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Loses up to 70%
Fuel(100%)
Conventional Plant
Efficiency is 30-40%
Loses up to 10%
Fuel(100%)
Cogeneration Plant
Efficiency up to 70-90%
Source: IEA, CHP: Evaluating the Benefits of Greater Global Investment (2008).
Sector
Potential, MW
Distilleries Cement
3500 600
Chemicals
Fertilizers Metal Industry Sugar Refineries Paper & Pulp
900
1200 1060 5000 800 1000
600
750 700 3000 600 750
Textile
BCHP Other Sector Total
1200
650 750 16000
800
400 500 11500
Waste gas
Sludge gas from sewage treatment plant Methane from landfills and coal bed methane
Steam turbine
Gas turbine
Reciprocating engine
Other classifications:
Topping cycle Bottoming cycle
HP Steam
Fuel
Boiler
Turbine
Condensate Process
LP Steam
HP Steam
Steam obtained by extraction from an intermediate stage Remaining steam is exhausted Relatively high capital cost, lower total efficiency Control of electrical power independent of thermal load
Boiler
Turbine
Fuel
LP Steam Condensate
Process
Condenser
Natural gas is most common fuel 1MW to 100 MW range Rapid developments in recent years
Open Brayton cycle: atmospheric air at increased pressure to combustor Old/small units: 15:1 New/large units: 30:1 Exhaust gas at 450600 oC
Exhaust Gases Condensate from Process HRSG Steam to Process Combustor Fuel
Heat Source
Working fluid circulates in a closed circuit and does not cause corrosion or erosion Any fuel, nuclear or solar energy can be used
Heat Exchanger
Steam to Process
Supplied fuel first produces power followed by thermal energy Thermal energy is a by product used for process heat or other Most popular method of cogeneration
Primary fuel produces high temperature thermal energy Rejected heat is used to generate power Suitable for manufacturing processes
Industrial CHP Sugar industry bagasse CHP Others District system CHP IT industry Industrial parks Mixed residential/commercial districts Small Scale Systems
Depends very much on tariff system Heat Avoid cost of separate heat production Electricity 1) Less purchase (kWh) 2) Sale of surplus electricity 3) Peak shaving (kW) Carbon credits (future)
Lack of a clear definition of cogeneration or CHP There has not been an economy-wide study of CHP potential (and associated benefits) Lack of an approved methodology for calculating CO2 emission reductions from CHP Limited availability of competitively priced turbines and engines for CHP Lack of pipeline networks for district cooling