Car Park Ventilation System

Kruger Induced Jet Fan Ventilation Systems

Kruger Induced Jet Fan

Why our model outperforms products from our competitors

What is an Induced Jet Fan?

Various industrial methods exist for building ventilation system design. One of the most efficient ways of distributing the fresh air uniformly throughout the car and transportation of the park contaminated air from one end of the building to the other for disposal is by means of a system of induced jet fan (IJA) units. IJAs can be mounted onto the ceiling of an architectural facility in both series and parallel array such that the induction of air can take place through these chains of fans. A typical IJA can have an air throw distance of up to 40 meters. This allows air from the outlet of a IJA to travel for a specific allowable distance before losing its momentum and to be induced into the inlet of an adjacent IJA in the same direction of the air flow.

Kruger Induced Jet Fan

Kruger Induced Jet Fan is a special designed fan to achieve high impulse throw of discharging air. It consists of an attenuator at the suction and discharge side, pre-designed inlet and outlet guide vane. The fan units are of high efficiency axial TDA-F series. TDA-F series was tested and certified at Warrington Fire Research Centre Ltd, UK on BS standard BS 7346 Class B, at rated temperature 250C for 2 hours and Class D 300C for an hour.

Velocity V as a function of distance z

Vz versus spatial grid (x, z)

All our jet fans are built with high quality assurance and verified using advanced test equipment. We calibrate our fan model based on the AMCA standard.

Illustration of single IJA velocity profile using colour plot. 300 monitor points scattered over 10.519 meters (represented by black dots) measure the localised z-velocity in the (x, z) spatial grid

Kruger Induced Jet Fans with volume flow rate up to 7600 CMH and a throw distance of 35 m

Ventilation System in Car Park

Purging of Smoke and Heat based on Induced Jet Fans

Induced Jet Fan Ventilation System

A ventilation system that is based on the utilisation of induced jet fans is an alternative to the conventional duct system. The air in one region can be transported through a long distance by the induction of the air through the fan units in a series mode. However there are many factors such as the allocated number of units and the volume flow rate of each of these units that affect an optima arrangement of fans to provide good ventilation. In addition, there are also flow barriers and obstacles in an architectural facility such as pillars and beams that will affect the air flow of the system. Such an arrangement is also dependent on the structural configuration of the building. Kruger has the expertise of presenting effective ventilation under fire conditions. An operational example of the vehicle tunnel ventilation during a fire outbreak is shown below.

Normal ventilation is used during normal traffic operation to maintain acceptable levels of contaminants (CO and CO2) in the car park areas. A 6 ACH (Air Change per Hour) is recommended for the normal ventilation purpose. Emergency Ventilation is introduced during a fire mode to remove, control and dilute of smoke and contaminants particles. The major purpose of emergency ventilation is to provide a car park environment sufficiently clear of smoke and hot contaminant gases to permit safe evacuation. Building regulations state the requirement for 10 ~ 12 ACH (Air Change per Hour) in the event of fire operation.

Illustration of system velocity profile using colour plot. 500 monitor points scattered over 1819 meters (represented by black dots) measure the localised z-velocity in the (x, z) spatial grid

Surface response curves for zvector velocity

Air Flow Profile of Induced Jet Fan

Tunnel Entrance and Fresh air inlet

Jet Fans

Air Flow

Induced jet fans add momentum to both air and smoke flow in a vehicle tunnel Ventilation system based on induced jet fans is able to induce heat and smoke effectively out of a car park despite beam obstacles on the ceiling

Kruger Induced Jet Fan Ventilation System

Induced Jet Fan Ventilation System
Exhaust Fan: Make-up Fan:

Integrating our fans to design the perfect ventilation system

Characteristics - Induced Jet Fan Ventilation System

Base on 10 ~ 12 ACH, emergency fire mode and 6 ACH for normal mode operation.

