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G 2 ln
1 2
L
G2
+ dP + 4 f + K i
=0
D
2 1
P2
= Cte =
RT
M
G 2 ln
2
P1 1
L
G
=0
+
P22 P12 ) + 4 f + K i
(
P2 2 P1
D
Re =
vD GD
=
G2 =
Re = cte.
(P
2P
2
1
P22 )
P1
L
1
ln P + 4 f D + K i 2
Si P2 = P1
Si P2 =0
G=0
Denominador tiende a infinito y G =0
dG
dP2
2
P1
L
1 G 1 2 P2
+
+
+
ln
4
f
K
=0
+
i 2
D
2 P1
P2
P2
G 2 1 P2
=
P2
P1
G = Gsi = P2
= Psi
P1
P1
Es el flujo mximo que puede circular por la caera con flujo isotrmico.
El nmero de Mach para esas condiciones ser:
Gsi
Ma =
vsi
vsonido
si
RT
M
Psi
si
1
P1
P1
P1
12
1
=
2
P1
Volviendo a la ecuacin:
G 2 ln
2
P1 1
L
G
=0
+
P22 P12 ) + 4 f + K i
(
P2 2 P1
D
P
2
L
ln 1 + 2 1 ( Psi2 P12 ) + 4 f + K i = 0
D
Psi Gsi 2 P1
1
P1
P
P
L
ln 1 + 21 1 ( Psi2 P12 ) + 4 f + K i = 0
D
Psi Psi 1 P1
2
P1
P12
L
ln + 1 2 + 4 f + K i = 0
Psi
D
Psi
Gsi
Ma =
P
1 1
1
Recordando que :
1
Gsi = Psi
P1
Gsi
2
Ma =
P
1 1
1
= P 2 1 1 1
si P1 12 P1
P
1
Por lo cual 1 =
2
Psi Ma
P2
L
1
1
L*
ln 1 + 1 12 + 4 f + K i = ln
1
4
f
+
+
+ Ki = 0
2
2
Psi
D
D
Ma1
Ma1
Psi
Ma1
Ma2
L2
Ma =
L1*
L = L*1 L*2
4f
L1
1
1
=
ln
1 K i = 1 ( Ma1 ) K i
2
Ma12
D Ma1
L*2
1
1
=
ln
1 K i = 2 ( Ma2 ) K i
2
Ma22
D Ma2
=
= 2 = 2
G
1 P1
Ma2
2 RT M
v2 = Ma2
RT
M
-Determinar L*
L<L* no se alcanzan las condiciones crticas. El flujo es subcrtico. Las
condiciones a la salida se calculan o iterando en la ecuacin para obtener P2
:
G 2 ln
2
P1 1
L
G
=0
+
P22 P12 ) + 4 f + K i
(
P2 2 P1
D
L1
1
1
=
ln
1 K i = 1 ( Ma1 ) K i
2
D Ma1
Ma12
P1
k
1
P2
k
2
= cte
P1/ k
1
P11/ k
5
G 2 ln
1 2 P1/ k
L
G2
+ 1/ k 1dP + 4 f + K i
=0
D
2 1 P1
2
2
G 2 ln
1 1 P1/ k +1
L
G2
+ 1/ k
+ 4 f + Ki
=0
D
2 P1 1
2
+ 1
k 1
k +1
1 1 k kk+1
L
G2
k
+ 1/ k
G ln
=0
P2 P1 + 4 f + K i
2 P1 k + 1
D
2
2
P k
Reemplazo en el primer trmino 1 = 1
2 P2
k +1
1 k kk+1
G 2 P1
L
G2
k
=0
ln + 1/ k
P2 P1 + 4 f + K i
k
P2 P1 k + 1
D
2
k +1
G 2 P1
k kk+1
L
G2
k
+
+
P
P
f
K
ln + 1/1k
4
2
i 2 = 0
1
k
P2 P1 k + 1
D
1
G2 =
P11/ k
k +1
k +1
k k
k
P1 P2
k +1
1 P1
L
1
ln + 4 f + K i
D
2
k P2
Si P2 = P1
Si P2 =0
G=0
Denominador tiende a infinito y G =0
dG
dP2
k +1
1 P1
L
1 G 2 1 1 k + 1 k k 1
+
+
+
+
f
K
P
ln
4
i 2 k P P1/ k k k + 1 2 = 0
k
P
D
2 1
2
G2
+ 1/1k P2k = 0
kP2 P1
Pk
Gsn
kP2 2
2
2
G = kP2 2 = Gsn
kP2
vsonido = vs =
P2
2
Masn =
vsn
=
vs
P2
2
P2
P2
Siendo =
= cte
Cp
CV
ln
+1
+1
P1
k
L
G2
P
P
f
K
+ 1/1
+
+
4
2
i 2 = 0
1
P2 P1 k + 1
D
Pero el trmino 4 f
L
G2
+ Ki
corresponde a la prdida irreversible de
D
2
v2
+ gdh q + we = 0
2
gdh 0
we = 0
q = 0
dH + d
v2
=0
2
dH = C p dT
C p Cv =
Cp
Cv
M = peso molecular
Cv
R
=
Cv Cv M
1 =
Cp =
R
M
1 =
R
Cv M
R Cp
R
=
Cv M C p MC p
