GEOMETRY FLIPBOOK

NICHOLAS PORTUGAL GEOMETRY HONORS P4 M AY 3 0 T H , 2 0 1 2

A PRELIMINARY VERSION CONTAINING OVER 300 RULES, DEFINITIONS, & EXAMPLES

1. DIMENSIONS

1. DIMENSIONS
1st Dimension: A plotted dot or line, taking up a thin portion of area, not space. Popular Example: Popular Example:

Line Segment

2nd Dimension: With lines, they intersect / connect to form shapes, in planar space.

Rectangle

3rd Dimension: Shapes and polygons combine edges with each other, connect, then fold to create a dimension of space. Each gure encloses a region of space. Popular Example:

Rectangular Prism

No Dimensions: A point, for instance, has no dimensions, since it has no measurement nor area of planar space to encompass. Popular Example:

Point

1. DIMENSIONS

2. POINTS, LINES, & PLANES

2. POINTS, LINES, & PLANES

Point: Has no dimensions; is shown by a small dot. Symbol Representation = Point A Lines: Goes out in one dimension. Shown by a line with two arrows, showing that it continues in both directions. A B Symbol Representation = Line AB or Line l

Planes: Extends in two dimensions; looks like a tabletop or a wall, having points plotted in the center, and having edges. Symbol Representation = Plane ABC or Plane M Geometry: Known as land measurement. The ability to measure angles, arc lengths, perimeters, circumferences, and areas.

A C B

2. POINTS, LINES, & PLANES

3 . S E G M E N T S & R AYS

3 . S E G M E N T S & R AYS
Segments: A line with two endpoints. Symbol Representation = AB Rays: A line ending with one point, and all others extending in another direction. Symbol Representation = AB

Opposite Rays: If C lies between A & B, then CA and CB are opposite rays. Symbol Representation = CA & CB

3 . S E G M E N T S & R AYS

4. T YPES OF LINES

4. T YPES OF LINES
Intersecting Lines: Two lines that cross each other. Parallel Lines: Two lines that dont ever cross one another. Skew Lines: Two lines not intersecting, and non-coplanar.

Perpendicular Lines: Two lines intersecting at right angles.

4. T YPES OF LINES

5. NUMBER LINE

5. NUMBER LINE
-15-14-13-12-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

A number line consists of a line that goes in innite directions from left to right. It is used for various reasons; to accurately add or subtract various numbers, to nd an accurate way to count or determine absolute value, etc.

5. NUMBER LINE

6 . CO O R D I N AT E P L A N E

6 . CO O R D I N AT E P L A N E
The intersection of a coordinate plane is called the origin. It is labeled with axes, both the X and Y axes. X goes horizontally, and the Y axis goes vertically. From each direction, it is labeled consecutively from the origin, which is (0,0). It is numbered in the following way: to the right, it is numbered positively from one; to the left, it is numbered negatively from -1. Upwards, it is numbered positively from one, and downwards, it is numbered negatively from one.

6 . CO O R D I N AT E P L A N E

7. MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT

7. MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT

Midpoint: A point in the middle of a line. Equation = Numeric Examples = 2 + 4, 8 + 4 (3, 6) 2 2 2 2 6 + 2, 9 + 5 (6, 7) Example Diagrams = Refer to Right

7. MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT

8 . A B S O LU T E VA LU E & D I S TA N C E

8 . A B S O LU T E VA LU E & D I S TA N C E
Absolute Value: The distance from a positive / negative number to zero. Example =

|-5| = Five numbers away from zero.

Distance: The length of how far something is from something else. Example =

From -4 to 3 is 7 units to the right.

8 . A B S O LU T E VA LU E & D I S TA N C E

9. SETS

9. SETS
Intersection: A place where two lines or gures intersect with one another.

Union: A connection; joining together to combine forces or space.

Subset: A portion of a larger group of related topics or objects.

