Hydrogen and Nitrogen

HYDROGEN & NITROGEN
COMBINED SCIENCE 5129
Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
HYDROGEN
Hydrogen is : Lightest element Colourless Odourless Tasteless Slightly soluble in water Highly ammable
2
AN INTRODUCTION
HYDROGEN
3
AN INTRODUCTION
Henry Cavendish Discoverer of Hydrogen (1766)

An inammable air produced when acid added to iron, zinc or tin.
Antoine Lavoisier Namer of Hydrogen (1783)

Name derived Greek word hydro - water and genes - born of
Potassium Sodium Calcium
Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron
React with cold water
Potassium and Sodium reactions are too violent and can be very dangerous if not handled properly.
React with steam

4
SOURCES OF HYDROGEN Reaction between reactive metals and water Very reactive metals will react with water to give off hydrogen gas.
HYDROGEN
This reaction will also produce an alkali (metal hydroxide). Reactive metal
Water
Hydrogen gas
Metal Hydroxide
5
SOURCES OF HYDROGEN Reaction between reactive metals and water Very reactive metals will react with water to give off hydrogen gas.
HYDROGEN
This reaction will also produce an alkali (metal oxide). Reactive metal
Steam
Hydrogen gas
Metal Oxide
6
SOURCES OF HYDROGEN Reaction between reactive metals and steam Reactive metals will react with steam to give off hydrogen gas.
HYDROGEN
Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron
+ + + + + + + +
Water Water Water Water Steam Steam Steam Steam
Hydrogen gas
+ + + +
Sodium Hydroxide
Hydrogen gas
+ + + +
Magnesium Oxide

7
HYDROGEN REACTION EXERCISES Reaction between reactive metals and water or steam
HYDROGEN
Potassium Sodium Calcium Very vigorous reaction
Magnesium Aluminium Lead
Zinc Iron
Reactions safe to be carried out in labs.
Potassium and Sodium are too reactive to be reacted with dilute acids. The reaction will be explosive.
8
SOURCES OF HYDROGEN Reaction between metals and acids Metals that are before Copper in the reactivity series will react with dilute acids to form hydrogen gas.
HYDROGEN
This reaction will also produce a salt. Reactive metal
Acid
Hydrogen gas
Salt
9
SOURCES OF HYDROGEN Reaction between metals and acids Metals that are before Copper in the reactivity series will react with dilute acids to form hydrogen gas.
HYDROGEN
Reactive metal
Acid
Hydrogen gas
Salt
10
SOURCES OF HYDROGEN Reaction between metals and acids The reaction between metal and acid is the method used in the laboratory to make hydrogen gas.
HYDROGEN
Sodium
Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid
Hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas
Sodium Chloride
Potassium + Calcium +
+ Potassium Sulphate + + + + + + Calcium Nitrate
Magnesium + Aluminium + Zinc Iron Lead + + +

11
HYDROGEN REACTION EXERCISES Reaction between metals and acids
HYDROGEN
REACTIVITY OF HYDROGEN
Potassium Sodium K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe and Pb will be able to react with water or acids to produce hydrogen gas. Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Gold
HYDROGEN
MOST REACTIVE
Water and acids have H ions. K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe and Pb are more reactive and able to displace the H ions present in water or acids.
LEAST REACTIVE
12
REACTIVITY OF HYDROGEN
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Lead Hydrogen Cu, Ag and Au will not react with water or acids. Water and acids have H ions. Copper Silver Gold Cu, Ag and Au are less reactive and are not able to displace the H ions present in water or acids.
HYDROGEN
MOST REACTIVE
LEAST REACTIVE
13
HYDROGEN
Hydrogen gas reacts with vegetable oils in the presence of a catalyst to form margarine.
catalyst
14
USES OF HYDROGEN Making Margarine
+
Hydrogen gas
Vegetable oils
catalyst
Margarine
This process is also known as catalytic HYDROGENATION.
HYDROGEN
Vegetable oil molecules have many -C=C- bonds.
15
USES OF HYDROGEN Making Margarine
Hydrogenation Margarine
Vegetable Oil
During hydrogenation these -C=C- bonds are converted to -C-Cbonds as hydrogen atoms add on to the carbon atoms. This change turns the oily liquid into a harder fatty solid.
HYDROGEN
Fuel in Rockets Fuel Cells
16
USES OF HYDROGEN
Hydrogen will react with oxygen to form water and releases a large amount of energy.
H2
O2
H2 O
H2
N2
NH 3
Ammonia is a very important chemical used in making fertilizers.

17
USES OF HYDROGEN Making Ammonia Hydrogen will react with Nitrogen to form Ammonia
HYDROGEN
Use a lighted (burning) splint. A POP sound is produced.
Burning Splint
Hydrogen gas reacts explosively with oxygen gas to form water.

