Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Polynomials
A polynomial is an algebraic expression with real coefficients and non-negative integer exponents.
The degree of the polynomial is determined by the value of the highest exponent of the variable in the
polynomial.
e.g. 3 x 2 + 7 x − 9 , degree is 2.
For polynomials with one variable, if the degree is 0, then it is called a constant.
If the degree is 1, then it is called linear.
If the degree is 2, then it is called quadratic.
If the degree is 3, then it is called cubic.
= 5 x 4 − x 4 + 2 x 3 − x 2 − 3x 2 − 2 + 5
= 4 x 4 + 2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 3
To multiply polynomials, multiply each term in the first polynomial by each term in the second.
Factoring Polynomials
Expanding
( 2 x + 3)( 3x − 7 ) = 6 x 2 − 5 x − 21
Factoring
Sum or
Product of difference of
polynomials terms
MCR3U Exam Review 2
Types of factoring:
(
= 7 m 2 n 5mn 2 − 3n + 8 )
Factor by grouping: group terms to help in the factoring process.
1+6x+9x2 is a perfect
e.g. Factor, Group 4mx – 4nx and square trinomial
A : 4mx + ny − 4nx − my ny – my, factor each B : 1+ 6x + 9x2 − 4 y2
group
= 4mx − 4nx + ny − my = (1 + 3 x) 2 − 4 y 2 Difference of squares
= 4 x( m − n ) + y ( n − m ) Recall n – m = –(m – n) = [(1 + 3 x) + 2 y ][(1 + 3 x) − 2 y ]
= 4 x( m − n ) − y ( m − n ) = (1 + 3 x + 2 y )(1 + 3 x − 2 y )
Common factor
= ( 4 x − y )( m − n )
Factoring ax 2 + bx + c
Find the product of ac. Find two numbers that multiply to ac and add to b.
e.g. Factor,
A : y 2 + 9 y + 14 Product = 14 = 2(7)
B : 3x 2 − 7 xy − 6 y 2 Product = 3(–6) = –18 = –9(2)
Sum = – 7 = –9 + 2
= y + 7 y + 2 y + 14 Sum = 9 = 2 + 7
2
= 3 x − 9 xy + 2 xy − 6 y
2 2
Decompose middle term –
= y ( y + 7) + 2( y + 7) = 3 x( x − 3 y ) + 2 y ( x − 3 y ) 7xy into –9xy + 2xy.
Factor by grouping.
= ( y + 2)( y + 7) = (3 x + 2 y )( x − 3 y )
Rational Expressions
F
For polynomials F and G, a rational expression is formed when , G ≠ 0.
G
3x + 7
e.g.
21x + 14 x + 9
2
Note that after addition or subtraction it may be possible to factor the numerator and simplify the
expression further. Always reduce the answer to lowest terms.
MCR3U Exam Review 4
Radicals
e.g. n
a, is called the radical sign, n is the index of the radical, and a is called the radicand.
3 is said to be a radical of order 2. 3
8 is a radical of order 3.
e.g. Simplify.
2 12 − 5 27 + 3 40 = 2 4 × 3 − 5 9 × 3 + 3 4 × 10 Express each radical in simplest form.
( ) ( ) (
= 2 2 3 − 5 3 3 + 3 2 10 )
= 4 3 − 15 3 + 6 10 Collect like radicals. Add and subtract.
= −11 3 + 6 10
Multiplying Radicals
a × b = ab , a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0
e.g. Simplify.
( )(
2 +2 3 2 −3 3 = ) ( 2 )( 2 ) − ( 2 )(3 3 ) + (2 3 )( 2 ) − (2 3 )(3 3 ) Use the distributive property to expand
= 2 − 3 6 + 2 6 − 6( 3)
Multiply coefficients together. Multiply radicands together.
= 2 − 18 − 3 6 + 2 6
= −16 − 6 Collect like terms. Express in simplest form.
MCR3U Exam Review 5
When conjugates are multiplied the result is a rational expression (no radicals).
e.g. Find the product.
( 5 +3 2 )( ) ( ) (
5 −3 2 = 5 − 3 2
2
) 2
= 5 − 9(2)
= 5 − 18
= −13
Dividing Radicals
e.g. Simplify.
a a
= , a, b∈ R, a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 2 10 + 3 30 2 10 3 30
b b = +
5 5 5
10 30
=2 +3
5 5
= 2 2 +3 6
Prime Factorization
e.g. 180
Factor a number into its prime 3 60
factors using the tree diagram
method. 6 10
2 3 2 5
Exponent Rules
= ,b ≠ 0 = 5
b bn 4 4
Zero as an exponent a0 = 1 70 = 1
Negative exponents 1 1
a −m = m , a ≠ 0 9 −2 = 2
a 9
Rational Exponents
( a) ( )
m 4
m 4
a n = n am = n
27 3 = 3 27 4 = 3
27
MCR3U Exam Review 6
Functions
8 -1
in words 0 7 2 3
“output is three more than input” 6 -3 3 4
3 -5 -2 4 3
a set of ordered pairs
{(1, 2), (0, 3), (4, 8)}
function notation
f ( x) = x 2 − 3 x
A function is a special type of relation in which every element of the domain corresponds to exactly
one element of the range.
y = x − 7 and y = x 2 + 15 are examples of functions. y = ± x is not a function because for every
value of x there are two values of y.
