15 Rectangular Wave Guide

Electromagnetic Fields
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 240

Rectangular Wave Guide

Assume perfectly conducting walls and perfect dielectric filling the
wave guide.
a wi Con der ventio is always the side of the wave gu n: ide.
a
b
x
z
y
It is useful to consider the parallel plate wave guide as a starting
point. The rectangular wave guide has the same TE modes
corresponding to the two parallel plate wave guides obtained by
considering opposite metal walls

TE
m0

E
TE
0n

E
a
b
The TE modes of a parallel plate wave guide are preserved if
perfectly conducting walls are added perpendicularly to the electric
field.

On the other hand, TM modes of a parallel plate wave guide
disappear if perfectly conducting walls are added perpendicularly to
the magnetic field.
E
The added metal plate does
not disturb normal electric
field and tangent magnetic
field.
H
H
The magnetic field cannot
be normal and the electric
field cannot be tangent to a
perfectly conducting plate.
E

The remaining modes are TE and TM modes bouncing off each wall,
all with non-zero indices.

TE
mn

TM
mn
We have the following propagation vector components for the
modes in a rectangular waveguide
At cut-off we have
x y z
x y
z x y
z g
m n
a b
m n
a b
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
;
2 2

= = + +
= =
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .
| | | |
=
\ . \ .
( )
z c
m n
f
a b
2 2
2
2
0 2

| | | |
= =
\ . \ .
The cut-off frequencies for all modes are

with cut-off wavelengths

with indices
c
m n
f
a b
2 2
1
2
| | | |
= +
\ . \ .
T m TE M
m
m
n
n
n
0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3,
0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3,
(but
m mode
not allowed)
o s
0
s de
=
= =
= =
=

c
m n
a b
2 2
2
=
| | | |
+
\ . \ .
The guide wavelengths and guide phase velocities are

pz
z
c
c
v
f
f
2 2
1 1 1 1
1
1
= = =
| | | |
|
|
\ .
\ .
g z
z
c
c
m n
a b
f
f
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1
1

= = = =
| | | |

\ . \ .
= =
| | | |
|
|
\ .
\ .
The fundamental mode is the TE
10
with cut-off frequency

The TE
10
electric field has only the y-component. From Amperes
law
( )
c
m
f TE
a
10
2
=
z
x y z
x y z
y
i i i
x y
j
z
E

det
E = 0 E E = 0
E H
=
(
(
(
(
(

, ,
y x
x
j
z
z
E H
E

z
x
E
y
y x
j
x y
H 0
E E
= =

z
j H =
The complete field components for the TE
10
mode are then

with

H sin
H cos
E sin
E
1
E
E 1
z
z
z
j z
z
x o
j z
z o
z
y o
y
z
y
x
j
x j
j
E e
a
j x
E
x
E
z j
a
a j z
e
a
e

= = =
=
| |
|
\ .
| |
| |
|
\ .
|
\ .
=
2
2
z
a

| |
=
|
\ .
The time-average power density is given by the Poynting vector

{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
*
* *
1 1
Re Re
2 2
E
H
2 2
1
2
Re
2
sin co
*
( ) E H {
( )}
sin s
si
n
n
i c
s
os
z
z z
y
x
j z
o
j z
z
j
o z o
z
z
z
o o
x j x
E e E e
a a
P t i
i i
E E x x x
i j
a a a
x
E e
a
a
a

= =
,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
_
_
( )
2
2
sin
2
x
o z
z
i
E x
i
a

=

`

)
,
,
The resulting time-average power density flow is space-dependent
on the cross-section (varying along x, uniform along y)

The total transmitted power for the TE
10
mode is obtained by
integrating over the cross-section of the rectangular wave guide

2
2
( ) sin
2
o
E
x
z
P t i
z
a
| |
=
|
\ .
,
,
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
( ) sin
0 0 0
2 2
1 1
sin 2
2 2 4
sin
o o
b
o
E E
x a a b
z z
P t b
tot
a
E
ab
z
b u u
dx dy u du

=
= = =
=

2
2
2
0
area
average
1
|E( , )|
1
4 2 2
TE
o
o z
x y
E
E
z
ab ab

= =
(
(

The rectangular waveguide has a high-pass behavior, since signals
can propagate only if they have frequency higher than the cut-off
for the TE
10
mode.

