4 - Chemistry FORM 5

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
(919810-T)
Tingkat 1, No. 35, Jalan 5/10B, Spring Crest Industrial Park 68100 Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel/Fax: 03 - 6185 2402
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrival system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission from Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012
Printed by Pramaju Sdn. Bhd. No. 35, Jalan 5/10B Spring Crest Industrial Park 68100 Batu Caves Selangor Darul Ehsan
CONTENTS
Kandungan
Practice for Common Chemical Equations in SPM Chemistry Syllabus
Latihan untuk Persamaan Kimia Biasa dalam Sukatan Pelajaran Kimia SPM
17
Rate of Reaction
Kadar Tindak Balas
8 39
Carbon Compounds
Sebatian Karbon
40 94
Redox Reactions
Tindak Balas Redoks
95 134
Thermochemistry
Termokimia
135 164
Chemical for Consumers
Bahan Kimia untuk Pengguna
165 182
PRACTICE FOR COMMON CHEMICAL EQUATIONS IN SPM CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
LATIHAN UNTUK PERSAMAAN KIMIA BIASA DALAM SUKATAN PELAJARAN KIMIA SPM
1.0 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACID / SIFAT KIMIA ASID 1.1 Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen / Logam + Asid Garam + Hidrogen: Application in / Digunakan dalam: II. Preparation of salt / Penyediaan garam III. Rate of reaction / Kadar tindak balas
I. Acid and base / Asid dan bes
Wooden splinter Metal

Logam
Kayu uji
Acid / Asid Acid

Asid
Acid / Asid
Logam
Metal
Metal / Logam
Acid
Logam Persamaan kimia seimbang
Asid
Metal
Balanced chemical equation
Ionic equation
Persamaan ion
Mg Al Zn Pb Mg Al Zn Mg Al Zn Mg Al Zn Pb
HNO3
H2SO4
HCl
CH3COOH
FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE
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Logam karbonat
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MODULE Chemistry FORM 5
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1.2 Metal Carbonate + Acid Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide / Logam karbonat + Asid Garam + Karbon dioksida I. Chemical properties of acid II. Preparation and qualitative analysis of salt III. Rate of reaction Sifat kimia asid Penyediaan dan analisis kualitatif garam Kadar tindak balas
Metal carbonate + acid

Acid / Asid Acid / Asid
Logam karbonat + asid
Lime water
Logam
Metal
Air kapur
Acid
Persamaan kimia seimbang
Asid
Metal carbonate K2CO3 Na2CO3 CaCO3 MgCO3 Al2(CO3)3 ZnCO3 FeCO3 PbCO3 CuCO3 K2CO3 Na2CO3 CaCO3 MgCO3 Al2(CO3)3 ZnCO3 FeCO3 CuCO3
Logam karbonat
Ionic equation
Persamaan ion
HNO3
H2SO4
Acid
Persamaan kimia seimbang Persamaan ion
Asid
Metal carbonate K2CO3 Na2CO3 CaCO3 MgCO3 Al2(CO3)3 ZnCO3 FeCO3 CuCO3 CuCO3
Logam karbonat
Ionic equation
HCl
13. Acid + Base Salt + Water / Asid + Bes Garam + Air Ii. Preparation of salt Penyediaan garam
I. Chemical properties of acid Sifat kimia asid
Iii. Thermochemistry Termokimia
Acid
Asid
Alkali
Logam oksida
Metal oxide
Alkali
Acid
Asid
Cawan polisterina
Polysterine cup
Acid + alkali
Asid + alkali
Acid
Bes
Asid
Base KOH NaOH CaO MgO Al2O3 ZnO
Balanced Chemical Equation

Persamaan Kimia Seimbang
Ionic Equation
Persamaan Ion
HNO3
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Acid
Asid
Metal carbonate
Logam karbonat
Ionic equation
FeO
HNO3
PbO
CuO
KOH
NaOH
CaO
H2SO4
MgO
Al2O3
ZnO
FeO
CuO
KOH
NaOH
CaO
HCl
MgO
Al2O3
ZnO
FeO
CuO
2.0 III. Thermochemistry / Termokimia
I. Electrochemistry / Elektrokimia & II. Redox / Redoks

43 40 41 42
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS / TINDAK BALAS PENYESARAN
More electropositive metal

39
Logam lebih elektropositif

35 36 37 38
More electropositive metal

Logam lebih elektropositif
Salt solution of less electropositive metal

Larutan garam bagi logam kurang elektropositif
Salt solution of less electropositive metal

