Sunteți pe pagina 1din 52

2012 |=i

| =i 8 *H~ < [Ou

~[H ~OQO ~}Oz# q^"`

_. *H~ <
~[H ^~OQ =O_, rq`O U ^= PtOKx
=# ~R` *H~ < =Y_ ^ #OQ q^"`.
JO^H ~[H ^~OQ =<_. P# =Oz =H,
~K~ ` _. q` +. P# =sq Oz# ~ "k.
QOnr t+_#x K O@< Hx q+ QOnrx
=u~HOK~ <.
*H~ < 1897 |=i 8# ^~^
[xOK_ . H O ^^ x W q
K^ =H<_. L`~ ^ x POQ ==n< FiO@
Hr q^ JOK_. J^ W\ Jb~ =O
x=i\. < s i^ ~RO J_
`Q KOk#"~. 18= `|O< "~ L`~^x
~ H^ lx HQO* J< Q=xH = =K~.
< `O_ ^~^ <"kQ =O_"~. `#
`q^ = @< < ` O _ x H _ . ` O _
=~}#O`~O < @O|O L`~ ^ H `~e "oOk.
< =< P*^ =O Q =Ok. P#
^ q+ O Q ^ K"~. i< =#_
~ H , Ow` ` K PH H#|~K~.
\H<, ~H~ H ~ J< P# W+O . `@xH
_ W+ _ " ~. < W^~ =~ , =~ ~ .
~[H ~OQO...
*H~ < Pe ~x Z".Z.X Hr K^ =
H<@_ "^\ iQ QOnrx K q`_<_.
QOnr "~ `O`^=O <_. 1952
~[ <q<\ K |_=~ P# ~[H ^~OQ
=<_. P# c~ Q=~~Q HO`HO =<~. 1962
" 13# L~Ru # ~^H$+< ~Ru, < L~Ru
J~.
L~RuQ, ~[ K~ <Q P# Jx =~
Ja=<x O^Qe Q~. ^ =O_ ~[ K~ <Q
=O_ =H O^Q =iOKe. S^ O=`~ ^q
=O_ P# ~}OK~. 1967 " 13# ^ ~Ru J~.
O_H \ J iH =u~HOQ WOk~ QOn ZOH K# `e
=O ~Ru P#. 1963 P# '~`~ ` a~^
W=|_Ok. 1969 " 3# P# ~= kOK~. ^q
=O_Q =~}O z# "^\ ~Ru P<.

_. W=<x ` O^~O
2012 |=i

< ~K~ `

=Y q^"`
< Q
q^" ` . ~ f
O $ux ~ O K
q^q^#O =< *f
#~r=#O kOK=Kx
P# #=HO. K ^$H^O OK q^ J=~= x P#
Q OK~. D kQ P# H$+ K~. ^~_Q
=<~. 1937 QOnr ukOz# =oH (H)
q^q^<xH O|OkOz# *f Hq\H < K~ <,
J~` ~R ` D q^<x J=OaOK#O^
P# PQ O "e|K~.
< 23 O=`~ =< Pe ~ XH
z# q^ O# OK_. P `~` Jk _bH
=~|_Ok. J^ *q qe Wq (=O <+#
x=i\). ^xH P# " K#~ J~#_ P#
= 29 O=`~ 22 O=`~ P ^q =<~.
Wk =# q+O H^. =O, ="`~ =^
=#O kOK@ H$+ K~. *q qe
`O` ~@O HH` x~OzOk. " K #~
^q =yH < i< "o JH_ x=i\ PiH
GO _H~ @ fH<~. =Y q^"` ` iK O
OKH<~.
1943 < Pe~ =O x=i\H
" K <~ J~. D ^q P# Zxqk O=`~
=<~. =``` O Z=Q =# ~A P# q^~
*f "x `OK~. < \ ~# 'iaH
J< QO^x L~ H J#=kOK~.
=$u q^ OH P^~_# QOnr
=#` < UHq OK^ . WO\ Q J"iH,
~ q =x P# q=iOK~. D "^#`
QOnr O`$ KOk q^==# ijeOK Hq\H
<# J^ _Q xqOK~. ` Pn#O =`
q^ H#Q _^# k < JaO. [~hx H ~<
< q^ O K Q P## Q
PH@H<~. D O K^ =, W`~ H~H= `Q
^#O WK~.
XH Q q^"` ~[H ~OQO ~}OK_O
J~^. < x["# i. ^xH *f q^
q^#O J=~= x Q Oz P kQ H$+K # q^"`. U
x K< Jx =~ x ^$+ @H<~.

ISSN : 0091 : 8729

Ja=$k =u H
| =i 2012
O\ : 40

D OzH...

OzH : 4

p Z_@~

s< <" He
*~O\ _~H~ (P~Z)

~
x~ Z_@~

q. H$+
Z_@~

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

~+ ^~i
*~O\ _~H~ (_H<)

q.H. g<

7.
8.

H=~ \

a= "< ~~
}oH, Ja=$k H~H= QiOz#
=K~x JO^*O^ `Q, On,
WOw+ , Jq, OQe, `qO, L~, =~s,
Q[~f, =O, O*c, H#_, Xi
+ "=_`# =u H.
[# (`Q) KO^ q=~
1 O=`~xH
~. 100/
2 O=`~
~. 180/
3 O=`~
~. 250/
=ix q=~HO : 04023310162
KO^# =x~~/_._. ^~ O=#
z~<=
Z_@~, [# (`Q),1021
Z_ HOH , =g~ \ Z^~Q
U.. Q~ , ^~^ 500 028
< : 23315288, 23314823
KO^ q=~ : 23310162
e-mail : yojana_telugu@yahoo.co.in

2012 |=i

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

~[H~OQO ~}Oz# q^"`


_.*H~ <
~`^ q^j "}[ ~OQO
K "}[ XO^ ~`
PiH |_\ ij#
==`` ZQ=`
XH ij#
O K "}[ O
~`^ Q=O
~f H i=
~`^ KeO +O
^~} "
P^HH` JO`iOz`~
q*# qOz
`O` =~ H i QiO z# "
'~`~ ` c" < *+
H ~}~ u O (Ja=$k,
xO`}) a 2011
~` ZQ=` =$k
ZOZZOW ~OQO =
Hx P WO_
[#~ _ H
~=~}O Lk J=H
g `!
JH~ =} ~[^x '` ~ H
H gH

_. W=<x ` O^~O

l. Nx"<
a K@s, * *i
Oe ~H
On ^

4
7
10
13

". =O^~

16

q[ ~~
_. *"< =^

19
22

_. q. ~*O^^
`i `~
@OQ@i N~O
_. =O`# ~<~}~A
_. ZO. L~}

24
26
29
32
34

_. O[ u"i

37

H . q[#
r_QO@ <Q~~=
_. ==` OQ
[# O^H qQO
OQu "OH> O
ZO.l. |~A

40
42
45
47
49
51

[# KiOz# " =H~z# " P ~K~`". "~


xK# O, ` Ja# Jq uaOaOK=.
[# KiOK H@#x JO P O "i ux^
KOk#q. H@# ~O/~OO =OQ Z^~ Z@=O\ ~=<
[# ^` =OK^
3

~`^ q^j "}[ ~OQO


11= OK=~ }oH (200712) x z=i O=`~O
=y iH ~`^ q^j "}[ ~OQO u O`$H ~ O Q
H#Q`#k. Hx 201112 PiH O=`~O `e
J~ QO kOz# J`kH ~ ZQ=` =$kx, "`O
O=`~O uiy kOK J=H =`O JO`Q
HxOK_O ^ . ZO^=#O>, JH|~ 2011 #O_ Q`O
kOz# ~ O_OH ZQ=` =$k p *~ HkQ `y# @
Hx#k. nxH J<H H~}<~. WO^ Ju
=Y"# k J"iH ~} = xez=_O, =i
PiH OHO z# ~*< PiH Ja=$k ZO`
=`O HxOKH =_O. ~`^ ZQ=` ^ # =~#
D ~ O_ "}[ =^ WO`=~ OH #O_
HH^ . ~`^ q^j "}[ ~OQO XH i~, +`
Hey# q+ } # ~OkOK_xH =O^, =# ^O kOz#
"}[ Qux, ZQ=` ~OQO xf~# ijeOKe.
=YOQ 2008 <\ JO`~f PiH OHO `~ "u
i`xO\h iQ}#H fH"e. x[O KO>
JO`~f PiH OHO Oq Oz#_ O KOx Jx
^ U^ XH q^O Q ^|u<, ~` iqH "` ,
`O He D "# =~=O`OQ Z^~#_"
HO_, nxx XH KH x J=HOQ =Kx, O^
=~@# O^ L`` ZQ=`#, ``eHOQ
H #\ q" `H" # #`# ZQ=` x ~OkOz
J= iK~. nxH Q# 200914 PiH O=`~Q#
OK=~ q^j "}[ x ~OkOK~.
q^j "}[ =~ K
`Q 201011
PiH O=`~O ZQ=` Q`O Z#_ #O`Q, Q`
O=`~OHO> 37.5 `O JkH=$k ~@# kOK~.
201011 O=`~xH ZQ=` H O 200 ae# _~`
HQ, nxx JkQqOz P O=`~O 245.86 ae#

=$k~ @# ~` kOK_O W^ "^\ i. P O=`~O


kQ=` 350.3 ae# _~Q #"^~Ok. >_
_ \ 200809 118.40 ae# _~, 200910
109.62 ae# _~ HQ D @ 201011 PiH
O =` ~ O Q ` y , 104.2 ae # _~ Q
#"^~Ok. nxH ^^O K# ^q H H~} : 1.
~ ` O 2. L`` , =~@# q $` ~K _ xH
z`k` K# `. (3) OK PiH OHO
<^ O Q ^|u# ~OQH `O JOkOz# J^#
`H. nx`@ ZQ=` ~OQO OHuH x}`
O^ HO K\ # K~. ZQ=u^~ ~"}
=# `yOKH=_xH J=HO He `
x|O^## ~mH$`O K_O _ ZQ=` =$kH
^^O K~. D O^~ O Q `O " \# ~ O_
''ZH~ " +< O JOx ` HOQ qOKe.
D~O_ O =# #`# iqH "` H` =~\#
H` L``# H#Q#_O =~O aOzOk. #`#
iqH "` HO ` HOQ D "# ~OkOK~.
=~\# #`# O^ J<+OK_xH Q# J= ~z #
H =~\ O (Z.ZO.Z) ^~ 112 =~\
JO^@xH =K~. nx`@ Q`O < ZQ=`
J#"# 41 =~@ U1, 2011 #O_ =iO` J^#OQ,

l. Nx"<
x~ [~e, #_b
2012 |=i

XH `O _\ H_\ # =OE~ K~. J`kH


~ ~` ZQ=` "t Oz# =~\ =# L``
ZQ=` J=HO L#\H QiOz# ^ ` =
~ ZQ=`# OK_xH Q# H O^ `O ~ #
=O =~\ eOH_ H _H" (ZO.Z.
Z.Z.) # "\Ok. nx ^~ 27 ~<
x< ^ JH|~ 2010 #O_ =i 2011 =~
=~ 6< @ ~ _" _ ^ ~OQO ` ~ K =~
300 ~H L`` # `H ~~f ZQ=u K <
J=Hx ZQ=u ^~ HeOK~.
D Q qq^ =Ou` Y ik ZQ=`
x~OK L`u^~ O q[, K#
uO^#Q, i=, "}[ O Y~ ~#
=O \~ i~# q_^KO k. H O^ `
ikx U_ =Ou` Y O|OkOz# 23 QiOz#
JO ~~f W"x D i~ zOzOk. nx =#
= Q}hOQ `y ZQ=u ^~H =~ 2100
H@ ~"~ P^O a O k. J#=` =OE~
q+O =~ "@# _ ZQ=u ^~
H e OK~ . ZQ =u ^~ , _ l Z \ Of
H~ =^ =#= O|O^# ^ "# O` "~
`yOz Z@=O\ P@OH O_ WO~ ZH~ H_
(WW) J#=` ^~M #"^, *s HO P<<
JH+< eOQ ^x J^#OQ HeOK~. nxx
_lZ\ " \ ^~ O^=K#.
~` ^ ZQ=`# ~ \O K 500 ae<
_~ q"# L`` # ZQ=u K _xHQ# W\=<
H O^ "}[ =Ou` Y XH _ @r ~# q_^
KOk. nx=# ZQ=` ~Q^# "Q=O`O K
^ "# O`" ~ >_ _ \ # `yO K " @ a O k.
D @r 4 ^ # JO ^$+ iO k. Jq (1) ^q H
~ XH _H @rx J= ~ ~ . nx ik
=# i= L`u =~x OK_xH Q# WO[hiOQ
=i HqH =O\ ^# i= `y# K~#
K_ ` ~. (2) ~ O_= ~Q L`` ikx qi Oz, #`#
L`` ` sx K_ ` ~. ~## O=`~ Ja=$k
KOk# ^ kQ=`# `yO K< J=H<~. H#H
=# ^ L`` O K =~\ _=O_ iQ J=H,
ZQ=` ~Q^ J=H LO_=. JO`~f =~@
#O_ P~~ # W`~ ^ #O_ f="# \x Z^~O@
kOK= LO@Ok. D<^ O =# ^ ZQ=u^~
2012 |=i

#`# =~@ J<+} P, PH \< J"iH


^ =~@ ^$+ iOK= =O@Ok. D#`#
O` =# L`` =Oz _=O_ <Hx L#k.
(3) =_= ~ D@r i= OHuH i*#O
~~ =i ii _="O\ JO
_ `Ok. (4) ~` L`` O_ q=# OK_xH
\ +"# K~# K\x ukOK~. |~P
WO_ < O_~ (aSZ) ^~ L`` <}` =}#
"~Q~ ~ .
+ ZH<qH *< (*) q+ O _
g\x |`O K q+ O H O^ ` K~ # ==~O
KO k. ZQ=` H O` L`` ` ~ K i=
`y# ~ =eH ^ H#, iq
Z@=O\ J_O Z^~HO_ K__xH ` H K~ #
K_`<~. ZQ=u^~ J#=` HO qq^
H~ ~ Q `= # J=~O O_ *< Jx
# ~
K~ fO@<~. nx` "~ `=
i =x `= i= x~} <}"# L``
` sH ZQ =`# OK_xH H \~OK J=HO HeyOk.
P ^ `= ZQ=`# OK_xH `HOQ
<H`# ZH~ OQ *< (W[_) "_
q+ O ~` Jx ^H< =O^Ok. g\ ^#`#
KHO H`" QiOz# ~` `O, 1965<
P "@"^\ W[_# HO_ <HeOk. P
`~ "` =~ 7 O` _ <H~. ~` PiH
~OQxH q"# q^j =~H ^"x =~#
ZQ=`# `OK_xH Q#, J`^ xH su ZH~
Z<H " # =iO` \ + O K _xHQ# H O^ `O
+ ZH<qH *< H 2005# J#|O^ ~`
|=i 2006 " \O k. Q`O H O^O <He# 7
ZH~ OQ *< (W[_) # D K@O =z# `~ "`
+ ZH<qH *< (Z.W.[_ *) Q =~_O`
@, K\xH =O^ ~, " \ ~OQ iqH "`
<He# =~ 12 W[_# _ *Q =iOk.
P `~ "` JOk# 582 `* u^# _ H =O 7
O=`~ HO> ` = HO< Q`
#=O|~ =~ HO^O, J#=`
=OE~ KO k. WO^ 383 *#
<\ KQ, "\ 148 *
Wk=~H ZQ=`# ~OaOz Qu
^O ^x`<~.
5

JO^@x JkHiH Q}OH


"~ 2011 O|~ <Y~
^" O Q L# * 7 H 33
" =OkH <~ Q L^ Q aOK~.
"= ZQ=` 200910 ~. 2.21
H H@ HQ `~ "u O=`~O
Q}hOQ 43 `O iy, ZQ=` q= 201011
~. 3.16 H H@ KiOk. ` PiH O=`~O
20112012 ^= ~ QO (U O |~, 2011)
* #O_ ZQ=` "`O q= ~. 1.76 H H@Q
#"^~Ok. Q` PiH O=`~O 201011 ^= ~ QO
ZQ=`HO> Wk 26`O JkHO . ~`^ O x "`O
* 2011 O |~ <Y~ #"^# @|_
"`O ~. 2.77 H H@. H`Q <\ K# *
"`O @|_ ~. 2.58 H H@. JO`HO_ *
100`O q^j ` H @|_# P\"\H =~ ^~
J#=uOK_O Q=<~O. nx=# iqHOQ Ja=$k
kOz# Q[~`, `q<_, H~@H, PO^^ =O\
~ D q^j @|_` ^ PiH ~OQO JQ<xH
K~ < J=HO HeyOk. J# su Ja=$k k #
* q+ O H O^ "}[ =Ou` Y iQ ^$+
iOz, Jq =iO` Ja=$k KO^_xH `y# K~
fO@#k. Hx ^~^$+=` * i@ q
H\~O# Ok# Hx O P# "}[
J=~ Q# qxy#@ ^"OQ q=~
K~Q@O` nxH OkOz# `O, * =
H\~O q+O x|O^## Hi#`~O Kx
OHeOzOk. Jx J=H`=H# JiH_`, WH =O^
Z@=O\ JH= [~QO_ x~kOK_xH K~
fO@#k. *~` Q L# == =#
JH=OQ |=O`OQ Hi< ~x ^" O Q q=~
x~# `u # <^ O, u =e H~ * 5000
H~ q HiOK# K## q~qOKx *
=~ [< O QO HQ#O` "~ ^ "# O`
` = qx HiOKx `O x~~ OzOk.
"}[ =Ou` Y ux^ W`~ q+
^Ox qq^ O` Q *# O^iOz PiH
=lH i` # ijeOK~. D PiH "` ij#,
* <H# O`x xH [ PiH Qu
Q}hOQ HxOzO^x, x~^Q D * <~ Q#,
~HO Q# Lk aOzO^x PiH "` , g_ ux^
ij# "_~Ok. JO`HO_ xHOQ =eH
2012 |=i
6

^ " ~ Q _ @ O` #` # H~ H =
~O= =_O`@ [ H#Q H ~Q_ O ` =
qx Q O # =lH r=#O# Ja = $k K @
K #@Q += ~Ok. xH [ <}"# ^q H
"^ H~, q^O JO^@xH =K~.
*# <H_O =# L`` ZQ=`
Q}hOQ ~Q_O`@ W\= HO s
"}[O _ Q}h"# Ja=$k HxOzOk. W#~ +<
>Hr (S\) ZQ=` =YOQ S\ WO_H O|OkOz
~`^ O #O_ J=\ iOQ * ~ ~ ` q^j "}[O
=iO` =$k kOzOk. O K ^ s qs`" #
_=O_ L# ` ^ =# ^O #O_ S\ s
ZQ=` Q}hOQ iQ~. ~` #O_ 2010 11
O=`~O s ZQ=` ^~ 132 ae# _~
P^O aOKQ, J^ =O s kQ=`
nx JkH QO =O HQ, Hk "`O <\ ~
qye, == ZQ=` P^xH Wk J^#OQ HeOk.
H O^"}[ =Ou` Yx q^j "}[ qQO
JkH~ JOK<"~ , JH|~ 2011 #O_ ZQ=`
q= HO` `y<, P `~"` [#=i 2012 #O_ =$k
KOk, 201112 PiH O=`~O z=iH ZQ=` q=
300 ae# _~ K~ O@O^x P=O =HO K~.
~` ~~ q= `Q ` #O^# nx =O` `
PiH O=`~O ZQ=` ^~ aOK q^j =~H
^=O "`O `y< , 300 ae# _~ H O `y
=^O ^x q<~. Hx =K PiH O=`~O
(201213) q^j "}[ ~OQO X_^ _ Q~
J=H O LOk. JO` ~ f Pi H ~ O Q O Ja = $k
O@_# O^# ~*< OHO WO`=~ i~O
HH=_O =# D i` ~` ZQ=` ~OQxH
=Q qye J=HO L#k. Hx ~f
q+ =`O q+` K #=HO` L<~.
ZO^HO> 200910 ZQ=` =$k~ @ "# 3.5 `O
HQ D ~ @ 201011 Q "~Q_ 40.4 `O =$k
[iyOk. ` PiH O=`~O "^\ 8 < _~
q= P^~OQ =$k~ @ 33 `OQ #"^=_O =#,
O K^ ` ~` "}[ H~H Q Ja=$k KOk
Q}h"# =$k ~@ #"^=`O^x Pt<~.
OK ^ ~`Q J"OKh O@# Ug
[~Q O_ LO> =# ^ q^j ZQ=` =$kH Z@=O\
q `O HQ O_ "}[O *=Q H#Q`Ok.

J#"^O : Z<. |r~=

K "}[ XO^ ~`
K "}[ XO^# (Z\ Z ) ^~H=_O ^~

PQ ^ |$O^O (U+<) =O\q L<~.


JO^= g\x Of "}[ XO^Q _ ~ .
^ =^ \+ " # PiH, ~[H OQxH Of
"}[ XO^# `e ^Q iQ}~. Jq =iO`
=$kKO k L=_ OH qkO#, L=_ ^= K=}H
^if~. D XO^ "\= q` =~ P
|$O^ ^ KQ OKiOK_xH, q$` O Q "}[O
[~_ xH `^~ `= r=# =}# OKH=_xH
`__`~.
Z\ Z L^ =i Q`
"}[ XO^ `O F =eH `u O k.
J^=O> F z#|$O^Ox ^ =^ [ ^#`
LO_ K "}[ XO^ H< L| \F ^ =^
ki# |=Y XO^ "# " Jx. _| \F ik
|=Y L^~"^ "}*xH ^^O K q^#O
Jx\H< L`="O^x JO\~. ZO^HO> ^
xO\H ZO\ q=H O_ ~ ~O =~@ " xH
J#=uOK_O [~Q`Ok. =~" ^#` "}[
XO^ = ^#`# O^`# XH O`xH
=~= O`" # =~ `O #Oz kQ=`# =oOK W|Ok
Oz LO@Ok.
Z\ Z ik U~_ ^#` H~ =
XO^ `O x ^ K "}[ O`Ox
=~@ "tOKO_ J_O LO\~. JO^=
W@=O\ XO^ _| \F == =eH ` q~^O .
XH ^O `= "}[ Q= ^xH [#O HeQ
==iOz#C_ _| \Fx W`~ ^` _ J^
q^O Q ==iOKe. `^~ P ^h J`O` J#
^Q LO\~. J~` _| \F == D x|O^#
q#~O _ WOk. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ ` H
J= ~ , [<H O ^ #` X O^
J#=uOk.

`= ZQ=u =~@# qi OK< J=H HO qq^


^ K<~. Q_z# ~O_ ^ D X~=_
TO^Ok. WC_ `i`Qu # PiH Qu x kOK kQ
=~= # ^ H^ `<~. PiH= $k, ^iHx `yO K
< ~ O_ =Y"# JO D ^ Ja=$kH <^ OQ
=~~. ^ "}[ O~} q^< D ~ O_O\`
=__ L<~. D H = ^ Qu H ^^O K
L`u^~, qxQ^~ H =^ =~ PiH u Q` #
` ~O =~< OHO P ^ |OQ HxOk.
O K "}[ O (_| \F) HO^ 2011 #=O|~ =~
H\ O z# K "}[ XO^ OY 505 KiOk.
^ `= JOwHiOz# x|O^# K@s `
H@|_ LO_O^ Z\ Z ^^O K O k. JO`HH ~ ~
"}[ =$kx J_ O@# qq^~ H J=~^# =~Q
`yOK_O ^ iQ `yOK_O Ke LO@Ok.
XO^O Hx ^ J=~^O Q L# JO#
^`^O Q H#yOKe. P q^O Q `Ox ^`
e#C_ Z\ Z ^ ~~O XHi =~@
=~H~ "t OK_O ^~ [#O O^ g HQ`Ok.
J=~^# U "~ `yOKe, U ~OQ "}[O
[~e J<k P ^ =^ ki# K "}[
XO^O# P^~_ LO@Ok. D XO^ =eH ~O
^#` "}[ XO^.
^~}OQ Z\ Z ^~< ^ XH QoH
O`xH KOk#" LO\~. L^~} S~ x<
(W), L`~ J"iH K "}[ XO^O(<),

a K@s,
_ \ Zy \" _~ H~ , H\ WO@~+#
* *i, i~ J \, H\ JO`~f "}[
H O^O, PiHO =i ~=~}O
2012 |=i

P q^O Q O K "O Q K "}[ XO^


Q "KO^~. =~" 1995 _| \F U~_#
`~ "` |=Y "}[ == ^ OY, ^x
ik qi OzOk. "}[ XO^ ^O^`x QiOz
`e K _xH `= q=~}< L<~. |=Y
==` e#C_ ` = `O = OkO O,
qq^ ^ "} [ q^ < O ~ } # ` = _ O ,
J#uHO< =~\ i=}x OKH=_O, @|_
\eOkQ q^j W<~ # PxOK_O =O\ ^ # H~}
= Z\ Z # PH~ }
OQ =~< ~.
"}[ q^< J=# H@k@O K_xH
` ZZ # ^~O\~. *f~ `=
"}[ q^#O O~} u~QqOK J=H# |#O
K _ " "i L^ O. ZO\ J~ = iH O_
OkO [~_ O = "}[ O~}# `H fH
J=HO LO@Ok. Wk H =O \i `yO #H iq`O
HO_ YO_O`~ @|_#, = ~OQO "}*x
qi OK_O ^x Q.
JO`HH Z\ Z =$kH J<H ~[H L^ #
PkOK_O [~Q`Ok. ^ =^ ^` O|O^#
=iO` \ + O K _xH Z\ Z # `~K Q L yOK_O
[~Q`Ok. L=_ =#~# gHiOK_O , Of O
"x H\ OK_O ^~ q^j =C# ~^_O,
|=Y ~ L=_Q ^~ ~=_ =~x
OKH=_O =O\ H~} = W@=O\ XO^#
^ ~ H=_ O [~ Q `Ok. L^ ~ } J" iH`
e#C_ =~\ `= \ =~x OKH=_xH
J<H \< J"iH ^ `= `= J<H ^#`
"}[ XO^# (\ Z ) ^~<~. J~O \< ^H}

J"iH =~\ XO^O (=~~) ^~H=_O "#H


L# L^ H H " O k l Q^ = = ~ \
"t OK_xH ^#` aOK_O . ZQ=u a_# P~Q
K x H #_, J"iH K # ZQ=` J~O \< Q^ =
ZQ=` =CQ i}qOz# ^ D XO^O
kiOk.
J~` WH_ XH q+O Q=xOKe. |=Y
"}[ == =i Z\ Z XH q^" # =~^ ~ H `
P^~OQ xK~. ~ O_O\ L^ ^^ XH q^O Q
2012 |=i
8

LO\~. WzK< ^~} Z\ Z <k=O\k.