9. SETS

10. ANGLES

10. ANGLES
Angle: The space between two intersecting lines. Example = ABC

A B C

Vertex: The point at the end of a shape or gure; an edge connector. Example = Point B (Diagram Shown Above) Sides: The edges of a shape or gure. Example = Side AB

10. ANGLES

11. MEASURING ANGLES

11. MEASURING ANGLES

Angles can be measured using a protractor, as shown to left. When measuring with a protractor, you hold your angle on the sheet of paper, and hold it under the small little hole on the bottom directly below the 90 mark. For instance, if you point the protractor meter to the 110 mark, and the side meets up at the point, then the answer is 110 degrees for that angle.
1. 2. Hold the angle vertex to the little hole directly below the 90 degree mark. If the side matches up with a degree, whether it be on the bottom degree row or the top degree row.

11. MEASURING ANGLES

12. EXAMPLES OF MEASURING ANGLES

12. EXAMPLES OF MEASURING ANGLES

Angle Measured:

ABC

Measure of Angle B: 110 Sides: AB & BC

12. EXAMPLES OF MEASURING ANGLES

13. T YPES OF ANGLES

13. T YPES OF ANGLES

Acute Angles: A measure of less than 90. Right Angle: An angle measure of 90. Obtuse Angle: A measure of above 90. Straight Angle: An angle measure of 180; like a straight line.

13. T YPES OF ANGLES

1 4 . PA I R S O F A N G L E S

1 4 . PA I R S O F A N G L E S
Adjacent Angles: Angles having a common ray coming out of the vertex and cutting between two other ways, with no overlap of other regions enclosed. Vertical Angles: Pairs of opposite angles by two line intersections. Complimentary Angles: Two angles that add up to 90. Supplementary Angles: Two angles that add up to 180. Linear Pairs: Two supplementary adjacent angles formed by 2 line intersections.

1 4 . PA I R S O F A N G L E S

1 5 . PA R A L L E L L I N E S / T R A N S V E R S A L S

1 5 . PA R A L L E L L I N E S C U T B Y A T R A N S V E R S A L The two lines are cut by a straight transversal in the middle. When parallels are cut by a transversal line, corresponding angles are congruent or supplementary to each other. For instance, angles AED & DEB are supplementary. Angle 1 is 124.11, so that means Angle DEB is 55.89. Next, angles 1 & 4 are the same, since angle 1 is 124.11, so angle 4 would also be 124.11. The same rules apply for angles 2 & 3.

1 5 . PA R A L L E L L I N E S C U T B Y A T R A N S V E R S A L

1 6 . P O LYG O N S

1 6 . P O LYG O N S
Polygon: Plane gure with at least three straight sides and angles. Convex: A polygon having an outline or surface curved like the exterior of a circle. Concave: A polygon having an outline or surface curved inward like a circle interior. Regular: A polygon with all sides and angles equal. Irregular: A polygon that does not have all sides or angles equal.

1 6 . P O LYG O N S

1 7 . C L A S S I F Y I N G P O LYG O N S

1 7 . C L A S S I F Y I N G P O LYG O N S
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral, Parallelogram Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon Decagon Hendecagon Dodecagon n-Gon n Sides 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 n sides

1 7 . C L A S S I F Y I N G P O LYG O N S

1 8 . CO N G R U E N T & S I M I L A R F I G U R E S

1 8 . CO N G R U E N T & S I M I L A R F I G U R E S
Congruent Polygons: Polygons that have the same exact shape and size.

Similar Polygons: Two polygons that have the same shape, or one has the same shape as the others mirror image.

1 8 . CO N G R U E N T & S I M I L A R F I G U R E S

19. TRIANGLE NAMES

19. TRIANGLE NAMES

Acute Triangles: A triangle whose angles are all acute, or lower than 90. Right Triangles: A triangle having a 90 angle, and two acute angles. Obtuse Triangles: A triangle having an angle above 90, and two acute angles. Equiangular Triangles: A triangle with all equal angle lengths. Scalene Triangles: A triangle with no equal side or angle lengths. Isosceles Triangles: A triangle with two equal sides. Equilateral Triangles: A triangle with all equal side lengths.

