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Chapter 9
Benefit/Cost Analysis and Public Sector Economics
9.1 Disbenefits are negative consequences that occur to the public and, therefore, are included
in the numerator of the B/C ratio. Costs are consequences to the government and are
included in the denominator.
9.2 eBay – private; farmer’s market – private; state police department – public; car racing
facility – private; social security – public; EMS - public, ATM – private;
travel agency- private; amusement park – private; gambling casino -
private; swap meet - private; football stadium - public.
9.3 Large initial investment – public; park user fees – public; short life projects – private;
profit – private; disbenefits – public; tax-free bonds – public; subsidized loans – public;
low interest rate – public; income tax – private; water quality standards – public.
9.5 In a DBOMF contract arrangement, the contractor is responsible for managing the cash flow
to support project implementation; not the funding (capital funds) aspects. In DBOM
contracts, this management responsibility is not placed on the contractor.
9.6 Answers will vary considerably depending upon a person’s own beliefs and perspective. A
sample answer to part to (a) follows.
9.7 The salvage value is included in the denominator and is subtracted from the first cost.
C = 300,000 + 25,000(P/A,6%,20)
= 300,000 + 25,000(11.4699)
= $586,748
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9.9 B/C = [50(4,000,000)]/[200(90,000,000)]
= 0.01
9.10 B = 90,000
D = 10,000
C = 750,000(A/P,8%,20) + 50,000
= 750,000(0.10185) + 50,000
= $126,388
S = 30,000
B/C = (B-D)/(C-S)
= (90,000 – 10,000)/(126,388 – 30,000)
= 0.83
9.11 B = $820,000
D = $400,000
C = 2,000,000(A/P,8%,20) + 100,000
= 2,000,000(0.10185) + 100,000
= $303,700
B = 30,800,000(A/F,7%,20)
= 30,800,000(0.02439)
= $751,212
D = $105,000
C = 1,200,000(A/P,7%,20) + 400,000
= 1,200,000(0.09439) + 400,000
= $513,268
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9.14 (a) PI does not include disbenefits. NCF are savings plus benefits.
C = $50,000
PI = 55,654/50,000
= 1.11
(b) Modified B/C includes disbenefit estimates and savings are added to benefits.
B = 20,000 + 30,000(P/F,10%,5)
= 20,000 + 30,000(0.6209)
= $38,627
D = 3000(P/A,10%,10)
= 3000(6.1446)
= $18,433
C = $50,000
S = 2000(P/A,10%,20)
= 2000(8.5136)
= $17,027
9.15 Must find n so that one of missing values can be calculated. Use first cost.
100,000 = 259,370(P/F,10%,n)
(P/F,10%,n) = 0.3855
PW benefits = 40,000(P/A,10%,10)
= 40,000(6.1446)
= $245,784
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9.16 Let P = first cost
1.4 = 560,000/AWP
AWP = 400,000
400,000 = P(A/P,6%,20)
400,000 = P(0.08718)
P = $4,588,208
9.17 B = 175,000,000(P/A,8%,5)
= 175,000,000(3.9927)
= $698,722,500
D = 30,000,000
C = 110,000,000 + 50,000,000(P/A,8%,2)
= 110,000,000 + 50,000,000(1.7833)
= $199,165,000
9.18 P is the initial investment. To obtain modified B/C = 1.0, solve for AW of P; then find P.
AW of P = (AW of B) - (AW of C)
P(A/P,6%,10) = 800,000 - 600,000
P(0.13587) = 200,000
P = $1,471,995
B = $340,000
D = $40,000
C = 2,300,000(0.06) + 120,000
= $258,000
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Initial investment = P(i) = 2,300,000(0.06) = $138,000 per year
9.20 Use annual worth, since most of the cash flows are in annual dollars.
B = 300,000(0.06) + 100,000
= 18,000 + 100,000
= $118,000
D = $40,000
C = 1,500,000(0.06) + 200,000(P/F,6%,3)(0.06)
= 90,000 + 200,000(0.8396)(0.06)
= $100,075
S = 70,000
9.21 Convert annual benefits, designated as A in years 6 through infinity, to an A value in years
1 through 5. Let B indicate $ billion.
B = (A/0.08)(A/F,8%,5)
D = [40,000(100,000) + 1B]/5 = $1B per year for 5 years
C = 11B/5 = $2.2B per year for 5 years
1.0 = (B – D)/C
1.0 = [(A/0.08)(A/F,8%,5) – 1B]/2.2B
1.0 = [(A/0.08)(0.17046) – 1B]/2.2B
2.2B = 0.17046A/0.08 - 1B
A = $1.5018 billion per year
C = 20,000(100,000)(A/P,10%,15)
= 2 billion(0.13147)
= $262.940 million per year
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B/C = 120 million/262.940 million
= 0.46
C = 220,000,000(A/P,6%,30)
= 220,000,000(0.07265)
= $15,983,000
B/C = 14,180,000/15,983,000
= 0.89
D = 7000(P/F,6%,3)
= 7000(0.8396)
= $5877
C = $100,000
S = 25,000(P/A,6%,4)
= 25,000(3.4651)
= $86,628
9.25 The modified B/C ratio includes any estimated disbenefits; the PI does not
PI = 11.58/6.58 = 1.76
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9.27 In $1000 units,
PI = 41.14/36.68
= 1.12
9.29 The B/C ratio on the increment of investment between X and Y is > 1.8.
C = 4,200,000(A/P,8%,20) + 280,000
= 4,200,000(0.10185) + 280,000
= $707,770
B/C = 450,000/707,770
= 0.64
C = 11,000,000(A/P,8%,20) + 400,000
= 11,000,000(0.10185) + 400,000
= $1,520,350
B/C = 2,670,000/1,520,350
= 1.76
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9.31 East vs. DN: (B-D)East = 990,000 – 120,000 = $870,000 per year
CEast = 11,000,000(0.06) + 100,000 = $760,000 per year
(B-D)/C = 870,000/760,000
= 1.14
Eliminate DN
ΔB/C = 1,430,000/950,000
= 1.51
Eliminate Proposal 1
Select Proposal 2
9.33 Both are cost alternatives; DN is not considered and solar is the challenger. Difference in
annual cost is a benefit to solar.