Induced jet fan or ductless fan system is another alternative to air supply ducts in buildings. It allows savings in operating costs in comparison with the conventional duct system. In addition, it is less costly to develop a smoke purge system based on an array of axial fans instead of the conventional ductbased system. The fan units can be arranged in series or parallel modes. The key objective is to enable a continuous chain of air flow through these units without the use of a physical duct. The induction of air through multiple units results in a chain of continuous moving air that can remove organic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) from the exhaust of cars and carbon dioxide (CO2) from humanoid occupants in an enclosed space. Since such a ventilation system can create a channel of air motion effectively, it replaces the conventional ducting system to transport air. The elimination of ducts also means savings in space and cost due to the spatial constraint enforced by the geometry of the ceiling and other installations that may act as obstacles. Furthermore, the airstream can be directed in any orientation and both heating and cooling modes are available.

To introduce fresh air into the car park area by mechanical fresh air fans with the capacity of 50 ~ 80 % of the Exhaust Ventilation Fan.

Both fresh air ducting system and exhaust ducting systems are designed parking area throughout the whole parking area. A series of induced jet fans are installed to evenly distribution and effectively direct the smoke and contaminants air to the exhaust.

Kruger Induced Jet Fan Ventilation System

This longitudinal ventilation is achieved with specially designed Kruger Induced Jet Fans, which create an impulse, that push and force the smoke or contaminants air along the direction as designed. The high air velocity outlet of the Kruger Induced Jet Fan is specially guided by the pre-designed outlet and inlet guide vane which will provide a long distance of air throw that creates an induce air towards the jet profile. These induce air help ventilate and dilute the contaminants air at the low level especially on the normal mode where CO or CO2 were exhausted out by automobile in the car park.

Advantages of Kruger Induced Jet fan System

Eliminates of complicated ductworks: Totally no duct require or minimum short ducting. Reduce the needs of expansion distribution ductwork, grill, louver, damper and etc. Higher efficiency: Reduce system loss of complicated ductwork. Thus, reduce motors power, sound level, and finally electrical consumption reduction. Space and clear height: More space and optimize clear height for car park and make other services (water piping, wiring and etc) installation easier. Reduce completion time: Eliminate complicated ductworks construction time. Reduce other services installation and co-ordinate time.

Kruger Induced Jet Fan Ventilation system

Smoke Control Using Induced Jet Fans

Looking into the modern smoke control system
Kruger Electronic-based Smoke Control System
+ Exhaust Fan Controller
ch7 ch6 ch5 ch4 ch3 ch2 ch1 ch0

Kruger Smoke Control System

Kruger smoke control system is the state-of-the-art technology that is developed by our very own team of engineers. As a result, it is of low initial cost and we ensure high quality and reliable data acquisition from sensor probes and accurate control based on low level programmed algorithms.
The control system typically consists of smoke, heat and CO probes that are strategically positioned at various locations in a car park. These probes detect temperature and count of smoke particles and send the signal to a control system. If the system identifies an abnormal rise of heat and smoke concentration within a short period of time that signifies the possibility of a fire, an alarm will be activated. When these concentrations reach a level that is above the threshold set by the system, the supply and exhaust fans will be increased to a higher operation by the controller. The induced jet fans will also have a higher volume flow rate to purge the smoke and heat at a faster rate so that visibility can be reduced to an acceptable level for humans to find their escape routes. Sensors are evenly distributed in a car park and the system is able to detect the location where there is a fire outbreak. If the fire is localised in a space, only t he fans that are within the encapsulation perimeter from the centre of the fire are activated.