Larutan garam bagi logam kurang elektropositif
34
Larutan garam
Salt solution
Logam
Metal
Ionic Equation
Persamaan Ion
Mg
Al
AgNO3
Zn
Fe
Pb
Cu
Mg
CuSO4 / CuCl2 / Cu(NO3)2
Al
Zn
*Choose one solution Pilih satu larutan
Fe
Pb
Mg
Pb(NO3)2
Al
Zn
Fe
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Larutan garam
Salt solution
Logam
Metal
Ionic equation
Zn(NO3)2 / ZnCl2 / ZnSO4
Mg
*Choose one solution Pilih satu larutan
Al
3.0
II.
Analisis kualitatif garam
DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION Qualitative analysis of salt

III.
TINDAK BALAS PENGURAIAN GANDA DUA
I.
Preparation of insoluble of salt
Penyediaan garam tak terlarut
Thermochemistry
Termokimia
Salt solution contains anion of insoluble salt

Larutan garam mengandungi garam tak terlarut
Salt solution contains cation of insoluble salt NaCl(aq)/Na2SO4/KI(aq)
Larutan garam mengandungi garam tak terlarut
Mixture of salt solution contains cation and zand anion of insoluble salt Salt solution contains A13+/ Pb2+
Campuran larutan garam yang mengandungi kation dan anion garam tak terlarut
Insoluble salt
Garam tak terlarut Larutan garam mengandungi A13+/ Pb2+
Larutan garam i
Salt solution i
Persamaan kimia seimbang
Larutan garam ii
Salt solution ii
Ionic equation
Persamaan ion
NaCl Na2SO4 Na2CO3 KI Na2SO4 Na2CO3 KCl Na2CO3
Pb(NO3)2
Ba(NO3)2
AgNO3
4.0
II.
43
COMBUSTION OF CARBON COMPOUND / PEMBAKARAN SEBATIAN KARBON Carbon compound + Oxygen Carbon dioxide +Water / Sebatian karbon + Oksigen Karbon diosida + Air Thermochemistry / Termokimia
Thermometer / Termometer Copper can / Tin kuprum Water / Air
Alkane / alkene / alcohol
Alkana / alkena / alkohol
--------------------- ------------- -
I.
42 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Carbon Compound / Sebatian Karbon
Soot / Jelaga
Alcohol / Alkohol
Carbon Compound
Sebatian Karbon
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH
C4H9OH
C5H11OH
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yang boleh dilihat.
RATE OF REACTION
Kadar Tindak Balas
Meaning of Rate of Reaction / Definisi Kadar Tindak Balas
State the meaning of rate of reaction. / Menyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas. Identify observable changes to reactants and products./ Mengenal pasti perubahan kepada bahan dan hasil tindak balas Specify the method of measurement involved. / Menentukan kaedah pengukuran yang terlibat.
Plot a graph of quantity of product/reactant against time. / Melukis graf kuantiti hasil/bahan tindak balas melawan masa. Calculate the average rate of reaction. / Mengira kadar tindak balas purata. Calculate the rate of reaction at any given time from the graph. / Mengira kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi Solve numerical problems involving: / Menyelesaikan masalah kuantitatif melibatkan: - the average rate of reaction. / kadar tindak balas purata. - the rate of reaction at any given time. / kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi.
menggunakan maklumat daripada graf.
Measuring the Rate of Reaction / Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas
Factors That Affect the Rate of Reaction / Faktor yang Memberi Kesan terhadap Kadar Tindak Balas
Experiment on the effect of:
Eksperimen mengkaji kesan:
- Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set-up for each experiment.
Melukis gambar rajah berlabel bagi susunan alat radas bagi setiap eksperimen. terhadap kadar tindak balas.
i. Size of the reactant

