HEAT FLOW

Conduction: takes place in solid bodies (or thin layers of liquid or gas)
x

t
A k Q
Thermal conductivity: K W/m.K

Convection: takes place in liquids and gasses (from a solid to air)
t A Q
Heat transfer (convection) coefficient: - W/m
2
.K

Pipes:
.....
r
r
ln
K
1

r
r
ln
K
1
....
r
1

r
1
t 2
Q
2
3
2 1
2
1 2 2 1 1
+ + + + +

l


Walls:
.....
K K
....
1

1
t A
Q
2
2
1
1
2 1
+ + + + +

l l





Multi-Stage Compressors:
In many high pressure applications compressors with more than two stages are needed. These compressors
normally operate at minimum work conditions, requiring perfect intercooling. The power and pressure ratio
formulae thus looks similar to those of the two stage compressor.

Pressure ratio
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
k
x
x
2
1
3
2
4
3
1

+
.....

P
2
= k P
1
and P
3
= k P
2
= k
2
P
1
and P
4
= k P
3
= k
3
P
1
etc.

Thus P
(x+1)
= k P
x
= k
x
P
1


Giving k
P
P
x
x

+ ( ) 1
1
or k
P
P
x
x

+ ( ) 1
1


Work done WD =
xn
n
P V
P
P
x
n
xn

_
,

1
]
1
1
1
+

1
1
1 1
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

1
P
P
V P
1 n
xn
n
1 n
1
2
1 1


k Thus
xn
1 - n
use
P
P
or
n
1 - n
use
P
P
n
1 - n
1
1 x
1
2 +









r
1
r
2
r
4
r
3
K
1
K
2

4
K
3

1
1 2 3 4
K
1
K
2
K
3
K
4

4
l
1
l
2
l
3
l
4
x number of stages
k stage pressure ratio