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Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Dr. Amit Setia (Assistant Professor) Department of Mathematics

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Chapter 9: Vector Calculus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Summary of lecture 14
9.8 Line Integrals

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Outline of lecture 15
9.9 Independence of Path 9.10 Double Integral

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Path of Integration
A piecewise-smooth curve C between an initial point A and a terminal point B is called as a path of integration or simply a path. Generally, the value of a line integral depends on the path of integration. In general,

Fidr

C2

C1

F i dr F i dr
C2

Under some conditions we may have exceptions

C1

Fidr = Fidr
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Example

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Solution

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Remark
we got different answers in part (a) and part (b) of last example even the two curves had same end points.

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Exercise 1

Evaluate

y dx + x dy

over different paths shown in figures.

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Remark

y dx + x dy

has the same value 1 on each path C between ( 0, 0 ) & (1,1) This implies that

y dx + x dy

does not depend upon the path C joining the points ( 0, 0 ) & (1,1)
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Conservative Vector Field


A vector function F in 2- or 3-space is said to be conservative if F can be written as the gradient of a scalar function . The function is called a potential function for F .

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In other words, F is conservative if a function such that F = . A conservative vector field is also called a gradient vector field.
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Example
In exercise 1,

y dx + x dy can be written as

F idr

where F = y i + x j & dr = dx i + dy j Now, if = xy then F = F = y i + x j is conservative vector field and

is a potential function for F


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Path Independence
If the value of a line integral is same for every path in the region connecting the initial point A and terminal point B, then the integral is said to be independent of the path.

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In other words, a line integral

F idr of F along C

is independent of the path if

C1

F i dr = F i dr
C2

for any two paths C1 and C2 between A and B. The line integral given in exercise 1 is independent of path.
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Fundamental Theorem for line integrals


Suppose C is a path in an open region R of the xy -plane and is defined by r ( t ) = x ( t ) i + y ( t ) j , a t b. If F (x, y ) = P( x, y )i + Q( x, y ) j is a conservative vector field in R and

is a potential function for F,


then
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F idr = idr = ( B ) (A),


C
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where A = ( x(a), y (a )) and B = ( x(b), y (b)).

Connected & not connected Regions


A region (in a plane or a space) is connected if every pair of points A and B in the region can be joined by a piecewise-smooth curve that lies entirely in the region. A region which is not connected is disconnected. It is also called not connected region.
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Examples of Connected and non-connected region

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Simply Connected Region


A region R in the plane is simply connected if it is connected and every simple closed curve C lying entirely within the region can be shrunk, or contracted,to a point without leaving R.

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Open Region
A region R is said to be open region if it contains no boundary points.

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Theorem Equivalent concepts


In an open connected region R,

F idr is independent of the path C

the vector field F is conservative in R.

F dr = 0 for every closed path C in R.

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Test for a Conservative Field


Suppose F ( x, y ) = P( x, y )i + Q( x, y ) j is a conservative vector field in an open region R, and that P and Q are continuous and have continuous first partial derivative in R. Then P Q = y x for all ( x, y ) in R. P Q Conversely, if the equality holds for all ( x, y ) in a = x y simple connected region R, then F = Pi + Qj is conservative in R.
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Conservative Vector Field in 3-Space


For a three-dimensional conservative vector field F ( x, y, z ) = P ( x, y, z )i + Q( x, y, z ) j + R( x, y, z )k and a piecewise - smooth space curve r (t ) = x(t )i + y (t ) j + z (t )k , a t b F idr = idr
C

= ( x(b), y (b), z (b) ) ( x(a ), y (a), z (a ) ) = ( B) ( A)

i.e. F idr is independent of path


C
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If F is conservative and P, Q and R are continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives in some open region of 3space, then P Q P R Q R = , = , = . y x z x z y Conversely, P Q P R Q R if = , = , = holds throughout y x z x z y an appropriate region of 3-space, then F is conservative.
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9.10 Double Integrals


Let f be a function of two variables defined on a closed region R. Then the double integral of f over R is given by

f ( x, y )dA = lim

|| P|| 0

k =1

f ( xk * , yk * )Ak

If the limit lim

|| P|| 0

k =1

f ( xk * , yk * )Ak exists, we say that f is

integrable over R.

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Volume
Let V be the volume of the solid above the region R and below the surface z = f ( x, y ). If f is nonnegative on R, then V = f ( x, y )dA.

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Region of integration

If f is integrable over R, then R is called the region of integration. When f is continuous on R, then f is necessarily integrable over R.

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Area
When f ( x, y ) = 1 on R, then A = dA gives the area A of the region R

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Properties of Double Integrals

Let f and g be functions of two variables that are integrable over a region R. Then i)

kf ( x, y)dA = k f ( x, y)dA, where k is any constant.


R R R R R

ii ) ( f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) ) dA = f ( x, y )dA g ( x, y )dA

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iii ) f ( x, y )dA = f ( x, y )dA + f ( x, y )dA where R1 and


R R1 R2

R2 are subregions of R that do not overlap and R = R1 R2 .

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Regions of Type I

The region shown in the diagram where the boundary functions g1 and g 2 are continuous, is called a region of Type I .

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Regions of Type II

In the diagram the region R where h1 and h2 are continuous, is called region of Type II .

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Evaluation of Double Integral


Fubini's Theorem: Let f be continuous on a region R. i ) If R is of Type I, then

f ( x, y)dA =
R

b g2 ( x )

f ( x, y ) dy dx.

a g1 ( x )

ii ) If R is of Type II, then

f ( x, y)dA =
R
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d h2 ( y )

f ( x, y ) dx dy.
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c h1 ( y )
Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

Example

Evaluate the double integral


x +3 y e dA R

over the region bounded by the graphs of y = 1, y = 2, y = x and y = x + 5

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Solution

e
R

x +3 y

dA =

y =1 x = y

5 y

x +3 y

dx dy =

e y =1

x +3 y

x = y dy

5 y

9 8 7 4 e e e e = ( e5+ 2 y e 4 y ) dy = + y =1 2 4 2 4 2

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Reversing the order of integration


1)A problem may become easier when the order of integration is changed or reversed. 2) Some double integrals may not be solvable if we try one way of integration, but become solvable when order of integration is changed or reversed.

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Example

Evaluate the double integral

xe
R

y2

dA

over the region bounded by the graphs of y = x 2 , x = 0, y = 4

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Solution

xe
R

y2

dA =

x =0

4 y=x
2

xe dy dx

y2

we can not solve it this way

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xe
R 4

y2

dA =
2

y =0 x =0 y

xe dx dy

y2

x y2 = e dy y =0 2 0 4 1 y2 1 16 = ye dy = ( e 1) y =0 2 4

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Center of Mass
If a lamina corresponding to a region R has a variable density ( x, y ), where is nonnegative and continuous in R, then we define its mass m by m = ( x, y ) dA.
R

The coordinates of the center of mass of the lamina are then Mx , y= x= m m where M y = x ( x, y ) dA and M x = y ( x, y ) dA
R
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My

R
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Thanks
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