Constants - read only data locations - Data locations with some special resriction i) can only be initialized at creation

time ii)read only after creation e.g. const int a=10; cout<<a; x=a+p; a=20 ;//illegal a++; // illegal Contants type in C++ 1- Constant primitivies 2- Constant data members 3- Constant member Functions 4- Constant object 5- constant pointers 1- Constant primitivies const int a=10; const float pi=3.14; 2- Constant Data Memebers Class A { public : A ():d1(10),d2(30),pi(3.14) {d1=10; d2=30;//illegal} int getD2() { return d2;} private : int d1; const int d2; const float pi; }; 3- Constant Member Functions class student { public : int getId() const {return id; } char getGrade() const { char g; if (marks>=80) g='A'; else if ( .............. return g; } private : int id; float marks; }

4- Constant Objects constant object can call only constant functions

const Student ob; ob.setID(10); //illegal cout<<ob.getId(); cout<<ob.getGrade(); 5- Constant Pointers i) Pointer itself Constant int a=10; int const* p=&a; cout<<a<<*p; //10 10 int b=20; p=&b; //illegal p=NULL;//illegal - Reference variables are also pointer itself constant int a=10; int &p=a; ii) Pointer pointed to Constant int a=10; const int *p; p=&a; int b=30; p=&b;

iii) both i and ii int a=10; const int const *p=&a; cout<<*p; //10 *p=30; //error int b=40; p=&b; //error