HH"} |=Y OpH~} [~Q_xH ^ =^
J=~" # O|O^# Z\ Z kK~. P q^O Q
Z\ Z H =O ~ O_ H =_ ^H iq`O HO_
J< H ^ = ^ OQ L# Of |$O^
qi<~.
~` PHOH =i J=H
[#~ Jy"O\ P< \i JO_ >_ (Q\,1947)
H XH># ~` P `~ "` Q\, _| \FQ
i=~# KO^_O ` HH ` +OzOk. |=Y "}[
O~} H Q `_@# JOkOK_" HH Q
[#O OkOk. 1990= ^HO z=i<\H ~`
`O ^#` "}[ O|O^ " "Q K_"
HH K~Q H` =~# J<+OK_O "^\ O k. ^x
e `OQ J<H Z\ Z , =Q PiH H~ XO^
k~~. =~< OkO ~ L<~.
ZQ=u =~@# qiOK# Ja+ "}[
q^< q+ O K~= K_xH P^~" O k. WC_
200914 O=`~ O|OkOz# q^j "}[ q^#O
J= LOk. ZQ=`# OK_xH gQ ~ " # ,
J#"# "`=~}O HeOK_" D q^#O H O. 2014
<\H ZQ=` 25`O "iH =$kx kOKx, 2020
<\H O K "}[O ~f "\# ~ \O K x
H OQ @ <~. ^O` @ ZQ=u O|Ok` =eH
^ # "~Q~K _ O , "}[ " @ K~ ^~
"^g =x `yO K_O , =~@ " x OKH=_O
=O\q D q^#O HH L^ . PH , \< J"iH,
U+ < =i =~= # O@ P ^ =~@
^$+x H OnHiOK_O ^~ ZQ=u =~@ "q ^ O HO
uOK#k ~` H O.
^#` "}[ XO^ ~` #_x
~ O_ ^ Q ql OK=K. =Hb# JO`~f i`
=i qq^ ~[H H~} e `OQ ^#` "}[
XO^# ^~H=_O "^\ ^. P q^O Q U~_#
XO^ 1949 U~_# ~`\< XO^O,
1950 ki# ^` < " f XO^O, 1975 ki#
OHH XO^O L<~.

~ O_= ^ 1993 ^H} ^#` "}[


XO^O kiOk. `^~ K "}[ XO^# ^~
H=_O ^$+x H OnHiOK~. WO^HO P XO^
= HeQ PiH [<# ^$+ LOKx ^j
OkO H J#O`~O Z\ Z x~
O fH=_O
[iyOk. J~` ~ O_= ^ OkO H P~OO
H=O HO^ `Ox =O`, "}[ O
ux^ =`" iq`"Ok. P `~"` XO^
=O _ W`~ |$O^# _ K~ H
K~ <~.
~`^ #=`~O Z\ Z 1998 _O|~ NOH`
kiOk. P `~ "` |OQM`O |~ OHuH =i
PiH H~xH =Y"# XO^O kiOk. 2004
|=i ki# D XO^O ~` `~" ^$+ (H
D) q^#O HH" # JOO. D XO^O ~H #
q^"` , "~=~, ` JkH~` _# x}
|$O^x U~@ K _O [iyOk. D |$O^O OkO
f~`##, XO^O ~~ Y# ^O KO k. P `~ "`
ki# XO^ 2003 WO_ ^~O_ Z\ Z ,
2004 WO_ "~ \ Z , 2005 ~` OQ ~
=^ ki# =Q PiH H~ XO^O =O\q ^ #OQ
KCH^Qq.
2005 #Oz W*, J<H O@ P =i
PH =O\ O^`~ =~@` "}[ XO^
^~H=_O Z< u^# =K~. W@=O\ H`
u^# `O S~ x<` OkO
[~_O XH\ . D HO 2009 n~HO @
uOz# `~"` Pu H+O g^ U+<` ki#
Z\ Z XH\ . `*Q =+` =Q PiH H~
XO^O kiOk.
K "}[ XO^ ^~H=_O ~`
OkO Ki`# ijeOz#@~` Q}h"# =~
=Kx `Ok. D XO^ ~H # "\ =O
_ |$O^ OKH=_O Q iyOk. JO` HH PiH
[< ^#O W=_" HH H# x~t OKH=_O
_ [~Q`Ok. JO`HH PiH, PiH `~ H ^#
=`x kOK H=O "}[ OkO ^O
L#`~ H@@# =i i}ux H#|izOk.
^O`@ ~Q^` PiH ^`x <~ _ O
HxOk. |OQ^ , < =i H< ` ^ HH
2012 |=i

[# (`Q) =i 2012 OzH q` x~}


` HOOQ "=_#Ok.
[# (`Q) U 2012 ` H OzH |_\
201213 ` HOOQ "=_#Ok.
[# (`Q) uH KO^ q=~, z~<=
=~, uH K~H =_O =O\ q+ =\_ ##
"~ 04023310162 O|Ok` =H` <~Q
=\ _ = K . [# uH K O ^ O |Ok O z#
q=~HO yojana_subscribe@yahoo.in H "~
K Q~
x~ Z_@~
"}[ K~ H#yO, ^H} K "}[
XO^O [=` xO_xH K~= K_O =O\q D
O`x O#O K _O s `# +OK_xH ~`
^O Q LO^< # OH ` Hx < ~.
=yO :
Q_z # ~ O_ ^ O K "}[O ` ~
Qu x kOK_O H =O "}[ POH # `yO K_" HH
L`u "~=_ =i H i=~# `=_O ^~
^"Ok. OK"OQ WC_ L`u H
` H ` =i q [ # [~ Q ` <~. Wk
=~= O`" # qh"# =i ` = Y~` x~OK
~ ~ K# =i O , ^ =~x x~~ OK W`~
JO# P^~_ LO@Ok. ~"} =i W`~ ~ ~
K# Y~ Q `Q~. ZO^HO> "}[O ~Q_ O =
PiH =$u [iyOk. Jk =iO` "}*xH, =~xH ^ifOk.
"}[ } ~Q_ O = =O Q `y ~Ok.
QO_x Qu KHx =O^ ^HOK_O Jx
^ ` xi B+^O . WC_ O K ^h Z\Z #
P^~_ `<~. D XO^ L`~H =O\q. O K
"O Q W^ f~ Q`Ok. ~` ^x x~H O K *^.
<\ O KO ~ ~O P^~_ @
O "= O. "~@"^
^~} _ `# ` `~ }O Ou # [~Q_ O
Z\ Z = Hey# =~ # i}=O WC_ ~`
=O\ =~=# ^ =O^# . Z\ Z J*O_#
PKiOK H =^ Jx H^. ^x ZO` Q L yOK
H"e J#k.
J#"^O : P~. =`
9

PiH |_\ ij#


~R `O u O=`~O "iH |_\# ukO

Y~ `k`~ Y~h }oH`~ |_\ ^ H =~.


^#OQ Ja=$k# qxyOK x^ }oH
^ H =~. ~R `O u U\ }oH Y~
HO HO^xH u^# =iOk. HO^ }oH
OO D u^## P"kOz# `~` HO^O WK
x^ , W`~ O #O_ f< ~} H O^O P"^O
WO k. "= OQ XH ~RO U q^O Q, ZO` "~ Ja=$k
k #_O ^ }oH |_\ # ijeOz K =K.
|_\ O|OkOz ` P^, =#
xOuOK JkH~O #== (#, #=O_e)
LO@Ok. #, #=O_e "~~Q ="O
J=`~ (Q=~~ O QO =O =`" ~ O_ #
He ="~~). |_\ u^# ~O_
"~ ~Q ="O J=`~. H#H |_\ u^## ~ O_
XH ~O W^~ =O` uk~ . ^~}OQ
PiH Y =Ou # |_\ O QO K~ . `O
x~
O "~ =~ =Ou #=O_e |_\ O Qx
K~ . ` u^# =QK~ `~` |_\ P"^O
a O k. lK ~ P"^O O_ `O Y~ KO^
g H^.
Q=~~ "`# O, ` O, Q=~~ H~O Y~,
# u (H~), Lu (_\ H~),
#=O_e K~ <, " K~ < "`< , ` , H~ ^ #
<=i, <=~ "`<, aH s Hq+<
Y~, ` ~}, ~} =_ KeO , H~ Y~
KiOKO^ lK ~ JkH~O ^ . D Y~ HO_
W`~ Y~HO lK ~ P"^O ` xiQ fH"e
LO@Ok. `O lK~ =iOK "iH |_\
^ #OQ =_ qQ LO\~. Jq. 1. Oz` xk

KO^, KiOKO^, P"kOK <O^ |=i. =i


< lK ~ ="# U~@ K O k. ^~}OQ
D =" =` 45 ~A@ LO\~.
`O ukOK "iH |_\ <Q JO H
LO\~. |_\ =" [iQ PiH O=`~xH (XH
HO_~ O=`~Ox U 1 #O_ =~\ HO_~
O=`~O =i 31 =~ LO_ HO XH PiH O=`~O)
O|OkOz# |_\ JOK<, =iOz# JOK< (|_\
Z" \ JO_ i"* _ Z" \) LO\~. JQ JO` =O^
PiH O=`~xH O|OkOz# P^, = "= H
LO\~. g\ ` @ ^ #" # JO O =K Pi H
O=`~xH O|OkOz# |_\ JOK< (|_\ Z" \)
LO\~. `O `*Q ukOK |_\ JOK<<
=QOQ K~ [~Q`Ok. |_\ =" =i 31 `
=Q ~ . U 1 #O_ H` Pi H O =` ~ O
~O==`Ok H#H, =i 31 ~u =~H H` |_\
u^# P"^O fH=_" HO_, ^= qxQ
a _ P"^O fH"e LO@Ok. ^= qxQ
a =i 31 ~u =~ P"^O aOKH ` `
Y*< #O_ x^ # =O KO^ gH^. JO^H
|_\ u^# # =QOQ KiOKO^ gQ
| =i< |_\ # uk~ .
~R `O ukOK |_\ ^ #OQ ~ O_
~H = LO\~. XH\ }oH (<) |_\ . ~ O_k
}oH`~ (<<<) |_\ . ` |Ok "`< , W`~

Oe ~H
< ~K~ u
2012 |=i

10

(H<e_>\ O _). 2. PQO`H xk (HO\O*h O _). 3.


aH M` (aH O _).
1. Oz` xk :
~R `xH aOK "`O P^x Oz` xk
JO\~. H O^ `O #O_ aOK QO@, # ^~
aOK P^O, g, A
, "~ ~ O #O_ HiOK
x^ , ~} `k`~ =~ aOK x^ h Oz` xkH
=~. Oz` xkx =m =_ QQ ~O\~.
(J) ~ "# M`
J=HO #, "}[#, qt, ZH * ^~
aOK P^O, "< #, O_\, il+#
P^O, W`~ ## ~"# P^OQ iQ}~.
`O WK ~} aOK =_, @|_, =^# O
aOK _q_O_, q^~ #O_ qq^ ~ =K P^O.
J_= ^~ aOK P^O, H O^O #O_ aOK QO@,
H O^ `O = K #, OH ~xH aOK
"\ `k`~ Y~ h ~ "# M`H =~.
~ "# Y~
qq^ Y x~} J Y~, H$ u" s `
=O K> H K~ , * , = <, ~_
`k`~ P =~=`, x~} K Y~ ~"#
M`H =O k. `" # P U~~K H< Y~ ~ "#
M`Q KC H=K. ~ "# M`H =K P^O HO>
Y~ Z=Q LO> ~ "# @ J=`Ok. P^O HO>
Y~ ` =Q LO> ~ "# qQQ ~O\~.
=^# O M`
@|_ Y~# =^# O M`Q ~O\~.
q +` `xH P^O aOK `" # P #
U~~K_ O , HiOK_O , xiOKO^ J Y~ =^# O
M`H =Ok. h\~^ * x~}O, q^`
* x~}O, = < x~}O ~_ x~}O, =
H~}, qq^ O > @|_, `k`~ `"#
P HO K Y~ =^# O M`Q ~O@<~. g\
^~ aOK P^O =^# O M` K~ `Ok.
~} M`
`O qq^ O WK ~}, "\ =,
`O f< ~}, "\ KeO , =_ `k`~h
~} M` K~` ~.
11
2012 |=i

2. PQO`H xk
` J`=~ J=~ HO Ke# Y~
PQO`H xk (HO\O*h O_)H =Ok. `O
=O^Q TOKx Y~ D ^ H =~. JO^H Oz`
xk #O_ HO` "`x H \ 'PQO`H xk ~`
^~ . WO^ lK ~ J#=u LO@Ok. J#HO_
`O K e# Y~# D xk #O_ L yOKO\~.
aH M`
"~ ~ ~ `xH aOK ` H x^ #
`O x= K, xs` Q_=Q =m uiy P
O , = ^~ x^ # Ke ~ . xH O
M*< LOK x^. L^Q q_O\ O_ (Z)
HO\H~ , =~ , "~ `k`~ KeO K _l@
aH M` x= LO\~. D xk< aH M` JO\~.
z# "` ^ ^~ ~R `xH aOK x^
_ W^ M` [= J=`~. D x^ "= OQ ~R
` x^ H=. J~` ` Y*< LO__O = D
x^ # `O qxyOK#\H, uiy xs` Q_= Q
P O , = KeO Ke LO@Ok. aH M`
lK ~ J#=u J=~O LO_^ .
aH M`` @ `O _l@, J_#
O_ `k`~ ~ HiO k. g\x _ xs` Q_= Q
uiy KeO Ke LO@Ok. D x^ # _l@, J_#
^ [= K~ .
JQ ` M*< #O_ HO` xkx 'i[~ xkQ
U~@ K~ . D xkx J`O` P=H iu =`"
` J=~ qxy~ .
PiH iu
PiHY =Ou # ukOK |_\
O QO ~R PiH iu x OQ q=i~ . ~ "#
P^x, ~ "# Y~ u^## PiH =Ou q=i~ .
}oH, }oH`~ q=~ LO\~. QO@ _=O_
q=i~ . |_\ JOK< J#|O^ LO\~. h\~^,
q^, "^ O, OH = O, Ja=$k, ==O, == J#|O^
~OQ, q^` `k`~ ~OQ O|OkOz# |_\ q=~
LO\~. OQ |_\ (|_\ W< c) LO@Ok. x~}
|_\ LO@Ok.
J#|O^ ^ _ |_\ LO\~. lK ~
XH ~OQxH P"kOz# |_\ iH~<, `O H`Q
U^< ^H " \< PQO`H xk #O_ x^ # =O

K J#|O^ ^Q # =iOz P"^O =Ou P#O ~=<~}~_ P<_ "_ O K~. D H


fO\~.
O|OkOz# `*q=~ PiH Y =Ou 2012 |=i
"iH |_\ # # P"kOK =O [iQ |_\ =" O^~ O Q # "_ ~ .
~ O_ ^ K~ [~Q`Ok. ^ # |_\ u^#
201011 PiH O=`~O PO^^ |_\
P~ ~A@ K~ [~Q`Ok. [iQ K~ PiH u^# (aW) 1,13,660 H@ ~Q LO@O^x
Y =Ou =^#O K|`~. J~` |_\ ZO\ F\OQ qOKQ, nxx =iOz# |_\ (i"* Z" +< P~.W.)
LO_^ . |_\ ^~} K~ `~` qq^ Y x^ # 1,11,056 H@ kOK~. 201011 "= H
=OE~ K x H~`, P Y =O` `= `= _ 2012 |_ \ = " O ^ ~ O Q P#O
Y Y~ O|OkOz# QO@# uk~. D ~=<~}~_ "_ ~ .
O^~ O Q P Y xf~ O|Ok` =Ou q=i~ .
=O^ JOK< H~O *f`u =$k~ @
qq^ Y QO@ 18 ~A@ K~ [~Q`Ok. =O` l_ 201011 O=`~O 8.58 `O LO@O^x JOK<
ukOz# QO@ H` f~<# ukOK=K. " Q, ~ROx L`u =$k~ @ (lZ_ ) 200910
^~}OQ H` f~<# ukOz<, Jq O=`~O 4,75,267 H@ ~Q LO@O^x
gy`~.
JOK<" Q, 201011 O=`~O Wk 5,65,066 H@
^= qx= a lK~ P"^O aOz# ~ ~Q`O^x JOK<"~. W\= "_ ~ #
`~` Q=~~ P"^O `eK~ . # P"^O `~` H H~O lZ_ 5.67,636 H@ ~x
^= qx= a# Q=~~ O~ . Q=~~ P"^O` "_ ~ #k. JO> 200910 O=`~O` e 201011
^= qx= K@OQ ~O^`Ok. P `~` H` O=`~O D ~Q^ 18.03 `OQ LO@O^x qOKQ
O=`~O ` P^O Y~ ~O= =`~.
JO` qOz #"^ H=_O Q=<~O.
200910 O=`~xH 1,05,143 H@` "iH
|_\ ~H #
PO^^ ~R `O 201213 O=`~xH |_\ # uk, }oH 41,891 H@, }oH`~
O|OkOz# "iH |_\ ~H # KOk. ~R PiH =O HO 63,252 H@ ~ H\~OK~.
Y=Ou P#O ~=<~} ~ _ qq^ Y =O``, 200809 O=`~xH 1,00,436.54 H@ ~`
L#`kH~` D JOO W\H J<H ~ |_\ # ~OkOz# q+ O Q=<~O. 200809 O=`~O
=" x~Oz KiOK~. "iH |_\ ZO` LO_# |_\ 9,545.45 H@ ~ H` qk , 90,891.09
JOO OH+OQ KiOz x~~OKO^ H~` H@ ~ kOK~.
PO^ ^ Y*< O|OkOz 200607 #O_
K < ~.
201112 O=`~xH PO^ ^ "iH |_\ # ~ q# qQ ``Ok. 200607 2,807 H@ ~
1,28,542 H@ ~` ukOz# q+ O Q=<~O. ~"# qQQ `eOk. 200708 O. 451 H@
201112 O=`~O "iH |_\ #O_ }oH =xH ~ qQ L#@ `O "_ O zOk. 200809
47,558 H@ ~, }oH`~ =xH 80,984 H@ 1004 H@ ~ ~ "# qQ `eOk. 200910
~# H \~OK~. PiH O=`~O z=~ 3,826 1254.96 H@ ~ ~ "# qQ LO@O^x JOK<
H@ ~ ~ "# qQQ ``O^x ^=@ ( " Q 1230 H@ ~ qQ `eOk. 200910
_\) 17,602 H@ ~Q LO@O^x 2011 12,092 H@ ~ ^=@ LO@O^x JOK<" Q
|=i |_\ u^# "_ O K~. ^=@ ~R
Wk 14,010 H@ KiOk.
"iH L`u <Q`O =~ LO_=KO@ H O^ `O
201213 PiH O=`~O ~ "# M` QiOz
J#=uOzO^x, JO^= xs` ^=@ H< `# ^= qx=O QiOz PiH Y =Ou ~=<~} ~ _
ukOz# |_\ ^=@ 2.95`O =`" #x PiH `# O QO "_ ~ .
2012 |=i
12

==``
ZQ=` XH ij#
FO ^=OQ KO> ^ == L``
ZQ=` `HOz Q_z# ^| HO Q}hOQ
iQ~. ~f L`` ^`, HOQ =}
"~Q~K _ O `@ H~ \ ~H} HeOK_O =O\
JO `O f# Z< K~ , K# ^ WO^
H~}O. W_H ~## O=`~ =# ==``
ZQ=` =iO` ZQ=# Q#<~.
==# "`=~} i` HO_ [
=#~ =$k = qq^ ~H# == q+O
O KO< ~`^ O Ju^ L`u^~Q LOk. H|i,
=q_, J~\ , , _ L`` , r_ , ^<,
JO, , # qi L`u =# ^x^ JQ#O.
WH =i, Q^ =, OK^~, u, O_, ~Q ~O Q#
=#O ~ O_ #O L<O.
=# PiH == ZO` HH"# == ~OQO
^O x 60 `O =r= ` H Lk HeOk. *o,
[#<~, OK^~ =O\ ^ # i= <kQ LOk.
*f`u 17 `O ==O, ^x J#|O^
~OQ "\ HQ, ~` =` ` "`O ZQ=`
25 `O D ~OQ KOk#".
ZO` q"# == L`` ZQ=u
^<x `O QiOzOk H|> WO^HO 1985<
XH `H O`OQx U~@ KOk. J^ '==,
kK# P~ L`` ZQ=u Ja=$k kH~ O
(J_). ~" O@ K# K@O ^~ J=H =z# D
O, H O^ "}[ =Ou` Y ik xK O k. `e
O=`~ ZQ=u^~ =~\OQ, HOQ `k`~
=^` `@ tH}
W=_O D O ^$+ H OnHiOzOk.

JQ U ^ ZO\ L`` ZQ=u J=H


=$kQ LO\ QiOK_O _` =zOk.
g\ =OO, O_, ~Q, u aO, `=
lQ~ =O\q Hx.
O K "}[ O `# O, O pH~} e `OQ 1990
^HO =^ HO =$H O|O^ =~^~H, =~\
JO^@, JxOu` OH =O\ J_O q
"}[O |"# ` +OKQ~. nO`@ P~
^`# ~"HOK '= q+}, xO`} HO^O
(K ) =O _ | OQ =iOk. g\
~ =#OQ ^O x P~ L`` kQ=u K < ^
Hi# "# <}` =} J#Q}OQ LO_ q^O Q =#
`O `# H~H# =iO` L#`~ x~OKe
=zOk. W^O` U ~ yO^ J_ K~ < J` us
q=iOK~... i= U~@ ^^ J^ #O #Oz
14 L`` O|OkOz Jq JO`~f =}#
\OK ^ =OKe =zOk. D *a` O_,
~Q, _, H L`` , `$}^<, L^#O@
`k`~<~.
` H$+ ZO`Q e OzO^O> =# ^O #Oz J_
^~ 198687 ~.582 H@` "^# P~ L``
ZQ=` J<H ~ @ iy 201011 ~.40,242 H@

On ^
< ~K~ `
2012 |=i

13

^ ~. WH ~ Pi H O =` ~O#
ZQ=` i=}O =iO` =$k Hx O ^x JOK<.

u... ^# K^HH
Q_z # ^|O J_ ^~ ZQ=` ~Q_ O
=Y qH +OzOk QO^O "^[ <}"# u
a". O*, ~< ~`@ L`~ ^ x Hx
O` =`" ^ #OQ D =i ~Hx QK~ . u
x =iO` q $`OQ HH =~@ f"_ O
` O ZO` K~ = f Ok. D a xH n
J~a Q ^, W~<, S~, J"iH KH \
O_ q=# kOKQe yOk. nx= ^ =O^ 5
H @# iq`"# u aO ZQ=`
201011H 20 H @# iQ~. H~h q=
~} K 200607 Wk ~.2,792 H@ HQ
201011 <\H 10,578 H@ ZQOk. u`~
aO 2008 ~` `O POH qkOKH= O^ D
~OQO =# "iH ZQ=` q= ^^ ~.8 " H@Q
LO_k. W_ u axH =#^O< HO_
q^# QoH QiO, ~H}
, `O HO `O
U\ Q}h i=}O PiH =#~ =~Ok.
JO`H^... u ~# =~ ^O # =~=~ #"^
K HO_ ~ "HO K_xH XH O K ~ x O#
_ xqOzOk.
L^# L`` QiO ==
==, P~, L^# L`` kQ=u K <
^ i` , =$H O |O^ i^` O|OkOz Hi#
xO`}, <}` =} \OK_O ~OaOK~.
D <^ O `* O_ ~OQO J_ 200607 'Q<\
i@ iH` "~ OHuH i*<x "\Ok.
JO` =O^ O_ ~Q=O^ J=# xOuOK
~"HH == < nx "x ZQ=u ~OQO
Q=O` QuOK~. D " ~ q^<x ^H ZQ=u
~ ~ ^~ $OY == Q" # ~ ` , L^# qQO,
<}` sH Q =O\q _ J#iOK~.
Q<\ q[O` ^H, ^x=, "~ #Q W`~ Ok
L`` # ~Q=O^ J= ~ "H} # nx HO^H
`K~.
S~ `k`~ kQ=u ^ J`O` Hi#"#
^ gH~}
_=O_ ~Q_ O = =# `O ^O #Oz
2012 |=i
14

ZQ=u J Jx L^# O@ F iH` QiO ==#


U~@ K `\O k. ` O ^H, ^x=, "~ #Q,
W`~ Ok L`` ==# _ nx ikH K~ ~ .
JQ J"iH, S~ ^ L#` q=Q =q_
ZQ=` HO O_# J`O` P^xH ^u k
KO^ <H x Q" =^Q J} i^#
H O^O (~) J_ H~O` H~}
H ~ }
H ==#
U~@ KO k. WH_ U\ 500 @# =q_x kK
^ <~. D K~ x\ = ~` =q_ O_
H<Q =Oz ^~ # ~|@Q Q`<~. =# ==`
` ZQ=` W#=_~K `O "# ==
^u (rU) =}O ^$+ iOzOk. `^~ ~`
L`` S~, J"iH Ja=$k KO^`# ^
qxQ^~ P^~}
aOK K_@O WO^ Q" .
~Q`# =OO L`` ZQ=u
=OO q+ O `O fO@# qq^
^` K~= j`bHiOz# =OO ZQ=` ~OQ
~Q`<~. J~^ HO^@ (200607) ~.3,279
H@ q"# =OO L`` ZQ=u HQ, Q_z # PiH
O=`~O ~.6,285 H@ ~Q_ O `O fO@#
K~ ` e `" . S~ =Y ^ Hh J= ~
(ZOP~Z) q+ O =#O H ~< =# ^O #Oz
O_, ~Q ZQ=` U\ Q}hOQ ~Q`
Q_z # <Q 20 `O =$kx #"^ K _O` "iHO Q
~.3200 H@ ^~.
Ok L``
~`^ O #Oz i` L`` ZQ=u H O` *f
Ok L`u H~H=x (Z<F) ^|O HO^@
~OaOK~. P `~` #Oz qxQ^~ =~
Q H~H# WO>~ \^~ QiOKQ =Q " P^i`
'><\ "~# Q` O=`~O "\~. Ok
L`` ZQ=uH ` O J= L# ^ gH~}
==#
D ><\ "~ =iO` =O^ f"`O^x
q< ~. Ok L`` L`^#, ^ gH~}
, ZQ=u
q=~ O|OkOz# JnH$ `, `* q=~# P<< ^ ~
x~OKO^ D == ZO` HiQ LO@Ok.
H i # " # <}` = } \ # O^ = S~
Hq+<` @ J"iHx Ok L`` HH ZQ=u
H O^ Z<F H QiOxK~. `^~ S~ =Y,

QO^ ^"

@~O_ #Oz =#~, J"iH #Oz ^gH~}


JOK< q+ O QiO kOz# "@" ^\ P
YO_ ^O ~` =`" . `O f# D K~
e `OQ J"iH, S~ ^x Ja=$k KOk# q}
=# Ok L`` q $` P"^O aOk. nx=
~## J~^ ~` Ok L`` ZQ=` q=
100 H@ J"iH< _~ ~x Hz`OQ JO^O@O^x
JOK<.