For mono-mode (or single-mode) operation, only the fundamental
TE
10
mode should be propagating over the frequency band of
interest.

The mono-mode bandwith depends on the cut-off frequency of the
second propagating mode. We have two possible modes to
consider, TE
01
and TE
20

( )
( ) ( )
01
20 10
1
2
1
2
c
c c
f TE
b
f TE f TE
a
=
= =

( ) ( ) ( )
c c c
f TE f TE
a
a
b f TE
01 20 10
2
2
1
= = = = If
Mono-mode bandwidth
0
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
20
( )
c
f TE
01
f
( ) ( ) ( )
c c c
f TE f TE f
a
b TE a
10 01 20
2
< < > > If
Mono-mode bandwidth
0
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
20
( )
c
f TE
01
f

In practice, a safety margin of about 20% is considered, so that the
useful bandwidth is less than the maximum mono-mode bandwidth.
This is necessary to make sure that the first mode (TE
10
) is well
above cut-off, and the second mode (TE
01
or TE
20
) is strongly
evanescent.
Mono-mode bandwidth
( ) ( )
c c
a
b f TE f TE
20 01
2
< < If
0
f
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
01
( )
c
f TE
20
Useful bandwidth
0
f
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
01
( )
c
f TE
20
Safety margin

In the case of perfectly square wave guide, TE
m0
and TE
0n
modes
with m=n are degenerate with the same cut-off frequency.

Except for orthogonal field orientation, all other properties of
degenerate modes are the same.
( ) ( )
10 01 c c
f TE f TE a b = = (square wave guide) If
0
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
20
( )
c
f TE
01
f
( )
02 c
f TE
Example - Design an air-filled rectangular waveguide for the
following operation conditions:
a) 10 GHz is the middle of the frequency band (single-mode
operation)
b) b = a/2
The fundamental mode is the TE
10
with cut-off frequency

For b=a/2, TE
01
and TE
20
have the same cut-off frequency.
c
o o
c
f TE
a a
a
8
10
1 3 10
( ) Hz
2 2
2

= =
c
o o
c
o o
c c c
f TE
b a a a
b
c
f TE
a a
a
8
01
8
20
1 2 3 10
( ) Hz
2 2
2
1 3 10
( ) Hz

= = = =
= =
The operation frequency can be expressed in terms of the cut-off
frequencies

01 10
10
10 01
8 8
9
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
2
( ) ( )
10.0
2
1 3 10 3 10
10.
2.25 10 1.125 1
0
0
2
10
2 2
c c
c
c c
a
a
f TE f TE
f f TE
f TE f TE
GHz
m b
a a
m

= +
+
= =
(

= +
(
(

= = =
Maxwells equations for TE modes

Since the electric field must be transverse to the direction of
propagation for a TE mode, we assume

In addition, we assume that the wave has the following behavior
along the direction of propagation

In the general case of TE
mn
modes it is more convenient to start
from an assumed intensity of the z-component of the magnetic field
z
j z
e

( )
( )
H cos cos
cos cos
z
z
j z
z o x y
j z
o
H x y e
m n
H x y e
a b

=
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
E 0
z
=
Faradays law for a TE mode, under the previous assumptions, is

E E H

det E E H
E E
(1)
(2)
0
E E H (3
E H
)
y z y x
x y z
x z x y
x y
y x z
j j
i i i
z
j j
x y z z
j
x y
j

= =
(

(

(
= =
(

(

(

=

=
, ,
Amperes law for a TE mode, under the previous assumptions, is

(4)
(
H H E

det H H E
H H H
H H E 0
5
H E
)
(6)
z z y x
x y z
z x z y
x y z
y x z
j j
i i i
y
j j
x y z x
j
x
j
y

+ =
(

(

(
=
(

(

(

= =

=
, ,

From (1) and (2) we obtain the characteristic wave impedance for
the TE modes

At cut-off

E
E
H H
y
x
TE
y x z
= = =
2 2
2 2
2
0 2
1
c
p
c
c
c
z
c
m n
f
a b
v
f
m n
a b
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
= = =
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
=
In general,

and we obtain an alternative expression for the characteristic wave
impedance of TE modes as

( )
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 4
1
1
2
z
c
z
c
m n
a b

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .
1 2
2
1
TE o
z c

| |
| |
|
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
From (4) and (5) we obtain

