Chapter 27 Postwar World o Tehran Conference-Division of Germany o Yalta Conference-Roosevelt wanted self-determination; Stalin wanted a buffer between the

e Soviet Union and the West o Free Elections in Eastern Europe o Potsdam-Truman demanded free elections; Stalin called for Communist governments in Eastern Europe to protect the Soviet Union o Spread of Communism vs. Global Capital Expansion Europe Divided o The Iron Curtain-March 1946-Divided Europe into two hostile sides-line between Capitalist Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe Yugoslavia Berlin Airlift-Fly supplies into West Berlin; broke the blockade-May 1949 1948-Soviets blockade Western Berlin to prevent the formation of a West German government The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) created Sept. 1949 German Democratic Republic set up by Soviets o The Marshall Plan-European Recovery Program-rebuild Europe o Eastern European satellite states of the Soviet Union refused participation in the Marshall Plan o COMECON-Soviet equivalent to the Marshall Plan o Eastern Europe-after WWII-Soviet Union controlled Eastern Europe o Followed a modified Five Year Plan, focus on heavy industry, collective agriculture, police forces Yugoslavia Led by Josip Broz-Tito Independent communist state until 1980 Satellite nations would remain a part of the Soviet Union despite calls for independence Poland-Armed revolts in 1956 led to reform, but Poland remained part of the Warsaw Pact fearing Soviet military attack; free elections 1988 Hungary-Imre Nagy declared Hungarian independence in 1956-three days later Soviets regain control Czechoslovakia-1968-Alexander Dubcek-Introduced reforms to increase freedom of speech and press; Soviet invade and remove reforms; communist government collapses in 1988-89 The Cold War-ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union; created by the division between East and West o The Race for the Bomb-Soviet Union detonated its first Atom Bomb in 1949-began an arms race b/t the U.S. and Soviet Union

The Warsaw Pact-1955-Soviet equivalent to NATO-SU, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania Containment-hold Communism were it exists and deter expansion; fear Communism would spread throughout the world unchecked The Truman Doctrine(1947)-Monetary aid to countries free peoples threatened by Communism NATO-April 1949-North Atlantic Treaty Organizationmilitary alliance between US, Canada, GB, France, and other Western European nations-mutual protection SEATO-Southeast Asia Treaty Organization CENTO-Central Treaty Organization Sputnik I-(1957)first satellite launched into space-Soviet Union

Economic Renaissance-Success of the Marshall Plan led to economic prosperity in Western Europe in the 1950s and 60s o West Germany-economic revival-spectacular recovery Led by Konrad Adenauer-1949-1963 Reduced unemployment o Western Europe-creates an economic bloc known as the EEC (European Economic Community o Welfare State Labour Party defeats Churchill and the Conservative party Sets up a system of government action to provide citizens with services to ensure a minimal standard of living Costs of maintain a welfare state led to decolonization and independence for former British colonies Welfare states set up in most European countries after the war War and Anticolonialism o Chinese Revolution 1946-Civil War breaks out-Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalist are defeated by Mao Zedong and Communist Party 1949-China adopts a Communist Government o Korean War (1950)-Communist North Korea attacks Democratic South Korea Armistice signed 1953 o British Decolonization Palestine Large increase in Jewish population between WWI and WWII Increased tensions between Jewish and Arabs British mandate until 1948 Zionists worked to create a Jewish state in Palestine 1948-UN creates the Jewish state of Israel-Arabs reject the plan

Arab invasions to challenge the new state of Israel fail-refuse to recognize Jewish state 1967-Six Day War-Israel captures Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Jerusalem, and the Golan Height; Israel tripled in size