J_ ^~ qq^ L`` ZQ=` HO_ Q_z #


J~^ QO^ ^" ZQ=` Q}h ~Q^#
#"^K~. g\ "iH =$k Q@
# K q=~O Q
21 `O, i=}O s` 8 `O"~ ~Q^ #"^O k.
~` #Oz QO^ ^" ZQ=` 201011
i=}O, q= s` H` iH~ $+O K~. D *a`
qi, , qi, JO, zO`O_, Hug~,
rH~ `k`~<~. =# ^O #Oz 200910
~.5,560.50 H@ q"# 5,02,750 @# QO^ ^"
ZQ=u HQ, 201011 ~.6,840 H@ q"# 5,25,750
@# "~ iy, 5 `O =$kx #"^ KO k. "`O g^
O K QO^ ^" "~O i=}O s` 48 `O,
q= ~} 44 `O "\` Ju^ ZQ=u^~Q ~`
QiO OkOk.

q~ }
=H
Q_z# J~^ == L`` ZQ=`
Q}hOQ ~Q_ O = =K S^ HO D i=}x
=iO` Oz ~.H H@ K~ = H"x `O H OQ
@ Ok. Ja=$k KOk# ^ y# ZQ=` i=}O
200304 =O^ 20 `O =`" HQ, J_
~ "H}
H~H Q_O = Q_z # J~^ Wk
=~ 35 `O Z=Q #"^=_O Q=<~O. W^ "Qx
H#yOKQe y` J_ LxHH =z =~ J~^ =_
^ ~
iH "`O ZQ=` i=}O =iO`
Q}h"# =$k #"^ J=H<~. J~`, J_
ik 80 ^ ~` #Oz J<H L`` ZQ=u
J=`#\H OK~ 'kK# == L``
"}[O =# "\ H =O 1.6 `" . =# ^O #Oz
Q O_, ~Q ZQ=` 63 `xHQ kQ=u
K O@#k 15 ^ =`" . D *a` n J~a,
<> _ J~ Zq~\, <> _ HOQ_" (a@<), |OQ^ ,
^H} H `k`~ ^<~. =~\# Q}hOQ qi O
K H=_O HO ZQ=` `H O`OQO =iO`Q
H$+K
e# J=~x Wk +O KOk.

H
H ~ Jk H ~ H ^ # O H ~ O ... W\ = e
O=`~ H ZQ=` `H~OQ L<~.
i=}O s` 200607 #Oz 201011 =^ HO
U\ 2.27 `O =$k #"^O k. JQ ZQ=` ~|_
~O Q# 10.62 `O "~ =iO` =$k kOK~. W^
==k x\ q= (kQ|_/H) 8.1 `O "iH
~Q^# K`Ok. i=}O (2,94,362 @#),
q= (~.3,305.58 H@) s` 201011 H
ZQ=` =##_ #O` J`kH ~H K~~.
=~= # O=`~O# U #Oz #=O|~ =^ ZQ=u
J#=` P[#HOQ ~Q` 2,28,578 @# Ki,
~.3,139.58 H@ ~|_ kOK~.

J~^ HO J_ ZQ=` f~
O=`~O
201011
200910
200809
200708
200607
200506
Q}OH: J_
2012 |=i

ZQ=`
(~.H@)

=~ (`)

40,242
36,294
36,294
31,870
21,805
18,782

15.50
4
13.88
46.00
16.00

Q
Q ZQ=` *f PiH == 201011
J`kH ~ P^O =i \~. Q~ @ J=HO
H O^ OHO^~ `O ~.13,500 H@ q^j =~HO
PiOzOk. JQ Q, Q L`` ZQ=u ~}
=~ ~.4,163 H@ P^O aOzOk.

J#"^O : S. H$+"<
15

O K "}[ O ~`^

Q=O
O K "}[ O XH JO`~f O. Wk ~*
JOwH~O` JO`~f "}[ x~} Hx x=
x|O^## U~@ KOk. qq^ "}[ XO^
O`H K# ~* =^ =K q"^# Wk
i+iOk. nx ^# HO^O @~O_ ^O *h"
#Q~O =Ok. WO^ WO`=~ 153 ^ ^Q
K~~. ` O O K "}[ O _~ H~ [#~Q
q xK < ~.
O K "}[ O# OK#OQ 1 [#=i
1995 ~OaOK~. nx JkH~ +Q WOw+ , O z,
x+# QiOK~. WO^ =~ 630 =Ok L^Q
xK < ~. nxx ~OaOz#\ #Oz ~ =[O
qq^ Q, ``~ O Z< x~# `e
*<~.
O K "}[ O - Ki`
SH~[ qu # =" XH># 1944
[iy# a@<L _ ="O JO`~f "}[ O#
U~@ K x ukOzOk. ~* =^ "}[
x~} O|OkOz# x= x|O^# ~H< nx
^ O. 1948 =i < "< [iy# SH~[qu
Lk ="O O K "}[ O K~~ # JOwHiO
zOk. Hx nxH J"iH OH ~ ZQ= J~#
<\ x~HiOK_O ` Wk J=H ~^ . nxH ^ #
H~}O JO`~f "}[ O J=H = ^
"~#, "i O# Wk xOuO^< J"iH
"~ <H# O^# H~}O. ""xH
"~Hx =~H + #Q~O 15 U 1994# O K "}[
O U~@ O`H [iQ~. =~H + XO^O H =O
[#~ Jy"O\ P< \i JO_ >_ K# H$+ e `" .

=~H + XO^O Q\ XO^xO\h O K "}[ O


qb#O K WOH J<H #`# XO^#, =YOQ
JO`~f "}*xH J_O Q L# "}[~" # "^
O|O^ P, = "^Q-"\ XO^O
^~Ok. '`^~ =~H "}* =# OHuH~ " #
x|O^# # `yOz#@~Ok. u ~[O H =O UXH
"}[ XO^O =`" QO HO_ JO^~ Jx
XO^ q+Q Q=~. JO`~f "}[
O x XH JO" # '"}[ OH ^~} XO^
J#|_ Q\ =`" ~* P"^O OkOk. Q\
ik "`O 8 =" [iQ~. WO^ z=i^# L~Q
8= ~O_ ="O JOu= K@O U 1994=
O=`~O 124 Q\ ([#~ Jy"O\ P< \i JO_
>_) ^ O`H K _O = O K "}[ O
U~_Ok. Q\ x=#, XO^# O K "}[ O
P"kOzOk. Q\ HO> O K "}[ O K a#"# k.
'~`^O ^qH ^OQ _O|~ 30, 1994#
XO^O JO# X#k. O K "}[ O 1
[#=i 1995 #Oz `# q^ # x~Ok.
Q`O =# Q\ "= OQ XH O H^. Wk
H =O K@ ~ " # ~ @. O K "}[ O `" #
@=O\ ==. Wk O K "~x, q^j @|_x, "^
Ou # i~HO K_O =Y"# ` =O k.
Q\ K@ ~ " # ^ =O_k H^. Hx O K"}[
O K@~"# ^ HeOK~. | XO^
O|OkOz# x=, ^` Q\ O^iK~. g\
O`H K#"~ =`" H@|_ =O_e Hx W`~
x=#, ^` # \OK=# J=~O ^ . O K

". =O^~, _ P k _~" O\, e\H <


PO^ = =Hl, ^~^
2012 |=i

16

"}[ O x XO^ `" # q. U ^O J~< 6. H#Q Ja=$k ~=~}, "~ q^< =^


"\x JuHqOz#@~` tH J#qOK=O^. OK
J#O^#O U~~K_ O .
"}[ O `O Ok# ~* =~H "}* O K "}[ O q^
J#iOK=# ^qH x|O^# Hx =<~. Jq (Z) | "~ XO^, O P , i#
U=#Q
"^~# "\ HO H~# HeO k.
1. "~ == q=H` _ LO_~^. XH ^O =~ (a) ~ "= xH, ` H~}
, _ L`` , =
^ == , = @ q=H K~^. JQ U ^O
=OO "^~# "~ O|Ok` XO^
=~ ^O @ q=H K~^.
J=~" # i#, J= q^#O U~@ K _O.
2. "~ == K `O`` _Hx =O_e. () =Ou=~ ="O x~~OK# XO^#
OH W`~ iq` _ K iq`OQ =O_e.
f~<# ^ =^ Uq^OQ J=K
"}[O iq` OQ =O> JO`~f "}[O
"\H H=# ^ # HeO k.
~Q`Ok.
(_) `Q^ i~ XO^xH O|OkOz# x=#,
3. "~ ==# JOK<" Q u =O_e. JO>
^` # J=Q# K H=@O.
q^j HOh, ` J~O`~OQ "~O (W) OK PiH q^< ~H# OK O,
iq` qkOK_O K~^. =~@ |~OQOQ
JO`~f ^=xk, "\ J#|O^ O O K
=O_e.
"}[ O HiO k.
4. "~ == #Oz |~OQ \x PxOKe. O K "}[ O x~}O
Ja=$k Q ^ [<# "~ == =O` ="O
H_kQ =O_e. JO> Ja=$k KOk# ^ #Oz D q"^ i~ O O
~*# H_\xH J<H ~~f# HeOKe.
^~} Hx
O K "}[ O - P
"~ "}[ gH H q^# O O
OK "}[ O ^qH XO^O< ^x = "~ Hx
P # O^iK~. Jq
"^~" # P Hx
1. JO`~f "~O, PiH Ja=$k ^~ O~ = "~ Hx
=^y`# kOz, [ r=# =}x, OOkO qq^ = Hq\
K@O` @ = = L`ux, "~ x[ P^x, qq^ = Hq\
~H _=O_# JkHO K _O.
qq^ = Hq\
O K "}[ O J`#` q^# x~ H O
2. H#Q Ja=$k HO O KOx =`^H =#~#
Ja+}OQ =yOKHx, ~=~}O i =O` ="O . Wk ~ O_ O=`~ HHi ="=
~HO KHx ~H~ H # JO Ja=$k kOKH=_O. =`Ok. | "}[ XO^ O|OkOz =O`
3. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ PiH Ja=$k` @ ="O x~ fO@Ok. ~A"s =O`
JO`~f "~O "\ "\ iQ q^O Q J# ="O H~H=x\h O K "}[ O ` HOz
=_ Q x~~.
"# q^< K@
_ O .
1. ^~} Hx.
2. q"^ i~ O O
4. JO`~f "~O Jx ^ =^ ~ ~ H~ 3. "~ q^# gH O O
"x OOkOz, OH# W` ~ "~
D =_ O # O K "}[ O x
u|O^H# `yOz `H O^q^OQ ~*xO\H `O LOk. Hx u O O qq^
^ # =~_O.
x|O^# H~O =" [~`~.
5. Q\ =#@=O\ | XO^ "~x |~ 1. ^~} Hx : Wk *h"x OK "}[ O
~m H~}
PiH q^< ^~ O K ^# O \` J`#` q^# x~ H O O. O K "}[ O q^ #
x~OK_O Wk x~O`~O =" =O@Ok.
~K _ O .
17
2012 |=i

2. q"^ i~ O O : ~* `xO\H OHO H =O 6 `O =Ok. O K "}[ O ^O


WO^ `O =Ok. ^~}OQ ~i ^ P ~ J~# `~ "` OHO 67 `O x~~ OK#k. U^<
L^y u ^O `~ # ux^ O =_ .
^O OHO i^# x~~ OK# `~ "` "xHO>
3. "~ q^# gH O O : O K "}[ O ^~} Z= OHx qkOK_xH g^ . ==`~ ==
Hx "~ q^# gH O OQ ="O J=`Ok. q+ O Hx q#~O` ` ~ # == 40 `O,
WO^ _ Jx ~* =# ux^ O =O@Ok.
=^ `~Q u == , O`, O` iH~, "^~#
"~ Hx : ^~} Hx HO^ "~ Hx "\ 25 `O q= P^i` OHO qk O k.
xK~. WO^ 3 ~H# "~ Hx =<~. = 2. i}=`H xO`} : ~`^O q^j "~
"~ Hx, "~ O|O^O "^~"# P =`` \ H 1997= O=`~O O K "}[ O
Hx, = "~ Hx. Q\ XO^# J= K _O kQ=` i}=`H xO`}# `e* 8 JOH
= "~ Hx ^ `. O K "}[ O "^~" #
~ 2,714 ~H OH# ^$ gHiOzOk. ~`^ O
P , "\H O|OkOz# "~O, >O@, "~ , H q^j "~ =` \ H# "~Q~K_xH
JkH~ , H~H "~ O|O^ "^~"# i}=`H xO`}# ^"sQ `yOKx q^j
P Hx HO^ =~. ^~}OQ = ~OQ "~ KeO xO`} Hq\ zOzOk. J"iH, ~`
^~} "~ XO^ = "~ Hx HO^ ^ =^ U 1, 2001 =~ i}=`H xO`}#
=~. D =_ Hx H O Q K = `yOKx XO^O ^~Hx, ZQ=u-kQ=u q^#O
O =<~.
2000 714 JO, ZQ=u-kQ=u q^#O 2001
O K "}[ O =" - JO
715 JO i}=`H xO`} `yOK~.
=" O=`~O O
ukOz# JO 3. "~ O|Ok` "^Ou (\.P~.S..Z)
~` `O 1970 "^Ou K\x U 19,
1. 1996
OQ~ q = }O,
@|_, *o, =K~ 1999= O=`~O H=# =~} KOk. =~\
# =`" He 1999 "^ Ou K@ =~}#
OHuHO.
2. 1998
*h"
L~Q ~O_ JO ~" O\ P"kOzOk. nx `~ "` 2002# K\x " \
3. 1999
@ =#=, ~ O K "}[ O XO^O H~O, L`u "^Ou
# ~` `O _O|~ 23, 2004# Pi<< *sK
=~} i~H}

4. 2001
^(H`~) @|_, \, "~ [#=i 1, 2005# K@O KO k. "^ Ou K@O 2005
H~O _Q , ~\H L`u "^ Ou #
^, `
HeOK~. ^x ^$+ =OKHx "H ~H qa#"#
H ~ } , ~ =~ } O x~ x f <~ . nx H O " H ~ H #
" ^ # "\ ~HO KH=_xH, PQ 2001# ==^~ ~H}
K\x
OkO
~" O@ P"kOzOk.
5. 2003
H<<
^ = " O x 4. "~ O|Ok` @|_H=< (\.P~.S.ZO.Z)
JO ~Qq.
@|_ H=< XO^O HO^ Ja=$k
6. 2005
OHOQ == H ZQ =u KO^`# ^ 5 O=`~ _O|~ 31, 1999 <\H
a_
@|_ O|OkOz# J~`O q_z\ i J~#
7.2008
*h"
^ JO ij# H=<# HeOK= =O@Ok. ~` `O ~ O_
8. 2011
^
O K K "~O ~H# @|_ H=<# `e*O k. xH J=~#
O K "}[ O - ~`^ O
^$+ =OKHx Hx ~\H =`` @|_
~`^ O ^q H ^O Q _O|~ 30, 1994# =i _q_O\ =``# ^$+ @Hx 22 ~H
J<H ~H# JO# XOk. "\ =Y"# JO. qxQ == @|_# J#=uOK_O .
1. OH : L~Q ="xHO> =O^ ~`^ O H
`~"~ 21= r
2012 |=i
18

~f H i=
~`^ Qg}, g Qg} O` ^ Z`# Lk

f=OQ " k O k.
L`u _*# #gH~}
O, O K J=~
` y #@ \
_Q == `
~ K H =_ O ,
JO`~f PK<
^~} J=Q<
O =O\q _ D i= =$k H}` H~}Q
K =K.
~` H i=
J`kHO Q Lk HeOK ~OQOQ H i=
^O x WOKqOK Jx O` qi OzOk. ^ #OQ
Qg} O` Wk HOnH$`"Ok. Qg} ~`O
==O `~ "` Ku=$` i= Qi+ OY Lk
J=H HeOk.
W ~`^Ox Qg} O` ==O
`~ "` J`kHO Q Lk J=H HeOK_O ` @ ^
PiH == HH ` =# H ~OQO ` =
@|_` Z= e ` kOKQ Q`Ok.
"q^ i`"# O $u Q ~`^O
HH~ KH \ Lk HQ`Ok. "#H|_# `~Q `
=lH=~ Z=Q D ~OQO P^~_ L<~.
JO`HO_, ZQ=` ^~ q^j =~H ^=O Pi
D ~OQO ^ PiH == ^ # P^ =#~Q LOk.
^xH `O`O =z# =O D ZQ=` q+ O
iQ x~H xH Q~ # D ~OQO, 1950= ^H O =^ HxH
~.10 H@ =`" ~|_ kOKQ, 1980= ^H O =~
D ~OQO HO`" ~ ^$+ iOK~. 198687 ZQ=`
kQ=` (Zy" ) q^#O HO^ `O H ZQ=`
Ja=$k =O_e (ZH ~ " +< Hx P O_H
(W...K.)x <H_O` D ~OQO q+ Ja=$k kOK
_O "^\O k. W...K. 198687 35Q L#
` 199091 <\H 3769H K~~.199091PiH

J=H HeOK ~OQ H ~OQO XH\ . J~` D


~OQO <QQ f= OHx Z^~O\Ok. ^O K<`
=$k, ZQ=` ~QH Q `Q = YO @_ O Q=<~O.
200607 PiH O=`~O ~. 17,288 H@Q #"^#
ZQ=` 201011 ~. 10.533 H@ `Q~.
D ~OQO 2010 <\H ~.30 " H@ ~
=$k kO^x 200607 PiH O=`~O qOKQ
` O P HxH 66 `O "~ "#H|_Ok. 2008 U~_#
JO`~f =O^O D iu H XH ^ # H~}"# \H,
H ~OQO ZQ=` WO` ^~}OQ _ `x, D
iu #Oz == ^ K~_ xH K HO _ `O^x
D ~OQO x} _ TOK^. ~`^ Qg}
O` =~ 70 H ^ Ku=$` "iH Lk
J=H HeOK D ~OQO JO`~fOQ =< H`#@
+= =`Ok. ^^ QO "~ ZQ=` _ ~# 2008
<\ JO`~f OHO #Oz |@__ xH D ~OQO
WOH _ `< LOk.
H L` ` ZQ =` ==~ O Q
(~.17,288 H@) L# 200607 PiH O=`~O, =K
<Q H ~OQO ZQ=`# ~.30 "H@
OKx `O OHeOzOk. Hh, <_ P H ^#
Z L<, D ~OQO 2006 <\ ZQ=` ~x _
xHH `Ok. =~H , JO`~f q} J= O Q
=i# i` ~`^ H i= # J<H
H~} K@=\ D ~OQO =$kH P@OHOQ =~~.
ZQ=` O# `O qq^ K~ fO@#\H,
iu x JkQq OKO^ `# q+ } , Ku=$` HH~
`=`= qQx u# "~Q ~ K<O^ `H}

O JOkOK=# J=~O LOk. ~`^ O #"#


O $uH "q ^x Hey L#\H =eH ^ H~`

q[ ~~
` H uxk, 'k \ =<
2012 |=i

19

==iOz# P# 1990= ^H O O K Ju^ H


^~ # a2a ~OxH =Y H~ _Q xeK~.
"= "
~f H L`` ZQ=` ~OO #Oz
Z_ Hx O` L``H, JO^# L`~k
~ JkH ^#O W< ~. JH_ _ ~[<,
Q[~`, L`~ ^ KOk# HH$`H "QK `<~.
L`~ ^ #Oz 29 `O H H~, Q[~`, ~[<
~ #Oz 13 `O, D# ~`^ O #Oz 43 `O
=Ok D ZQ=` OKO@<~x *f J#=i`
PiH i^< =O_e Z<U DP~ `# x"kH ~Ok.
JO> qye# 15 `O ^ ZQ=` W`~ ~ #Oz
=< ~. qye# ~x L`u =~x "QH
`=# J=~x D x"kH z< ~. Hx Ku=$u
H # ZOH K == ` s, L`u =O, HO
`s, i=}OO, =Hb# H# J#iOK_O
O\ JO Ku=$u^~ tH} W=_O ^~ g\
ZQ=`# `OKe. JO`~f ^~ # `O
W\H JO\ K~ # K\ # \H H , HH~
"\ =O ` =Q< LOk.
O^ == qxQxH P^~} `Q_ O , =_
~ JO^@ H =_O Hx Ku=$u qQ H}
`
~ O_ ^ # H~}, P^ xH H~# " @@O,
`= =_ ~ # qxyOK_O ^~< D JO`~x
s K =K. D q+ O ` ` HH" # k. O|Ok`
JkH~ nxx "Q HiOz, < }O Hey x~H~ #
Ku=$` "iH JO`~f J=~, ^~}H J#Q}OQ
tH}
Wz, fik^e.
< }O Q HH~ ` D ~OQO Z^~O@#
=~ =. ` JOK< H~O, 199798 52.92
H =OkH D ~OQO Lk HeOKQ, 200102 58.41
H,200506 65.72 H =OkH Lk HeyOk.
H i= Hi 47.42 `O = LO_Q,
JO^ 37.11 `O =Ok "#H|_# `~Q ` KOk#
"~ (^ #OQ Z., Z.\.,X.a..) L<~x 199596
x~Oz# Z<..Z.W.P~.~ x"kH `eOk. ^~^$ += `,
J=~ `y#O` "~ g}O H Ku=$u HH~
~Q_ O ^ . 2008 JO`~f OHO <^ O `y#O`
i`+H ^H H=_O` L# Hk =Ok x} HH~
_ W`~ ~OQ `~e ~. ~f Ku=$` "iH
ZO` ^#O LO^x, J~^# HH~ H~` D "`O

O=`~O ^ H == ZQ=` q= ~.1220


H@ ^\Ok. P `~ "` "#H uiy K_=# J=~O
HQ^. JO`~f =~\ =# ^ Ku ==
~Q`# P^~} # Q Oz# H O^ ~+ `, q^
g\ J=H OKO^ J<H K~ LHqOK~.
ZQ=` xH_Q H#Q` D "}[O 200607 PiH
O=`~xH ~.17,288 H@ KiOk.
O K H ~OQO ~` "\
^ O ~ . 10 " H@ Q q=Q
i=`, 70 qe< Q [ Lk He#
H ~OQO "\ JO`~f q} K OQ<
LOk. 230 ae< J"iH< _~ JO`~f ZQ=`
~OQO =# ^O Ku=$` ~OQO "\ HhO ~ O_ `O
_ ^ .
D ~OQO W\H J"iH, WOQO _, a@<, [~h,
<, [<, n J^a, H #_, W@b ^ P^~_
LOk. =# H == ZQ=uH P ^ ^#
H O^Q L<~. J~`, P ^ D == y~H
O`$H ~ ~H K~_ " , H y~H `Q_ O =< u
i` <H<~. JO`~f =~\ ^ #OQ \<
J"iH, SZ, Pe, PH ^ ^|HOQ
PtOz#~ P^~}
, # ^$H^O HxOK_O ^ .
H == ZQ=`# |OQ^ , H<,
jOH O\ z# ^` e K ~` H
L`` JO`Q `O HxOK_O ^ . ~H,
` = <}` Hey# K< O\ ^ L`u =~ O, ` =
"`< H~}OQ JH_ ZQ=` =$k "\ J#OQ
H#Q`O^x JOK< z< ~.
H i= x} OHe D ~OQO
O KO< =Y ` +OKQ J^`" # J=HO
~` LO^x qOK=K. H ~OQxH H=# Jx
=#~ JO^@ L<~. `= qH "`#O,
O $uH "~` O, J`#` < }O Q Ku=$u HH~,
L#` "q ^ O, ^ OY < }O Q HH~, J<H
O^ H ^O +OQ L<~. g\x O KxH
=iO` K\K _" `~" ~. D H # Ja=$k ~ < ,
H` JO# J<+ , "\ qt+` # "_ ~ K =#
`~ }O P#"O k. P `~ "` "}[O ^#O`@ J^ =O k.
Jx ~fH i= `=_ #=~`<
=^i J<~. W...K.H ^xHQ J^ _Q
2012 |=i

20

i= H}` H~}=#_O O^O ^. WO\ O K "}[ O


HH~# XHi H`, P @# s K _xH Q 18= r `~ "~
@= K.
5. Q\ : "~ = ^~} XO^O (General Agree ` *HO
ment on Trade in Services) HO^ ~`^O 33 ~H
~`^ O 1990 ^H O ~OO ~m H$` PiH H~H# XH#k. g\ q^j =# J#=u~ .
q^< K\ < H ~OQO "`O ~+ ` D " H~H =^# O, OHuHO, L^y`# ^$+
P[=~+< H#Q`Ok. Ku=$`# ~+ ` =OKHx ~` `O " "~ H~H K#
JOOQ ~*OQO x~z# O^# D ~OQO Ja=$k, WOk.
H~H= ^ ` P ~+ `^. H O^ `O 6. H" =OH# x= (Customs Valution Rules)
qq^ Ja=$k ^H ^~ D ~OQO Qu J#|O^ ` : H" =OH# x= K\x 1998= O=`~O
+ O k. D i= #~r"xH `O W\H J<H ~` `O ~OkOzOk. nx Q\ 1994= O=`~O
K~, ^H K\ O^x H Ja=$k Hq+#~ 7= Pi H H ~ O O K "} [ O x
K|`<~. D ~OQO ^|u# `~ "`, Q` ~ O_ Q 20`O OkO##iOz H" =OH# x=# J=
=O`# OAOk. H` =~\ HO u<O, K _O.
^ #OQ =O^O =O ` =Q, e ` Z=Q LO_ 7. OK "}[ O = ~`^xH [#O :
\< J"iH ^, `~ S~, =^ K ^ ~`^ O O K "}[ O ^O Q LO__O =
^$+ i< O Jx H Ja=$k Hq+#~ Z.Z. Q J<H ~H# [<# O^`O^x K =K.
(Z) ~`^ O ==, J@g =`` , P~ H ,
J<~.
P =`` ^" `O x Pi O k.
nO` @ 12= OK=~ }oH `O J<H
(a) JO`~f =~\ ~`^ O ZQ=` "\ 0.5
#`# ^H # ukOzOk. =eH ^ Ja=$k
`O #Oz 1 `xH iyOk.
HO H ~, H Q= (O_H q* )
() u O=`~O Q@# ZQ=` = 2.7 ae<
x} Hi O# ukOKO. Ku=$` "k
_~ J^#OQ Ok< O.
<}x OOkOKO^ H ~, q
(_) | K XO^O (Z".Z.Z) ~^ H=_O =
q^ U~@, W`~ =#= =#~# g}` O
(2005) ~`^ O = ZQ=` iQ~.
_ ^$+ H OnHi< O Jx Q q=iOK~.
(W) a_ `yO, u|O^H `yO JO`~f
x} Hi O# ^^ JO^~
=~\ ^~ ~Q_O = =#^ ==
+ qH [# =~\OQ =^` " ^H O ,
ZQ=`H =Oz K ~`<~.
_*< >Hr ~ O ^H O , ZQ=` Ja=$k ^H O , (Z) JO`~f "~O | XO^ x==
i^# Ja=$k ^HO, tH}q~} ^HO, Ku=$u
H=tH}` \ +OQ `~#O^# ~`^xH
HH~ c= [# O\ <O_Q ^H
JO`~f "~O J#"# "`=~}O
W\H J= L<~.
U~_O^x K =K.
=_= O K ^ a_, ~H` q^<
J~` D ^H h Ku=$` "~O^iH K~ ^ .
H x@< , "\ P^~_ # HH~ OY< qs`OQ =O\x, `= >O@ ~H} ^x , "^~" #
^x Ja=$k KOk#
~ # J=Q# H =_O` D Ja=$k ^H # J= P O|Ok` "~ ~H}
K _O ^ =Q =iOk. D = i~O QOQ, ^ P~<~. K "~O H=O ==
J=H=_O< Ja=$k KOk# ^ Ja+ x, =,
l 20 `O "~ qi Oz# Jx ^ # Ku=$u^~
q K Q=#O O\ q+ K q^<#
O~ Q}# H# `O W\H ~OaOzO^x
J#iOK_O ^x J Ja=$k Q =_= O K ^
Ja=$k Hq+#~ K~.
J#"^O : Z.Z.=e P~}.
21
2012 |=i

