IB DIPLOMA CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT PRACTICAL 7 INTRODUCTION Most of the physical and chemical properties of a substance can be related

to the type of bonding present in that substance. Substances that are ionically bonded contained positive and negative ions. Substances that are covalently bonded contains molecules; if the molecules contain atoms of different sorts, they may be polar due to the equal sharing electrons between the different atoms. The amount of polarity in a molecule, determined by the shape of the molecule and the relative electronegativities of the atoms in it, has a great effect on the properties of the substance. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To observe the effect of a charged rod on liquid jets. To test the miscibility of liquids. To test the solubility of iodine in different liquids. To test the solubility of graphite in liquids. To test the solubility of calcium chloride in liquids. To test the volatility of iodine, graphite and calcium chloride. To test the conductivity of chemical solutions.

Experiment I: The Effect of a charged rod on liquid jets. DATA COLLECTION: Types of liquid 1. Water 2. Hexane 3. Ethanol DATA PROCESSING: 1. When the rod is rubbed by the fur, the rod will gain electrical charges. 2. When the rod is held near the water and ethanol jets, the liquid jets are attracted to the rod. This is because in water and ethanol there are polar elements. This polar element is attracted to the charged rod. 3. When the same rod is put near the jet of hexane, there is no change happen to the jet of hexane because hexane is non-polar liquid means do not carry any charge. Observation Draws near to the polythene rod No changes to the jet of hexane Draws near to the polythene rod Inference Attract to the polythene rod No attraction happened Attract to the polythene rod

Experiment II: Miscibility of Liquids DATA COLLECTION: Types of liquid 1. Water and Ethanol 2. Water and Hexane 3. Hexane and Ethanol DATA PROCESSING: 1. Water is a polar solvent which dissolves polar solutions. Ethanol has hydroxyl groups which are polar. The polar elements will create ionic bonds between each other making them miscible. 2. Hexane does not have any polar element therefore no bond will be created between water and hexane, so hexane cannot be dissolved in water. 3. Hexane is a non-polar element while ethanol has a non-polar chain in the structure, so there are covalent bonds between the two elements hence they are miscible with each other. Experiment III: Solubility of iodine in different liquids. DATA COLLECTION: Types of Iodine solution 1. Iodine in distilled water 2. Iodine in ethanol 3. Iodine in Hexane DATA PROCESSING: 1. Iodine crystal is not soluble in water as in its solid form it is not polar molecules but is joined together covalently. The yellow solution is the result of iodine in the form of ions which is not pure solid iodine molecule. 2. Iodine crystal is covalent molecules which dissolve in the covalent part of ethanol. This is due to the covalent bond between iodine crystal and ethanol. 3. Iodine crystal is covalent molecules which dissolve in hexane as hexane is a covalent substance. The bond between the two elements is covalent bond. Observation Colourless solution Dark orange solution Purple solution Inference Iodine is slightly soluble in water Iodine is very soluble in ethanol Iodine is slightly not soluble in hexane Observation Mixed together 2 separated colourless layers are formed Mixed together Inference The liquids are miscible The liquids are immiscible The liquids are miscible

Experiment IV: Solubility of graphite in liquids DATA COLLECTION: Types of graphite solution 1. Graphite in distilled water 2. Graphite in Ethanol 3. Graphite in Hexane DATA PROCESSING: 1. Graphite is consists of molecules which bonded with covalent bonding. It is a giant covalent compound which is very stable that does not dissolve in an ionicbonded solution or a covalently-bonded solution. Only if there is high energy such as the factor of high heat will break the strong covalent bond in graphite to dissolve in a covalent-bonded solution. Experiment V: Solubility of calcium chloride, CaCl in liquids DATA COLLECTION: Types of CaCl solution 1. CaCl and distilled water 2. CaCl in Ethanol 3. CaCl in Hexane DATA PROCESSING: 1. Calcium chloride is an ionic compound which ionized in water to form calcium ions and chloride ions which will form ionic bonds with water. 2. The hydroxyl group in ethanol will form ionic bonds with calcium ions and chloride ions. This will result in the solubility of calcium chloride in ethanol. Observation White precipitate present White precipitate present 2 separated colorless solution formed Inference CaCl is very soluble in water CaCl is slightly soluble in ethanol CaCl is not soluble in hexane Observation Many dark tiny particles present Many dark tiny particles present Many dark tiny particles present Inference Graphite is not soluble in water Graphite is not soluble in ethanol Graphite is not soluble in hexane

Experiment VI: Volatility of Iodine, Graphite, and Calcium chloride. DATA COLLECTION: Types of Solids 1. Iodine 2. Graphite 3. Calcium chloride DATA PROCESSING: 1. Iodine crystal quickly sublimes into purple vapour because iodine molecules are attracted to one another by weak van der Waals force. So only a small quantity of energy is required to break the forces. 2. Graphite did not show any reaction because it molecular bonding are in the form of strong carbon bond. So it is hard to break the bond with small amount of heat hence result in subliming it directly. 3. Calcium chloride is actually bounded with ionic bond that has high evaporated point. Therefore enough heat provided can break down the ionic bond at an interval time. Experiment VII: Conductivity of Iodine, Graphite, and calcium chloride in different solution. DATA COLLECTION: Solvent Substances 1. Iodine 2. Graphite 3. Calcium chloride DATA PROCESSING: 1. Iodine cannot conduct electricity because it does not ionize in any of the solvents. It is because only the present of the freely moving electrons can carry the electricity. 2. Calcium chloride conducts electricity because it ionizes in all of the solvents. Calcium chloride ionizes completely in water and result the biggest current compared to other solution. Water 0.2 0.0 More than 100 Ammeter Readings, A 0.2 Hexane 0.0 0.0 8.0 Ethanol 0.0 0.0 28. Observation Dark purple gas pouted out No changed Colourless gas pouted out after quite a time Inference Iodine crystal quickly sublimes into purple vapour Graphite does not sublime. Calcium chloride is sublime lately after quite a time

3. Less current is generated in solution of calcium chloride and ethanol because ethanol is semi polar. Least current is generated from hexane because hexane is non-polar. Experiment VIII: The colour of iodine in different solvent DATA COLLECTION: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Solvents / Mixture Hexane Ethanol Ethoxyethane (ether) Ethyl Ethanoate Trichloromethane A drop of ethanol to a mixture of iodine + hexane Colour Observation Purple Dark orange Pale Yellow Dark brown Purple Colour changes from purple to dark brown The colour remains brown in colour

7. A drop of hexane to a mixture of iodine + ethanol DATA PROCESSING:

1. Iodine is non-polar therefore soluble in hexane and trichloromethane because they are also non-polar. 2. Ethanol and ethyl Ethanoate are more polar than hexane. Thus, the solution turns brown which indicates that iodine slightly dissolve in these solvents. 3. Ethoxyethane or ether is more polar than ethanol. Thus, the solution turns pale yellow which indicates that iodine dissolves more in the solvent.. CONCLUSION 1. The polar liquid jet will affected with the charged rod while the non-polar liquid jet cannot be affected. 2. Polar compounds dissolve in polar compounds while non-polar dissolve in nonpolar. 3. Graphite unable to dissolve in any of the solvents because held by a strong carbon bond 4. Ionic bond is stronger than covalent bond. But, carbon bond is stronger held than ionic bond. 5. Compounds that can ionize in a solution will conduct electricity.