4

Tom

180cmTom
181cm David
179cm David

 Jan
Lukasiewicz2030
1( ) 0( )
Lukasiewicz01

181cm
0.86

 1937 Max Black

Vagueness: an exercise in logical analysis

Max Black

 1965 Lotfi Zadeh

Fuzzy setsZadeh

Zadeh


Zadeh

0()1()

(a)

(b)



4-1

(cm)

Chris

208

1.00

Mark

205

1.00

John

198

0.98

Tom

181

0.82

David

179

0.78

Mike

172

0.24

Bob

167

0.15

Steven

158

0.06

ill

155

0.01

Peter

152

0.00


Xx
XA fA (x)A

fA(x): X {0, 1},

1, if x A
f A ( x) =
0, if x A

XX
xxA
fA(x) 1 x A
fA(x) 0

 XA
A(x)A
A(x): X [0, 1],

xAA(x) = 1
xAA(x) = 0
xA 0 < A(x) <1

X x A(x) x
A01
Ax

short
men()average men()
tall men()
184cm average men
0.1tall men
0.4



John
John

IF
THEN

wind is strong
sailing is good

IF
THEN

project_duration is long
completion_risk is high

IF
THEN

speed is slow
stopping_distance is short


0220km/h
very slow slow medium fast
very fast

verysomewhatquitemore or lessslightly

()


19Georg Cantor

tall men
NOT tall men
tall men A
A
A(x) = 1 A(x)

XAB
AB(x) = min [A (x), B (x)] = A (x) B(x),
xX

XAB
AB(x) = max [A (x), B(x)] = A (x) B(x),
xX


1973 Lotfi Zadeh

Zadeh

IF
x
THEN y

is A
is B

xyABXY

 ?
IF-THEN
Rule: 1
IF
speed is > 100
THEN stopping_distance is long

Rule: 2
IF
speed is < 40
THEN stopping_distance is short

speed0220km/h
stopping _distancelongshort


Rule: 1
IF
speed is fast
THEN stopping_distance is long

Rule: 2
IF
speed is slow
THEN stopping_distance is short

speed ( ) 0
220km/h slow
mediumfaststopping_distance0
300m short mediumlong

tall menheavy men

IF
height is tall
THEN weight is heavy


IF
AND
AND
THEN

project_duration is long
project_staffing is large
project_funding is inadequate
risk is high

IF
service is excellent
OR
food is delicious
THEN tip is generous


IF
temperature is hot
THEN hot_water is reduced;
cold_water is increased