Control Signal
Frequency Inverter

Exhaust Fans

Activation
ch2 ch1 ch0

Smoke, Heat and CO Probes

Heat Sensors CO Sensors Smoke Sensors

ch7 ch6

ch5

ch4

ch3

Temperature Indicator
Air Jet Fan Controller
ch7 ch6 ch5 ch4 ch3 ch2 ch1 ch0

Measured Signal Measured Signal Measured Signal

CO Indicator Smoke Indicator

Threshold Functions
Supply Fan Controller

Smoke Control System + ch3 ch2

Control Signal
Frequency Inverter

Kruger Jet Fans

Activation

Power Supply
ch1

Smoke, Heat and CO Probes

Heat Sensors

Air Jet Fan Controller Channels

ch2

Temperature Indicator CO Indicator

ch3

Measured Signal Measured Signal Measured Signal

CO Sensors Smoke Sensors

Smoke Indicator

ch5

ch4

Control Signal
Frequency Inverter

Supply Fans
Activation

Supply Fan Controller Channels

ch2

Smoke, Heat and CO Probes

Heat Sensors CO Sensors Sm oke Sensors

Temperature Indicator
ch4

Measured Signal Measured Signal Measured Signal

CO Indicator
ch5

Smoke Indicator

Shown above is a smoke control electronic system for a car park that is installed with induced air jet fans, as well as exhaust and supply fans. It is built with heat, smoke and CO sensors that will detect the presence of high temperature and smoke generation. The fans within the region of the fire will be activated to remove the undesirable contaminants at an increased rate.

Emergency region that requires immediate purge of smoke and heat

Emergency smoke and heat purge by induced jet fan ventilation system in a car park
On the left: When the sensors detect the presence of high temperature and smoke concentration, the fans assigned to the segment, which the controller identifies as the fire region is activated. Only activated fans within the vicinity of the fire takes part in the purging process.

Legend
Activated Jet Fan Activated Exhaust Fan Activated Supply Fan Air Flow Heat, Smoke & CO sensors Fire

An Effective Ventilation System

Our system design methodology
Design Methodology
Systematic approach that consists of building survey, followed by the identification of air sources, pressure differences and resistances to flow is implemented at Kruger. Once an efficient air circuit is designed, the pressure differences at various locations are modified to achieve the desired flow rates at different zones. The pressure differences or energy potential differences flows over the resistors such as obstacles, pillars, ceiling beams, walls and staircases in the car park. Once we have confirmed that an effective air current is flowing, the next step will be to vary the potential difference and resistance to create the desired current. This means that we can modify the total number or volume flow rates of the fans that control the total volume flow rate for supply, exhaust or migration of air from one point to another.

Design of an Effective Ventilation System

Computational Fluid Dynamics

All ventilation systems designed for car parks are verified at Kruger using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Simulation models of the building (or car park) are built, tested and analysed. The details of the development and validation of a ventilation model using induced jet fans is given. The model has been extensively validated using the test data from CFD simulation. The effectiveness of ventilation is determined by the degree of stagnant air regions during normal operation mode of the fan units and the magnitude of gas contaminants and heat resulting from a simulated fire when the units are activated at full power.

Computational model showing car park floor layout

Computational models used in the design of the ventilation system that is based on Kruger Induced Jet Fans in the Bandar Utama Project, Malaysia

Architectural survey of car park

Identification of flow requirements and obstacles in enclosure

Placement of fans and design of air circuit

Adjusting volume flow rate of induced jet fans and supply exhaust fans

Verify effectiveness of ventilation system design using CFD

Deliver CFD outputs and graphs

Systematic approach for the design of Kruger Induced Jet Fan Ventilation System in a car park

Computational Fluid Dynamics

A powerful tool in our organisation

Computational Fluid Analysis

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis has been undertaken to provide an effective method of determining the optimum placement of induce jet fan units in an enclosure, so as to achieve the best ventilation. The examination of the air circuitry is important in ensuring that the distribution of air and its movement properties are sufficient to provide the enclosure for both general and emergency ventilation cases. In a car park, the general ventilation of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is achieved by the daily and periodic operation of the induce jet fans. During a fire outbreak when smoke is produced at high rates, all the fans are activated at full power to push the dangerous contaminants out of the building. Therefore, it is vital that induced jet fans are positioned strategically throughout the car park to maintain a distribution of air that covers sufficient areas to remove potential stagnant air regions known as dead spots and which moves fast enough to transport any contaminants produced within the enclosure. CFD has been used to illustrate the effectiveness of positioning fans based on our specialists proposed configuration. The degree of ventilation is analysed using the speed, smoke concentration, and temperature contour plots of the ventilation system that is operating at normal and emergency modes from the front, plan and side views

A fire is typically simulated within the facility and the fans are activated to the full power mode. The volume flow rates of each fan is doubled and smoke concentration plots are prepared for the fire situation. For both the normal and emergency operational modes, the CFD model of a ventilation system is sometimes verified using experimental results. Useful deduction on the performance of the system is made. Steady and transient state solutions provide insights on the most effective smoke control using our designed ventilation system.

