvD-Drive and Select First Boot device CD-Rom into Bios setting (Or select Boot menu by pressing "ESC" or F9, F10, F12 keys) 2. Press any key to boot from Cd/Dvd . . . . . 3. Press enter (Required for some time) 4. Language option "English" is default press "next" 5. Click on "install now" 6. License key option Required ---> If you don't have license key, "give check mark" on " I will activate licence key when I am online" ---> If you have license key, Remove the check mark from the option " Activate license key online" 7. Select X86 application for 32Bit Computer (X86 = 32Bit and X64 = 64Bit) (Check the system information for your computer 32Bit or 64Bit) 8. Select your product and give check mark Below and click Next (What Edition you have purchased) 9. Accepted for License Agreement
IKNWU420@GMAIL.COM WWW.UNLIMITEDTIPS4ALL.BLOGSPOT.IN 10. Click on "Custom"(Advanced) option 11. Click on "Drive options" for getting more option for installation 12. If it is Multiple o/s just select "Disk 0 partition 2 and click "Next" Note: If you want to Remove "XP" o/s from "C" drive and wanted to install Windows Vista or Windows 7, select "Disk 0 partition 1" and click "Next", A Message is given the data of "C" drive is Transferred into "windows.old". The important data will not lose from "C" drive. Note: If there is no important data on "C" drive and you want to remove XP and wanted to install windows vista or windows 7, select "Disk 0 Partition 1" and click on "Format option", after format completed, select "Disk 0 Partition 1" and click "Next" for further steps. ----------->System restarts here 13. User name and password Required (type your name here and password for protection) 14. Computer Name ( just click Next) 15. Update Option " Ask me Later" (Next) 16. Time zone + 5:30 India 17. click on Start (Ready to use Vista now)
Desktop icons:
--Right click on Blank area --personalize --Change desktop icons --- select icons --- ok
Screen Resolution:
--- click on "Display option" ---Screen Resolution (1024X768) -- apply --ok
--manage --Disk management --Right click on "C" drive --Shirnk volume ---Assign space ---next --Finish ---An unallocated space given --Right click and click on "new simple volume --Next --next finsih Printer Drivers Installation:
Note: Do not connect printer power cable and USB cable. When prompted connect printer
power and USB connection.
Insert Driver CD of printer, it will Autoplay a window will open automatically.
--> click on "Easy installation" --> click on install ---> click yes for license agreement -->next for USB connection -->yes ---yes---connect printer power supply and USB connect--Next --Finish --Restart computer. check for the printer install or not? -->Start - settings --Printer and Faxes (or) -->Start - printer and Faxes ---->An icon is visible there with Company name and model number for the printer. Note:-If you are using 2 printers, you should make one printer as default printer. Steps:--> Start -- printer and Faxes -- Right click on the printer icon ---click on "Set as default printer"
partition
size
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Steps: 1. First Boot Device = Cd-Rom (insert Linux cd)(save and Exit) 2.Enter to intall 3. press "Skip" for CD testing (Before installation checking CD status) 4. Next -- Next 5. License Key (Skip entering license key, if no key) 6. Language option English -- next --next 7. Create partition table option (Remove all partition and create default layout) -->This option for default deleting existing partitions and creating Automatic Partitions --->Create "Custom layout" (This option for creating Manual partitions) 8. Next 9.After Formating all partition system will be restarted. --->CD will be Exit automatically, Remove Linux CD and keep away. 10.Select location "India" 11.Next -- next --next --next--Root password 123456 for 2 times 12. User Name and password 13.finish.
Check marks 6. click on Install 7. finish Note:- If we need any application just enter into "Contrl panel" ---Add/Remove programs -select and click on " Change" option --- Add /Remove Features --- next --Give check mark on the specific Applications and click on "update". finish.