~`^ KeO +O ^~} "


XH ^xH, OKOx W`~^ =^ [iy#

== ZQ=`, kQ=`
= ZQ=`, kQ=`
JO`~f @|_ =_
UHH |kb
=^# M` ^ #OQ P H#Q, J=H
O|OkOz# "^g# #"^KOk. =^# M`
^ #OQ D HOk =_ ~H "^g# HeyLO@Ok.
P J=HO, H#Q
J K _O, f~_O
#Q^ x =~
` q^j"~ "^g M` JkHiHOQ
` qQ =^ [iQ "^g# #"^K O k. Wk
KeO x xH =~O^ L Q_ `Ok.
KeO +O M` ^~}
D HOk \ H Q` ^|OQ ^O H "`O
KeO +O H q=~ L<~.
1. Q` ^|Ox "^\ =_ qye# O KO`
^O H "^g x Ja=$kKO k#@ =#O
Q=xOK=K. D # Ja=$k KH M`
qQ ` @, =^ # M` qQ =
^ =~Ok. 200405 #Oz KHM` @
~Q` =_O =# ZQ=` (~|_) H<,
kQ=`(Y~) Z=Q LO_\x KOk.
KHM` s@ L#\H, 200708=~ ^O
=^# M` Ja=$k kOKQe yOk. 200708
=^ # M` qQ ^ | O < J` k H O Q
~369689H@ qQ KeO +O kOK_xH
H~}=~Ok. Hh 200809 "@" ^\ iQ
~`^ KeO +O |}`HOQ =iOk.(J#Q
" ` O K e O + O K i ` < J` k H O Q
~97115H@ s@ =zOk.)
2. z=i ~O_# "`O KeO +O HO`
Ja=$k HxOz<, qQ WOH `=Q JO>
^^Q 200102` =#OQ< LO_~Ok.
"}[Y JOkOz# Q}OH q=~ H~O,
^H}
, `~ P , `~=^ =i Q^ ,

^# O|O^ "^g iH~< KeO +O (< P


"O\) ^ JO\~. =~H ~HO Q KO> x~+
=O XH ^xH, qye# W`~^x\H [iy#
"^g iH~ KeO +O ^. XH ^O =#
Ok#>` , HiOz#>` ^x [=Q#, J^ ^O =#
KeOz#>`, Wz#>` ^x Y~Q# iQ}~.
^ OuHOQ K H"O> KeO +O Z_ '#Q
LO_e. J~` PK~} Jk J~^Q [~Q`Ok.
^~}OQ KeO +O @<, qQ< LO@Ok.
KeO +O |}`HOQ LO^O> ^O eH =#
_ | H O > | @ ` #k Z =Q LO^ # =@.
^< `HOQ LO> eH =# k Z=Q L#@ `O k.
=#^O <==` l_ ~OQ OKO
`q^= #O#, H#Q H ~ O Q <Q#O#
LO_, #`# |O `e< K |"# KeO
x Hey LOk, Hh OK PiHOHO KHQ
Ja=$kKO ^`# KeO +O x# ^|fOk. XH
^ JO`~f KeO +O ^x PiH ||#
ue O k. ^~}OQ =~= #^ KeO +O @
= ^ H ~ O Q LO_ @ O XH = Q LO@Ok. D
~`^ = nxH Jf`O H^. H#H `* O K PiH
i}= =# uOQ q`" # ~` PiH= =
H KeO +O u Q` # ijeOK_O J=~O .
KeO x J~O K H=_O
^ O Y LO_ JO` ~ f "^ g #
KH(H~O@) M` "^g, =^#(H@) M`
"^g, ` q^j"~(J+ \"O@
#) "^g P< =_ =~Q ql OK=K.
KH M` ` P^, =# ^~}OQ
= = ~Ox "^g# #"^K O k. KH M`
^#OQ kQ= K# <Q~H# "^g# Hey
LO@Ok.

_. *"< =^ , JO\ ~ W< ZH<qH,


x=i\ H* P u"O_O, H ~.

2012 |=i

22

W`~ P ^` _# U+ < ^` "~O =# Q` <Q <Q _~` e#_ ~~ =~HO


"`O ZQ=` 53.5`x PHqOzOk. ~` q= H}
Ok. K =Ok q+ Jk WOH H}
O ^x
ZQ=` S~, J"iH "\ =~Q 20.2%, JOK< " < ~. ~~ q= H}
O K_O JO> J"iH
16.5%Q LOk. WO^18.6% ~<x< #Q^ ` e#_, ~`^ #Q^ q= H`O^# =@.
^ "\ LOk. J^q^O Q U+ < ^ #Oz =# "`O
q^j OQ` =^~ ^j PiH == #Oz x^ #
kQ=` 61.5% a O _Q, ~ < x< "#H fH=_" Q` =_<Q ~~ q= `# O
17.3%`#, J"iH10.2%`# `~u < L<~. H=_xH ^ #H~ } O. q^ j O Q ` =^ ~
~`^ ^ # ZQ=` ~`, #Q, \eO x~"^O` LO_\xH OK PiH^~} ^^O
L``, u, O`, iH~, =O^, B+^ K<~. _~ |_@O, KH M` @ ~Q
"^Q#q L<~. kQ=` \eO (=_K= ~, `O_@O, =^# "O `Q ` O_@O _ ~~
L`` ), ZHxH == , |OQ~O, O`, On `< xH H~}=`<~. ^O H q^j~OQO g^,
~<, W#=, L "^Q#q L<~. D Q}OH KeO +O g^ ~~ `# O =O Z LO@O^#^
= ~`q ^j "~O ~ < x<, P"iH J .
^ =Y Q=x ``Ok. J^ H~}O` P
xH =~H ^=O H q= `Q_ O = [OQ<
^ W\= `u # PiH O HO =# JO`~f "~ ^ PiH == kQ=` Ys^ ~Q`Ok. Jx"~"#
=`x ^|fOk. e `OQ ` HOz Q` =_ \eO L`` kQ=` =O, ^j ~~f OK
KHM` x kQ*iOk, =^# M` x #yeOk. O=` ~ PiH O =`~ H@ K*~O^
\H 1 ~`^ O "iH KeO +O (H@ ~) H~}O H=K. q^ #Oz =_~ kQ=u K H<
O=`~O KH M` =^ # M` "`O KeO +O ~f "~ =~ _ kQ=` Z=Q
2001-02 16426
41080
56593
KeOKe~=_O K` ^|uO\~, "i ` Q
2002-03 30660
52366
82037
`y`~. u _~H Z= ~ KeOKe
2003-04 63983
77227
143993
LO@Ok H#H z# kQ=u^~ #+ `~, HO`=Ok
2004-05 -12174 125367
115907
z# kQ=u^~ k"f "~O #Oz ` H"e
2005-06 -43737 111965
65896
=z< P~O^ .
2006-07 -44383 203673
163634
^j =~H^=O q= `y#_ JO`~f
2007-08 -63479 427926
369689
q} =# ZQ=` `= ^~ a~ H#H
2008-09 -127631 26018
-97115
ZQ=` `O a O ^x PtOK=K. Hh ` O
2009-10 -180626 252132
64237
OK PiH== L# J= i` =#
2010-11 -202532 273133
59449
=O: i[~O P WO_ , ~` "iH KeO \`` x OK ^ , ` == , ` ~ # P~
L`` , ~`, #Q O\ Hx ~OQ =`" HO`
+O M` ^~} (q= H@)
=_K= ~ JOK<"~ _ ~`^ O O\ [#O O^`~. W" i= kQ=u K #
=~= # ^ L^"x $+O K~. O KO J`kHO Q =_~# "_`#>`, "\g^ u =O
=_K= ~ kQ=uK H< ^ 10= ^O Q L<O LO@Ok. H#H ZQ=` i~ _ H =K.
(~` =_K= ~ J=~ kQ=` WOKqOK 70% JQ ~~ `# O = q^j J PH~ }# H`~.
~~ `< x `y# =O xOuOKH `
L<~.) H#H =_K= ~ ^~ iQ ^~} H#Q_O
~` KeO +O ~H u "x HeyLO_ H<, # Z= L<~. Wk ~`^ Ja=$k g^ f=
J=HO LOk. =_K= ~ ~ ^~ XH _~ iy#C ^+"x K_" HH, O K =OH# O (~\OQ
_, =# kQ=u a 700qe# J"iH< _~ ~Q U[h) ^$+ ~`^ PiH= = <x kQ*~ J=HO
`O^x XH JOK<. Wk x= H}
O K_xH, KH M` LOk. Wk W\H OHO L# ~` KeO x
@ ~Q_ xH, WOH ~~ |#_\ xH ^i fO k. =iO` kQ*~=K. ` O =#O O K PiH= =
~~ q= H}
O K_O H =O
Jx=~ = q`= u L<O H#H KeO
~~ q= x~O`~O H}
LO_@O ~`^ +O x~} q^#x~` Hug ^=Q qQ`Ok.
JO`~` , "~ ~OQ ^ #"Q =iOk.
J#"^O: #O_i "OH@ ~=
23
2012 |=i

P^HH`
JO`iOz `~
qq^ =`QO^# |\ ^=_ =x+ HO> =O^Q

=iHx
JOK< H~O
1213 ~H H
*` , 974
~H [K~,
559 ~H H@H *`, 304 ~H H_ [O`=, 157
~H L
K~ *` =^H~ i` L<~. W"
HO_ Qi, PH U#Q, ~f Y_= $QO, O_,
h\ uqOQO =O\ [O`= _ =^ JOK
L<@. Q_z # 1000 O=`~ J~" # Z<
[O`= H#=~Q ~. L^~} XH<_
#lO_ q $`OQ HxOz# "" J< H *u
JO`iOz~ W\H 1000 O=`~ ^\Ok. =~
12 J_Q Z` LO_ D H= Ox u#\xH, "\
Z=H P^Q qxyOK\xH, "\ Q_ _#
h\x x= K H< `Q "__O HO qKH} ~ `OQ
"\_@O` D *u H iQ JO`iOz~O^x `Ok.
L`~ J\O\H =^ f~ O` uiQ B~
Jx =|_ XH *u Z^ 1627 O=`~= z=iiQ
O_ HxOzOk. #Q, 6 J_Q Z`O _ D [O`=
P `~ "` =m HxOK^ . Q\ PH Jx =|_ =^
O` OKiOK XH ~H" # H 1944 O=`~O =~
HxOz P =" ~Ok. =i+ KOk# __ J<
^ ` =O\ Hx 1507 O=`~= ~w =^
u "@"^\ iQ K~. J~`, 1681
O=`~O <\H JO`iOz~Ok. \x O`xH
KOk# ` J< HOQ~=O\ [O`= H#=~Q <\ H
400 O=`~ H=Ok. =_Q~ KOk# ~ O\ Dy
J< H 1930 <\H iQ H#=~Q ~Ok.
19= `|O L`~ J"iH O` qiqQ
OKiOz# O[~ =~O J< *uH KOk# z=i H
1914= O=`~O L`~ J"iHx <<\ [O`
^~ # Kx~Ok. J^ q^O Q, J~a< PK J<
H 1941 O=`~O z=iiQ HxOzOk. =m P H
*_ HxOK^ .

[O`*< $lOz#@Q `Ok.


OQ K< D q [O`*" =O^ Pq~q OzO^h, HQ=#O
Hu#OK =x+ L^qOK_h ^O` K|`<~.
O^=`Ox ^^ JO^~ ^= ^=` "<
[O`=, ^ . ^ *# =` _ [O`*O
=# Hx O k. Q`=|^_ `# "@" ^\ L<O
(^ ~ K H = ~ # O) K O k [O` *xH x " #
'=$Q =#O<. D q Q_z # H\k O=`~Q
[O`*xH - =x+H q_n~x Jq<= O|O^O
U~_Ok. J<kQ "@#, P@# _ H, Q~O
=O\ [O`= =x+H Z#x =Ok< ~. J =x+ Q~x =zH K @O`< #g# <QiH` <Ok
H@O [iyO^x Ki`H~ K < ~.
P~`, XH<_ D q KQ OKiOz# Hx
*` [O`=, <_ iQ H#=~Q `<~.
=iHx HH=O iQ JO`iOz ^
K~ <~. J_= #iH"` , @}
", q<^O ~`
[O`=# "\_@O, JH= =~ ^~ _| OkO
Kx [O` K~, W`~ J="` K@ =u~H "~
x~ OK @ O " ^ # q WO^ =Y H~ } Q
Hx < ~. O KOx eK [O`= =~ 25
`O *` JO`iOz^ K~ <x " `
PO^# KO^`<~. WO@~+# x< ~ H#~+<
P <K~ JO_ <K ~ i~ "~ x~Oz# ~ H~O
` O O KO L# 5,487 H~ ^ *` 1,141 *`
~## Hk O=`~ JO`iOz#<x QiOK~.
"\ K =~ ~`^ O < L<@. HIIII 1500
O=`~= #O_ W\ =~ HhO 76 H~^ *`
JO`" ~#@ XH JOK<. ^H}
, PQ 79
`O [O` *O H LxH =^H~OQ =iO^x
x} [O` q PO^# =HO K < ~.

_. q. ~*O^^, sl# _~ H~ ,
=x J_x+ < , ~[=O_
2012 |=i

24

~`^ O q+ xH, 1960 "@" ^\ iQ


W^ q^#O H#y`, D `O`xH <_ =#O
K# Z< *` [O`= JO`iOz =^O [O` OH = K@O K |_Ok. 1972 K |_# =# }
Oz LO^x [O` A
`e* < ~. 'JO`~f O ~ H } K @ O ` O ^ O x Jx ~ #
H$ u i~H} O O "~ K iOK '~_ _\ |H H~O- ([=Hj~ `) J= K|_`Ok. 1983
` O O K "O Q =~ 1000 *` [O`= ~OkOK|_# '*f =# } H< < H~O
^ "O Q 421 H ~HH H O^, 37 *f ~
iQ J^$" =^O JOK# L#@ JOK<. ~ #
H O^ <H|_ =Q } =
K~ fH#H` ` O =#O K# OO, ^ e, =#} O~H}
Y_=$QO, =, ^$== ZQ|O\, O_ "^# x=Q" xK < ~. J= L# K\ H~O
[O`= _ =# =^ #O_ iQ H#=~Q [O`=# |e W=@O, OOK@O, "\_@O, Hx ~H
=^O H#K "~< LO^x OK "OQ=# [O`=# ZQ=u K @O <~O .
[O`q PO^# KO^`<~. =iHx JOK<
WO` QO_, ^ e, Y_ =$QO =O\ [O`=
H~O =~ 200 ~H s$, 200 ~H K , O~H}
HO ^O J<H * ~OaOK|_@O _
450 ~H , 300 ~H H~ ^ =^ i` [iyOk. =# } O~H} QOQ, J=~"#
H@q\_`<~.
i^# KO^Q# __< XH i^< O#
~`^ xH KOk# ^ e (OQ >Q ~ ) , Y_= $QO, _ U~@ K _O [iyOk.
=iHx ~H _ JO`iOz =^O
qq^*` [O`=#, # O~HOK@O
ZO`HO ^ x ~ =~ } x } K i < ~ .
qKH}
~ `OQ H#Q`# J_= #iH"` , qi # QOQ OKOx qq^ ^ `= H~h<@#,
@} , "`=~} H+O, q<^O =i "~O ~` <}# JO^"# [O`=, = =kOz
Q`# "@ "^# "\ H~}OQ H$u X_ ~ \ K<~. ~`^O_ *f [O`=
J~ =^Q ~Qe# Z< ~H =Qr= JO`iOz ^ e, lOH, U#Q, Y_= $QO "^# [O`= =`
<}, H~ h<@ =kOK@O [iyOk.
J^$" ^ K~ O@<~.
W@=O\ i`, JO`iOz`# J=~H
J~`, Zx K\ K< , Zx *f ~
}# O~HOKO^ OK "OQ J<H K~ <He<, Zx * ~OkOz<, Zx JO`~f
fH=@O [~Q`Ok. J"iH, H #_ =O\ ^ *f ^ [iy< K\# =#+ Q~qOK#O`=~ "\
~<~@K [O` OH = O HO J~^# ~H}

[#O JO`O` =`OQ< LO@Ok. W@=O\ "\


HO Z#x H$+ K<~. D H$+ `O q+ O K\ HO> "\x $+O z# =x+ Z= `
OK"OQ 1200 *f ~ xK<O>
x~OKe =O@Ok. q<^O, qO^ HO [O`=#
P~O ^ .
[O` O~H} =i OH = H~H= QOQ "\_@O, OOK@O = =x u =x+ QiOKe.
=_K~ ~` =Q r"` O^ x~OK@O,
H J< [O`= "@# x+k 1936 Pe ^O
XH K\x KO k. L_`# e# zOz J< [O`=# "\ } f@O J=#+=x `H"e. <QiH`
"\_\x x+k ^H}H XH K@O ~OkO ~` [O`= K~ O, ^O` "^# "\` K ==
K|_Ok. JO`QO_, O _ P k Z~ WO@~+# ~ "_HxH g_H He. =O~O HO> M~"
|~ [~+< (WOQO_), =~ " O_ ~ <K~, w< "x QO`u Q _`# "^ x} x<^" XHi
(WOQO_) =O\ Hx =Y O OK "OQ ^$+ iOKe. J_= x~<x J^ K e. ~
[O`OH = O HO ZO` H$+ K < ~.
~ #O_ q^ih q^~ =Q r"@ =#
=YOQ SH ~[ q u 2010 O =` ~x OOkOK ~O Ki, ` ^ # Qi kOKe.
JO`~f r= "q ^ O=`~OQ (WO@~+# W~ P
|_= i\) H\ O zOk. P O=`~" O |~ < JxO\h qOz [O`= OH = O HO K\ K _" H^
~=~} <~ [iy# JO`~f ^ (188)^ "\x H@k@OQ J= K < ^ `# <\ `
`O Q 'WO@~ =#} <~ x~^H |$O^O H~^i Q~iy JO^H=~"# K~ fH"e. JC_, J
^q x ~`^ xH W f~#O K~. <Q@ ~` ~" # =# [O` O^# O~HO KH=@O, "\ LxHx
=O^ `~"iH JO^*
@O ^ _ `Ok.
D ^q x x~O k.
25
2012 |=i

Civils (CSAT) 2012


APPSC Grade - I & II
VDO/VAO, SI, Conistables
BANK PO & Clerks
RRB, SSC ,SBI Clerks
IBPS Common Exams

`i ` ~
1. D HOk "\ Uk H~ H?
Z) FMCT : * " \i H\ P \ \
a) CD : H#~< P_*P~"O\
) CBM Hx_< aeOQ "[~ _) = h
2. ~` ~*OQOx Z#= JkH~}O
H ~ O H =O\ U #` #
H~xH< H<e_>_ O_ P
WO_ #O_ ^#O Y~\e =
J@=O\ a ~"O\ ">
=O^, ~` ~Ru =O^ J#=u
H"e?
Z) PiH 117(3) a) PiH 116
) PiH 43
_) W"qH=
3. 'k=< #W< x\ J< HO
(~=#[O rq` Ki`) ~O^=~?
Z) ~|~HxQ (a) ~|~H"
) ~|~ < (_) g~=~ H^.
4. t= OQx U O`O H+`
~ =# [ =~}O K~. J`
~?
Z) ~e a) ~OQ~ (^H} 24
~Q} l
) c~ " (_) eQi
5. *u P" Z=~?
Z) 62.8 O\g@~ _"# Ju\
eH/ =
(a) >x H_Hi}
() QO^ ~K~ u (_) g~=~ H^
6. Q=O` q +} Z=iHK~?
Z) z< >O_~ a) K~ Hi
) h Q"~ _) Jx O
7. #`# q Uq+< H O^=Ou Z=~?
Z) > (a) Jl` OQ
) JOaH x (_) H+f ~
8. ."OH><H W\= =z# |=u
Uk?
Z) *#~ |=u (a) ` JH_g
J"~. D# ~# H O 'H= H@O
() |H~ * (_) e@~ *
9. ` ~ U ~ ZxH
[~Q#<~?
(Z) L`~YO_, L`~^, O*
(a) Q"
() =} ~
(_) = h

2012 |=i

10. <+# =^= \H ~A ZC_?


(Z) _O|~ 22 (Nx" ~=#[<
\# ~A) (a) |=i 28 () #=O|~
11 (_) #=O|~ 14
11. 2012x U O=`~OQ H\ O K~?
(Z) *f Q}` O=`~O
(a) [< O=`~O () ~=~}
O=`~O (_) =O=`~O
12. *f w`O HH` ZC_ _~?
Z) 1885 (a) _O|~ 27, 1911 (100
O=`~O k) () 1906 (_) 1907
13. W\= ~`^O# O^iOz# *<
^ #=Ou Z=~?
(Z) <"\H< (a) + H<_
() i`~_ (_) g~=~H^
14. ~`^O `O`OQ `~K#
Z~~ H Hi~ (<g"ik) ZH_
~OaOK~?
~
(Z) qY@O (a) Hz< +
eq>_ () HH` (_) =O|~
15. `q<_x H_~, O_Ki#
f=OQ `H# `< ~ q?
Z) s\ (a) ^< () Yf<(_) W"gH=
16. =i 2003 ZZ"~ W~H
~OaOz# x H K~ #, Z\#O_
`y # @ H\ O K~?
(Z) _O|~ 15, 2011 (QQ `e~)
(a) 2009 () 2008 (_) 2007
17. _OO 34 #H
~ iH~ # JC
ukH# JO^K =x ~` ^O `
U ^O XO^O ^~Ok?
(Z) ZZ
(a) ~
() <
(_) [<
18. '"+ J< `< U^O K =Ok
} iOzOk?
(Z) WO_<+
(a) e ~<
() ^O_ (_) W"gH=
19. L`~ Hi ^ H`i_ Z=~?
(Z) <HO *OQ L< (a) HO*OQ
W (=~}O K_) () <H= <
(_) g~=~ H^
26

20. " \ i=+< U^O =zOk?


(Z) S~O_ (a) *H () W~< (_) W~H
21. Q`O *H^ J^ xQ xK# "H"
" W\= ZH_ =~}O K~?
Z) Q ^Q~ Q=O (a) i<
() *h" (_) q<
22. a@<^ O W\=Z=iH <\ _ WzOk?
(Z) "OH\=< ~=H+< (a) ~*
() H x"q@ (_) g~=~H^.
23. W\= Q" =~}O z# "i_q
~O_ Z=~?
(Z) H~x (a) #@_
() _#~ (_) g~=~ H^.
24. .H . JOQ~ Q`O U ^q x
K~?
Z) K~ <, P@qH Z#s Hg+<
(a) K~<, Z
() K~< xOQ Hg+< (_) W"qH=
25. D HOk "\ Uk H~H?
(Z) `^" ^ : =~s <@H~OQO
(a) ~H|OQ~ :=r=Y=Ou
H~@H () ~}[~ h : ~ (_) = h
26. "~ [iy# HOQ _ > =Kx
Pe Zx ~ Q` Q Ok?
(Z) 100 (a) 122 () 80 (_) 60
27. " ~f U ^
He=x ^ #=Ou H\ O K~?
(Z) #< ^HO, W#~< ^HO
(a) L^Q g ^H O
() P~Qc= (_) W"qH=
28. 2011 (z=i 11 <) WO_ K<
=^ [iy# q^j "}[O q= =~
ZO`? (Z ae< _~ )
(Z) 50 (a) 67.28 () 40 (_) W"gH=
29. F=~ WO_ < Z ~ "
~f q+ ) H O^ =Ou Z=~?
(Z) Z.ZO.H+ (a) "~ ~q
() ZH PO^x (_) ^=
30. 10= " ~ f k= (~A)
L`" ZH_ x~OK~?
(Z) #_b
(a) * ~
() K#
(_) =O~
31. *~ x~Oz# "~f
L`" =Y JukQ Z=~ =K~?
(Z) H=~ ^ a~ (\x__
\Q ^ #=Ou) (a) *<H
() "_q ~ u< (_) Eey~
32. Z<P~S, SF "\OQ
HeOK\xH U K\x =iOKe?
(Z) i[O>+< H, 1950
(a) ZO.l.Z<.P~.W.l. H
() <+# _ i\ K@O (_) W"gH=
33. Q t= P ^ ZO`=Ok
~f xK<~? (qe#)
(Z) 3 (a) 6 () 2 (_) W"gH=

34. H~" KO^ (106) H~e(99) J< ~f


=$^ ^O` U ^O x=t<~?
(Z) H (a) [<() K< (_) [~h
35. ~O_= OK^HO ([#=i,
1939) K< "o# ~f _H~ Z=~?
(Z) _II^~H<^O`~OH\
(a) =<~= O`~OH\
() ||< ~H~ (_) ~+#Q~H~
36. Q_ s \H QiOz KiOK
\xH 11 ~ PiH =O`` U~
># Hq\ `e ="O ZH_ \~ ?
(Z) (D H q \ J^ :
+"_) (a) HH` () \
(_) #_b
37. '\~OQ F_~ = U^O LOk?
(Z) Pe
(a) #lO_
() H #_
(_) [<
38. PH< <+# HOQ (ZZ<) Oz
Zx O=`~Ok. ([#=i 8, 2012
<\H)
(Z) 100 (a) 60 () 75 (_) 50
39. WO@~<\ _"~< <" (~) HO U
O =^ il~ KH"e?
(Z) ICANN (WO@~<\ H~~+< ~ Z<
<" #O|~ (a) WTO () UNO (_) IMF
40. D HOk "\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) GTLD *<iH \ " _"~< <"
(a) PIR aH WO@~ il
() CCTLD HO\H_ \ = _"~<
<" (_) =h
41. ~ i=~ (=`#k) _ U^O
LOk?
Z) ^H}
H (a) K< (D= O`O)
() H < (_) ZW
42. =} ~ ~R JOc Zx ZO.Z.Z
@ L<~?
Z) 31 (a) 60 () 40 (_) W"gH=
43. D HOk"\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) IDFOI : WO_ _="O\ O_+<
P F=~ WO_ < (a) CEPA :
HOx" ZH<qH ~#~ + Zy"O\
() ICCR : WO_ < Hx P H~ i+<
(_) =h
44. ~`^O "*xH i^#
Ja=$k (P~ _) g^ 200708
=~ ZO` Y~\O k? (H@~ .)
(Z) 16,200 (a) 37,800
() 10,000 (_) W"g H=
45. "*xH i^# Ja=$k (P~
_) g^ ~`^ O `# l_ ZO`
`O Y~_`Ok?
(Z) XH`O H< ` = (a) 2%
() 3% (_) 2.5%