19. TRIANGLE NAMES

20. SUM OF TRIANGLE ANGLES

20. SUM OF TRIANGLE ANGLES Theorem 25: The sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180. If m<A is 47, m<B is 55, and m<C is 78, then if you add all three of these angles together, it equals 180. 47 + 55 + 78 = 180 Triangle Type: Scalene

20. SUM OF TRIANGLE ANGLES

21. RIGHT / ISOSCELES TRIANGLES

21. RIGHT / ISOSCELES TRIANGLES

Right Triangles: A triangle with a 90 angle, and two acute angles. An isosceles right triangle is considered a 45-45-90 triangle. A scalene right triangle is considered a 30-60-90 triangle. Isosceles Triangles: A triangle with two equal angles and sides. If the two equal angles are 45, then the triangle is an isosceles right triangle.

2 mm.
60

2 mm.
60

21. RIGHT / ISOSCELES TRIANGLES

2 2 . P Y T H AG O R E A N T H E O R E M

2 2 . P Y T H AG O R E A N T H E O R E M In any right triangle, the area of the triangle whose side is the hypotenuse (Opposite side of the right angle.) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs (The two sides that meet at the right angle.).

Algebraic Example

Numeric Example

a2 + b2 = c2

62 + 82 = 102 36 + 64 = 100

2 2 . P Y T H AG O R E A N T H E O R E M

2 3 . E Q U I L AT E R A L / E Q U I A N G U L A R TRIANGLES

2 3 . E Q U I L AT E R A L / E Q U I A N G U L A R T R I A N G L E S
Equilateral Triangles: A triangle that has all the same side lengths. When one side length is measured, the rest are the same measure. Equiangular Triangles: A triangle that has all the same angle measures. When one angle is measured, the rest are the same measure.

2 3 . E Q U I L AT E R A L / E Q U I A N G U L A R T R I A N G L E S

24. CONGRUENT TRIANGLES

2 4 . CO N G R U E N T T R I A N G L E S

Congruent Triangles: Two triangles that have the same shape and size. Their angles also measure out to be the same or similar.

2 4 . CO N G R U E N T T R I A N G L E S

2 5 . Q UA D R I L AT E R A L

2 5 . Q UA D R I L AT E R A L
Parallelogram: A four-sided plane that has parallel opposite sides. Rectangle: A plane with four straight sides and four right angles. Rhombus: A parallelogram with opposite equal acute and obtuse angles, and four equal sides. Square: A plane with four equal sides and four right angles. Trapezoid: A parallelogram with one pair of parallel sides. Kite: A quadrilateral with equal distinct pairs of equal adjacent angles. Kite-shaped.

2 5 . Q UA D R I L AT E R A L

2 6 . PA R A L L E LO G R A M S

2 6 . PA R A L L E LO G R A M S

A four-sided plane gure with the opposite sides parallel.

Angle A is congruent to Angle C, as Angle B is congruent to Angle D. They each have congruent angle and side measures, as Side AB is similar to Side DC, and Side AD is similar to Side BC.

2 6 . PA R A L L E LO G R A M S

2 7 . R E C TA N G L E

2 7 . R E C TA N G L E

Any quadrilateral with four right angles and straight sides.

A 12 in. B This rectangle has four sides, along with four straight angles. Side AB is congruent with Side DC, and Side AD is congruent with Side BC.

7 In. D 12 in.

7 In. C

2 7 . R E C TA N G L E

2 8 . S Q UA R E

2 8 . S Q UA R E

A four sided plane gure with equal sides and angle measures.

This square has four congruent sides and angles. Angle D is congruent with Angles C, A, & B. Side DA is congruent with Sides DC, CB, and AB. They are all congruent to each other.

2 8 . S Q UA R E

29. RHOMBUS

29. RHOMBUS

Parallelogram with oppositely equal acute and obtuse angles and four equal sides.