The vertical line test is used to determine if a graph of a relation is a function. If a vertical line can be
passed along the entire length of the graph and it never touches more than one point at a time, then the
relation is a function.
e.g. A: B: The line passes through more
4
This passes the 4
Inverse Functions
The inverse, f −1 , of a relation, f , maps each output of the original relation back onto the
corresponding input value. The domain of the inverse is the range of the function, and the range of the
inverse is the domain of the function. That is, if (a, b) ∈ f , then (b, a) ∈ f −1 . The graph of y = f −1 ( x)
is the reflection of the graph y = f (x) in the line y = x .
3x − 1
e.g. Given f ( x) = .
5
Evaluate f (−3) . Evaluate 3 f (2) + 1
3(−3) − 1 3(2) − 1 You want to find the value of
f ( −3) = 3 f (2) + 1 = 3 +1
5
Replace all the expression 3 f ( 2) + 1 . You
5 x’s with –3.
− 9 −1 Evaluate. 6 − 1 are not solving for f (2) .
f ( −3) = = 3 +1
5 5
− 10 5
f ( −3) = = 3 + 1
5 5
f ( −3) = −2 = 3(1) + 1
3 f (2) + 1 = 4
Determine f −1 ( x) . Evaluate f −1 (2)
3x − 1
y= 3x − 1 5x + 1 If you have not already determined
5 Rewrite f (x) as y = f −1 ( x) =
5 3 f −1 ( x) do so.
3y −1
x= Interchange x and y. 5 ( 2 ) +1 Using f −1 ( x) , replace all x’s with 2.
5 Solve for y. f −1 (2) =
3 Evaluate.
5x = 3 y − 1
10 + 1
3 y = 5x + 1 =
3
5x + 1 11
y= f −1 (2) =
3 3
5x + 1
∴ f −1 ( x) =
3
MCR3U Exam Review 8
e.g. Sketch the graph of the inverse of the given function y = f (x) .
4 4 4
−1
2 2
y = f ( x) 2
y = f (x)
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
The inverse of a function is not necessarily going to be a function. If you would like the inverse to also
be a function, you may have to restrict the domain or range of the original function. For the example
above, the inverse will only be a function if we restrict the domain to {x | x ≥ 0, x ∈ R} or
{x | x ≤ 0, x ∈ R} .
Transformations of Functions
To graph y = af [ k ( x − p )] + q from the graph y = f (x) consider:
a – determines the vertical stretch. The graph y = f (x) is stretched vertically by a factor of a. If a < 0
then the graph is reflected in the x-axis, as well.
1
k – determines the horizontal stretch. The graph y = f (x) is stretched horizontally by a factor of . If
k
k < 0 then the graph is also reflected in the y-axis.
p – determines the horizontal translation. If p > 0 the graph shifts to the right by p units. If p < 0 then
the graph shifts left by p units.
q – determines the vertical translation. If q > 0 the graph shifts up by q units. If q < 0 then the graph
shifts down by q units.
4
e.g. The graph of y = f (x) is e.g. Given the graph of y = f (x) sketch the
transformed into graph of y = 2 f ( − ( x − 2) ) + 1 -2
y = 3 f (2 x − 4) . Describe the 4
4
y = f (x)
transformations.
-4
by a factor of 2.
First, factor inside the
brackets to determine the
values of k and p. -2 -2
y = 3 f ( 2( x − 2 ) ) -4 -4
a = 3, k = 2, p = 2
4
1
A horizontal stretch of .
2
The graph will be shifted 2
This is the graph of
-2
-2
When a > 0 the parabola opens up. When a < 0 the parabola opens down.
maximum
-2
Vertex Form: f ( x ) = a ( x − h) + k 2
a<0
The vertex is (h, k ) . The maximum or minimum value is k.