2012 |=i

46. D HOk "\ Uk H~ H?


Z) 'k=~*\ : **<_
(a) 'r~_ : _q_ ()k W<Zel
| z~ : ~z`q (_) = h
47. D HOk "\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) '" * ("~ S*H< (a) '@~ @
Z OQ Pi>H : H ~ xOQ~ () '"~K <
g\ WO_ ^O\ =O\ (_) = h
48. Z#s H#~+< aeOQ H_ (Wa)<
O=`~ H`" J=H =z<, U
~RO =`" PK~}
\O k?
(Z) PO^ ^ (a) Xi (X_)
() `q<_ (_) H ~
49. U #Q~x 'w< H@ P ~
JO\~?
(Z) F (a) O|~ () <~ a (_) ~O
50. H=< " P WO_O_O\ \
(SZ) (~) Q 11 ^ U
^ >_ XO^O O`H
K~?
(Z) LH~<, ~, H[H<, P~x
(a) Hi<, ""
() `[H< (_) U_ ^
51. [#=i 1, 2012 #O_ J=H =z#
H=< ZH<qH (WZ) U
^<~?
(Z) ~
(a) HlH<
() ~
(_) =_ ^.
52. H H " i\ \ \ P ~ < * + <
(Z\ F ) Q ^q?
(Z) P~x (a) Hi <, `[H<
() L*H < (_) =_
53. t= H#= U ~ L<~?
(Z) Q[~`, =~R, Q" (a) H~@H
() H ~ =~R (_) = h
54. Zx~< "O\ (>H<) H (K@O)
Z\ #O_ J= H =zOk?
(Z) 1986 (a)1991 ()1976 (_) 1980
55. ~`^O t=f~O "O|_ t=
H#= ZO` _=# L<~(H.g)
(Z) 1500(a)1400()1800(_) W"qH=
56. ~* [Ok U^O ^Q~#k?
(Z)W~< (a) J~O \<
() l (_) ^H}
H
57. U^ Z Z ^ =y
q=< JO^K Ok?
(Z) n J~a (84 Z15 ^
q=<) (a) ZW (94Z~~ _<
H }
) () H< (_) = h
58. lP~ZSZ (Qq\ iH=s WO\i
| ~ @s), 3 < JO` i H O
}Oz, U [ LQ x K~~?
27

(Z) JOQ~ _ (a) KO^_


() g# (_) W"qH=
59. 201011 ~`^O ZO` W#
Yx*x ZQ=u KOk? (qe<
@#)
(Z) 97.64 (a) 117.3 () 720 (_) 50
60. ~=~} H~}= U ~ROx 45
W# Y x[O Q # ` = H
xe~?
(Z) Q" (a) H~@H
() X_ (_) PO^^
61. ZQ=u K W#Yx[O g^ ZQ=u
OHO ZO` OK~?
(Z) 30% (a) 20%()15%(_) W"gH=
62. H# =~ >H< H, 1986 J=
K\xH Zx l (_H ~O)
qxQ^~H~ U~@ K~?
(Z) 600 (a) 629 () 500 (_) W"gH^
63. '~=`H Q =~ ~ q?
(Z) ~a_ (a) P_" a_
() q^Q~ ` (_) QOk`
64. ` =^O + K# *Hx ^xQO_
`=^eK~?
(Z) H [Ok QO_ (a) =H
~ \ () r~ [Ok(_) W"qH=
65. 2011 Ys [< PO^^ ZO`"~
O@#+O "\eOk (H ZH~)?
(Z) 60 (a) 85.6 () 70 (_) UgH=
66. D HOk "\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) 'U " OQ ~ WO_ ~` =~
*" (a) '^~sK ~|~ < ()
'Q_ q`\"< iOE (_) =h
67. g~O_H@=<, a\+"i` U
O=`~O ~__?
(Z) =~ 1719 (a) 1757
() 1707 (_) 1857
68. D HOk"\ Uk H~H? (~`^
ZQ=`, kQ=`)
(Z) ZQ=` q= #=O|~ 2011
<\H192.7 ae< _~ (a)
kQ=` q= #O|~ 2011 <\H :
309.5 ae< _~ ()"}*@
:106.8 ae< _~ (_) = h
69. 201112 ~ c [ < ~ ` ^ O
Q^ = O@"# = q~ O ZO`?
(H H~)
(Z) 276.43 (a) 277.95
() 138. 54 (_) 140.28
70. _q_ qeO_ U^ =r~ < H@s?
(Z) H (a) ZZ () < (_)
W"gH=
71. <On O_ + < "~ ` ~ K #
OQ= (OQ~ = #\+< )
i~ H~O 6 ~ x=tOK 5

O=`~ XH H=Ok
ZO`=Ok s~ |~= LO_e# ^xH<
` = L<~?
(Z) 30%
(a) 42%
() 25%
(_) W"gH=
72. '*OQ A< Z=~?
(Z) K< ^ k ~ ` < @ HHi}
(a) *< HHi} () WO_<+

HHi} (_) W"q H=
73. WO_ <, =<=~, =+
< =i
W`~ ~ JO`# _# r=
"q^O L# Q O``i`, \H
=~` J_= ZH_<~?
(Z) H~ (a) JO_=< xH~
n= () JO (_) J~}K ^
74. O^~| < (t= OQ) |~,
i[~ x=tOK " H| _ _ (j`
~H)r=, Q\ @ "`=~}Ox
LQ` ZO`H< `y#_, h#O_
|\H =z ZO_ LO\~?
(Z) 37 _w e (a) 21 _w
e H< `y#_ () 42 _w
e (_) W"qH=
75. 100% q^j ` H @|_ W\=
ZO\ "~O HO^ `O"~
J#=uOK~?
(Z) Oy O_ i> (z~ =~HO)
(a) " \ ~OQ q=##O () " \
~OQO W#~< (_) W"gH=
76. D HOk "\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) DIPP : _~"O\ P WO_
"+< (a) FIPB : ~<
W< " "O\ "+< ~ () IPO :
Wh+ aH Pi OQ (_) = h
77. U ~ x=tOK c^"i 5 U
42% =Ok +H~
OK` ^_`<~x OQ=
(OQ~ = #\+< i~ (<On
O_ + < " ~ ~ OkOz#k)
`eOk?
(Z) c~, *~O_, =^^
(a) X_, ~[<
() L`~^ (_) P~ ~
78. c lO^, ZZx U ~xH
~ O_= i _ Q=~~Q ZxH ~?
(Z) = < (a) We < ~
() HOa (_) >H
79. H` U "~ = Z~_ O\ "k
=O k?
(Z) q< W=< _+
h "~ (a)
KSq () e "e\ (_)UgH=
80. u~, |OQ^ =^Q i^~Y
_"O`? (H.g.)
(Z) 856 (a) 700() 600 (_) W"qH=

2012 |=i

81. u=M _ *H ' U~RO ~##k?


(Z) JO (a) u~ () J~}K
^ (_) <QO_
82. ~= } H` #_K [O`~=q?
q=~q?
(Z) INS JiO`, INS Ji^=< INS
KH (a) INS JiO`# J_< >Hr
" (ATV) QO HO^ 2009
xiOK~. () INS JiO` 80MW =~OQ #H~ =~ O\
LO_, [O`~qH H"e# q^KH
JOkO k. (_) = h
83. JiO` [O`~q q=~q?
(Z) 112 g@~ _= (a) g\x |=~
[O`~=O\~ () ~= }H`
#_K Wq, <O_ H15 H}#
"`~ (_) = h
84. W~< ^O W ^ O `#
_~ ZQ =` 68.5%
ZQ=` U^ O O k?
(Z) w (a) W\b()~< (_)= _
85. =_= x@ ^O [iy W\H
Zx O=`~O k?
(Z) 250 (a) 480 ()450 (_)W"gH^
86. '= WOQl U^xH J^Q
~ O_=i ZxH ~?
(Z) OQHOQ (a) `" <
() ^H}
Hi (_) W"qH=
87. @h+ J~ OQ Z C _
"^~Ok ?
(Z) 17122010 (a) 2005
() 2004
(_) 2001
88. ~`^O _Z *O} ==
HO^ Zx ~+< H~<~. (H@)
(Z) 7.6
(a) 10.56
) 2.96
(_) W"q H=
89. Oy O_ z~ "~O q^j `H
@|_ 51% #O_ 100% OK@O =#,
U^ HOh a LO@Ok?
Z) W\b < (+< O_)
(a) ZZ () H (_) [~h
90. D HOk"\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) QFI : He_ ~< W< "~ (a)
DP : _l@s , i O\ () KYC :
<=~ H=~ (_) =h
91. U~[#~|~ H " H , OQx ieOK
#" ~A^H =^ ' ^O
"^~Ok?
(Z) 2361757 (a) 1857
() 1773
(_) 1905
92. ' H KOk# =q_`@ ZH_Ok?
(Z) OQx =s^^H ^Q~
(a) #_b () =< ~ (_) K#
28

93. #"~ A^ `~` (1757)Z=~


#"|~?
(Z) [Q` ~ (a) g~*~
() LqKO^ (_) #" Ys^ eM<
94. H`Q e H x ^q?
(Z) WO_ (a) H<
() Px<, <ri (_) =h
95. e " \ Uq\?
(Z) Hi
(a) "~
() |A
(_) W"qH=
96. D HOk "\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) OPV : F~ e "H <
(a) IPV : W<HU=>_ e ()
VDPU : "H< _~"_ e (_) =h
97. D HOk "\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) PV1 (a) PV2 () PV3 (_) = h
98. |OQ^ u~ (WO_) =^ U
=~ "~x Ja=$kK ~?
(Z) z @ Q OQ " OQ F_ ~ =
(|OQ^) (a) JY~ JQ~
~ eOH () h #kg^ a_ (_) = h
99. ' QO\ Uq\? q=~q?
(Z) ~"~ JO`iHOH O# H$u=
LQO (a) JOQ~_ LQO J~#
x J^#O K\xH O~ ()
13.5 @# |~=# LQ<H, [#=i
2012 q _~Ok (_)=h
100. = =K H " "k `Q\ xH
"_ _H<H =O^ u# =
H| ~=OO u#@O =# U
#tOK\xH H~}O J=`Ok?
(Z) ~|O^ (a) K H () <= (_) HOQ

( |=i 2012) ["|


1 - _
2 -Z
3 -Z
4 -a
5 -Z
6 -a
7 -a
8 -a
9 - _
10 - Z
11 - Z
12 - a
13 - a
14 - a
15 - a
16 - Z
17 - a
18 - a
19 - Z
20 - a
21 - Z
22 - Z
23 - Z
24 - Z
25 - _

26 - a
27 - Z
28 - a
29 - a
30 - a
31 - Z
32 - Z
33 - a
34 - Z
35 - Z
36 - Z
37 - a
38 - Z
39 - Z
40 - _
41 - a
42 - a
43 - _
44 - a
45 - Z
46 - _
47 - _
48 - a
49 - a
50 - _

51 - _
52 - _
53 - _
54 - Z
55 - Z
56 - Z
57 - _
58 - a
59 - Z
60 - Z
61 - Z
62 - a
63 - a
64 - Z
65 - a
66 - _
67 - Z
68 - _
69 - Z
70 - Z
71 - a
72 - Z
73 - a
74 - a
75 - Z

76 - _
77 - _
78 - Z
79 - Z
80 - Z
81 - a
82 - _
83 - _
84 - _
85 - Z
86 - a
87- Z
88 - Z
89 - Z
90 - _
91 - Z
92 - Z
93 - a
94 - _
95 - a
96 - _
97 - _
98 - _
99 - _
100-Z

| =i 3 = < Q H ~ k#O

`O` =~ H i QiO z# "


~f `O` OQ=O OKO ~[huA

Z\~. J~KHOQ
UO [iyOk?... Qi\#
`HH Ku Z^~_
x~ OQ, x OQ
xez
'^ = O>
HH=x F `Q
=~ H~O ^H}#
QiO KQ =~ " L`~ #
s^| uO@< '<
XO\ g^ _ XHH s
^ | a\ + =[
=iH g^ ky# XHH
" J=` Ok Jx
QiO zO^ OO. ZO`\ ^ H ? ZO`\ O? Z@=O\
`QO. D su }`Qx P`ux Hhqh Z~Qx k.
~~H " X[^iOKH =#^. Z=iH< ,
$^ =O` P~#O^` HOKH =#^. ^ H
=#O^i Oy~H =#^. u XH~ `Hx f~e.
=YOQ D<\ =`~O gi H ^~,
hux*~f, i < ^ H ` ` Hx PK ~ }
@Qe y#q.
1927 #=O|~ 8# "~ Si< ~`^O
~*OQ =~}# zOK H O` ~*< =<
< H ` # =i P~ Q ~ ` XH H g + < #
xqOK_. ~ ` Y O_xH q +` ~*OQx x~~ OK
Hg+< ~f=iH #O ^. 1927 _O|~
=^ _H~ J<s J^ H` # [iy# HOQ =
[=~ < ~[ f~<x " \~ . ~f
x =< Hg+<x |+i ^"OQ PO^#
[~x =~ f~#O P"kOzOk.
1928 |=i 3# =< Hq+< ~< =zOk.
O~, (<\ =O~) J_Q \O k. '= < QH
J< x<^O, ^O =` =~yOk. ~, H,
HH`, QO@~, @, HH<_, ["_,
^~^ x*O H ~ [iQ~. ^H}
# D

"^ # k" # HOu OQ=O ^=#hu <^ ~_#


Ou ~@O. s, ` H^~_# ~@O.
~`^ x =~ 400 O=`~ @ (DO _ HOh
#` He) eOz# a\+ =*xH =u~HOQ ^O
J<H L^= K~ Q~. ~^ OH # `OKHx
K `O`# kOKH=_O u ~f_ `#
[#Q qOz `= }e `O `$}OQ
JiOK~ ZO`=Ok =#=. W ZO`=Ok
P^ ~O #_z# `O`^=x ^ #OQ =_ ^ Q
K H=K. "^\ k 1885 *f HOQ U~@ ^Q~
#Oz 1905 =~ q`"^ ^Q #, 1905 #Oz 1919
=~ Ju"^ ^Q #, 1920 #Oz *f^=OQ#
=~=@ QOn Q O Q# q l OK = K . nxx
`O`^=O Ju HH" # , z=i ^Q K |_k . D
L^=O '=< QH O\ L^= JOx
P^OQ ^iOz QOn =~# #_z< b AO`
LQ~ O ^e<~. O KO< `=xHOQ ^x~ O Q
xez<~.
*u` =`QOn x~H~}^=O
OM~"x iOK~. =~" *u x~} H~H=
H\ OK~. "k ~f =H~ `O`
OQ=OH ^H a\+ ^=# hux JqO`OQ
u\ a\+ QO_ xkOz# ~Aq. |=i 3,
1928 ~`^ Ki` =~H~` edO|_# ~A.
'= < uiy '= < QH ~ ~A iQ 84 U
H`O . D ~A XH J~ ^$O $+O |_Ok. ~f
# WOH x` O< LOz _O K# \ <QO`
a\+ =["^K xqOK|_ = < Hq+< ~`Q _
H\O k. ^ [ =` "i ~H# x~O zOk, ~
[iOk. x x~Hi "ix |+iOzOk. `^ ~
H^O ` Ty~ s xK~. J=#+OQ, `H

@OQ@i N~O
< ~K~ `
2012 |=i

29

|=i 3# O`Qi P^#~O K#@O


L^=x #_# < PO^H i JQQ} . ^^~H
g^

h
[#
" OQ` xO_~. ^ , ,
Hj<^ x <Q~~=, ^ H HO_ "OH@, _.\a
`~=, =i | O|=i, `q <, q^~ , Hi, =~ , =YOQ = *hHO
` =i , Nx" J OQ~ =~ ^ ~ A < _ L^ < =^H ~\, H ~\ H ~\ q DxO^
J#@ k" _=, k" "_ Q K#@O
$`<~.
^^~H Hj<^x <Q~~=Qi ~^O g^ h [#"O`#, HO`# xO_~.
=#OQ, ~[H ^~ #, , PO^#,
#_# UHH k#uH P<\ PO^uH =^ #O_ L^= [<x s Z`# H#Hx `~e OK ~=_O
1928, |=i 1# W xzOk. 'P QO i\. Hh O`Qi @ #=HO, H , Q~=O = P#
~O - _ ~ , s, =~ , e", =xe\, [<H u=i ~OQ H#|_k. XH =`_, XH
l ~ , ==n " ? ~" $+O K~.
O_` _, XH ~~x XH ["<x, XH H<x P#
|=i 2# uH\ 10,000 =Ok z K ~ . = < QH #~ H ~ JxK\
=Ok [#" x #^ t Oz D q^ O Q L` [ ~ ^~ #xK~.
~`^ O <^~!
O yOK~. 'D (= <) Hg+<# a\+ ^O L# Jx
~f_# <<~ !
H "~ P"kOK~. ~`^ O x Jx s"~ D
~`^ O , *=O
Hg+<# |+iOKx f~xOK~. =#^Ox Jx
Qi <xK\ H =zu.
H "~ SH"# L`~ H}
O '~[O =z#>. ....
~`... J< @... '=< QH x<^
JO`HO_ WO` =O^ ~A QY #^t Oz,
PK~}
`H ^$H^O `, L=< K `uH`# *_ JO|~xHO\~. =O Q_ # Hn [< L`O,
"ix =O`=Qe K~. ''...... O KO K x L^HO , P"O iy`<~. a\+ "~ J_Q_ Q<
H$`"k? Un^ . W`~ ^ |~^= [iQ_ b#, "iOK~. Wk KH J^# b#, PtH
, q^~ JkHO Q x L<~. =#^O 1920- ^ Q ` OK~. H =^, =YOQ Hr
21 x~H~}^=O J<H=Ok *# ^Q~ H \OQ [iyOk. | g^, H~ g^, \= g^
~ =~O iOk. =O\ ~_, O@ + < Jx "
~ Hi# tH#qOz =<~... "# c* [iy# qQ KO^x, Jx ^ ` HH i~. 11
i` = <=~#
= KO^#H~^ ... ` H QO@H L^=O `~~H K~ Ok. UH} # UO[~Q<
D L^=xH (|=i 3 ~) JOMQ =z ## PO^# JO^i "^O k. =YOQ b QO_
~= # [^= Q <~" ~ =#. =z# "i ~ ~ Q `_ O ~OaOz<~.
`q, =m, H#_Q, `Q"~ L<~.
TOz# q^O Q< HO`=Ok ^O_Q J~ ,
@}
, O` =`~O H ~Q`# L`x J[_ ~~. ^#OQ H~ ^Q~ ^H}
L`*x K 144 H< qkOK_O [iyOk. [~Q ~=~O iOz J^# ^ OO K Q~. "<#,
c` x TOKHx, HOQ Jk#O J~O @Q HHx, H~# H_O "^\~. WOH! b H
~ # LO iOKH=x f~xOzOk. PYi H}
O "^\~ . H XH = ^ _ Kx~ k
N Nx" JOQ~ Q~ "#HO[ "~. kf f~#O " O_ #_~_# _ L<_. HO QiH D
HO QiH P~x HeyOzOk. Q `Q PzOz q+ O `e@\H "i Q \HO L#k.
P f~#O J=O[=x, iH`# =x QKiOzO^#. "i` O`Q~ ~x L<~. D "~ `eQ<
# z OQ i` # K__xH WO\"
'x*xH Z@=O\ LkH"# i`#, "#HO[ K@
" _=<k `#[#< ^ =#H ~ [~= O^#x "iOz< HKO_ |^~~. a\+ `
f~xOKHx, '^~ " ^, J^~" ^, Jx, Zx Hz<, ^=#HO_ |e`Ok. #Q~= O` x H ta~OQ =iOk.
Zx #z< Jh `< x g, g~ ~O [~O _ be H @O_ H~ P=~} |^~~
Jx P^ *s K~. ^H}
~` ", =`~xH HOQ~. =~ |*~ ^Q~ O`Qi H~ PQ<
PYiH " " qQ`O^x, x~ KO^`# `~ }O He#_H# |^~~. "ix =O^=Ok J#i< ~.
HO Q~ PH~}
O J~<~. P Q PHOH HO^~ HOQ~ JH_H " _O =^O Jx PK ~.
=^O ZH_ LO> JH_ HO
@H=Q xeK~.
2012 |=i
30

[ ZH_ LO> JH_ HO


=YOQ `g^ Kug^ ^| =~O iOk. J~<
* HO H" [!
KeOK^ , J^~ ^ , ^~ ^ , "#uiy i^ . Q
^~OQOH XH ~, XH ["#, U=<~ `. '< s~= |_# u s ^| ~q
`H ` H # `K =, | H_ =O^ Jq OKx a\+ =[ = iH kQ u " J=`Ok
^`<_. OO E qkeOKO@ =# Wk =# ^ =. H< H^ H =O H ~ H ^ O.
`*x K_Q< XHiQ [ [[ ^< K~. z=~ P s ^| P# s~O HHH ~Ok.
x ~_H ~ " ~fi Z=ih H^ h_O ^ . UH~}O O_, a\+ `O `#g^ WO` hKOQ
''P ^ _ K_e ^i =^ J<_ HO. ~ =iOzO^x Jiq`" # P"^# KO^_. z=iH s~O
'g^ x Yz`OQ K _" HO_ HO QO_ `H ^| ^H< =#H =^`< #=O|~ 27, 1928
Qi\, 'g~ |=O`OQ " <# H#<_. JO` ~ < ~.
x|O. OxH J^~ ^ ~? LQ~ O ^e O~_
P ~Ax ' - - J< ~[H
'HHO_ Jx QiO K_.
u=~ XH~ . =~ W^~ . () QOQ^~ uH,
x_ H uiQ~. `H *i~ <# () a< KO^. ^ 'O* <+# OH, 'H
KOk. `" _ ` _. L`~ H}
O H < L# XH W#~< HOh == [u~Q~.
=O =_ aQ~ Q 'PO^H i lO^^ '= < QH #\H #~ ^ _ . JQ HO O` QiH
Jx QO` zOKHQ< =O^ QO` He~. x<^` J`O` Pq`_. gi~=i rq` `QO, xsu,
k u^xOK~. HO =O^ #_K_. P x*~f, x|^` i= LO_q. ~ ` = `# ~ #
Kx~# =_ P``, J# K~<_. OH # Kk Oz q=H K _O gi ` J=#"# k.
~ _ J =yOk. H [iy LO> UO [iQ^! D H ~ H ` =`_ WO` `O^~Q `O`x
Tf`O.
WOK"_ H^" . J~` ` O ~ ` = ` *f J ^`,
D Ki`H @# O Q~Q HO Qi qQ O P~ J ^`, J} J ^`, PiH J ^`, #^# q+H~
OH ` |OkOK|_ z`=^ _ `# q+ O "= O. D
u+" LOk.
WH L`~ ^O ~` `O` OQ=O 'a\+ ~A# D H ~ |uH LO>< H =m _< !
~* =u~HOQ ~_# n~ XH_Q z~~Q
'XH Ku` H\ H^ Q, XH J_Q H\
xez_. D# ^~ JOi` x+, H~nH` , J_Q #_=Q XH ` H\ HO~ HQ, XH
`Qx~uH L`~ ~`O i=# ~ . JO^H *u @` H\ <^ H=Q J#@ *u =`#
D## 'O* H i J< a~^yOk. gi ^~ HkeOK~? H~#Y# K ~? D OH # KkO K~?
^ H J=#"# q. '= < QH ~ D H iH _ J<*~ #_`# ` Jqhu =u~H ~@O. WO\
< " O` Hx `O^~Q O~O Q Kk O K_O
[#xzOk.
L`~# [u~ uH~} kQ `O` `^ O. <\ L^= "\ f~`# D<\ e`,
~`xH x~ = K~. 1928, |=i 16# O@ ^x~ H O , i^ HOQ fHx =`HOQ
=~O .
JOc =< Hg+<# Jxq^ Jx ~ PKiOK_O `H}
JO^H H.. Q_e > ~~=Qi ^ =~#
|+iOKx f~#O ukOK~. `~"` ^xH#
Q}OQ< `< "=Ok J#K~ ` ~ ~ + < Z^~Q 'u=i ~O HO JH~ ` O.
JH|~ 30, 1928 XH |O_" # '#*O _ ^~ #
'`Q Q_ [xOz ~` ^i u< g~_#\
.
K~. JO =~O `, U q^" # J~ O_ '= <
AHi< Q_~ Oz qOz# HO =_ H^~
QH x<^` ^~ # K LO> b AO
H< @x QOk QO_# Qcx <l
Z" ~H ` OQ =iOk. N Qix JH~}OQ, \~\
K` Y_= x #H~ `K < *uH<
K J=#+OQ s^| iOK~. P# XO\g^
31
2012 |=i

| =i 4 [Ou O^~O Q

'~` ~` c"< *+
W~= `a '`<<Q ^ O_\ c" < *+x

XH ~ O
Q^Q H ^Q~ Q 'O^
Q `O_` @ *+
" _ . JH _ " ~
QO^~ Q<x qx P#
^Q~ Ow`O <~ O\ #< H~ `O_H K_. Q~~*
Hx H~} = ^~^ x K_. J\H *+ =
H =O ^H O_ O=`~ =`" ! Q~=# J<+
"< JaxH =K_ c" <. 1932 WO\ [#O
K =O_Q " J=Q~ P#H W+" # <~ =_ # k.
"# ^xH< =~ Qi>_ Z= <~ =_O K=x `ex
J_ Q _ *+ . J= =_ O K # =Ok. ^xH `_
=O^eOzOk, L# O Q W =ke_. Ow`O <~
Q~=HO ~ O_ L`~ ~`^ O JO` QeOK_. ~
\H @ x }, XH @ uO> =~@ O@
HO Q_ ~#. P q^O Q 1935 =~ uiy uiy, H
H}zQ ~Ok# c[~, <, Qe~ =O\ ^ h
Q~= HO J<+ HH O K =K_. PYiH Qe~
`O #_ '=^" Ow` q^O J< ~
q^iQ " O OkOK<_.
JH_ L^ * PbM< *+ Q ux QiOz
J# *~ <_. M< Qi ^Q~ *+ =~, i~Qe
<~ <_. M<` Q_ O k Hx~A J~< `# g^
P# =O K =O^< "~ c" < *+. Qe~
Ow` q^#O`~O c"< HH` "~. JH_
' s< J< OQb #@_, Q_ *+ QO`x
=^ ~x Q=xOz `# ^Q~ L^QqK_. JH_ P#
# "KH#~=_O, \ JOkOK_O h `_@O
O\q. P~ < @ P L^QO c" < H#Q_.
J#O`~O *+Qi }O O*| ~ROx [O^~ H
=iOk. JH_ *+ 'q<H ~"|" @~< J< Q}
He~. P# ^~ *+QiH =~ Ow` q^Ox

Ja=i O \~. ~`^ Ow` q^O `#^# 'Y


O^ |+ Jx _ Hi O \~. ~` `O WK
=#` a~^ '~`~ ` # Ok# Ow` OK ~`
*+ S^="~. c" < *+ 4-2-1922# H~@H ~ROx
Q^Q [xOK~. gi @O| ~O Q KO> gi ``Q~
c=K~ =Y Q_, Ow`"` . `O_ Q~~*
*+ @^_, J^_, xO@H~. =O`
~ "O^ q rq`Ki `# WOw+ + ~# #_.
c" < `e Q^=s ~ <`# PK~ ~}~.
=YOQ H#_ [ # H~# # P" J`O` =OQ _k.
u=u # c" < *+ [ # |$O^ "O@ "o "_.
JH_ J~ gk J~Qg^ x^` Z=~ }O H@ x
J`xx Z` x "i WO\ kOz"~@.
Q~~* WO\ "`=~}xH `y#@ H_
HH~_Q<, WO[h~Q<, _H~Q< Z^Qx P_
"_. c" < u Q~"~O xH ^"O [iQ
[ # H~H= O@O_"_. =O` _# P#
Q# =^~xH JH_ ` =Q"~. Q~~*
H_ Ow`a~ zx Q=xOz K#~H > J< Q_
^Q~ < S^~ez Ow`O <~=<_. J`#
=$us` ~[_. W<` M< t+_. *+ =^ #O_
^# q#=K '=l< Qx U ~QH"#
~xH< = =iz~ q#Q P~ $^ O LO_k.
J\ 'H~< ~< J< O^h O^xH
P^_# L^ J| HsOM< Ow`=O> *+ Kq
H<"_. J#O`~O P# '=^~ J< ~`_,
Q_, ~x ^Q~ Ow` ^# yOK_.