Fire simulation in car park from isometric view

CFD simulation outputs enable us to predict the distribution of smoke and heat from a fire source and how air flows through the spatial region in the car park

Air jets from fans at fan height level

Smoke Concentration Level (ppm)

Temperature Level (deg Celsius)

Air Speed Level (m/s)

IJA Series
Induced Jet FAN

Induced Jet Fan

Fan

IJA Series

Double flanged casing is produced in mild steel or galvanised Steel. Impeller is made of PPG, PAG or Aluminum with manually adjustable pitch blades. Painting or galvanized finish on all parts. Totally enclosed Class F/H motor with a min. IP54 protection. Motors up to 2.2kW are usually supplied on DOL starting, motors 3.0kW and above are star/delta starting. Unidirectional or truly-reversible flow direction.
C L A B

Silencer
Outer casing made of galvanized steel sheet and inner casing made of galvanized steel perforated sheet. Rounded nose to smooth airflow and a tapered tail to reduce the air turbulence and pressure drop. Glass fiber as absorption filler material to achieve excellent acoustic performance. Each model is available with 1D/2D silencer as standard length. Non-standard length to meet special performance requirement can be supplied upon request. Model IJA 315 IJA 355 IJA 400 IJA 450 A 315 355 410 460

Dimensions
B 415 455 510 560 C 355 355 450 450 L 1125 1225 1394 1510
All Dimensions in mm.

Technical Data
Model IJA 315 IJA 355 IJA 400 IJA 450 Flow Rate m3/h 2250 4500 3240 6480 4500 9000 6000 12000 Outlet Velocity m/s 8.0 16.0 9.1 18.2 10.0 20.0 10.5 21.0 Installed Power kW 0.11 0.75 0.2 1.5 0.6 3.6 0.6 3.6 Phase 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Hz 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 Voltage 400/380 400/380 400/380 400/380 400/380 400/380 400/380 400/380 dB(A) at 3m 38/38 54/54 43/42 58/58 44/46 60/62 46/47 62/62 RPM 1450/1750 2850/3450 1450/1750 2850/3450 1450/1750 2850/3450 1450/1750 2850/3450

Accessories
Mounting Feet Hanger

2 x 10

2 x 10

A B

C D

Dimensions
Mounting Feet Model A IJA 315 IJA 355 IJA 400 IJA 450 265 290 304 375 B 315 355 400 450 C 25 25 25 25 D 50 50 50 50 H 209 237 265 288 Wt/set (kg) 2 2 2.5 3 A 355 395 440 490 B 263 263 263 288 Wt/set (kg) 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 Hanger

Induced Jet Fan

IJA Series

IJA315

IJA355

d
IJA400 IJA450
Distance from Nozzle (m) Flow Width d (m) IJA 315 Center Line Velocity (m/s) IJA 355 IJA 400 IJA 450 2 0.85 5.62 6.42 7.41 7.82 4 1.70 3.47 4.35 5.26 5.73 6 2.55 2.42 3.05 3.72 4.37 8 3.40 1.86 2.35 2.87 3.36 10 4.25 1.51 1.91 2.33 2.74 12 5.10 1.27 1.61 1.97 2.32 14 5.95 1.09 1.39 1.70 2

16 6.80 0.91 1.22 1.50 1.77

18 7.65 0.73 1.09 1.34 1.58

20 8.50 0.55 0.96 1.21 1.43

22 9.35 0.37 0.83 1.10 1.3

24 10.20 0.25 0.70 1.01 1.2

Distance from Nozzle (m) Flow Width d (m) IJA 315 Center Line Velocity (m/s) IJA 355 IJA 400 IJA 450