Side DA is congruent to Side CB, as Side DC is congruent to Side AB. Angle-wise, Angle A is congruent to Angle C, and Angle D is congruent to Angle B.

29. RHOMBUS

3 0 . T R A P E ZO I D

3 0 . T R A P E ZO I D

A quadrilateral with only one pair of parallel sides.

Side AB is equal to Side CD, Side BC is parallel to Side AD. As of angles, Angle B is equal to Angle C, and Angle A is equal to Angle D. With angle measures adding, up it should equal 360.

3 0 . T R A P E ZO I D

31. CIRCLE

31. CIRCLE

A curved plane gure consisting of all points at a given distance from a point within it called the center.
Radius: A straight line from the center to any point on a circle. Chord: A straight line joining the ends of an arc. Diameter: A straight line passing from one side of a circle to the other side. Secant: A line that cuts a curve into two or more parts. Tangent: A straight line intersecting only one point on a circle.

This circle has all parts labeled: secant, radius, diameter, chord, and tangent lines.

31. CIRCLE

32. SOLIDS

32. SOLIDS
Solids: A gure made out of two parallel faces that are polygons of the same shape and sides that are parallelograms. Polyhedrons: A plane gure of many plane faces, usually more than six. Faces: Any of the individual surfaces of a solid object. Edges: The line where two surfaces meet together.

These are solid 3D gures.

These are all polyhedrons. Face

Edge

32. SOLIDS

33. PRISM

33. PRISM
Prisms: A solid geometric gure whose two end faces are similar, equal, and parallel rectilinear gures, and whose sides are parallelograms. Bases: The surface that a solid object stands upon. Lateral Faces: The polygon shapes making up sides of a polyhedron. Lateral Edges: A segment whose endpoints are corresponding points of a cylindric solids bases. Altitudes: Distance from one base to another base. Height: The shortest line segment between both bases.

This shows a rectangular prism with volume. This is the base of a triangular prism. The lateral faces and edges of a hexagonal prism. Altitude of a hexagonal prism, and height line segment.

33. PRISM

34. EXAMPLES OF PRISMS

34. EXAMPLES OF PRISMS Right Prism: A prism that has two bases directly on top of each other, and the lateral faces are rectangles. Oblique Prism: A prism that has bases that are not aligned properly. Cube: A symmetrical 3D gure with 6 squares as its faces. Rectangular Prism: A prism with rectangles as its faces. Triangular Prism: A prism with triangles as its faces and a rectangle as its base.

34. EXAMPLES OF PRISMS

35. PICTURES OF PRISMS

35. PICTURES OF PRISMS Cube Rectangular Prism Triangular Prism

Right Triangular Prism

Oblique Pentagonal Prism Right Trapezoidal Prism

35. PICTURES OF PRISMS

36. CUBE

36. CUBE

A symmetrical 3D shape, contained by 6 equal squares as faces.

This is a hollow cube. You can see that each side, plus the height, is equal to each other. Each measure on this cube is 5 feet.

36. CUBE

37. PYRAMID

37. PYRAMID
Pyramid: A 3D shape with a polygon as a base, and the edges are sloped, so that they may all meet at a common point at the top. Vertex: The point that connects two or more edges. Base: A polygon that holds the pyramid structure together. Lateral Faces: The faces of the pyramid, around the edges. Altitude: The distance from the top point to the base. Height: The line segment from the top to the base, shown as a line and measure.

37. PYRAMID

38. EXAMPLE OF A PYRAMID

38. EXAMPLE OF A PYRAMID

A pyramid has altogether a line segment to represent the height and altitude, a polygon to represent the base, and the triangles that slope to form the common top vertex are called lateral faces of a pyramid.

38. EXAMPLE OF A PYRAMID

39. CYLINDER

39. CYLINDER
Cylinder: A solid geometric gure with straight parallel sides and a circular or oval section. Right Cylinder: A circular geometric gure with the bases circular, and the axis joining the two centers of the bases perpendicular to the planes of the two bases. Oblique Cylinder: A cylinder with bases that are not properly aligned with each other.