_. =O`# ~<~}~A
< ~K~ `
2012 |=i

32

QiOz `eOk. P<=~ H^ `# [xOz# H#_


^= O`\ uiy Ow` HKs K O _"~ c" <
~RO< 'O_ O`O LO_ '"~ QO^~ J< =H *+. JO`HO_ `<O`
Ow` "`
< =#_
Jx. P QO^~ 'H~< ~< O^xH P^_x qx =~s <@H `^~} K H H~# Q#O
P#O^__. P T~ *+ xH K~=< L#k. Jkf_Q ~ M` OkOKHQeQ~. 1964Q` O`~O H WO\H u~Q =YO \_ .
82 =^HO P# S^~ q^ ~\OK~.
~ O_ ZH_H _ uiy WO\H Ki# H_# K 1964 Px < ` `~O O^~. 1965 _K
`e^O_ KeOz~. Q~~* H_` hH+"# z` x~` *+x '~Qq=~ ~` W~" S^ xq
Ow`x <~ H=x J#=u WK~. P<\ #O_ *+H _"O@s xiOK_. 1941 OQ ~ 200 =Ok
`O_ H~O ZO`Q< aOzOk. <\ #O_ 1940 =~
=Y Ow` q^O =HO '`_Y Q#O K
JO> <Q O=`~@ "~ QO^~ Jx # J`O` [# Q_Q # "=~OKQeQ_.
K =K~ c" <. =Oz tH}
, Q#H @ ==H~O _..q.~=<, J`x ~ *+x =HH O ~O ` Hx_~.
^x i~` kOK< @^ ` '=h ~QO #O_ =HQ ` O Q c" < *+ x~_O|~_, K ~^ Q =x+,
'`_ ~QO =~ <~ x `O kOKQe Q~ *+. z#@Op P# P\" ~OQO JO> ZO` W+O .
XH Q` Ow` q^O_Q L`~ O^h Ow` Q~O JO^ =Oz J=Q# _ LO_k. 'Ol #O_
=ey `e# `~` _ O_\ *+ H =O `# ' ~<H 'a.ZO._| ^H U ~HxH KOk# H~ WO[<<< W>
iq`O H^ . P<\ #O_ P# ~Ox =jH~}
H
Q K Q < }O LO_ k . < # H H O Q ~ x
^k "K O k#^< Ke. 19 O=`~H P# `#
HH~=O> K P#O^OQ < rq`#O` XH Q~*H
`e HKs KQeQ~O> q+" =i. H#_, On H
JiOz LO_"}x K|`O_"~ P#. =~u,
\
w`` W~"
H `e PO P# q_^ K _O `e
H~# QK O@ Q_ "} Jx #=` c" <
q[=< Ke LO@Ok. 1946 JxO\H qOz `#
Pf Q~"# "~ QO^~ J~==@ \# ~A K _O q+O ZO`< =Ok.
c" < *+ ~ q#Q< ~fO^iH K@#
O^~ O Q *+Qiz# |~OQ HKs `" , =^ ~" #
@OQ xez=_O. P<\ #O_ *+Qi ~ Ow` Q~HK @ 'q ~ "~`" ~.. (=#=O^~O
O KO Kx^H ZO` QQ =~y ~Ok. He_^O QO` H^O "HOQ LO^O). D
WH_ KH"e# q+O XH@Ok. Ki` H_ @# ~` [O` PH` qO\~. \.q. P#
Ow`O <\ H
`O_ rq` Ki` ~# ^Y<~ Qx, c" < @, WOH ~ _ H O^ P#
*+ `O_ Q~~* *+ H_ QiOz '<^ ` ~` q#_ O_ LO_^ . 2011 [#=i 23# c" < *+ Ow`
O^ih ^:YQ~O =Oz Q = ` x^#O #Oz
H#_ + XH QO^x ~_O O ~" # JOO.
1970 ~O^~^ ~Qb, Hc~^ H~# # ~Q< J=~ iH "o ~. <\ H P =#=_
HQe 'Ow` "} J< <Q QO@ ^~ # c" < < #Q~O `# xiOK# 'H ~ J< =#O
*+ H i~ J`O` q[=O`" eO ^x Ow` =~O P# $uH zOQ JQ =O@Ok. =YOQ P#
`e# ~A
K|`O\~. g\H `_ H`H" # O`$ ~s ^~_x O #Oz =#O =$^ O =~ =Oz
HQ_O ` @, PiHO Q _ c" < QiH XH i+ < H=O` +OK<~. P# <@H 'QN
HeyO^x KK. P<\ #O_ ` i"~ `@ ` J< <@HO #\ , #\=} =`~` =_
J"~ O \ P # qiqQ O _ O zO^ x =#O q"O K <~. P" _ Q Q~. 1940
qOK=K. 1972 '^ N J"~, 1976 Ow` <@H #O^ J< P# "#== =~` =O^ O_ [iyOk.
JH_g J"~, 1985 '^ +} , 1999 '^ q +} =` P# kf H `O. = O Z< H+# Hi
W Z<< Q~= ~H" # ~~ *+ Qi =iOK~. Ow`^ <x QqOz, c" < *+ ^# ` ~`
2008 c" < ~`^ J`#` ~~O '~`~ ` O w` q^O =Mu =Y_ Q < x
OkOKx rq`x ^# O K # L#`_.
^H _O P# u@" w@~~Q xezOk.
33
2012 |=i

H |} ~u O
(Ja=$k, xO`}) a2011

~Q`# [< OHOQ = ix ^ , OQ`

H |} ~ u O Ki`# XHi ije: 1800


O. bQ k i <_~ #~ Ja= z#
"`, q_` Q |}# ^"iH JOkOz HO`=~
^iHx `yOK `O. ~ O_= O K ^H O
=~ `# }oH W^ JaO1895 OII WO_
<+
'WO_<+
H_\ OH ^ '~ H_@<
~H \ J< O U~@` H |} ~ u ~OO
1959 OII.
`~ H< (WC_ |OQ^ ) KOk# JM^~ g*
M< ''H < JH_g ~ ~~ _=" O\ # U~@K
'Hq H P~ \" \ * ^~ ^ H
|} ~u JOkOK_O ` =~=#^ H |}
~ u H XH L^~}Q xezOk.
H |} ~uH OK"OQ K~O
HeOz# PiH"` |OQ^ KOk# =^ #
1976 |OQ^ 'Qg} O # U~@K 89 `O
Q= 97 `O ^ = |}# JOkOz "i
O LkH `__~ . 1980 'bq 'Qg}
O ~` '< H WO@~+# " H < < x*< K
~OaOK~.
~`^ O *f == Qg}a=$k OH
(NABARD), 500 OH Y PiH =#~ =i,
`^~ 20 =Ok # ^ O =

~ u O x # ik^ H=O, PiH O \`=


Q=Q U~_#" H |} ~ u O .
^a HO K~O Ok, = kHi`#
= O H O ^~ O KxH K\# D H
|} ~u O f==~, K@O J=~O kQ
=O^ Q`<~.
H |} ~ u JO>....?
"+OQ@< _..(1997), JO`~f qH O
(S.Z.F) i[~OH P WO_ (1999), *f ==
Qg}a=$k OH (<~ 2000) "^Q =Y O
qq^ ~HQ x~zOz< q+ }
~OO H~O.
''Q=, @}, #Q~ ^i^~Y
kQ=Q =# ^ @O, =Y=Q =
z#"` |}# PiH =# KO ^ O ^~,
O ^~ JOkOz "iH O Lk HeOz "i
P^#, r=# =}~x OK q^OQ PiH
K
`x=_" `Oz PiH= = "ix Q=Q
K _" H |} ~ u L^ O. D ~ u x JOkOK
O # H |} ~ u O (" H < W<
@+< : Z"ZS ) JO\~.

_. ZO. L~}
H ~~, J~ qQO, HHf x=i\, HsO#Q~
2012 |=i

34

|$O^ Self Help Groups (SHG) |}# JOkOK_O


^~ 1987 O`O ~`^ O H |} ~ u H
~OO J~Ok.
=#^O qq^ ~HQ H ~ u x JOkOK_O
[~Q`Ok. HOh K@O x H< 25 HO^ #"^# H~
O , OHOQ `~ ^=O , ``~ O (Non
Government organisations- NGO), O H =
|$O^ (Self Help Groups-SHG) =i W`~ ^= O
^~ |}x JOkOK_O [iy<, =Y"# q ~ O_ ^` .
1. O H |$O^ OH eOHl ^u : (Self
Help Groups Bank linkage programme - SHG-BLP)

2.H |} ~u O(Micro Finance InstitutionsMFI)


"^\ ^u : O H |$O^ OH eOHl
^u : ~`^O <~ (NABARD) PK# H=O
gH$` Qg}a=$k (Integrated Rural Development
Programme- IRDP) Q=Q 1987 KO
^ O
^~ |}## JOkOK ^H O q[=O`O H=_O =#,
1992 D ^u x <~ " \O k. O H
|$O^ O# J#O^#O K b H$`O H=_O
= kH~` , P`qxH " ~~ xezOk.
D ^u |}# KQ O^_" HO_, |}#
H= uiy KeO K_O q+O . Q H#H XHi |}O
JO^~ OKO\~. JO^H |}~O ` =. D #O
ZO` Ju`=Q H#yO^O> 1992 H=O 255
O H O =O>, 2010 O=`~xH P OY
69.53 H KiOk. XH |$O^O 14 #O_ 16
=<~#< 9.7 H@ @O D H |} ~ u
O "O =#>. D @O ^ "`O
~.6,198.7 H@. D ^ M` H~O 48.51 H
O H |$O^, =i, 2010 =~ ~.28,038
H@ |}# O^~. O =i# ^==#~
24,196 H@. J#Q ^^ 65 `O |}# O
= Q JOkOK_O =# H==Q " \ H |}
~ u O ^$+x D ~OQO PHiOzOk.
~ O_= ^u
D ^u H |} ~ u O O |}xz,
"\ ^~ ^ |# =~ "iH |}# JOkOK_O .
WO^ |}~O XH_ i OKe. O ^= =#~#
=~_O =# D O j =Q kQ~. "\H
35
2012 |=i

|} iQ~. 2005 "\ H |} ~u


O ~.297 H@ =O>, 2009 ~.11,700/ H@
|} iQ~. Z"ZS 10 `O =_` O
#O_ |}# fx 24 `O #O_ 60 `O =_`
^"iH |}x JkH O^_O =
P~OO "^O k. nxH `~}O. PO^ ^ x"kH H~O
1.6 H@ @Ox 25 H ^" H ~ u x
O^~. Hx HO^ ` x"kH H~O 2.07 H@
@O |} O^~. JO> PO^ ` x"kH
HO> Z=. nx J~O XH =H J<H H |} ~ u
O #O_ JC fH=_O [iyO^#@. ZOZS ,
f#"~ uiy Ke~ ^ J< PK# O_
^~OQ |}# O} K~. e `=Q JkH= _ `
qq^ ZOZS |}# KeO KH P`` __O
"^ \~. 2006 PO^^x H$, QO@~
l P~O" # P`` ~+= O` P=iOK~. |}
= "o# ZOZS ux^# Q= #O_
" Q@_" HO_, ~ J< H ~ u O KOk#
57 Y# ="<, P`` PQH=_O =#
ZOZS xO`} 2007 H |} ~ u xO`}
a# H O^ `O H " \O k. Hx 2009
14= H HO ~^ H=_O =# P a ~^~ Ok.
H |} ~ u O (Ja=$k, xO`}) a
2011# qOK =O^, xO`} P=H` Uq\ Jx
Pz ` O O qQ` O ^~ |}#
` = =_` ^ Qg} = JOkOz ^u H~O
uiy = K O> PiH O \`O \ + = ` @ D
= L`#=q H=. O PiH =#~##
=~=K J#_xH H~}O # q=iOz# ~ O_ ^`
= ^==#~# 65% O =~~. "^\

^u : O H |$O^O eOHl ^H xH 6. =^^~ [< O QO "\e# ^x i[~OH


~.24,196 H@ =i ~ O_= ^u H |} ~ u
q H |} ~ u O #"^ `x ~^
O ~.11,700 H@ "`O ~.35,896 H@. WO^
K, P " H< < O# =" O k.
75% Q PiH =#~# z#i= Ja=$k O 7. K@O x x|O^# # LO ~. 5H [i=<
( Small industries development Bank of India- SIDBI)
=i 2 U * tH qk~ .
"^Q#q =i#"#x i[~O HO^ _~H~
LOO J~# =Q" Hq\ q=iOzOk. JO`HH K@= ~` HeQ [< :
~.35,896 H@ ^H}
k ~~# PO^ ^ , H~@H, 1. "H<< Ox H~O\ ^` ^#`xz
JO|_=< (i# * =# i+iOK
`q<_ ~ He ~.22,644 H@ Ok`, XH
`^Q xf~ ~ "H}
[i `kHi)x
PO^ ^ ~+O 34,66 `O OkOk. PO^ ^ #
xqOK_O .
'PO^ =H~ " H< < J#_" HH ^O " H< <
=_= #O =O__O =# O `H=Q 2. D a H ~} ~ u O # JO|_=< P^ ~O
O \`, PiH ~OQxH f~=_O.
|}x"x J#_xH H~}O. P `~` PO^ ^
i` , PO^#` ~+O J@_H O k. e `=Q 2010 3. u " H< < O ` xiQ i[~ O =^
#"^ H#H ^ =_ "~ #O_ ~H}

PO^ ^ `O H |} ~ u O xO`}
=i <u H |O K ~_O .
K\x J= KO k. nx= ~ Q " H< < H+
i` # Z^~<~. ZO^HO> K@ H~O O 4. a #OQ =i` ~}, ^, OK<, c=,
" H< < O =`O `= |}# [ #O_ ~|@
~ q>< "^Q PiH =, ~}H~ JOkO k.
HH ~. e `=Q D K@O q=~ Q~ # `~ }O :
` ax JO giH L=#O HQK~. 1. O~ JkH~ i[~ OH W=_O ~,
ZO^HO> a H~O " H< < O WH i[~OH
<~ Qx H =_O.
Pn#O xK_"HH, gi # J_< `H 2. Da = H`Q [ U [< HQH Q,
q+ Ug =.
Z".Z. S. =K #+O ^ . ZO^O> ~ u O
H |} ~ u O (Ja=$k, xO`}) a 2011
O H # xK # @ =O__" .
14= H ~^ H=_O =#, 2009 ~^~ # 3. OHuHOQ H |} ~ u O =_ "~O
" H< < a# H O^ `O " \O k. `~< K@O
HOkH ~= H#H ~ ikH D a ~^.
H|_ ax =MO
4. =_ # H@_ K _O [iy< Jq `Q J=HO =O^
1. D a K@O Q =i` " H< < i[~OH
J<k .
JkH~O =O@OkHx, <~ =i ~R `
5. "" xH O _ H` H#Q`<~.
JkH~O LO_^ .
JO^ L^~} : ^~}=Q [ O
2. S^ H ` xi xk` u " H< < O qkQ
[=K# C_ 3.5% =_~ @# O W~. Hx
i[~OH =^ #"^ K~OKH"e.
O `eqQ P _|< 10% =_` " H< <
3. H O^ `xH ^, k x~t Oz JOkOK_xH
JOk, D =~u O P _|# ^[ 24%
H |} Ja=$k =O_ex U~@ K~ .
#O_ 60% =_` |}# W<~. D a
4. D =O_e JkH~Q ZQ \" _~ H~ ^
ZO`=~ W@=O\ i`# =~Q^ J<k
`Qx <~, P~.a.S., Z.S._.S., Z<.K.l. JkH~
O". D q+O Of Qg} O
Q =O\~, =i PiH, Qg}a=$k Y
=O^<~.
*~O\ H@s Q =O\~.
D a K@= ~` ~ O O_ i[~
5. D a O=`iH `O ~ @ (Annual Percentage
OH H |} ~ u O # x~}`H=Q xO
u
Rage) J< JOx K~~. XH H |} ~
O ZO` =_ ~ @# x~~ OK WO^ O^~K ~. u, |}Q# =`H=Q q=H K =
P ~ @< =_, A
, = Ks =i W`~ Y~ kHi` =~Hi #K~Q qi OKQ ^ J<k H"
x~~ OKe.
Ki =O\~.
2012 |=i
36

~` ZQ=` =$k ZOZZOW ~OQO =


+" # PiH ==Q Z^Q`#\H O K "}[O
~` "\ WOH kQ=~ OQ =Ok. "~
== ZQ=` 20= #O#, kQ=` 13=
#O# "}[= ZQ=` 7= #O# ~`
=#@ OK "}[O (_| \F) Q}OH (2011
JH|~) ``<~. W\=~ "`O OK
ZQ=` =# "\ 1.44 `O, kQ=` 2.12 `O
=`" H=@O P~O Qe JOO.
~`^ q^j "}[O ZQ=`, kQ=`
#_=Q =`O @ 12= OK=~ }oH =~^
PO^# =HOKOk. '' ~` "}[O =`Hx
\OKe. WO^# O, ` ~ # == kQ=` ^ PiH
==# e"<~. "}[ =`` kOKO^
` ~ # = i=}O =iO` ~Qe. H =O =_ =y
ZQ=`# JkHO K ` ~ # == kQ=` =#
[#O ^ . S\ O|Ok` = =O\ "}[ ~" #
= ZQ=`# sQ Oz =`x s K `
= ~ =$kx \ =OK_O ^OH^. JO^K`
ZQ=`# OOkOK\xH, JO`~` =~@ kQ=`
\H n@Q ^j == JO^@ KH <}"#
L`` # s i=}O ` ~ K =# J=~O
LO^x =~^ ~Ok.
ZQ=` =$kH ZO.Z.ZO.W. ~OQO =, ` s
== WO[hiOQ == `, #`# = `s
q^#O, = ZQ=u =~ "_HO , ZQ=` *
xf~ JO ZO` HH" # =x }oH O O ij#
"_<~.

ZQ=` =$k ZO.Z.ZO.W. ~OQO =


~` ZQ=` =$k W`~ JO`@ H ,
z# =^ ` ~ ~ O Q O (ZO.Z Z O.W.) ^ # `
=Oz#^#@O O^ O^ .
12= OK=~ }oH =~^##iOz W\=
H\ O z# ` s = q^#O, S~^ PiH i`
H}
`, ~` ~ O Q =# =$k~ @, O K "O Q qq^
O` ` =~, z~ =~HO q^j `H
@|_ uk` q^<, q^j =~HO K`Q ,
^j J=~ K< P^~O, a2, H 0, S\, S\WZ
`k`~ ~` = ~Q`# y~H =O\ i}=
= q ZO.Z.ZO.W. T`O` ZQ=` =iO`
`O a O ^x K =K.
~` iqH ~OQO =$k z#`~ i=
Q}h"# = JOkOK~. `O =~ 26q.
x@` ZO.Z.ZO.W. qQO l_ 8`OQ =Ok.
"`O iqH`u 45`O "\`, 8000 Q
` s =` ` , ZQ=u 40`O, 60 qe# =OkH
Lk, uU\ 1.3 q. L^Q H<=~ O` =`"#

_. O[ u"i
J \ ~ , "<*" O\ _ Y, ~<
H On qq^O, =O^Q_ (~<)
2012 |=i

37

Of, qo` =$kH ` xi @ " D ~OQO


xKOk. (ZO.Z.ZO.W. \ ~ x"kH 2010)
"`O ZQ=` ZO.Z.ZO.W. ZQ=` "\
W\=e O=`~ 40`O =~ iyOk. (\ H1)
200708 D ~OQO ^~ ZQ=u ~|_ "\ JO`
=O^ O=`~O` e K 10.67 `O JkHO Q ~.
202017 H@ KiOk. (ZO.Z.ZO.W. =Ou` Y
200910 "iH x"kH)
\ H 1
ZO.Z.ZO.W ~OQO ^~ [iy# ZQ=`
O=`~O
"`O
ZO.Z Z OW ZO.Z Z OW
ZQ =` ZQ =u"\ ZQ =u"\` O
1990-91

32,553,34

9664.15

29.7

1991-92

44,041.81

13883.40

31.5

1992-93

53,350.54

17784.82

33.3

1993-94

69,546.97

25307.09

36.4

1994-95

82,674.11

29068.15

35.1

1995-96

106,464.86

36470.22

34.2

1996-97

117,524.98

39248.54

33.4

1997-98

126,286.00

44442.18

35.2

1998-99

141,604.00

48979.00

34.6

1999-2000

159,561.00

54200.00

33.9

~` ZQ=` Q J=H ZO.Z.ZO.W.` :


ZQ=` K< =O^ ^ =zOk. z#
z# =, ^ , JOH~}
L`` =O\ ` =
<}`Q == # KH ZQ=` K JQ<xH Ki#
K< ` O "`< ~Q`<~. K< H~h q=
_ iyOk. JO^K` =#^O ^~ \x ` H `@ <
"`=~}O U~_Ok. ^j J=~ K< ^$+ iOk.
HiH `~OQ" # ZQ=` P^~_ iu ^ .
D i}=O = =YOQ ZO.Z.ZO.W. ~OQOx ~`
ZQ=u ^~, ` s^~ T a O k.
#`# = ` s q^#O
D "^xH *f = `s q^#O =iO`
T`qOk. nxHO^ *f @|_ = `s
=O_ (Z<SZ"[_) OHuH i*<a=$kH PiH,
OQ` O`OQ tH}
JQ _OQ K~ H < }
=`O s =O\ qq^ ^< U~@ QiOz `O
KOk. g\`@ x|O^# ^` ~m H~} , ZO.Z.ZO.W.
~OQxH =ix `H HeOK_O =O\ K~
K_ ` ~. WO`HH
2022 <\H l_ 25`xH = ` s ~OQO "\
zO
100 qe< L^Q H#
ZQ=u^~ OK \x =iO` =~OQ
Z^~<O^ gQ `y# q^< =^`
HiHH "_HO JkHO Q Q i=, \ JO`Qx
i=, ZO.Z.ZO.W.=O\ Hx ^ # i=
QiO `k`~ J<H q^# q $` ik H#
_ x~t OK~.
Lk H#, KH L`u ^` , HiH H JkH
qxQO "^# JO` Z<ZO H# f~_O
ZO.Z.ZO.W. ~OQxH "~Q # J=H =<<k +"
J~#\H D ~OQO <}` Q\ xO`}, ~ ~
=~" # ^` J#iOKx^ PtOz# e ` ^H =<k
_ +" .
ZQ=` =$k ` s, WO[hiOQ == ` :
^ iqH ~OQO WO[hiOQ i= J`O`
s qQ=x 201112 PiH ~ =YOQ ~Ok.