ii. Concentration iii. Temperature iv. A catalyst

Mangkin Suhu Kepekatan
Saiz bahan
- Describe the experiments (i) - (iv) to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction. / Menghuraikan eksperimen (i) - (iv) bagi menyiasat faktor yang memberi kesan - Draw the graph for each of the experiment based on the data obtained.
Melukis graf bagi setiap eksperimen berdasarkan data yang diperoleh. tertentu daripada graf.
- Determine the average rate of reaction and the rate of reaction at any given time from the graph. / Menentukan kadar tindak balas purata dan kadar tindak balas bagi masa - Interpret the various types of graphs. / Mentafsir pelbagai bentuk graf. - Solve problems involving factors affecting rate of reaction. / Menyelesaikan masalah
yang melibatkan faktor yang memberi kesan ke atas kadar tindak balas
faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas - Size of reactant / Saiz bahan
Understand collision theory / Memahami teori perlanggaran - Activation energy, Ea and energy profile diagram / Tenaga pengaktifan, Ea dan gambar rajah profil tenaga - Effective collision / Perlanggaran berkesan - Frequency of effective collisions and rate of reaction / Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan dan kadar tindak balas Relate collision theory with factors affecting the rate of reaction / Menghubungkan teori perlanggaran dengan faktor- - - Concentration of the reactant
Kepekatan bahan tindak balas
Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction / Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas
Explain how each factor increases the rate of reaction by increasing the number of effective collisions.
Temperature of reaction / Suhu tindak balas Use of catalyst / Penggunaan mangkin
Menerangkan bagaimana setiap faktor boleh meningkatkan kadar tindak balas dengan meningkatkan bilangan perlanggaran berkesan.
Application of the Knowledge on Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction in Everyday Activities and Industrial Processes / Aplikasi Pengetahuan mengenai Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas
dalam Aktiviti Harian dan dalam Proses Industri
Meaning of Rate of Reaction / Maksud Kadar Tindak Balas

1 The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in quantity of reactant or product against time:
Kadar tindak balas ialah pengukuran perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas terhadap masa: Perubahan kuantiti bahan/hasil Rate of reaction = Change in quantity of reactant/product / Kadar tindak balas = Masa yang diambil Time taken for the change to occur
2 The change in amount of reactant or product in any reaction which is chosen for the purpose of measuring rate of reaction must be observable and measurable. The possible observable and measurable changes are:

Perubahan jumlah bahan atau hasil dalam tindak balas yang dipilih untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas mestilah boleh dilihat dan diukur. Perubahan yang boleh dilihat dan diukur adalah: a. Decrease in the mass of reactant. Pengurangan dalam jisim bahan tindak balas b. Increase in the mass of product. / Peningkatan dalam jisim hasil tindak balas c. Increase in volume of gas released. / Peningkatan dalam isi padu gas yang dibebaskan. d. Formation of precipitate as a product. / Pembentukan mendakan sebagai hasil. e. Change in pH, temperature or electrical conductivity. / Perubahan dalam pH, suhu atau kekonduksian elektrik.
Example/Contoh:
Chemical reaction
Tindak balas kimia
Perubahan yang boleh diperhatikan
Observable changes
Method of measuring the observable changes

Kaedah pengukuran perubahan yang boleh diperhatikan
Hydrochloric acid
Decrease in mass of magnesium

Pengurangan jisim magnesium
Asid hidroklorik
Magnesium
Magnesium
Reading from the balance is recorded in every 30 seconds.

Bacaan daripada penimbang direkodkan setiap 30 saat.
Reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid:

Tindak balas di antara magnesium dan asid hidroklorik:
Hydrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Increase in volume of hydrogen

Peningkatan isi padu hidrogen
Magnesium
Magnesium
Water
Air
Hydrogen gas is collected by water displacement in a burette. The volume of hydrogen gas collected is recorded every 30 seconds.
* This apparatus set-up can also be used to measure the increase in volume of other gases that are insoluble for example oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Gas hidrogen diperoleh dengan cara penyesaran air di dalam buret. Isi padu gas hidrogen yang diperoleh direkod setiap 30 saat.
* Susunan alat radas ini juga boleh digunakan untuk mengukur peningkatan isi padu gas lain yang tak larut seperti oksigen, hidrogen dan karbon dioksida.
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Formation sulphur as a precipitate Reaction between sodium thiousulphate and hydrochloric acid:
Tindak balas di antara natrium tiosulfat dan asid hidroklorik:
* Volume of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 cannot be measured by water displacement because sulphur dioxide is soluble in water
Sodium thiosulphate solution + sulphuric acid

Larutan natrium tiosulfat + asid sulfurik
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
Pembentukan sulfur sebagai mendakan
* Isi padu gas sulfur dioksida, SO2 tidak boleh diukur dengan cara penyesaran air kerana sulfur dioksida larut dalam air.
Amount of solid sulphur formed is measured by the time taken for the mark X placed under the conical flask no longer to be seen.
Jumlah pepejal sulfur yang terbentuk diukur dengan masa yang diambil untuk tanda X yang diletak di bawah kelalang kon tidak kelihatan.
high fast 3 The rate of reaction is _________ if the reaction occurs _________ within a short period of time.

low slowly within a long period of time. 4 The rate of reaction is _________ if the reaction occurs _________ 5 The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time:
Kadar tindak balas berkadar songsang dengan masa:
tinggi cepat Kadar tindak balas _________ jika tindak balas yang berlaku _________ dalam jangka masa yang pendek. rendah jika tindak balas berlaku dengan __________ perlahan dalam jangka masa yang panjang. Kadar tindak balas _________
1 Rate of reaction Time taken
/ Kadar tindak balas Masa yang diambil
Measuring the Rate of Reaction / Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas

