Taylor Series

Theorem
If f has a power series representation about x c

That' s if f ( x) an ( x c) n
n 0

with a positive (or inf inite) radius of convergences

f ( n ) (c )
Then an
n!
In other words :
If f has a power series about c, then

f ( x)
n 0

f ( n ) (c )
( x c) n
n!

Definition
The series

n 0

(n)

(c )
n
( x c)
n!

is called the Taylor series of f about c (centered at c)

Definition
The series

n c

(n)

(c ) n
x
n!

is called the Maclaurin series of f about c

(centered at c)
Thus a Maclaurin series is a Taylor series
centered at 0
(n)

n 0

( 0) n
x
n!

Examples I

Example (1)
Taylor Series for f(x) = sinx about x = 2
n

f(n)(x)

f(n)(2)

an=f(n)(2) / n!

an (x- 2(n

sinx

cosx

1/1!

(1/1!)(x- 2(1

-sinx

-cosx

-1

-1 / 3!

(-1 / 3!)(x- 2 (3

sinx

cosx

1/ 5!

)1/ 5!)(x- 2(5

Taylor Series for sinx about 2

We have,
1
1
1
( x 2 ) 3 0 ( x 2 ) 5 0 ( x 2 ) 7
3!
5!
7!
1
1
1
3
5
( x 2 ) ( x 2 ) ( x 2 ) ( x 2 ) 7
3!
5!
7!

(1) n1

( x 2 ) 2 n1
n 1 ( 2n 1)!

sin x 0 ( x 2 ) 0

(1) n

( x 2 ) 2 n1
n 0 ( 2n 1)!

Example (2)
Taylor Series for f(x) = sinx about x =
n

f(n)(x)

f(n)()

an=f(n)() / n!

an (x- (n

sinx

cosx

-1

-1/1!

(-1/1!)(x- (1

-sinx

-cosx

1 / 3!

(1 / 3!)(x- (3

sinx

cosx

-1

-1/ 5!

)-1/ 5!)(x- (5

Taylor Series for sinx about

We have,
1
1
1
3
5
sin x 0 ( x ) 0 ( x ) 0 ( x ) 0 ( x ) 7
3!
5!
7!
1
1
1
3
5
( x ) ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) 7
3!
5!
7!

(1) n

( x ) 2 n1
n 1 ( 2n 1)!
(1) n1

( x ) 2 n1
n 0 ( 2n 1)!

Example (3)
Taylor Series for f(x) = sinx about x = /2
n

f(n)(x)

f(n)(/2)

an=f(n)(/2) / n!

an (x- /2(n

sinx

1 / 0!

(x- /2(0=1

cosx

-sinx

-1

-1 / 2!

(-1 / 2!)(x- /2(2

-cosx

sinx

1 / 4!

(1 / 4!)(x- /2(4

cosx

Taylor Series for sinx about /2

We have,
1
1
1
2
4
sin x 1 0 ( x / 2) 0 ( x / 2) 0 ( x / 2) 6
2!
4!
6!
1
1
1
1 ( x / 2) 2 ( x / 2) 4 ( x / 2) 6
2!
4!
6!

(1) n

( x / 2) 2 n
n 0 2n!

Example (4)
Maclaurin Series for f(x) = sinx
an=f(n)(0) / n!

an x n

f(n)(x)

f(n)(0)

sinx

cosx

1/1!

(1/1!) x

-sinx

-cosx

-1

-1 / 3!

(-1 / 3! ) x3

sinx

cosx

1/ 5!

(1 / 5! ) x5

Maclaurin Series for sinx

We have,
1 3
1
1
x 0 x 5 0 x 7
3!
5!
7!
1 3 1 5 1 7
x x x x
3!
5!
7!

(1) n 1 2 n 1

x
n 1 ( 2n 1)!

sin x 0 x 0

(1) n 2 n 1

x
n 0 ( 2n 1)!

Example(5)
The Maclaurin Series for f(x) = x sinx
We have,
(1)
2 n 1
sin x
x
n 0 ( 2n 1)!
Hence

(1) n 2 n 1
x sin x x
x
n 0 ( 2n 1)!

(1)

x 2n 2
n 0 ( 2 n 1)!

Approximating sin(2)
We have,
2

360 90

1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
sin( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
90 90 3! 90
5! 90
7! 90
9! 90
Considering the first fiveterms only, we get;
2 corresponds to the number 2

1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
sin( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.034899
90 90 3! 90
5! 90
7! 90
9! 90

Examples II

Example (1)
Maclaurin Series for f(x) = ex
n

f(n)(x)

f(n)(0)

an=f(n)(0) / n!

an xn

ex

1 /0!

ex

1 /1!

(1 / 1!) x

ex

1 /2!

(1 / 2!) x2

ex

1 / 3!

(1 / 3! ) x3

ex

1 /4!

(1 / 4!) x4

ex

1/ 5!

(1 / 5! ) x5

Maclaurin Series for ex

We have,
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
e 1 x x x x x
2!
3!
4!
5!

1 n

x
n 0 n!
x

Example (2)
Find a power series for the function
g(x) =

x
x
x
e 1 x
2! 3!
n!

xn

n 0 n!
x

x
x
( x )
e 1 x

2! 3!
n!

( x 2 ) n (1) n x 2 n

n!
n!
n 0
n 0
x

2 n

Example (3)
TaylorSeries for f(x) = lnx about x=1
f(n)(x)

f(n)(x)

f(n)(1)

an=f(n)(1) / n!

an x n

lnx

x-1

1=0!

(x -1)

-x-2

-1!

-1!/2!

(-1/2) (x -1)2

(-1)(-2)x-3

2!

2!/3!

(1/3 ) (x -1)3

(-1)(-2)(-3)x-4

-3!

-3!/4!

(-1/4 (x -1)4

(-1)(-2)(-3)(-4)x-5

4!

4!/5!

(1/5 ) (x -1)5

Taylor Series for lnx about x = 1

We have,
1!
2!
3!
4!
( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 3 ( x 1) 4 ( x 1) 5
2!
3!
4!
5!
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) 5
2
3
4
5

(1) n 1

( x 1) n
n
n 1

ln x ( x 1)

Homework
I . Find the Taylor series for f about x c
(1)

f ( x) cos x

(2)

f ( x) cos x

(3)

f ( x) e

c 1

c
3
c
2

II . Find the Maclaurin series for f

(1)

f ( x) ln(1 x)

(2)

f ( x) ln(1 x)

(3)

f ( x) cos x

(4)

f ( x) cosh x

(5)

f ( x) sinh x

(6)

f ( x) x cos x

(7)

f ( x) (1 x) 3

(8)

f ( x) sin x

(9)

f ( x) e5 x

(10)

f ( x) cos x