P^~O : "iH x"kH : ZO.ZZO.W. =Ou` Y


~` `O P~aS.
qq^ O=`~ ZO.Z.ZO.W. ZQ=`
ZQ=` (~.H@)

P^~O : "iH x"kH, ZO.Z.ZO.W. 200910


2012 |=i

38

^j`u l_ 3`O, iqH`u zH


(SS) 30.5`O, "`O @|_ 29.9`O, q^j
H~O _# O 62.8 `O "\ Hey# HH
i= Wk. ^j ZQ=` 20`xH Q "\
WO[hiOQ L`` ^ H=_O q+O .
Q g\ =~ 35`O` H , z#`~
i = ~ O Qxk K ~ Q =Ok. HQ 200008
=^HO WO[hiOQ = ZQ=` 25.2 `O
iQ~. 200809 D ~Q^ XH "~ 18.7`OQ
#"^HQ 200910 OK " PiH =O^O
H~}OQ =iO` `y# \H =O^ i` # KH k^\ xH
K\ # K~ ` 46`O ~Q^` sQ HOk.

g\ J`kHO Q 75 * S\ S\ O|Ok` =
KOk#q. "`O * qQ OY 3139 HQ 200910
g\ ^~ [iy# ^=O|O^" # ZQ=` 121`O
iy ~. 2,20,711 H@ K~~. O K "O Q PiH
=O^O <Hx =# `~ }O D ~Q^ [~Q@ O q+O .
` O=`~O ^= `=HO ZQ=`
~. 2,23,132 H@ "~ =<~. ^O #O_ [iQ "`O
ZQ=` g\ "\ 200910 <\H 26.1`xH K~Q
201011 `e `= HO 29.7 `OQ #"^~Ok. *
ZQ=` q=~# \ H 2 K_=K#.
\ H 2 ZQ=` * xf~
O=`~O *#O_
~`#O_ "`O
ZQ =`
ZQ =` ZQ =`
q= =$k
q= =$k * ZQ=u
H@ `O H@ `O "\
2003-04 13854 39.0
293367
4.7

WH 200910 D~OQOx ZQ=` ^#


qQ xf~ uOQ =O_Q `^i O=`~
^= ~O W#=, L, O` iH~, W`~ WO[hiOQ
== =O\ qQ JkH =$kx #"^ K~. ~"}
iH~, W#"`~ , `s =O\ L 2004-05 18314 32.2
375340 27.9
4.9
qQ 60`xH qOz s =$k [iyOk.
2005-06 22840 24.7
456418 21.6
5.0
s ZQ=` =~ qxQO
2006-07 34615 51.6
571779 25.3
6.1
Q` XH\ # ~ ^ 60`xH | _# l_
"\` s ~OQO Q}h"# = K PiH =$kH =yO
O K "}[O ~` "\ ~QO> `O
^^_ O k. `O K\ # ~m H$` O pH~} q^#O
^ #"# K~ K\ e =O@Ok. g\ QOQ
WO^ H~}O. 10`O "iH =$kQ D ~OQxH ZQ=`
sx ^ # ~OQ ZQ=`# OOkOKO^
~|_x ~|> ^H` =Ok. 200001 #O_ 200708
`y# q^< ~OkOKe. |_\ H \~O K e.
=^HO "~, c=, ~"} ~OQ =Oz =$k
` H PiH =O_ *# =iO` =~O Q fik^e.
#"^~Ok. =#O^ D ZQ=` ZO.Z.ZO.W. ~OQO
ZO.Z.ZO.W. `H HeOKe. D ~OQO
^ #O HQ^. W"HH q^, <O, H< h s
L`` O K \H n># tH}
, < } "~Q^
=HQ ` =, H=xH+<, aF, H F O|Ok` = i^# Ja=$k ^ U~@ =O_e. * =^
~Q, O_, ==`` , H , P~ }
, J#O^#O H~O`@ Z<ZO HO^ *f @|_
P\ P\~ `k`~ ~OQ ZQ=`# =$kK = `s =O_# <He. qq^,
J=H "O_Q =<~.
q^O < } Ja=$k ^~ =~ x~}O [~Qe.
ZQ=` =$k ` H PiH =O_ `
WO^HO JO`~f "}*xH O|OkOz# H~H=#
ZQ=` J=~" # =eH ^ , PiH ~OaOz B`H iqH <}` J#O^#O
=` , OHO q#~O HeOK L^ O` 2000 HeOKe. nx= =iO` q^=O`, tH` # =`
O=`~O `O U~@ K# PiH =O_ (*) ^~ PHi` "~ "}[ O|Ok` ZQ=` #`#
< `~ = `~ O k.
ZQ=` J#OQ iQ~. W\H "`O 130 * =~\ J=H# X_ @
J#"^O : . ~f ^
^~ ZQ=` [~Q`#@ 201112 PiH ~ `eOk.
39
2012 |=i

Hx P WO_
'#O #Oz _ "~# ~|@Q ~ uH Jx

JkH~ Q}O =i uH~OQ PK# ~O W=_xH


"^\ `O _< 1916 "^\ Hx 'k
H~ P P#~ J< ~` ~^eOk. D PK# `~<
O_<q ^#, `^i S~, H#_, P,
Pe =i #lO_ P"^O Ok#k.
D PK# H~~OQ W_ ^^ 50 ^
Hx ^ W@=O\ == J= L<~
=`QOn U=<~?
=`QOn K #@, 'uHx ^= P O
= H"e. uH ~OQ= ZO` H= O`" # k. Hh "~k
H@x h\ L^$ u U q^O Q P ^ x =OK, O@#
<#O K O ^, J^ q^O Q J^x H= q<<xH
^^_`Ok. JO^H Jk JO`~` x~}= #O_
H=~K|_e.
[=~ < U=<~?
'^ ` =i x|^` x `O`= H=OQ
tk" `Ok. Wk ^xH H^, uH~OQxH, =~ q^" #
OxH<, OH<, =HH< =iOk.
Hg+< - ~
"^\ Hg+< 1954 xqOK|_Ok. `#
ij# Hx uH Z [~e[O, qq^ =~ @
^+} xO_# "~ , ^ ` ~`=, H ` ~`,
J`, =HQ` ^+} Q=xOzOk. K HOQ
OK|_, ~ M`# uH W@=O\ "~,
=HQ ` rq` K~@ Hey# "~ ^~OQ< L<, Jx
uH O|OkOz f< x~
O H#H x|O^# XH
q^OQ =ix ~Ok. JO^H D Hx U~@
Q D uH ~OQxH O|OkOz# = ` xiQ
LO_x _ ~Ok.
D K#, ~xO\h iQ}#H fx,
16 #=O|~ 1966# Hx P WO_ O K|_#k.
P ~A #O_ H= O`" # =^ ="# uH ~OQO L#`
=}# `, |\ #O_ =K kiO
`Q O_ `# =O` H$+ K O k. O K "O Q Z<
Hx L#\H S XH Jkf"# <x
OkOzOk. ~`^ ==~ ` O HH ` + ,
uH~OQ K# H_` =Ok.

XH <#_. ''L^O x^=Q< k#uH K_x^ ~A


"^#@O_^ JO\~ K =Ok. i~OQ "~
OQ}O K ~ JOkOK@O^ uH
`x, J`x Z< H} #O_ ijeOKe LO@Ok.
~ OHO` `= "~ uH# L#` =}`
#_OK uH OKO Z< L<~. [Q` x^
*Q`<, u ~f *Qx^ K [Qux O K "~ `
x^ ^ "~ uH. ZHxH g_ Z_ "Oz<,
" <, \< "~e Kk" g Hey<, O\
g_ =Y`, =< `Q^ .
''xi+"# H O, ~ OHO, q[`, ~#
=O ~ # K~ . Wq uHx H} . W" H}
"~ uH uaOa~.
O=`~Q [ "~ # JOkOK_O =`"
QH, =[ = @ "ix *Q$`Q K _O _
HOH}O H@ x, =[ x~}O QO OKO@# `a
uH XH H # LO_Q, uH# ~OaOz, Hi u+
HO, ^# O^# HO J~ Kz, Z [~e[O#, UH
H K ~}#, J "~ # K iOz, K` Hx
uH# =# uH L<~.
uH ~OQx Jx H}# =$k KO^, L#`
=} H#yO ~"O@ 1966, #=O|~ 16#
Hx P WO_ # O zOk. P<\ #O_ uH
=} ~ kQ*~O_ K~ fO@, uH
K# i~H # k Hx P WO_ .
Hx Pq~=O
Z< ^ uH~OQOx Z [~e[O#, <u H
q= H~`, UHH "~ K ~}, =H [, [~e
PK#, "~ K ~} H~=_# `O`O "^#
Z< q+ # iQ}#H fx, g@x\h [~OK
KHx ==Q` O LO> =O_#x PK# K~.

H . q[#
< ~K~ u
2012 |=i

40

Hx P WO_ - q^
~O_ #O_ fH"e. qye# =Q~
K@ ~ " # JkH~`, `O` uu Hey, H O $uH ` =i <M ~OQ #O_ fH"e
A_+
Q [ , N *.P~.=^~ (J\ OH~ [_) (` JH_g. x=i\ QO\ Hq+< =i ~
K~ <Q "^\ iQ U~_# Hx P WO_ , "^\ Hx P WO_ K ~ K |_#"~).
Hg+< ~# iQ}#H fx S q^ #
D O^~ =_ O=`~ HiquQ
`~KOk.
x K ~ . =_ O =` ~ HH i H` Hx
uH `O`x \OK@.
O K|_`Ok.
=$u~"# L#` =}` uH =i
` S K~ < N =~O_ H@. D# 5,
uH H_ P HO_H# x~t OK@.
JH|~ 2011# S K~ <Q xq`~.
L#` =}# \OK@.
S - ~|_ : Hx ~|_ ~`^ O x Jx il+~
~` , ^ `# \OK@, =$kK
@. J~# "~uH H> A ^~ =Ok. "~uH
uH ^ ` =i ""# `OK@. ~ +< P^~OQ "i #O_ A
= K |_`Ok.
uH `y# tH}
xK =# HeOK@. 5000 HH< ` = ~ +< Q uH #O_ A

uH K ~} O xO\ =^ =#O =i = K |_^ . JO`QH H O^ `O _ (qx


q^ O|O^# OOkOK@.
P W# ~ + < JO_ _ H O Q ^~) x^ #
"<bH O|OkOz# q+# Z\H_ =~Ok.
ijeOz, `y# su x=$u K~ # zOK@.
~ ^ : U "~uH J~< JO`~H~"# "~
K~} [iy`, P "~uH Z_@~ ^$+H q+x
>H H six `OK@.
~ ^# HiOK@ =i "\ qK~} [i f"e. P q+ O "~ f# K~ O`$H ~ O Q
x HO S ~ ^ K =K.
`y# K~ fH#@.
"~ K i`" # `n #O_ ~ O_ < , "`
1978 Hx P WO_ K~ |_# J^# q^
~HOQ ~ ^ K e. ~ ^` @ H=e# P^~
q^j "~ uH J^ #O.
("~ \\ H, Z_@~ "# ~ ^ H, Z_@~
O@ Q=~"O@K JyOK|_# D J^ < #O_ =z# ["| Hh, ~^ K|_# JOO U
O|OkOz, Hx Ja=# `e* @.
H~ # O_OQ ^x x~i "# Y, K i`" #
` O L# S , 1978 Hx K@= H~= "~ WOw+ HH`, ^x WOw+ \<+< H "^# q)
q^ # x~i LOk.
=iOKe.
Hx P WO_ - =~}
JQ, W" P^~` U "~ uH J~<, "~
1965 (K@O ) H~O Hx K~ < =i O xK L^y J~<, U^< J<O [iy<,
J#z` K~ |e J~<, S ~ ^ K H=K. ~ ^
25 =Ok LO_e.
1970 =~} K@O "~O # x~OK "i HO HiOz# J#O`~O, S qK~} [~`Ok. qK~}
J#O`~O ~ ^ `y# K~ fH=_O [~Q`Ok.
XH x OK_" # k.
K@, ~[H , PiH, =lH, ^` ~" # q+=
1965 K@O H~O U~~K| _# Hx _O|~ 1975
i` U~_#_, =lH = @ [#
=~ q^ x~Oz#k.
1.1.1976# JO`~` Z=~h QOQ D Hx H~#Y# K e=z#C_, ^H i` Qi
[ q^ ~ K e =z#_ , [ "i , ^ `
~^ K
|_#k.
1978 WOHx =~}` S K@O #~^iO Qi `e~K = e#_, =# O $u, O^#
K|_#k. ` O L# Hx 1978 K@ H~O #_Ok. i~HOKe#_, *= q=# H_e#_,
K `$`O, Ou " [# #_e#_, =`
D K@O H~O Hx XH K~<, 28 =Ok Of q^# J}Ke =z#_, H$ u " s `
LO\~. K~ <, ~` OH~ #O_ i>~ # [_ =O#... XH>q \? W u iu # ^ ``
JO_e. 28 =Ok 20 =Ok uH~OQO #_K H< uH " O=`~ WQ H#Qe.
xK#"~ JO_e (xK# uH, "~
D O\ g_ # =# ~ , uH#
uH [=#, "<[~) - gix uH O ^ Ja=$k ~, H=|nHiOK Hx P WO_
"~ O <q<\ K e. S^Q~ # ~" O@ HHO q=` xK e.
41
2012 |=i

r_Q O@ <Q~~=
. |@` QiOz `O_?
[. |@` J<k ~#
Ui <\=~# ~O
kOK_O ^~ g ^~O
L# ~ =i "
iH~ #O_ _\# =i_ K
|~OQ fQ ~` \H. Wk
^~}OQ P~Z 232 _\ fQ
`=OQ fQ~ `OQ q~ .
Wk =HbH~}
=# JkQq Oz
iH~# J#O^xOKQ^.
|@` J< ^O `<~ \<
KOk# POQ O~} ^ qz# _x+
*`# UHH ~[OQ <He#
_<~^`| ~A ~ ~
_x+ \O_ #O_ =zO^x K|`~.
|@` O+} \H# UHO
K XH ~[h# =}OQ K O k.
|@` QiO zO J<k [~h
JH~ qb#O K# XH O _ ~<.
| @ ` O # _ \ # z# z#
QQ K , ^x Q# 79
H h =~ ~O K H h
OQ _ H" J< XH ~ _
OHuH i*<x L yO k. nx
^q H su, =_+< Q<
H h + H~OQ# L yO k.
Wk XH\ ZOc =~ _\ ~ \#
kOzOk. |@` J<k ~H`,
O K "O Q < ~ ` i
qH, =i "^ 2.4
yQ_ ik ~ _ H h
O_ q _ ^~ " < ,
2012 |=i

> e < , \ , =H Q `
H O @~ , =^ } O`,
LQ kz (lZ) QH,
_l@ H "~ =i g_ Q "
H< =O\ iH~# J#O^
xOz, "\ =^ =K~x =i_
K_xH XH =~x JOkOk.
<# Hey =# |@` ZSl
> e H = x H + < , H O \ O Q ,
<\=iOQ` @ qxQ ZHxH
~OQ O # Hey LOk. |@`
J<k XH =}HO =i u
iH~O x ik P^~OQ,
^~ Q +H QH "Hz `
`= H "_HO HO ^#OQ
~OkOz# XH O+} \H.
D iH~ ik L#C_ |@`
XH^x` XH\ ~xH J#=u
Ok. Jq XH^x` XH\ =~
LO_e# J=~O^. |@`#
L yOK_xH, iH~O xi+
` J#OQ LO_e. Wq OHuH
i*#O H ^ = J#=~<
=i L Q# q=i O k.
|@` |"# J#=~<
^#"#q.
" < =i XH O_
_\ =^ fQ~`
x O` } =i O "^ O .
[<^~} Ok# ~O J#=~<
Wk XH\ .
iq` O =^ fQ~ `
<\=iOQ nxH z# O_ q_
42

J=~O.
W< \, J=\ \ iH~`
fQ~ ` O"^O, ^~}OQ Wq
= , H ~ =i =^ }
O` =O\q.
XH i H ~ =^ ,
O k O q=~, H O _ ~
x=H WOH i"O _~ |kb.
s H ^ # =y, l Z
QH, "^ ^# =y, ~
H_ #~ =i \ H
xO`} iH~ O^ fQ
} O+} `=O.
O ^ ~H W< ~ _ #
LyOK O`O xO`}
HO.
JkH (Za) O_q_ J=~O
O_ fQ~` J#O^#O
J=~= K@ O_ q_
J#=~<HO.
|@` ~OaOK|_# H@
#
H #O_ W`~, QiOKQ
|@` iH~ z# H@#
# O_O .
~ O_ iqH D^~ < \ (L^.
< \ ) <\=~ =^ fQ~ `
"~k.
~ O_ U_ `~O Q " H<,
x<O _ H g =i h
+ < O |Ok ` fQ ~ `
x O` } H O | @ ` #
Ly~.
_\ =~ " <# XH
"_O = LyOz =HQ`
HO@~ ^ _Z _
J WO@~\ .
`O H~, Q$`
@ } |@` =i
" J#=~< # Hey L<~.
<\=~# U~@ K _O, =kO
K_O ^ _Z #O_ HO@~
^~ # =i # |kb K _O.
~O_ _ < x fQ~`
OHuH q*#O H O~}, "

J< ^xx x" ^# =y WOH


"\ J#=~< HO L^t OK|_Ok.
D J#=~< =~x < fQ~`
H Ui <\=~ ~OkOK~.
" J<k H~ ^~} H
Ui <\=~ HO fQ
`=OQ L^tOK~. U^<
"`=~ } O ~ H =H Q `
J#=~< fQ |^Q |@`
"t OzOk. ` O >e<, + < ,
"_O _\ =O\ L``
|@` a O k. D OHuH q*#O,
O_q_ i` XH^x XH\
g O L# ~ O_ ^ Z =
i H ~ =^ = K~x |kb
K _xH L Q_ `Ok. |@`
# ^~}OQ >e< ^ x _\#
^ Ku Wq_ HO@~
\ _\# |kb K _xH L y
<~.
. ~=H$+ ~= O rq` q
`O_?
[. N~=H $ +
~ = O XH
O^ =` Q~=.
1836 |=i 18#
[xOK~ . 19=
`| 'OQ O $uH #~
r=#O P# =O Z=Q LOk.
~=H$+xH `e^O_ \# ~
Q^^~ _. O #O_ e` H ,
z`Y #O Q " O = Q=O
W`xH =Oz~ LO_k. J~` K^ =
g^ Hh ^# O^# g^ Hh PH
KOK"~ H^. H$ux q
Q=O @
O_` @ ``
He =x Q_ "~. sH "
^ = gi Q== g^Q " "~.
"~ P Q=O Py O yOK@C_
~=H$+_ ZO` ^Q q<"_. "iH
= K "i =` "Q^# PH`
q<"_. L##= HQ< }
xQ "^\ aH# XH ^ =u
^Q~ O^`#x P# J#_= K
2012 |=i

=OkH P~O HeyOzOk. `O_


=~}= `~"` Q^^~ ^~_
~"=~ HH` O $` ~
#_`, Hx @O ~
`= K LO_"_. P HO
~} ~+=} J< ^x H =u, ^H} ~
Hm =` Q_ H\ Oz ~"=~#
~`_Q xqOzOk. Q^^~
^=`# JOHiOK"_. ~"=~
i>~ ~ # `~ "` ~=H$+_ *iQ
^ `# f<~.
"^\ u~iOz< `~`
J#QiH OQ ~=H$+ [
= K"_. Q_ L#k x[OQ ~u
qQ"< H r==~ Jx Jk
`H=_xH uOK_. XH"
r= ^=`# l H#H P ^=`
ZO^ = ^ #O W=_ O ^ ?
J#H<"_. D ~u, Q Hz
"Ok. f= H=O` x=Q=~
~ ~O|= J="i ^ <
LO_"_. ~u J_q ~x
iOK"_. XH<_ J="i ^~ #=
O^_. J\ #O_ x~O`~=
J="i ^ ~ # Q O O^ " _ .
x[OQ XH =x+H K =Q<
J="i qQ x lOK"_. WOH
`$ O^H W`~ =`= ~=
` =# `e H#@H iOK"_.
HO`=Ok Q~= J`x ^Q~ =z
Jx =` = ~ = ` =
H`iOK <_x QOK~. D
=@ Jx T " KOk Jx
=`"~ ~=H $ + x ^ ~ <xH
=K"~. HH=O ``i J#
<Q O ^ ^ = giH
J^ ` * # O L ^ t OK~ . gi
Q~=Q~ z#\ #O_ H+_
kOz# xiH =kux ~=
H $ + H =O =_ ~A<
O^~. `~` ~ g } J< P"
giH H =O Q=` H`~O
L^t OK~. D q^O Q Q = u, P`
H`~O Ok# `~` WO, H =
43

=~ _ ^# K P =~
_ e `O O^~. J Jx =`
~OO XH> Jx J#= ~HOQ
Q OK~.
~=H$+_ ^H}~ P`
*# J=` z"__x
H~ =zOk. Ti"~ ~=H$+x
`e` J`xH q"=K =x, ^x`
OiH ^ ` _Q _x K i.
q"=# J O`~= K H=_"
HO_, =_ " ^~= L#
[~O\ Q=O ~=KO^ =Ys
WO\ o ` ~ ^~ ` O^ x
K_. S^ ~^ ^q` J`x o
x"# k. ~^ ~=H$+x "^\
t+~. `# Q~= =^ <~ #
q^h P" <~~. P" Q } HH
"z P"# u~ O^i HQ
lOK_O "^\_ . P"# H`
HoH^qQ qOz lOK~. P"#
_ `#O`\ " iQ fik^~ . P"
i`QO ~=H$+x i`QO =
t+ O^ i H @OQ H # _ k .
"i^i O|O^= =# =#=
J~= K H~x qOK"~. K
HO P"` Q_# `~"` ~=
H$+_ "i |O^O P^uH"#^x
x~~ OK~. t+O^~ "~ k#i
rq`x OK#\H, XHi ^Q~
XH~ L#C_ =@ P^uH` HO>
U W`~ q+ =# k H^x
qOK"~. =`Q ~= rq` ,
~+ =^ W rq`H=O`
P^uH O|O^O LO__O WOHH_
H#~^. ~=H$+x =~}#O`~O
~^ ^q _ =`Q ~=Q =~~.
P `~ "` Hk HO< ~=H$+_
~= O Q ~O^~. JO`O
=kiQ Q=O`x O^Q~ "ix
PHiOK"~. k# O=`~@
=` = `# H^ , @,
L=OH~ ~O xi~=OQ
kOK~. giH ZO^~ t+
L#\H gi ~ OKMu
O^_xH ^^O K#k. q"H

#O^ gi i K O qz` O Q
[iy#k. J\H q"H#O^ x[OQ
Q = ` J# = " Ok# "ix
J<+ ZO^i< He x~ <
z=iH ~=H$+ H=O ~`
P^uH J#"# kOK"~.
q q"H#O^, q |#O^,
q =#O^, q t"#O^, q
uQ}f`#O^, q J^#O^,
q `sf`#O^, q ~^
#O^ , q J^ ` #O^ , q
J^ `#O^, q ^#O^, q
q*<#O^, q ~=H$#O^, q
JYO_#O^, q Q#O^, q
x~}#O^ "^# t+ ^~
~=H$+ q+< U~> <\ H Z<
"H~H= x~Ok.
g~ HH = O H#~
"k ` ^ _ ~ . ` # x"x
P~Qs` ^H}
~O #O_ Hj~
=~~. JC_ t+ JO^~
ZO` =K~. Kx=_xH =#
XH~A `# P^uH x\h q
q"H#O^xH ^~~. 16 PQ+
1886# ==kx O^~. $+
UH`O Jx r= ^=`O, XH_
Q=O`_, ~=` SH=`O, Jx
=` ~OO XH> =#=rq`O
^H~H H==, ~= . H=
HOK< #O_ q_=_` Q=O`x
O^=K. =#== =^= = XH
Q=xH Z< =~#> Q = O`x
K~_ xH =` _ =~. .. Wq
~=H $ + ~ = O ^ #
=MO... P # * # =
SH=`xH, J*#= HH ^i
f~ =#=_ PK#`< =x+Q
=~`_ Q=O`x ^iOK_=
JO^iH ^ ". Q$ O Kx
=ke K #H~^ Hx "~ ^Q
i O Ke. ` " # = =
H}H"# == `_ Q=xOK
q"H= H"e. |O^# `yO KH"e.
^=_ ^Q K ~# # qO\_.
Q = O` x Q iOz f= " `
2012 |=i

P^uH rq`xH ~ = H==,


J ^=x ^~ <xH ~ O_ =Y
` =... Jx = zOK~ . Pk
O H ~ K~ =ki ~=H $ +
~=O 19= `|= O^
=` O ~ ~# Jk H
O^., =_# =H# HO`
=~ `yOz, O^ =`x #g#
HO WO, H = =` "
n># \Q x\~ .
. QOQu O `O_?
[. Q O Qu
L`~ YO_x
L`~ Hj l
L# O^
= }H `O. Wk = ~ `
} 4,042 g@~ Z` LOk.
QOQu QOQ#k \# ^ O . QOQ^q
u+`"# ^O. =x
K~^" XH\ . WH_ QOQ#kx
w~k ~` ~. QOQ#kx
qH f ~=_xH w~^_
H~}O H#H P ~ =zOk. ^=
Q#O_ QOQ#k JH#O^ #k
"tOK ^O #O_ QOQ#kQ
=|_ `Ok. QOQ#k \# ^ O
Q=M. Wk QOQu #O_ 40 Hg@~
ZQ= ~ ` LO@Ok. i^~,
i+H, _~_< #O_ XH ~A
}O K Q O Qux K ~ = K .
QOQux |H H~ }Oz
K~ H=K. QOQu QOQ ^"O
=Y"# ^ O . QOQ ^"O
L# QOQ^q n=o #O_ "=O
=~ QOQu ^"O # qye#
= O i g O x
=Y# LO@Ok. 18= `|
PYi Q O ^ 19= `|
P~OO QOQ^q Px Q~
[#~ J=~O ^ xiOz#@
K|`~. WH_ O^H [
= @OxH KOk# *~
x~ ~ . Q O Q#k L^ $ ` O Q
=OK ^O L# QOQ^qH
~u WK ^$O H# qO^
K O k. ~ `~ QOQu =Y
44

HO^O. WH_ #O_ HO^~


u Q=M ~ `x
Jk~O\~. O^ ~}O
QOQ^q ~ x"` ~x ~[=
~_ w ~^ _ H =xK O K|_#
`# s#^i OK_xH QOQ#kx
~O #O_ f =K_x ~<~.
Q O Q L^ $ ux ^ q i OK ^ x
JO^=# t=_ `# [~E\
|OkOz qH "Q O_x _
fu. Q~ _ J< ~A ~H O~O
`~"` i~~O P"^O
K_. ^"O ^_ Q~ x " " x K
` # ^ q H \ H ~Q _ # c u `
Q~x J"^ Jx JiOz
^xx H =x P=O H\ " _ .
D q+O `ex 60 " Q~x
=~ J~H} ~O JO "O@ =z
HO` H ==x P=O
"t ~ . ` nH L# H =x
`# `OQxH H~}"# Q~x
=~ 60 " =Okx O K_ .
Q~ x =#=_ `# `~ T~ Q`
HO ` K QOQ^qx `HO
K O\_ . ` H O K #
QOQ^qx ~O #O_ qH =z `#
`~ "HO kOK=x "_
O\_ . Q O Q^ q ` # ~H q
i OK^ x ^xx i OKQe y#<_ XH
O|t=_#x K`Ok. w~^_
t=} QOQ^qx qH f=K
`O HiOK=x H~O\_.
t=_ JO^ JOwHiOz QOQ#kx
`# [~A\ |OkOz "Q q
gkH =ke#@ ~} K `<~.
`=#O gOx ^@" # J~}
=^ q +|n ^"O LOk. q +
|n ^"O *+=~xH 17H.g.
^~O LOk. `=<xH gOx
tY~O# L# q + |n^"O
#~Oq u+` "L<_.
q +` |n<^x K~ H x iu
=O^x JC_ q+=i D ^"
O LO_ J# Q _x
qO =# D ^"xH
q + n ^"OQ ~ =zOk.