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ΔC = (2,500,000 – 300,000)(A/P,8%,5)
= (2,200,000 )(0.25046)
= 551,012
ΔB/C = 695,000/551,012
= 1.26 Eliminate conventional
∆D = 0 – 26,000
= $-26,000
∆C = 76,387 - 54,410
= $21,977
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#2 vs. #1: ∆C = 27,000 – 10,400
= $16,600
∆B = 600(P/A,7%,20)
= 600(10.5940)
= $6356
∆B/C = 6356/16,600
= 0.38 Eliminate #1
Select method #2
9.36 Alternatives involve only costs; DN is not an option. Calculate AW of total costs.
∆B = $60,000
9.37 (a) All cash flows are costs; DN is not an option. Incremental analysis is necessary. Benefits
are defined by road usage cost difference. Short route has larger initial cost.
ΔB/C = 1,800,000/1,485,000
= 1.21
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(b) Modified ∆B/C = (∆B - ∆annual costs)/∆initial investment
Location E
AW of C = 3,000,000(0.12) + 50,000
= $410,000
Location W
ΔB = 700,000 – 500,000
= $200,000
∆D = 40,000 – 30,000
= $10,000
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∆(B-D)/C = (200,000 – 10,000)/470,000
= 0.40
(b) Location E
B = 500,000 – 30,000 – 50,000 = $420,000
C = 3,000,000 (0.12) = $360,000
W vs. E: ΔB = $200,000
ΔD = $10,000
9.39 Set up the spreadsheet to find AW of costs, perform the initial B/C analyses using cell
reference format. Changes from part to part needed should be the estimates and possibly a
switching of which options are incrementally justified. All 3 analyses are done on a
rolling spreadsheet shown below.
(c) Chen: Compare 2 vs. DN, then 1 vs. 2. Select option 2 without doing the ΔB/C
analysis, since benefits minus disbenefits for 1 are less, but this option has a larger
AW of costs than option 2.
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9.40 (a) B/CA = 70/80 = 0.88
B/CB = 55/50 = 1.10
B/CC = 76/72 = 1.06
B/CD = 52/43 = 1.21
B/CE = 85/89 = 0.95
B/CF = 84/81 = 1.04
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(b) Rank acceptable alternatives (i.e., B/C ≥ 1.0) by increasing cost (D, B, C, F) and do
incremental analysis
Select alternative D
Select D
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Good vs. Better: ΔB/C = [(15,000 – 6,000) – (11,000 – 1,000)]/(8,500 – 6,000)
<0 Eliminate Good
Select Better
Select B
Select D
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M vs. J: ΔB/C = [(51 – 4) – (22 – 1)]/(35 – 20)
= 1.73
Select M
9.46 Strategies are independent; calculate CER values, rank in increasing order and select
those to not exceed $50/employee.
Select strategies C, A, B and D to not exceed $50 per employee. Parts of F may be a
possibility to use the remaining of the $50.
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9.47 (a) Methods are independent. Calculate CER values, rank in increasing order, select
lowest CER, determine total cost.
CERAcupuncture = 700/ 9 = 78
CERSubliminal = 150/1 = 150
CERAversion = 1700/10 = 170
CEROut-patient = 2500/39 = 64
CERIn-patient = 1800/41 = 44
CERNRT = 1300/20 = 65
1800(550) = $990,000
(b) Rank by CER (column 4) and select techniques to treat 1300 people. Request is for
$2,295,000 (column 8).
Z is dominated; eliminate Z
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Y to W: ΔC/E = (660 – 355)/41 – 20) = 14.5 < 17.8
W is dominated; eliminate W
No dominance; both X and Y are acceptable; final decision made on other criteria.
9.49 Minutes are the cost, C, and points gained are the effectiveness measure, E. Order on basis
of E and calculate CER values, then perform ∆C/ analysis.
Professor vs. TA: TA has less cost for same effectiveness; professor is dominated.
9.51 Public policy deals with strategy and policy review and development. Public planning
includes the design of projects and efforts necessary to implement the strategy, once
finalized.
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9.52 Some example projects to be described might be:
Answer is (b)
Answer is (c)
Answer is (d)
Answer is (c)
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9.68 Answer is (c)
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Solution to Case Study, Chapter 9
Sometimes, there is not a definitive answer to a case study exercise. Here are example responses.
Computations similar to those for benefits (B), costs (C) and effectiveness measure (E) of
accidents prevented in the case study for each alternative results in the following estimates.
1. B/C analysis order based on total costs: Z, X, Y, W. Challenger is placed first below.
Select alternative Z -- wider pole spacing, cheaper poles and lower lumens
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Y vs. X: ∆C/E = (1,179,131-773,752)/(185-148) = 10,956 > 5228 no dominance, keep both
Three alternatives -- Z, X and W -- are indicated as a possible choice. The decision for
one must be made on a basis other than C/E, probably the amount of budget available.
If the same ratio is applied to unlighted sections, number of accidents prevented is calculated
as follows:
4. For Z to be justified, the incremental comparison of W vs. Z would have to be ≥ 1.0. The
benefits would have to increase. Find BW in the incremental comparison.
The difference in the number of accidents would have to increase from 247 to:
1,701,937 = (difference)(6000)
Difference = 284
From the day estimate in the case study of 1086 accidents without lights, now
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