IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

ALGORITHM-A SET OF RULES OR DIRECTIONS FOR GETTING SPECIFIC OUTPUT FROM SPECIFIC INPUT

ALGORITHM MUST TERMINATE AFTER FINATE NUMBER OF STEPS

DETECTORS

PRE-PROCESING

REFORMATTED RAW DATA

CONVOLUTION WITH FILTER

IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM

IMAGE:

RECONSTRUCTED IMAGE

STORAGE DISPLAY RECORDING ARCHIVING

HISTORY OF IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

1917 RADON DEVELOPED MATHEMATICAL SOLUTIONS TO
THE PROBLEM OF IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION FROM A SET OF PROJECTIONS. UTILIZED IN SOLVING PROBLEMS IN ASTRONOMY AND OPTICS.

1961 FINALLY THESE TECHNIQUES WERE USED IN

MEDICINE.

HOUNSFIELDS IMAGESNOISY BECAUSE OF HIS RECONSTRUCTION METHOD.

CONVOLUTION BACK PROJECTION USED TO IMPROVE IMAGE QUALITY AND SHORTEN PROCESSING TIME. ( USED BY Shepp & Logan)

ORIGINAL DATA

FILTERED DATA

CONVOLUTION BACK PROJECTION DEVELOPED BY:

RAMCHANDRAN LAKSHMINARAYANAN

BEAM GEOMETRIES AND DATA ACQUSITION

PARALLEL SLOW FAN -FASTER

Algorithms applicable to CT

Back projection

Iterative methods

Analytic methods

BACK PROJECTION
ALSO CALLED SUMMATION METHOD OR LINEAR SUPERPOSITION METHOD

Example image of how a cube generates different projections depending on the angle of projection

INCOMPLETE BACKPROJECTION

ITERATIVE ALGORITHMS
SIMULTANEOUS ITERATIVE RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE ITERATIVE LEAST SQUARES TECHNIQUE ALGEBRAIC RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

ART USED BY HOUNSFIELD IN HIS FIRST EMI BRAIN SCANNER

ITERATIVE TECHNIQUES ARE NOT USED IN TODAYS COMMERCIAL SCANNERS

ANALYTIC RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS

FOURIER RECONSTRUCTION FILTERED BACK PROJECTION

USED IN MODERN CT SCANNERS

FILTERED BACK-PROJECTION CONVOLUTION METHOD

PROJECTION PROFILE IS FILTERED OR CONVOLVED TO REMOVE THE TYPICAL STAR LIKE BLURRING THAT IS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SIMPLE BACK PROJECTION.

STEPS IN FILTERED BACK PROJECTION

ALL PROJECTION PROFILES ARE OBTAINED THE LOGARITHM OF DATA IS OBTAINED LOGARITHMIC VALUES ARE MULTIPLIED BY DIGITAL FILTER FILTERED PROFILES ARE BACKPROJECTED THE FILTERED PROJECTIONS ARE SUMMED AND THE NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE COMPONENTS ARE CANCELLED

FOURIER RECONSTRUCTION
USED IN MRI NOT USED IN CT BECAUSE OF COMPLICATED MATHEMATICS

FOURIER TRANSFORM
RADIOGRAPH AN IMAGE IN SPATIAL DOMAIN IN FOURIER TRANSFORM IMAGE IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN CAN BE RETRANSFORMED BACK TO SPATIAL DOMAIN BY WITH THE INVERSE FOURIER

TYPES OF DATA
MEASUREMENT DATA RAW DATA CONVOLVED DATA IMAGE DATA

MEASUREMENT DATA (SCAN DATA)

DATA THAT ARISES FROM DETECTORS. IT NEEDS TO BE PREPROCESSED TO ELIMINATE ARTIFACTS.

RAW DATA
ITS THE RESULT OF SCAN DATA BEING PRE-PROCESSED

CONVOLVED DATA
FILTERED BACKPROJECTION IS THE ALGORITHM USED BY MODERN CT. IT REQUIRES FILTERING AND THEN BACKPROJECTION. RAW DATA IS FILTERED USING MATHEMATICAL FILTER OR KERNEL (CONVOLUTION) IT REMOVES BLURR. CONVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE APPLIED TO RAW DATA.

IMAGE DATA (RECONSTRUCTED DATA)

CONVOLVED DATA THAT HAVE BEEN BACKPROJECTED INTO THE IMAGE MATRIX TO CREATE CT IMAGES DISPLAYED ON THE MONITOR.

DETECTORS SCAN DATA

PREPROCESSING

RAW DATA

CONVOLUTION

CONVOLVED DATA DATA

BACK PROJECTION

ALGORITHM vs NOISE
DETAIL

EDGE-ENHANCEMENT

STANDARD

SMOOTHING NOISE

RECONSTRUCTION IN SPIRAL CT
FILTERED BACK PROJECTION USED + INTERPOLATION BACAUSE OF THE CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT OF THE PATIENT IN THE Z-DIRECTION. ( TO ELIMINATE MOTION BLURR)

RECONSTRUCTION IN MULTISLICE SPIRAL CT

INTERLACED SAMPLING LONGITUDINAL INTERPOLATION FAN BEAM RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM COMPARISON

ANALYTIC METHODS ARE FASTER THAN ITERATIVE ALGORITHMS. FILTERED BACK PROJECTION IS USED IN MODERN CT SCANNERS