1 The rate of reaction can be measured from the graph of decrease of amount reactant against time or increase in amount of product against time.
Kadar tindak balas juga boleh diukur daripada graf pengurangan jumlah bahan tindak balas melawan masa atau peningkatan hasil tindak balas melawan masa. Amount of reactant / Jumlah bahan tindak balas Amount of product / Jumlah hasil tindak balas
Time / Masa
Time / Masa
2 Two ways to measure the rate of reaction / Dua cara untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas a. Average rate of reaction within a period of time. / Kadar tindak balas purata dalam suatu jangka masa. b. Instantaneous rate of reaction (rate of reaction at any given time). / Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu (kadar tindak 3 Average rate of reaction / Kadar tindak balas purata Increase in amount of product/decrease in amount of reactant a. Average rate of reaction = Time taken for the change to occur
Peningkatan dalam jumlah hasil/penurunan dalam jumlah bahan tindak balas Kadar tindak balas purata = Masa yang diambil untuk perubahan berlaku balas pada masa yang diberi).
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b. For a reaction that involves releasing of gas in certain time interval, the average rate of reaction can be determined from the graph as follows:
Bagi tindak balas yang melibatkan pembebasan gas dalam jangka masa yang tertentu, kadar tindak balas purata boleh ditentukan daripada graf seperti berikut: Volume of gas/cm3
Isi padu gas/cm3
V3 V2 V1
The average rate of reaction in the first 5 minutes

Kadar tindak balas purata dalam 5 minit pertama Kadar tindak balas purata bagi minit kedua
= =
The average rate of reaction for the second minute
(V3 0) cm3 (5 0) min (V2 V1) cm3 (2 1) min
Time/minute 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Masa/minit
4 Instantaneous rate of reaction (rate of reaction at any given time):
Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu (kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi):
a. Rate of reaction at any given time is obtained from the gradient of the graph of the amount of reactant/product against time.
Kadar tindak balas pada masa yang tertentu boleh diperoleh daripada kecerunan lengkung graf bahan/hasil tindak balas melawan masa. Volume of gas/cm3
Isi padu gas/cm3
y x Time/s
Masa/s
The rate of reaction at t1 second / Kadar tindak balas pada saat t1 = The gradient of tangent to the curve at t1 / Kecerunan tangen graf pada t1 y cm3 = x s
t1
1 An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction of 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid with excess calcium carbonate. The results are shown below.
Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3 dengan kalsium karbonat berlebihan. Keputusannya ditunjukkan di bawah.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Time/s
Masa/s
0 0.00
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
Isi padu CO2 /cm3
Volume of CO2/cm3
10.00 16.00 22.00 27.00 31.50 36.00 39.50 42.00 44.00 44.00 44.00
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Volume/cm3
50
40
30
20
10
Time/s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
a. i. Write a chemical equation for the above reaction. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di atas. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
ii. State the observable and measurable changes in the experiment. Nyatakan perubahan yang boleh dilihat dan diukur dalam eksperimen ini. in volume of carbon dioxide//decrease in mass of calcium carbonate Increase
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iii. State the meaning of the rate of reaction for the above reaction. in volume of carbon dioxide gas in one second/change in mass of calcium carbonate in one second. Change iv. Draw an apparatus set-up to measure rate of reaction in the reaction. Lukiskan susunan alat radas yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas dalam tindak balas tersebut.
Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas bagi tindak balas di atas.
Hydrochloric acid Calcium carbonate
Water
b. Draw the graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected against time. Lukiskan graf gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul melawan masa. c. From the graph, determine: / Daripada graf, tentukan: i. the average rate of reaction in the first minute / kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit pertama. The total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected in the first minute
=
Time taken for the change to occur
Masa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku
Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam minit pertama
= 60 = 0.45 cm3 s-1 ii. the average rate of reaction in the second minute / kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit kedua
Total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected between first minute and the second minute
27
=
Masa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku
Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam minit pertama dan minit kedua
42 27 = 0.25 cm3 s-1 60
iii. the time when the reaction has completed / masa apabila tindak balas selesai 135 s
Total volume of carbon dioxide collected
iv. the average rate of reaction for overall reaction
Masa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku 44 = = 0.326 cm3 s-1 135
kadar tindak balas purata bagi tindak balas keseluruhannya
=
Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul
v. the rate of reaction at 30 seconds
Kadar tindak balas pada masa 30 saat
= the gradient of the graph at 30 seconds