-4
Standard form:
e.g. Determine the maximum or minimum value of f ( x) = −2 x 2 − 10 x + 10 without completing the square.
g ( x) = −2 x 2 − 10 x is a vertical translation of f ( x) = −2 x 2 − 10 x + 10 with y-intercept of 0.
g ( x) = −2 x( x + 5) x = 0, − 5 are the zeroes. Factor g ( x) = −2 x 2 − 10 x to determine
0−5
x= = −2.5 x = −2.5 is the x-coordinate of vertex. zeroes, then find the axis of symmetry. Both
2 f (x) and g (x) will have the same x-
f ( −2.5) = −2( −2.5)2 − 10(−2.5) + 10
coordinates for the vertex. To find the y-
f ( −2.5) = 22.5 coordinate for f(x) simply evaluate f(x) using
the same x-coordinate.
The y-coordinate of vertex is 22.5. It is a maximum because
the graph opens down.
Zeroes
To determine the number of zeroes of a quadratic function consider the form of the function.
Vertex form: If a and k have opposite signs there are 2 zeroes (2 roots).
If a and k have the same sign there are no zeroes (0 roots).
If k = 0 there is one zero (1 root).
Factored form: f ( x ) = a ( x − p)( x − q ) → 2 zeroes. The zeroes are x = p and x = q .
f ( x) = a( x − p ) 2 → 1 zero. The zero is x = p.
Standard form: Check discriminant. D = b 2 − 4ac
If D < 0 there are no zeroes.
If D = 0 there is 1 zero.
If D > 0 there are 2 zeroes.
To determine the zeroes of from the standard form use the quadratic formula.
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
For , ax 2 + bx + c = 0 use x = to solve for x.
2a
Reciprocal functions
1 1
The reciprocal function of a function, f , is defined as . To help you graph y = , you should
f f ( x)
use the following:
1
The vertical asymptotes of y = will occur where f ( x) = 0
f ( x)
1 1
As f (x) increases, decreases. As f (x) decreases, increases.
f ( x) f ( x)
1 1
For f ( x) > 0 , > 0 . For f ( x) < 0 , < 0.
f ( x) f ( x)
1
The graph of y = always passes through the points where f ( x) = 1 or f ( x) = −1 .
f ( x)
You may find it helpful to sketch the graph of y = f (x) first, before you graph the reciprocal.
4
Factor it. f ( x) = x( x − 4) . -2
1
information above to help you sketch the y=
reciprocal. 5
x − 4x
2
-2
-4
Vertical asymptotes
Exponential Functions
6
f(x) = 2x-2+3
6
f(x) = 2x
In general, the exponential function
4 is defined by the equation, y = a x 4
or f ( x) = a x , a > 0, x ∈ R .
2
Transformations apply to 2
Decay: N (t ) = N 0 1
t h
Growth: N (t ) = N (2) d N 0 - initial amount N 0 - initial amount
0
2
t – time elapsed t – time elapsed
d – doubling period h – half-life
N (t ) - amount at time t N (t ) - amount at time t
Compound Interest
Calculating the future amount: A = P (1 + i ) n A – future amount P – present (initial) amount
Calculating the present amount: P = A(1 + i ) − n i – interest rate per conversion period
n – number of conversion periods
Trigonometry
Cosine Law
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
Can be used when you know SSS, SAS C a B
When you know SSA it is considered the ambiguous case. C
Trigonometric Identities
sin θ
Pythagorean Identity: sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 Quotient Identity: tan θ =
cosθ
e.g. Prove the identity. sin 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = cos 2 θ
LS = sin 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 1 Work with each side separately.
Look for the quotient or Pythagorean identities.
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + cos 2 θ − 1 You may need to factor, simplify or split terms up.
When you are done, write a concluding statement.
= 1 + cos 2 θ − 1
= cos 2 θ = RS Since LS=RS then sin 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = cos 2 θ is true for all values of θ .
Periodic Functions
A periodic function has a repeating pattern. The period is the length of the cycle.
The cycle is the smallest complete repeating The amplitude is the magnitude of the vertical
pattern. distance from the axis of the curve to the
The axis of the curve is a horizontal line that is maximum or minimum value. The equation is
midway between the maximum and minimum max value − min value
a=
values of the graph. The equation is 2
max value + min value
y= .
2
Trigonometric Functions
The graphs of y = sin θ , y = cosθ , and y = tan θ are shown below.
1 y = sin θ y = tan θ
0.5 y = sin θ 5
Period = 360˚
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Amplitude = 1 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
1
y = cosθ
0.5 y = cosθ y = tan θ
Period = 360˚ Period = 180˚
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Amplitude = 1 Zeroes = 0˚, 180˚, 360˚…
-0.5 Zeroes = 90˚, 270˚… Vertical asymptotes = 90˚, 270˚…
-1
1.5
0.5
1
g(x) = 0.5⋅sin(x+45)
0.5
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.5
f(x) = sin(x)
-1
f(x) = cos(x) -1