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Geometrical Optics and Optical Design Pantazis Mouroulis John Macdonald OXFORD SERIES IN OPTICAL AND IMAGING SCIENCES Editors MARSHALL LAPP JUN-ICHI NISHIZAWA BENJAMIN B. SNAVELY HENRY STARK ANDREW C. TAM TONY WILSON 1. D. M. Lubman (ed) Lasers and Mass Spectrometry 2. D. Sarid Scanning Force Microscopy with Applications to Electric, Magnetic, and Atomic Forces 3, A. B. Schvartsburg Nonlinear Pulses in Integrated and Waveguide Optics 4. C.J. Chen Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 5. S. Mukamel Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy 6. J. R. Schott Remote Sensing: The Image Chain Approach 7. P. Mouroulis and J. Macdonald Geometrical Optics and Optical Design GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND OPTICAL DESIGN Pantazis Mouroulis Associate Professor Center for Imaging Science Rochester Institute of Technology John Macdonald Senior Lecturer Physics Department University of Reading New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1997 To my parents, Constantine and Anna Mouroulis Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Bombay Buenos Aures Calcutta Cape Town Dares Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karacht Kuala Lumpur Madras Maded Melbourne Mexico City Nawrobt Pans Singapore Taper Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Thadan Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016 Oxford 1s a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retneval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, Mouroulis, Pantazis Geometrical optics and optical design Pantazis Mourouhs, John Macdonald Pm — (Oxford series on optical and maging sciences) Includes bibhographical references and index ISBN 0-19-508931-6 1 Geometrical optics 2 Optical instruments—Design and construction T Macdonald, John II Title MIL Series QC381 M68. 1996 535°32--de20_ 95.3800 246897531 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Preface This book is an attempt to make geometrical optics accessible to the common student and practicing engineer. Perhaps the recent history of geometrical optics can be seen from the point of view of textbook simplification, with an attendant increase in the number of optics practitioners. Early in the twentieth century, Conrady’s Applied Optics and Optical Design set the standard for a complete, useful, strict, and unreadable book. But Conrady’s book was perfectly appro- priate for a time when lens designers had one of the most tedious jobs on earth. The mettle of the potential designer had to be tested; after surviving Conrady, the idea of spending days and nights in the company of log tables to trace one skew ray seemed perhaps not too daunting. Computers, lasers, and all of the developments that have led to the so-called Photonics revolution bave caused a large increase in the number of optics Practitioners. Often engineers with no formal optics training beyond that of basic physics find themselves in a position of having to deal with optics at an advanced level. Optical design software is now widely available, sometimes at an incredibly low price, and the mere availability is creating new users. Of equal importance 1s the fact that in the past couple of decades, the mentality, expectations, and background of the students have changed considerably. And as a rule, textbooks in geometrical optics have not kept pace with those developments. Our aim is to provide an up-to-date treatment of the introductory aspects of geometrical optics that can be used by a variety of students at different levels, from undergraduate to introductory graduate. We also hope that those

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