Lk

~=~}O Lk J=H
~=~}O r=O XH Y. Wk r", ~=~}xH
=^ O|O^ O|OkOz#k. uH, r=
(r"=~}O, uHO, ~#O, r=O,
lr, "`=~}O , QoH# _ HHx)
JO`~OQ L# ~=~}O ^~ ~=~}O,
~=~} = i~ J^#O K=K.
~=~} ==# gH$`, i}=`H, JO`~
^~} J^ #O KO^ ~=~} O LHi O k.
q r=~ ~=~}O ^ # r=# =#~. P~O,
x"O, =, h~, ~~t, Qe ^ W`~ r=<^~
JO, fk ~=~}" JOkOk. J~` "QOQ
~Q`# @}H~} ~=~} =``# f=OQ
^|f#k. e`OQ J~ =$k, Ja=$k [~Q`#k.
``eHOQ D =$k =# ^HOQ HxOz<,
n~H eHOQ Wk =^H~ " # ^. D H~}OQ ~=~}x,
JO^x q"# ^~, Q# i~HOKH"e#
P=H`# Q~ ~ Q e =zOk. D <^ O ~=~}
J# Ja=$k H# ukOKe# ^`
~=~}"` ^ ~=~} A
L#k.~=~}xH
x KO_ Ja=$k H# H#yOK< $
JO`~f, *f, ~+, xH, W Jx ~
~Q`#k. Hx Wk ^ O J=`O^ ^ J<
=^#O ~=~}"` =^ L#k. ~=~}x i
~HOK_O QOQ ~=~} J# ^` ^
i*<x Ja=$k K H ~=~}, i^< O
x`O x=Q" L<~. | *u O (ZOZ< ) `=
H~H ~=~} J# ^` # JKi< ~.
nO` ~=~} ~OQO q $`, qa# J=H
$+OK|_`<~.
" k, | x"~}, h\ i~H}, H+
xO`}, K` x~}, `k`~ H HO H` =,

_. ==` OQ
s~ J \, Z<ZS, S, WO_ < Hx P
JyH~ s~ (SZP~), , #_b
2012 |=i

~ J=~= =`O__O `, J<H L^Q $+H ^i


fOk. ~=~}x J Oz#"iH J^`" # L^Q
J=H a < ~. giH ~=~} A
, ~=~}
WOlh~, ~=~} "_~, ~=~} |l,
~=~} [~e Q, WOH W`~ ~OQ _ q +`
LOk.
~=~} O ^qHOQ Z#s, r="q^O,
"`=~} =~, Q~ [, H+O, =Q~
J^#O` @, [, ", ^x, i=, "#
H, H ` =^x x"iOKO^ J<H OHuH
i*< Ja=$k K # k. O K"O Q JO^iH i^
~=~}O, ~=~} i~H} J< H J=Q#
~Q_ O ` L["# H s~ JOkOK O Q ~=~}O
W\= Ja=$k KOkOk.
~=~} i~H}
, ~H}
J< JOO ik q~O Q
qi OzOk. nO` Zx~<" O@ < , ZHlH < ,
Zx~<"O@ >Hr =O\ `H qQ P=H`
U~_#k. ~=~} = i~ ~=~} q^
(Zx~<" O@ Z_H+<) _ XH QO. 1977 *i
iaH ae [iy# H " H#~ < P< Zx~<" O@
Z_H+< "^\ iQ ~=~} q^ J< JOO =#
=zOk.D ="O ~`^ O J<H ^ ~=~}
q^ J= K\e# H~H= J<H =~^~H
`# ~OkOK~. ~`^O 1980 `~"`
~f qq^ ~=~} q^ HO `H
_~" O\ U~@~.
QoH H # J=Q`O K H=_O, `=
WO^# == # JOK< " _O, H+ xO`}, [
=#~ x~}, QoH "`=~} =~ =O\ JO
~=~} A
x`O xK O \~. ~=~} JO
uH, ~xH, r= H ` O|O^# ^^Q,
ui H#yO \~. ~=~} =# ~=~}
A
q H JK q+ O \~. XH =Oz ~=~}
" ` JO`iHO , =O O|O^# He K__O ,
JQ i}=`HOQ q+ O K =~ O Hey LO\~.
45

H+ xO`} =O_
=HQ ` H}

@}
}oH
~=~} O | JO`, H$u` =__
h\ =#~ =i ==O
L#O^#, J `# i*#O J=~O . ~=~}
aH W<\@+< JO_ " \ WO_ JO_ ~
O H s~ xiOKH"#< "iH P ~OQO |"#
H, qq^
HOH, PH LO_e. JQ *~QO, ~=~} O|Ok`
~=~}, J@g =Ou` Y
JO _ PH LO_e. ~=~} ~ O QO H s~
H~< P= O`OQ =O^ " `` O Hey JO`~f O
LO_e. JQ |$O^O _Q<< ^ <_Q<<
D O ~=~} x~}, i~H} HO H$+ K < ~
H#Q =~ O Hey LO_e.
WO@~Q=~"O\ # P< H " \ KO * (S )
H~, J~`
<> _ <+< Zx~<" O\ Q"(Z<W)
W\= ~`^ O J<H q^ O ~=~} O
Z~ " Q=~< *H
JO_~ Q_\, Q_\ H~# JOk< ~.
ZO| JO_ J^~ WO@~ <+# P~< * + < i>_ @
~=~} O a.Z.. ^ a.W. H~ K J=H Zx~<" O\
=Ok. nxH Hh J~` < H ` 12= `~Q u i ~`^ O ~=~} x JOk# Hx O
K _O. D H~ H==k =_ O=`~. ~=~}
Jb _ =O x=i\, L`~ ^
O ZO.Z.. (Zx~<"O@ <) =O\ .l.
*q "^~ x=i\, _b
H~ _ K =K. D H~ H==k ~ O_ O=`~.
_b H* P WOlhiOQ, _b
nxH Hh J~` Zx~<" O@ < a.Z.. ^ W`~
_~" O\ P Zx~<" O@ |r, _b

x=i\.
J#|O^ H _w i K_O. Hx q^ O
Q~ QqO^ OQ WO^ x=i\, _b
~=~} O ~ O_ O=`~ ZO.>H. H~# _
[=~ < x=i\(*Z<), P
JOk< ~. nxH a.>H. , a.W. q^~ =`" J~.
WO` HO_ Zx~<" O\ < , Zx~<" O\ "<*" O\ Zx~<" O@ < , #_b
x=i\ P _b #_b
HeH Q_\ _= H~ _ L<~.
*a O` x=i\ P JyH~ JO_ >Hr,
~=~} O ZO.., .K._. =O\ _H~,
O`#Q~, L`~ ^
_H~ H~ _ L<~.
Q~ HOw qq^, i^~, L`~ ^
Hs~ J=H
c" ~= JO^ ~ x=i\, PQ, L`~ ^
~=~} O H s~Q HiOz# "iH J<H L^Q
J=^ x=i\, * ^ 224001, L`~ ^
J=H L<~. '~=~} O J< ^O < ~=~}
Q~ *O ~ x=i\, ~, ~<
i~H}
O|OkOz# J<H H~H Wq_ L<~.
a.P~.JO^ ~ x=i\, H, L`~ ^
H|\ ~=~} " ` , ~ , ~=~} |l ,
a.P~.JO^ ~ =~~ _ x=i\, B~OQ^, =~+
~=~} "_~, ~=~} WOlh~, ~=~} [~e
J< x=i\, yO_, K< , `q<_
D ~OQO J<H L^Q J=H# HeOk. ~=~}
x=i\ P =^, K< , `q<_
O =~ ^ _H~ _w L#"iH, "iH L# i*#O,
J#" x |\ L#` #O ^ L^QO a O k. D HOk
x=i\ P ~[<, * ~, ~[<
qQ / O gi J=~O ZO`Q< LOk.
`q<_ "@~ s JO_ x= < x=i\,
K< , `q<_
*f~ qQ / O
`q<_ l_ JyH~ x=i\, HO|`~
i=, _ s, Z~= O@, Q#, i# s,
x=i\ P " ~, " ~
>H > q, `k`~O .
x=i\ P }, }
=lH Ja=$k
q~ >HlH x=i\, ZS\, zH=Q ~
i^# =i Ja=$k
(ZO~"O\ # [#O`)
J@g JO_ =#=$Q x~}
J#"^O : a. H~} =~
KO ^ O
2012 |=i
46

g ` !

+ ZH<qH *<
[# O^H qQO

: + ZH<qH *< (*)# xOuOK =" x~OK~. =QOQ ~OkOz# 'k+


ZH<qH *< H 2005 # 2005 " ~"O\
Uq\?
["| : q^j ZQ=`# Ja=$k ~K_xH ZH~ P"kOKQ, 23 E< 2005# nx ~Ru P"^ =^
OQ *< (W[_) "_ i= Q ^^O _Ok. _ * ~# q $`OQ KiOK~. nxx
K x P ^ "^\ Q QiOz# ^ ~` _~" O\ P H=~ "\ LOz, [ #O_ ,
XH\ . ~` `O 1956< "^\ W[_# P < K#, Ja `<~. D _ ~
"@"^\ Q HO_ <HeOk. g\x J^K, =~ 800 K# JO^~. q $`" # K~ `~ "`
J#=` =OE~ K H Q OH+ O H=_O` *~ ` _# * H 2005# |=i 1, 2006 #O_
D =# JkQq OK_xH Q# ~` `O U J= K~. nx =# * H~H J#=`
2000 + ZH<qH *< (*) x H\ O zOk. =OE~, H O^ ~R ` O|OkOz# qq^ JO
~ < h Oy qO_ ^~ [~Q`<~.
W[_ a#OQ * O K~ =eH ^ H
HeOK_O `@, PiH H~H# _ J^ K~ . : * H H Uq?
q^j @|_ ^~# PHiOK_xH J<H ~~f# [ : `O " \# * H, 2005 ^ # H :
=OE~ K~ .
1. J^# PiH H~H= H#
PiH ~OQO Ja=$k ~ D * XH WO[<
2. L`` , s ZQ=` `O,
xK q^OQ x ~OkOK~. JO`HO_
* K`x=_xH <}"# =eH ^ 3. ^j q^j @|_^~ #O_ i= @|_
`O.
<He, PH~}"# PiH Hrx _ H\ OK~.
J#=` =OE~ q+ O _ H O^, ~R ` 4. L^Q=H H#
~ Ju ` = x|O^# qkOK~. ~` * 5. =eH ^ x~}O Ja=$k
1112000 #O_ 922006 =~ i< >_
D `H` * q^j, ^j =^ ^~
x|O^# ik xK~. O|Ok` K\"~ * #O_ ^ Z`# @|_ =x Pt<~.
PiHO Q ~~f HeOz `OK~.
i= =`" HO_ =eH ^ H#, L`u
~ " # *H `O H@|_ L#@, *# =~x OK_xH _ @|_ a x q< ~.
\ + O K, PiH "^g# OOkOK , g\ ^~ nx =# J^# PiH H~H= ~OO H=_O`
Z= =OkH Lk HeOK##@, @|_^~ #=HO L^Q H# J=H ~Q`~.
HeyOK_xH XH =Q" # _ * a# ~OkOK~.
ZQ=`# `OK_O # O|Ok` =eH
^xH =O^Q O|OkOz# = `#, JkH~, i ^ H## Jx ~R ` ^ #"# `
qH "``# q $`OQ K~ x~OK~. "}[ =OKx * H 2005x~t # k WO@~ qxi
=Ou`Y JkH~, i= ux^ , O|Ok` W`~ *~ P J= (aFZ)# 19 =Ok ` xqO
Y L#`kH~` ^Ox qq^ O` J<H K_O ^~ * O|OkOz# Jx ~H J#=`#
47
2012 |=i

=OE~ K _xH XH Oy qO_ "Hx[O# <H~. 1. ZQ=` Ja=$k, x~}, ~"}, *# #__ O
P ~R `, HO^ e` O` `
x@# <H_O =O\ Jx H~H,
ijeOz, `y# ^u ~ K# ^~M xO\h aFZ
kQ =` JO` ~ O yH H ~ } _ \ #O_
ijeOz ^"sQ J#=` =OE~ KOk. D
q#~O xK~.
J#=`h UHaO` P"k~ .
2. *x x@# <He# `~"` "^\ 5
qq^ `~Q` * ^xH ZO` "~ q
O=`~ W<HO \H H x H< 10 ZZ HO^
H" LO@O^< JOx, Hx+ ~ * ~
ZQ=` ^~ =K P^O #~`O P^
x~t ~. u *# ~ O_ QQ ql ~ XH QO
# q#~O a O k.
OQ Ui LO@Ok. D QO =`" * 3. W<HO \H H, H< 115 la HO^, qx=" P~ \
iqH x@# <He. << OQ Ui
\H #O_ q#~O a O k.
J#|O^ =eH ^ U~@ K~ .
4. QiO Ok# OHOQ K# ^~, Z@=O\
+ ZH<qH *< H~H= Ja=$kH
"Ki\ ~ H < O_ XH O=`~O, * x\
x~}, "~O><< =~^~H# ~mH$`O
500 qe# J"iH< _~ q"# ZH@~
K_xH *~ `__`~. JO`HO_ *
H=i ~}# O^=K#.
i=# <He, "}[ H~H= x~} _ 5. O@ \H #O_ q#~O.
iqH "` " @# He~. D ~ ^~ 6. s \H #O_ q#~O
1. * U~@ Oy qO_ H
~ < a~. 2. P
7. H O^, ~R ` ikx Jx ~ J=
`~ "` P * x\# ~OaOK_xH _
Oy, qO_H
~ <.
Oy qO_ H
~ < a~. (3) H O^ ~R `
8. qq^ ~ ` `= ~ROx * J#=uOK
O|OkOz# Jx JO Oy qO_ ^~ H
~ <
\ \H q#~O, =i W`~ g#O_
a~. (4) i H +< J=HO` [~ =i
q#~O.
_"O>+< H~H=xO\h ~m H$`O K~.
*# Ja=$k ~K _ = ~ JOkOK ^ # `
: *HO U~@ K# J= "Hx[", ^ :
J_x\ " qQ QiOz q=iOKO_.
1. aFZ #O_ J= Ok *# Ja=$k ~K _ xH
["| : *# "\K^K# _=~ `=
x~OK JnH$ ` H~H= Jx ~H H" , ZH *
u^## O|OkO` ~R `xH =i~ . nxx
_\ #O_ q#~O.
ijeOz `# ~ ` 45 ~AQ P ~R ` 2. *# Ja=$k ~K al< H~H ^~ aOK
D^~M # ~ P J= O~ . H"#O>
P^O 15 O=`~HO "^\ 10 O=`~
_=~ `= * ^~M # ~ P J= <~ Q
@ W<HO \H H H< 80 SZa ik P^
_ =iOK=K#. D ~# H O^ `O * H
# #O_ q#~O
^~ OHqOz# JkH~` xqOk. ~ P 3. P^ # K@O H< 115 *a HO^ qx="
J= JOk# ^~MxO\h ijeOz
P~ \ \H #O_ q#~O
UHaO` J#=u~ .
4. P^ # K@O, H< 115 X HO^ _q_O_
: * ukOz# `H, ^ Uq?
_| +< \H #O_ q#~O.
["| : q^j @|_` , *xH `= x@# 5. O@ \H (Z\ ) #O_ q#~O
<H_xH Q# iqH "` `O D HOk 6. s \ #O_ q#~O (* H x H< 7 ,
`H, ^ HeOzOk.
26 =i ~ O_= +_x x|O^# "~ )
2012 |=i
48

JH~ =< ~[^x


'`~ H
|O^ ^~* (q[ ^~O)
=^ Q ~f " tH " " xH fHQ

UHq OKx D H~}# H # _` ~[^xQ "QOk#


XH\ # ~ `|O# ` ~ H WqH O^ "
tH "qOQ ~}OzOk.
"^@ Q=OQ L# D O`O ~ H Jx,
JH~ Q[~` * ` ` #O_ (1573) uiy =, Hx
KO _Q< nxH ` ~ (q*#Q~O ) Jx ~ \_x
JO\~.
JH~ `# O`#O ^x ^_`O> WH_
+H bO z (14801572) J< =O =`Q ~=, JH~
` O`#O HQ`O^x *O K_@. JO^ H$`[` Q
JH~ `# ^= O`<xH bO Jx ~ @H#@
K|`~.
JO`H^, JH~ P O`+O` D #Q~< `#
~[^xQ Kx WH_ Q_x x~~OK<_.
`` e `OQ D O^~ #Q~O H=OQ ~k^ Ok.
D #Q~x n~ K` ~H~O xiOK~. nx _=
2.2 " HQ, "_ 0.9 " . D #Q~xH ~H}
Q <Q
" Q_# xiOK~. #Q~O "t OK_xH `qk ^~
L<~. g\ D<\H Q#k PQ ^~O. D ^~O
QO_ #Q~O H "t OKQ< *^ ~ JO`~O, c~
=Ok~O, OK=, =` =^ , |O^ ^~*
O^~ # =O`=Qe K~.
#Q~O " L# *= =^ , =H=^ H
uaO|O Jx JO\~. D =^ x~}O i , O^
tH q=O Hx O k.

xez# J~=~# H@_ =Y"# k ` ~ H


x~}.
"Q KH=i JH~ ^$+ _H = O^ W^H z#
@
~. Hx Wk `# ~[^x H"x JH~ J#HQ<
P z~HO< ` ~ H O^~ #Q~O Q ~k^ Ok.
JH~ KH=iH P# =O`, JO_< W`~ ~[
L^Q = O` "e~. Hh D " = O =<
=K> J~Ok. ^Q O=`~ @ ` ~ H
JH~ ~[^xQ XH "Q "ey# `~ "`, ~[^xx
KH=i ~ `~e OK_O ` x~#+" ~Ok.WO^
H~} J<HO K|`~. J< ~A ^O_` =^O
LOk H#H ~[^xx ~H` O`xH `~e OK~x XH
H^. XH" D H^ x[=~` JH~ HO`HO `~ "`
`# ~[^xx ~ #O_ uiy PQ `~e Oz LO__ .
PQ ` ~ gO< LOk. =~H^ Uq@O> WH_
[=#~ H =_O` h HO J_ ~ ~[^xx
WH_ #O_ =~~<k =~ H^. D H^ "= =~`
JH~ WO[h~ J=~ x K = LO@Ok. h\ =u
xK@ Z=~ s Z`# x~} ` @~ . H#H D
H^ _ qOK^y Ok H^. Ki`H~ <\ H ~ ~O

OQu "OH> O
< ~K~ `
2012 |=i

49

#Q~ ^ # ^~=~# |O^ ^~* Z` 54


g@~. D ^~* ZO` L#`OQ LO@O^ nxH ^if
"@ =~ _ JO` JO^OQ LO@Ok. D Pi #
Y~# H ^ ^ =##O K H^y#k. 'D O KO XH
"~k. nx QO_ }OK. Hh nx = O` xiOK .
^x H" < QO@ xsHO K #O L#"_ J#O` HO
xsHO KQ _ Wn P H ~OO. |O^ ^~* ^\
eH "Q < JH_ `# q LO@Ok. JH_ `y#O`
=Ok @i LO> , ` = ^ ~
KOKH"#< HO^~ ~ J=O`OQ Q_ #O_
q ^H ~ .
=^H `~" L# ^~x ^~*
JO\~. D ^~ K@ KH # ~u `~ Ju <E
tH J^O _` ~. Q` <Q =O^ O=`~Q
ZO^~ D ^~x O^iOz, O`#=O`~x
x K `O\~. z =#=_# WOM< =k _
=^ P=~}< LOk.
JH~ ^~ J| l, P#Hq l =^
_ =^ gO |@ L<~.
=^H D# kQ [Ow~ `e *^~
=Ok~O LOk. D =Ok~xH gOx =
JO`~ JO` #O_ HO^ [iQ ~K H~H
uHO_"~.
JH~ P# q^+ _# ~* c~ = #O _
K JO^OQ fik^~ . J~` Wk K z#kQ LO@Ok.
2012 |=i
50

JO^H 19= `| O z ~K~ ` qH~ Q D = Oux


K, 'Wk z# = #O ^ ^ #Q \ Jx K=`iOK_.
~<q<~x JH~ u`=~# U#Q =k
xiOK~. 21 g@~ Z`# D q<~ ~u` "~ H u#
U#Q `O_x KH~. nx #O_ JH~ KH=i =$Q
q<^O Q^x K `~. KH=i nx x|_ HO^ #_K
lOH#, W`~ =$Q# `H` H"_@.
*^ ~ JO`~O gO< H = =` ~ #
JH~ ~ =i" = Ou LOk. P" Q"H KOk# ~w
=x`. D = <x XHC _ |OQ~O` `_O K~OK~@.
JO^H <\ H nxx ~Q $ O Jx ==i~ .
`~H H@_ J`O` O^~=O`"#k
OK=. Wk J~^ JO` = Ou H=@O` D ~
=zOk. XHH JO` # HO` *Q =ke\ H@_ O =
z@z=i JO` K z#kQ, <Q O P^~O Q
z#Q~OQ LO@Ok. "^\ JO` =`O 56 O `
qOQ LO@Ok. nxH Q #\ ~u `~ # WC_
`yOK_O ` e O , KH _ |@ Hx~.
D O U ~ O_ _ XH LO_=.
PO`qKe =<x JH~ KH=i `# JO`~
HO`` ^Q_=` HO H\ OK_x JO\~. Hh
""xH iH~ ^iK Q$OQ nxx LyOz
LO_=K. D = Ou XHK@ K `O Q QO LOk. JH~
O^ Q~= WH_ P#_ KH=iH ^~^ K"_x
JO\~.
k"hM _ " < }O L\ _ = #O. D
= #O =^ XH O O KH=i ~< O#O KH~.
q=~# =Ok~O <Q " #O_ O<xH
^if =O`# U~@ K~. JH~ WH_ #O_ f
`` Q+ # x~OK"~@.
#Q~O D# QO JH~ [ Ja,
~^ q#_xH 'k"<" =Ou LOk. D =#O
q=~# P=~} 'p P_ H PH$u KH~. KH=i
WH_ `# x =`# Q=Q H^` p
P_"~x JO\~.
` ~ Hx Wq HO_ WOH Z< ~=}
=~# H@_<~. <\ ""x H H\ #@
`H"# H<"~, Ki` `e# Q=~"O@ Q_#
xqOK H=_O =Ozk. WH_ H@_ JO^O ~=
O^ "Q W#=_O^x JO\~. JO^=,
#_ Jq OK " D ~=~ JO^ `xqn~ K_@O
HO XH ~u WH_ | K @O ".

H gH

H$~_ Qi U#Q

`H^ #QJ#"^
H^ x J#= K` < xH, JO`` xH OH `" #
"O\_ @ x `~ = K ` `Q

H^ <_ zH^O\~ _II .Z. QH$ +Q ~. =i WC_


Y=i ~=QQ~ H#_ + "=_ J=H^e
`Q"iH JOkOK `O QOQ D H$ ~ _Q i
U#Q H^ O\x fHK~. J~` K HO H~@H
x=Oz D ~K~ ` H#_ <_x @ # =H. nxQ
k# H^ H#_ + #=~ x` # H^ ~#
q. "\x J#=kOK_= O> O`_# q+ =<
Ke.
~K O ^ `[, Ou ~, <Q=OQ H$+= i,
^=o J`< ~}~=, O. g~ ^ , P~.\. ~}
,
Z `=l~", J.#. H$+~, |=~A H~o,
~=KO^, ", H . ` <~}QH~, K. ~" + H k,
Z.P~.H$+ , Q~~ ~=q JOQ~, ."O..
(H.q.@ ), DH^ O` H#_ H^ [Q` ~ xHQ# "~!
XHHi H^ H^# ^u XH ~HO Q J~~`O@Ok. J~`
Y=~ ~=Q WOKqOK JO^iH^ H^ H
P` # @ H Q e Q~ . H|> Ju H + O g^ `#
K^K#k. ~_H ^HOQ K`O D
J#"^ H^ uH^ # P# _ H+O Hx LO@Ok.
=YOQ H#_ <\ q\H ^Q~Q LO_e. ZH_
=u~HO x `Q `~ = ~ J~O H"e. D
q^O Q ~QQ_O J#"^ _H Z K< Hug ^"
J#@ Q LO@Ok. D O \ H i H ~ # II
`=~=H$+Q i =@ KO> J@=+ (H#_O)
W@ H + (`Q) ~ O_O\H O|OkOz# =Q
i*#O ZO` LO_e. ~=QQi J^~}"#
*@" L<~. P# U xK\ < ~r_~ . g~
J<"^xH Z## uH^ Ui# =` ~. Jx
H^ x ` ", "\ JO`~O Q, O+}
QQ_`, <^ =, HO~~ JO`~~,
P~K~` L^O, OzH^$H^ J#"^O
Pq+iOK_O JO` ^ "# q+ O H^. Hx ~=Q
Q H^e Z#H=_O` "\ J#"^O _ JO`QQ
LO_Q O^ `` _# *_ D J#"^ H^ =#O
^iOKQ Q`O.
D H^ OH<xH \# ~ HOKO z`OQ
Jx O k. J^ H$~ _Q i U#Q. (nxx H#_ *#~ J"~
Q` ."O. . Qi =~ H.+. ~KO^) `[
~O^O> P~ O HQH =#^. DH O Q H^ h
XH^xx qOz =~H H^ QQ Jx O k. gi ^ Qi
H^ '=~~}O H^ Kkq` XH Ok g^ _
51
2012 |=i

J^`" # H^ ~=K<
J< PK# HQH= #^.
O^# " Z~H r=#
uQ`#, P
P_=Q` "O@H =~
"~ QiOz J^`O Q
H ^ _ zuOz# f~
PH @ ~Ok. W^
q^O Q =~H^ '=aK~O nx O~ H=\ ~H KOk#
" ^~ K=}~^ K# ^<@# z~<@Q
=iOz# ~ `eq `@ HxOz<, P" " Q$O
#_ #Oz P#i# =` i=_O z`OQ
=iOK_ H^ _.
H =O XH =x+ xkOK_xH L yOK ~
g^ H^ '~" H k ~#k. W^H O\" O@ HO
~|_#^< =~< `HOQ ~ # PzOK K O k.
`# H^ ~=KO^" ~Ok nx ~Kx~#
=Q_x P+ 'q^~ Jx Ok~ . 'H#_ D
H^ K i`=~Ok. `e x = `O_# |}~
q^~ |} J#_O P~x HeyO k. '=^H=_O
H^_ `<~}QH~ ~K~`. D<\ P^xH
=[O ^" i+} q+ O =O` H=_O
=O\q ~ e PzOK ~. Jx H^ #`#`O
^|K_`O@Ok. 'XH~~ H^ _ ~e
PH@ <kQ #_O z# H^ 'O`~ Q~. D H^
^OQ`# O K= x+ =# HeQ =~\x ~K~ `
=iOz# f~ J" O JxOKH= #^.
QO^< =OQH^ H$~ _Q i U#Q H^ =`O
~ _ U#Q `# ^Q~ H z# }# x _| =@
=Mx ^iOK_O Q=<~" # JOO. D H^ K ^
H^< Qg} Wu=$`O`Q`Ok. WO^e Wu=$`O
Z#H=_O< H^_ XH `H`# (~KO^`[)
K~. Y=~ ~=Q J#"^O D QO^xHO`
=<fHzOk Jx K|` P# HO #O_ `@ `Q
H^ _ #"` ~"x Pt^O! "i D
`x Ja#Ok^O!
H O : H$~ _Q i U#Q (J#"^ H^ )
J#"^ : Y=~ ~=Q
" : ~. 100/
H H~ : Y=~ ~=Q, WO.<O. 510, ~_
<O. 21, n# Q~, q~ , ^~^. 49.

ZO.l. |~A

Yojana (Telugu) February, 2012

2012 |=i

RNI Regd. No. 37729/80

Regd. No. H/HD-663/2009-11

52

Printed and Published by Sri. K. Ganesan, Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of I & B, Government of India
and Printed at Prakhya Art Printers Pvt. Ltd. 1-8-724/A/31, Vegetable Market St, Nallakunta, Hyderabad - 500044. Ph.: +91 40 2766 2429
and Published at Yojana (Telugu) 10-2-1, F.D.C. Complex, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad - 500 028. Senior Editor : V. Balakrishna, Tel : 23315288

S-ar putea să vă placă și