Condensation and Hydrolysis and their importance in Biology Carbohydrates: Monomers form polymers through a series of condensation polymerisation

reactions, forming a glycosidic bond. Forming polysaccharides makes the molecule insoluble as it is so large. Hydrolysis is used to break the glycosidic bond, releasing monosaccharides from a disaccharide. Polysaccharides are found in plants as small granules or grains, for example chloroplasts. Sucrase hydrolyses the single glycosidic bond in a sucrose molecule to produce glucose and fructose. Glucose is then available for use in respiration where it is broken down to produce ATP. Respiration: Glycolysis is the activation of glucose by phosphorylation. The phosphate molecules come from the hydrolysis of two ATP molecules to ADP, providing energy to activate glucose. Amino Acids: Amino acids combine together to make a polypeptide through a series of condensation reactions. This produces the primary structure of proteins, determining the ultimate shape and function of the protein. The proteins which are enzymes require a specific shape to function properly. Muscular Relaxation: When nervous stimulation ceases, calcium ions are actively transported back into the endoplasmic reticulum using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.