( 1) M
Reemplazando
dH = C p dT =
RT
dT =
d
( 1) M
( 1) M
RT P
=
M
P
RT
dH = C p dT =
d
d
=
( 1) M ( 1)
De la ecuacin : =
PM
RT
P 1 G
dv 2
dH +
d + d = 0
=
2
( 1) 2
v=
P 1 G
dv 2
dH +
d + d = 0
=
2
( 1) 2
2
P 1G
+
= Cte
( 1) 2
( 1)
1 G2
P1 1 G 2
P2 1 G 2
=
+
=
+
= Cte
2 2 ( 1) 1 2 12 ( 1) 2 2 22
P =
2
2
( 1) 1 2 1 2
P1 1 G 2 ( 1) 1 G 2 ( 1)
P=
+
2 2
1 2 1
P
( 1) d
1 G 2 ( 1)
1
dP = 1 d +
d G2
2
2
2 1
2
1
P1
( 1) d
1 G 2 ( 1)
1
dP = d +
d + G2
2
2
2 1
2
1
1 2
L
G2
+ dP + 4 f + K i
=0
2 1
D
2
P1
dP =
d +
( 1) d
1 G 2 ( 1)
1
d + G2
2 1
2
2
P1 2 1 G 2 ( 1) 2 1 2 ( 1)
dP
=
+
+ G
ln
2
1
2 2
1 2 2 1
1
P1 1 G 2 ( 1) 2
1 2 ( 1) 2
2
+
ln
( 2 1 ) + G
2
2
1
2 1 4 1
dP =
1
P1 1 G 2 ( 1) 2
1 2 ( 1) 2
2
+
ln
( 2 1 ) + G
2
2
1
2 1 4 1
dP =
1
1 P1 1 G 2 ( 1) 2
1 2 ( 1) 2
2
+
+
ln
G ln
( 2 1 ) + G
2
2 2 1 4 1
2
1
2
G 2 ln
G2
+ 4 f + Ki
=0
D
1 1 2 ( 1) 1 P1 1 G 2 ( 1) 2
L
G2
2
G
ln +
+
+
4
+
f
K
i 2 = 0
(
1 )
2 2
2 2 1 4 12 2
D
2 + 1 1 P1 1 G 2 ( 1) 2
L
G2
2
ln
+
+
+
4
+
=0
G2
f
K
(
)
2
1
i
2
2
D
2 2 1 4 1
+ 1 1 P1 1 G 2 ( 1) 2
L
G2
2
ln
+
+
+
4
+
G2
f
K
i 2 = 0
( 2
1 )
2
D
2 2 2 1 4 1
1 ( 1) 2
L
1 P
+ 2
2 12 ) + 4 f + K i + 1 ( 22 12 ) = 0
G 2
(
ln
D
2 2 1
2 2 4 1
P1
2
2
2 ( 1 2 )
1
G2 =
+ 1 1
L
1 ( 1) 2
1
ln
2 12 ) + 4 f + K i
+ 2
(
2
2 2 4 1
1 2
P1 ( 2 2 ) + 1 1
1 ( 1) 2
( 2 12 ) + 4 f DL + Ki 12 2P1 ( 12 22 ) 2+ 1 1 + 41 2 ( ) 2
ln + 2
dG
2
1
2 1 2 2 4 1
2G
=
2
d 2
+ 1 1
1 ( 1) 2
( 2 12 ) + 4 f DL + Ki 12
ln + 2
2 2 4 1
1 P
2 12 ) + 4 f + Ki 1 ( 12 22 )
(
=0
ln + 2
+ 2
D
2 2 1
2 1 2 2 4 1
2 2 4 1
P1 ( 2 ) + 1 1
1
1 ( 1) 2
( 2 12 ) + 4 f DL + Ki 12 = 2P1 ( 12 22 ) 2+ 1 1 + 21 2 ( ) 2
ln + 2
2
1
1 2 2 4 1
10
P1 ( 2 ) + 1 1
1
1 ( 1) 2
( 2 12 ) + 4 f DL + Ki 12 = 2P1 ( 12 22 ) 2+ 1 1 + 21 2 ( ) 2
ln + 2
1
2
1
2
1
G2 =
+ 1 1
L
1 ( 1) 2
1
ln
2 12 ) + 4 f + K i
+ 2
(
2
2 2 4 1
1
2 12 ) + 4 f + K i =
+ 2
(
ln
D
2
1 2 2 4 1
+ 1 1
1 ( 1) 2
L
1 ( 1) 2
1 + 1 1
2 12 ) + 4 f + K i
= G 2
+ 2
(
=0
ln
+ 2
D
2 2 2 2 1
2 2 4 1
P1 ( 2 ) + 1
1
1 ( 1 )
+
( 22 12 ) +
ln
2
1
2
1
+ 1
1
1 ( 1 )
= G 2
+
( 22 12 ) +
ln
2
2
2
1
4 f D +
4 f D +
1
2 =
1 ( 1 ) 2
1 + 1 1
=0
2 2 + 2 2
2
1
P1 2
1
1 ( 1) 2
2 +1
= G
+ 2
1
2 2 2 1
+ 1 1 1 ( 1)
= G 2
2 + 2
1
2 2 2 1
P1
1
P1
1 ( 1)
2 + 1
= G
2 + 2
1 1
2 1 2 2 1 1
+ 1 1 G 2 P1
+
G
2
2 =
2 ( 1) 2 2 1 1 1
2
11
+ 1 1 G 2 P2
+
G 2
2 =
2
2 1
(
)
2
2
+ 1 1 1 P2
G 2
2 2 =
2 ( 1) 2 2 2 2 1
P2
P2
P2
2 1
2 1
2 1
=
=
= P2 2
G2 =
+ 1 1 1
1 + 1 ( 1)
1 2
2 2
2
2
2 ( 1) 2 2 2 2 2 ( 1) 2 2 ( 1)
Gsa = P2 2
vsa =
P2 2
P2
=
2
2
2
P2
P2
2
2
v
=
=1
Ma = sa =
vs
RT2
P2
M
2
4f
1 M a2 1
( + 1) M a
L*
+ Ki =
+
ln
2
D
Ma
( 1)
2 1 + M a2
L*
= ( M a ) Ki
D
12
13