Africa South Africa-1950s/60s o Apartheid-laws separating blacks and whites, racial segregation o Nelson Mandela- Leader of the ANC(African National Congress) arrested and spent 28 years in prison; released in 1990; became South Africas first black President in 1994 Nikita Khrushchev o Becomes chief policy maker after Stalins death in 1953 o Policy of de-Stalinization reversing Stalins economic and political policies Focus on consumer goods and agriculture Failed policies Berlin-1961-Berlin Wall built to keep East Germans from emigrating to West Berlin The Cuban Missile Crisis o Bay of Pigs Invasion-Cuban exiled organized by Kennedy Administration, failed attempt to overthrow Soviet supported Fidel Castro o 1962-Khrushchev places nuclear weapons in Cuba, counter to US nuclear weapons in Turkey o October-US naval blockade of Cuba to stop Soviet ships carrying nuclear weapons led the world to the brink of nuclear war o Negotiations end the stand off-removal of weapons from Cuba and Turkey

Chapter 28 Social Change-Cultural Change o Agricultural Transformation-decline in farming occupation o Social Classes-increase in white collar workers o baby boom-1940s and 50s o Women enter the workforce-career and family o Mass Consumption real wages (purchasing power of income) increases Buying on credit Automobile Television-advertising and mass culture o Popular Culture Movies, television, music Music-jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, rock, and rap

Elvis Presley Beatles Art and Painting Abstract Expressionism Jackson Pollack Pop Art-transformed icons of popular culture into art Andy Warhol Social Movements of the 1960s-T.V. Civil Rights 1954-Brown v, Board of Education Topeka-over ruled Plessy v. Ferguson and ended legality of Separate, but equal policy in federally funded schools Martin Luther King Jr.-leader of the civil right movement-passive disobedience Civil Rights Act of 1964-ended dejure discrimination in public places Voting Rights Act of 1965-increase ability for blacks to vote in Southern states Feminism-1960s-renewed interest in the womens liberation movement More women in the workforce-unequal pay, fewer opportunities to advance consciousness-raising Vietnam and the Domino Theory French Decolonization Viet Nam-French defeated in 1954 by Vietnamese Nationalist led by Communist leader Ho Chi Minh Policy of containment Domino Theory-Fear if South Vietnam falls to Communism surrounding countries will fall Anti war movements increased with the introduction of televised war and reports on casualty rates/unclear goals; college campuses Johnson did not seek reelection in 1968 Last US troops left Vietnam in 1975-Saigon falls to Ho Chi Minh and Communist North Vietnam Economic Stagnation-1970s Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Created in 1960 by Arab oil-producing countries Gain control of oil prices 1973-price increase leads to oil shortages and severe economic problems Solidarity-EEC became the principle organization of the EU-European Unioncombined currency Euro-January 2002 Collapse of Communism and the Soviet Bloc 1970s-period of dtente (relaxation of tensions) between US and Soviet Union

Brezhnev Doctrine-right of Soviets to intervene in states were Communism is threatened 1979-Soviets invade Afghanistan-install a pro-Soviet regime-act of expansionism President Ronald Regan begins a new arms race with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Gorbachev-willingness to implement changes to communist policy allowed for the end of the Cold War Glasnost-openness, discussion of Soviet problems Perestroika-restructuring of the Soviet economy and government Resigned Dec 1991 Fall of the Berlin Wall-Nov 1989 1989-mass anti-communist demonstration breakout in East Germany Open borders to West Berlin and West Germany Collapse of the Soviet Union-dissolved in 1991 Continued focus on heavy industry Collective agriculture Corrupt bureaucratic government Eastern Europe after 1989 Germany-reunified in 1990 Became leading power in Europe East Germany had to be rebuilt-unemployment, discontent Yugoslavia-Communist government collapses by 1990 Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia call for independence Slobodan Milosevic-leader of Serbia-rejected independence movements Yugoslavian army attacks Croatia after they declare independence Bosnia-Herzegovina (Large Muslim population)-attacked by Serbia o Serbia conducted a policy of ethnic cleansing-killing a group based on race 1995-NATO forces aid Bosnia and Croatia to regain lands lost to Serbia Created a dual republic-Serb and Muslim-Croat Kosovo o Made autonomous by Tito in 1974 o Taken away by Milosevic o Albanians fought to remove Serbia-Serbia massacred ethnic Albanians o 2000-Milosevic lost the Presidential election in Serbia and tried for war crimes o 2003-Serbia forms a republic