26 11.05 0.57 0.94 1.11

28 11.90 0.44 0.84 1.03

30 12.75 0.24 0.74 0.97

32 13.60 0.64 0.91

34 14.45 0.54 0.85

36 15.30 0.44 0.81

38 16.15 0.26 0.77

40 17.00 0.67

42 17.85 0.57

44 18.70 0.47

46 19.56 0.37

48 20.41 0.27

TESTING Tested by Warrington Fire Research which is UKs largest independent specialist in fire safety testing, consultancy and research. IJA series were tested in accordance with BS7346 Part 2: 1990 and satisfied the performance criteria for Class B as defined in BS standard.
Class
A B C D E F G H

Temperature (C)
150 250 300 300 400 600 650 840

Duration (hrs)
5.0 2.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 Achieved in 0.5 hrs (No rated duration)

IJC 9/7T
Specification

Fan Flow Rate (m3/h) Fan Speed (rpm) Nozzle Diameter (mm)

2200 1350 125

Power (W) Power Supply (V/Ph/Hz) Outlet Velocity

550 220~240/1/50 16.6

Dimension
850 798 1028 988 950

350 400

Dia 125

Velocity Profile
Distance (m) Velocity (m/s) 1 2 3 4.04 4 3.09 5 2.50 6 2.10 7 1.81 8 1.59 9 1.42 10 1.28 11 1.17 12 1.07 13 0.99

10.55 5.85

Distance (m) Velocity (m/s)

14 0.92

15 0.86

16 0.81

17 0.76

18 0.72

19 0.68

20 0.65

21 0.62

22 0.59

23 0.56

24 0.54

25 0.52

26 0.50

IJC 10-8
Specification

Fan Flow Rate (m3/h) Fan Speed (rpm) Nozzle Diameter (mm)

2700 1300 127

Power (W) Power Supply (V/Ph/Hz) Outlet Velocity

550 230~240/3/60 18.7

Dimension
1028 988 950

1150 1098

400 500

127

Velocity Profile
Distance (m) Velocity (m/s) 0 2 4 3.61 6 2.46 8 1.86 10 1.50 12 1.25 14 1.08 16 0.94 18 0.84 20 0.76 22 0.69 24 0.63

18.70 6.82

450

IJM 250x2
Specification

Fan Flow Rate (m3/h) Fan Speed (rpm) Outlet Diameter (mm) Outlet Velocity (m/s)

2540 2420 248 7.6

Power (W) Sound Level dB(A) Power Supply (V/Ph/Hz)

380 57 @3m (Free Field) 230~240/1/50

Dimension
300

540 MOUNTING BRACKET PROTECTION NET 155 Dia 272 Dia 248 291 386

Velocity Profile (For single fan)

Distance (m) Velocity (m/s) 1 6.32 2 4.79 3 3.42 4 2.65 5 2.17 6 1.83 7 1.59 8 1.40 9 1.25 10 1.13 11 1.04 12 0.95 13 0.88

Distance (m) Velocity (m/s)

14 0.82

15 0.77

16 0.72

17 0.68

18 0.64

19 0.61

20 0.58

21 0.55

22 0.53

23 0.51

24 0.49

25 0.47

26 0.45

IJM 250x2 (60Hz)

Specification

Fan Flow Rate (m3/h) Fan Speed (rpm) Outlet Diameter (mm) Outlet Velocity (m/s)

2590 2400 248 7.6

Power (W) Sound Level dB(A) Power Supply (V/Ph/Hz)

510 57 @3m (Free Field) 230~240/1/60

Dimension
300

540 MOUNTING BRACKET PROTECTION NET 155 Dia 272 Dia 248 291 386

Velocity Profile (For single fan)

Distance (m) Velocity (m/s) 1 6.32 2 4.79 3 3.42 4 2.65 5 2.17 6 1.83 7 1.59 8 1.40 9 1.25 10 1.13 11 1.04 12 0.95 13 0.88

Distance (m) Velocity (m/s)

14 0.82

15 0.77

16 0.72

17 0.68

18 0.64

19 0.61

20 0.58

21 0.55

22 0.53

23 0.51

24 0.49

25 0.47

26 0.45