2
2 2
2
2 2
H H E
H H
H
2
H H
H
H
1 H 1 H
H
2
H
H H E
z z y x TE y
z z
y
TE z
z
z
z x z y T
c z z z
y z
z
E x
c z z z
x z
z
j
j
j j j
y
j j y y
j j
j j
y y
j
x
j
x
j
x

+ = =

= =

= =

| |
= =
|

\ .

| |
= =
|

\ .
We have used

The final expressions for the magnetic field components of TE
modes in rectangular waveguide are
2
2
H sin cos
2
H cos sin
2
H cos cos
z
z
z
j z
c
x z o
j z
c
y z o
j z
z o
m m n
j H x y e
a a b
n m n
j H x y e
b a b
m n
H x y e
a b

| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2
c
z x y
m n
a b

| |
= = =
|
\ .
+
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
The final electric field components for TE modes in rectangular
wave guide are

2
2
E H
cos sin
2
E H
sin cos
2
E 0
z
z
x TE y
j z
c
TE z o
y TE x
j z
c
TE z o
z
n m n
j H x y e
b a b
m m n
j H x y e
a a b

=
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
Maxwells equations for TM modes

Since the magnetic field must be transverse to the direction of
propagation for a TM mode, we assume

In addition, we assume that the wave has the following behavior
along the direction of propagation

In the general case of TM
mn
modes it is more convenient to start
from an assumed intensity of the z-component of the electric field
z
j z
e

( )
( )
E cos cos
cos cos
z
z
j z
z o x y
j z
o
E x y e
m n
E x y e
a b

=
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
H 0
z
=
Faradays law for a TM mode, under the previous assumptions, is

E E H

det E E H
E E
E H
(1)
(2
E
E H
)
(3) E
z z y x
x y z
z x z y
x y z
y x z
j j
i i i
y
j j
x y z x
j
x y
j

+ =
(

(

(
=
(

(

(

=

=
, ,
Amperes law for a TM mode, under the previous assumptions, is

H E
(4)
(5)
(6

H E
det H E
H H 0
H H E )
x y z
z y x
z x y
x y
y x z
i i i
j j
j j
x y z
j
x
j
y

(
=
(

(
=
(

(

=
(

=
, ,
From (4) and (5) we obtain the characteristic wave impedance for
the TM modes

We can finally express the characteristic wave impedance
alternatively as

Note once again that the same cut-off conditions, found earlier for
TE modes, also apply for TM modes.

E
E
H H
y
x z
TM
y x
= = =
2
1
z
TM o
c

| |
= =
|
\ .

From (1) and (2) we obtain
2
2 2
2
2 2
E
E E H
1 E 1 E
E
/
E
E
E E
E
2
E E
E H
E
2
y
z z y x
TM
z z
y
TM z
z
z
x
z x z y
c z z z
y z
z
T
c
M
z z z
x z
z
j
j
j j j
y
j j y y
j j
j j
y y
j
j
x
j
x
x

+ = =

= =

= =

| |
= =
|

\ .

| |
= =
|

\ .
The final expressions for the electric field components of TM modes
in rectangular waveguide are

2
2
E cos sin
2
E sin cos
2
E sin sin
z
z
z
j z
c
x z o
j z
c
y z o
j z
z o
m m n
j E x y e
a a b
n m n
j E x y e
b a b
m n
E x y e
a b

| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
The final magnetic field components for TM modes in rectangular
wave guide are

Note: all the TM field components are zero if either
x
=0 or
y
=0.
This proves that TM
mo
or TM
on
modes cannot exist in the
rectangular wave guide.
2
2
H E /
sin cos
2
H E /
cos sin
2
H 0
z
z
x y TM
j z
c z
o
TM
y x TM
j z
c z
o
TM
z
n m n
j E x y e
b a b
m m n
j E x y e
a a b

=
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
Field patterns for the TE
10
mode in rectangular wave guide

Cross-section
y
x
E
,
H
,
y
z
Side view
x
z
Top view
E
,
H
,

The simple arrangement below can be used to excite the TE
10
in a
rectangular waveguide.

The inner conductor of the coaxial cable behaves like an antenna
and it creates a maximum electric field in the middle of the cross-
section.
Closed end
TE
10

15 Rectangular Wave Guide

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Electromagnetic Fields

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 240

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