CONTROL PANEL:
Important control panel options Accessibility options: Mouse Tab with the help of this option we can use mouse with the help of Keyboard. Click on use mouse keys option, click on ok. There is an Icon displayed on Taskbar. Now use Numeric Keypad to move mouse Pointer the 5 number key used for selecting and pressing
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2 times for opening any icon. When this option enables Numeric Keypad numbers will not work. Disable this option to remove the check mark from use mouse keys. Add Hardware Option: With this option we can install any hardware component which is not installed, and we can see all devices which is not installed in other Devices option in Device Manager. Add/Remove Programs: We can install any program or uninstall any program with this option. Select program and click on remove option in this window. (1)Add/remove windows components: in this option we can add/remove some of the windows components ex:- mspaint, games, calculator other options Administrative tools computer management: In computer management there is 2 important things 1. Changing Administrator Password 1. Disk Management: - we can get info about 2 Hard disk Drive Letters and easy to identify HDD information. And we can create partitions after o/s installation. DISPLAY: this option used for change Desktop wallpaper and screen saver and in Settings TAB Screen Resolution (1024 X 768) and color Quality (16Bit or 32bit) ok ok. Click on yes. Note:- the screen resolution 1024 x 768 support for only in Digital Monitor.
Folders option:
In this option we can hide or unhide files/folders. Folder options - Click on view TAB click on do not show hidden files & folders. Next Step:- right click on any file, click on properties, click on Hidden option. Ok.ok. do vice versa for unhide.
Power options: some time monitor turn of after 1minute, goto power option use turn
off monitor after 20minutes.
Sound and Audio Devices: when computer start up. We can listen a sound when
desktop appear. In this option we can change the starting/shut down sounds. Click on sounds TAB, change start window and Exit windows sound option by clicking Browse and show location of wav file.
System: hardware TAB device manager this option for system devices and drivers information located. Computer name TAB:- click on change option to change computer name. ok. Ok. Restart system.
TROUBLESHOOTING:
1.CMOS-Check some error Default Loaded. OR Error "F1 to continue and press Del to enter setup".
a).If you have done Clear-CMOS Jumper for Restore BIOS setting or Replace CMOS battery for Restore BIOS setting or to Break BIOS passwords. b) If CMOS battery Fail(Replace with new Battery) c) In old P4 systems, If Floppy disk enable in BIOS settings(Disable Drive A)
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Motherboard. k)Check power Button properly working or not, when pressed the start-button it should come back immediately.Reset Button also same condition. l)Some old Motherboard need working CMOS-Battery,so use a 3V-Battery.
4. Disk Boot Failure, Insert system disk and press enter when ready. (or) OS not found.
a) Check DATA Cable and Power cable properly connect to Hard Disk, if connected. Replace with other DATA cable and Replace with anther power cable. b) OS corrupted or Hard Disk formatted. Install OS again. c) If it is a new Hard disk. d) Hard disk is Disable in "BIOS" settings. e) Hard disk Jumper properly not connected(only for IDE Hard disks)
etc. System will not start (no Display problem). Remove the newly connected device and restart computer. It means the newly connected device is not supporting to your computer.
8. System stop responding when pressing "start button". System will not start.
a). some time start button and restart button damage. when we press it, the button should come back immediately. If the button will not come back, system will not start. Lubricate the button b) change Button if possible or Change the cabinet.
9. System unable to start with error message like NTLDR Missing or any other file missing
A) Repair OS with the help of OS cd. see the OS installation method 6.
11. Beep sounds. Ram Beep sounds, continuously short Beeps sounds.
a) If Ram not connected. b) if Ram not properly connected. connect Ram properly by matching its Notch. c) Ram is damaged. Ram failed. Ram pins damaged.
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performance" ---OK.
16. System stop XP installation after pressing Any key..... a) If we are using Linux or other Operating systems Previously on the system. This
time XP not supported. To resolve this problem, install Windows Vista or Windows 7 or While installation Vista just "Delete all partition" and close all windows and re-insert XP CD and install XP now.
B) Some systems will not support F8 at start up time. Type "MSCONFIG" in Run
command - click on "BOOT.INI" tab - click on "SAFEBOOT" - ok -Restart computer. Now computer will start in Safe Mode Automatically. After using Safe Mode, type "MSCONFIG" in Run command - click on " Boot.ini" TAB - remove check mark from "SAFEBOOT" - ok -Restart computer.
Important Hints:
-----------------------------1. Use proper Ground ( it is called Earthing) 2. Use UPS For uninterrupted power supply. 3. Use Exhaust fan inside Cabinet, if you are using system upto 6 to 8 houurs. 4. Don't use cover on Cabinet while running system 5. Once in 3 months service your system, use Air-Blower, to remove dust from system.