39. CYLINDER

4 0 . CO N E

4 0 . CO N E
Cone: A gure with a circular base, and a wide lateral face that slopes upward to form a common vertex point at the top. Right Cone: A cone whose axis is perpendicular to the plane containing its base. Oblique Cone: A cone of which the axis is inclined to the plane of its base. Height: The line segment from the top common vertex point to the base. Slant Height: The distance from the top of a cone, down the side to a point on the edge of the base.

4 0 . CO N E

41. SPHERE

41. SPHERE
Sphere: A round solid gure that has all points on its surface equidistant from its center. Center: The central core point of a sphere. Radius: A line from an edge point of a sphere to the center.

41. SPHERE

42. SYMMETRY

42. SYMMETRY
Line of Symmetry: A line that equally divides a gure into two equal parts. No Line Of Symmetry: A line that doesnt equally divide a gure into two equal parts, or no lines present to determine symmetry.

42. SYMMETRY

43. PERIMETER & AREA

4 3 . P E R I M E T E R & A R E A O F P O LYG O N S ( 2 D F I G U R E S )

Perimeter: The continuous line forming the boundary of a closed geometric gure. Circumference: The distance around something, most commonly circles. Area: A measure of a region of space allocated for a specic purpose.

43. PERIMETER & AREA

4 3 . P E R I M E T E R & A R E A O F P O LYG O N S (CONTINUED)

4 4 . P E R I M E T E R & A R E A O F P O LYG O N S ( CO N T I N U E D ) Square Rectangle Parallelogram Trapezoid

4 4 . P E R I M E T E R & A R E A O F P O LYG O N S ( C O N T. )

45. AREA OF TRIANGLES / CIRCLES

45. AREA OF TRIANGLES AND CIRCLES Triangles Circles

45. AREA OF TRIANGLES AND CIRCLES

4 6 . A R E A A N D V O LU M E OF SOLIDS (3D)

4 6 . A R E A A N D V O LU M E O F S O L I D S ( 3 D )
Volume: The capacity of a solid; how much it can hold something. Lateral Area: Sum of the areas of the lateral faces of a cylinder, cone, frustum, etc. Total Area: Also known as surface area, which is the total area of a gure or threedimensional object.

Volume = lxwxh Lateral Area = 2(4.4 5.2) + 4(4.1 4.4)

Total Area = Surface Area

4 6 . A R E A & V O LU M E O F S O L I D S ( 3 D )

4 7 . A R E A O F V O LU M E / C U B E / R E C TA N G U L A R S O L I D S

4 7 . A R E A A N D V O LU M E O F C U B E / R E C TA N G U L A R S O L I D S
Area of Cube: 6a2 Volume of Cube: a3 or l wh Area of Rectangular Solid: 2ab + 2bc + 2ac Volume of Rectangular Solid: length width height

4 7 . A R E A / V O LU M E O F C U B E / R E C TA N G U L A R S O L I D S

4 8 . A R E A / V O LU M E O F C Y L I N D E R , C O N E , & SPHERE FIGURES

4 8 . A R E A A N D V O LU M E O F A C Y L I N D E R , CO N E , & S P H E R E
Area of Cylinder: 2r2 + 2rh Area of Cone: rl + r2 Area of Sphere: 4r2 Volume of Cylinder: r2h Volume of Cone: 1/3r2h Volume of Sphere: 4/3r3

4 8 . A R E A & V O LU M E O F A C Y L I N D E R , C O N E 4 9 . A R E A / V O LU M E O F A R I G H T AND SPHERE PRISM & PYRAMID

4 9 . A R E A & V O LU M E O F R I G H T P R I S M / P Y R A M I D
Area of Right Prism: (p) (h) unit2 Volume of Right Prism: (B) (h) unit3 Area of Pyramid: B + 1/2 P l Volume of Pyramid: B h 1/3