18
IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROGEN GAS Testing for Hydrogen gas
HYDROGEN
NITROGEN
Nitrogen is : Colourless Odourless Tasteless Inert gas Slightly soluble in water
19
AN INTRODUCTION
Triple Covalent Bonds
NITROGEN
20
AN INTRODUCTION
Daniel Rutherford Discoverer of Nitrogen (1772)

A new gas that did not support life
Jean-Antoine Chaptal Namer of Nitrogen (1790)

Suggested the Latin term Nitrogenium
NITROGEN
21
SOURCES OF NITROGEN
Nitrogen gas is obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air.
NITROGEN
22
USES OF NITROGEN
Packed Food
Quick Freezing
Preserving Organs for Transplant
Nitrogen is an essential component of the protein molecule. Humans and animals get their proteins by consuming meat, animal products and legumes.
Plants needed to take in nitrogen to make their own proteins.

23
IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN
NITROGEN
Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes.
Plants needed nitrogen to make amino acids and proteins. It is also a part of chlorophyll and help plants grow rapidly.
24
IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN TO PLANTS
NITROGEN
Plants cannot absorb the nitrogen gas in the air directly.
N O3
N H4
Soluble forms of nitrogen are Nitrates and Ammonium salts
Nitrogen needs to be in other forms which can dissolve (soluble) in water and be absorbed through the roots.
25
IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN TO PLANTS
NITROGEN
In the soil, nitrogen exists naturally in the form of nitrates and ammonium salts.
Soil micro-organisms in legumes Thunderstorms Decomposition of plants and animals
These nitrates and ammonium salts are created from natural processes present in the Nitrogen Cycle.
26
NATURAL SOURCE OF NITRATES
NITROGEN
NITROGEN CYCLE
NATURAL SOURCE OF NITRATES
27
NITROGEN
Manufacture of Ammonia Nitrogen gas will react with Hydrogen gas to form Ammonia gas
28
USES OF NITROGEN
+ N2 + H2
Iron Catalyst
NH 3
Temperature for the reaction is 500 Pressure for the reaction is 200 - 500 atm
NITROGEN
Manufacture of Ammonia This process is also known as the Haber Process.
29
USES OF NITROGEN
Fritz Haber Ammonia gas is used to make fertilizers.
Fertilizers are used by farmers to replace the nitrates and ammonium salts removed from the soil by plants or rainwater.
Infertile soil or agricultural land can lead to global food shortages.

30
IMPORTANCE OF FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
About 85% of the manufactured ammonia is used to make fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate.
Ammonia
Sulphuric Acid
Ammonium Sulphate
Ammonia
Nitric Acid
Ammonium Nitrate

31
Making Fertilizers From Ammonia
FERTILIZERS
Soil fertilizers usually contain nitrogen compounds such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate or potassium nitrate.

32
FERTILIZERS
Commonly sold NPK fertilizers not only contain nitrogen (N) but also phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) needed by the plants.
Phosphorous needed for healthy growth of roots and shoots, and for fruit development. Present as phosphate in fertilizers.
Potassium needed for activating enzyme reactions in respiration and photosynthesis. Present as potassium chloride in fertilizers.

33
FERTILIZERS
Phosphorous
Potassium

Hydrogen and Nitrogen

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HYDROGEN & NITROGEN

COMBINED SCIENCE 5129

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Henry Cavendish Discoverer of Hydrogen (1766)

Antoine Lavoisier Namer of Hydrogen (1783)

Potassium Sodium Calcium

Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron

React with cold water

React with steam

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron

Water Water Water Water Steam Steam Steam Steam

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Potassium Sodium Calcium Very vigorous reaction

Magnesium Aluminium Lead

Reactions safe to be carried out in labs.

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

This reaction will also produce a salt. Reactive metal

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas

+ Potassium Sulphate + + + + + + Calcium Nitrate

Magnesium + Aluminium + Zinc Iron Lead + + +

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

HYDROGEN REACTION EXERCISES Reaction between metals and acids

USES OF HYDROGEN Making Margarine

This process is also known as catalytic HYDROGENATION.

USES OF HYDROGEN Making Margarine

Ammonia is a very important chemical used in making fertilizers.

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Use a lighted (burning) splint. A POP sound is produced.

Hydrogen gas reacts explosively with oxygen gas to form water.

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROGEN GAS Testing for Hydrogen gas

Triple Covalent Bonds

Daniel Rutherford Discoverer of Nitrogen (1772)

Jean-Antoine Chaptal Namer of Nitrogen (1790)

Nitrogen gas is obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air.

Preserving Organs for Transplant

Plants needed to take in nitrogen to make their own proteins.

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN TO PLANTS

Plants cannot absorb the nitrogen gas in the air directly.

Soluble forms of nitrogen are Nitrates and Ammonium salts

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN TO PLANTS

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

NATURAL SOURCE OF NITRATES

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Fritz Haber Ammonia gas is used to make fertilizers.

Infertile soil or agricultural land can lead to global food shortages.

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Making Fertilizers From Ammonia

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

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