Kecerunan graf pada masa 30 saat
= 0.405 0.1 cm3 s-1
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vi. the rate of reaction at 105 seconds
= the gradient of the graph at 105 seconds

Kecerunan graf pada masa 105 saat
kadar tindak balas pada masa 105 saat
= 0.217 0.1 cm3 s-1
d. Compare the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain your answer.

decreases as time increases. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas pada masa 30 saat dan 105 saat. Terangkan jawapan anda. Rate of reaction at 30 seconds is higher than at 105 seconds because the concentration of hydrochloric acid ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Excess of zinc powder is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid. The volume of hydrogen gas collected and time taken are recorded. Complete the following table.
Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3. Isi padu gas yang dikumpul dan masa yang diambil direkodkan. Lengkapkan jadual berikut. Volume of hydrogen/cm3
Isi padu hidrogen/cm3
Sketch of a curve for volume of hydrogen gas collected against time for the reaction between excess of zinc powder with 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. The tangents on the curve at t1, t2 and t3 are shown.
Lakaran graf bagi isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul melawan masa untuk tindak balas di antara serbuk zink berlebihan dengan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm3. Tangen bagi graf pada t1, t2 dan t3 ditunjukkan.
Tangent on the curve at t1, t2 and t3 respectively

Tangen bagi graf pada t1, t2 dan t3
t1
t2
t3
Time/minute
Masa/minit
Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas collected in the experiment at room conditions.
Hitung isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen pada suhu bilik.
From the equation, 2 mol of HCl : 1 mol H2 0.05 mol of HCl : 0.025 mol H2 Volume of H2 = 0.025 mol 24 dm3 mol-1 = 0.6 dm3 = 600 cm3
Compare the gradient of the curve at t1 and t2. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan kecerunan graf pada t1 dan t2. Terangkan jawapan anda.
lower The gradient of tangent on the curve at t2 is than t1. The lower than at t1. The rate of reaction rate of reaction at t2 is decreases mass as the time increases because of zinc concentration decrease of hydrochloric acid . and
rendah Kecerunan tangen pada graf di t2 lebih berbanding di t1. rendah Kadar tindak balas di t2 lebih berbanding di t1. Kadar tindak berkurang jisim balas apabila masa meningkat kerana zink berkurang . dan kepekatan asid hidroklorik
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What is the gradient at t3? Explain your answer.

Apakah kecerunan di t3? Terangkan jawapan anda.
zero The gradient of tangent on the curve at t3 is , the rate of zero complete . The reaction is at t3. reaction at t3 is reacted because zinc powder used is All hydrochloric acid has excess . At t3, maximum volume hydrogen gas is collected. in 600 cm3 The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected is .
sifar Kecerunan tangen bagi graf di t3 adalah , kadar tindak balas sifar lengkap di t3 adalah . Tindak balas ini di t3. Semua bertindak balas asid hidroklorik telah kerana sebuk zink yang berlebihan . Pada masa t3, isi padu gas hidrogen digunakan adalah yang maksimum dikumpulkan. Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang 600 cm3 . dikumpulkan adalah
Factors that Affect the Rate of Reaction / Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas
1 The rate of reaction is affected by: Kadar tindak balas dipengaruhi oleh: a. b. c. d.

size of solid reactant
concentration of solution (for the reactant used in the form of solution) temperature of solution at which the reaction occurs presence of catalyst (for a particular reaction)
kehadiran mangkin (untuk tindak balas tertentu) suhu larutan ketika tindak balas berlaku
saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal
kepekatan larutan (bagi bahan tidak balas yang digunakan dalam bentuk larutan)
e. pressure of gas reactant tekanan gas bahan tindak balas
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2 Experiments to investigate factors that affect the rate of reaction. / Eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. Sketch of the graph
Lakaran graf Kesimpulan
Faktor: Saiz bahan tindak balas
Factor: Size of reactant
Conclusion
Experiment I / Eksperimen I: 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid + excess of small calcium carbonate chips / 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm3
+ ketulan kecil kalsium karbonat berlebihan
Experiment II / Eksperimen II: 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid + excess of large calcium carbonate chips / 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm3
Volume of CO2/cm3
Isi padu CO2/cm3
berbanding kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II . Kadar tindak tinggi balas dalam eksperimen I lebih _________ berbanding eksperimen II.
greater The gradient of the curve for experiment I is _________ than the curve for experiment II. The rate of reaction in higher than experiment II. experiment I is _________ tinggi Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih _________
+ ketulan besar kalsium karbonat berlebihan
Balanced equation / Persamaan seimbang: CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Experiment I / Eksperimen I (Small CaCO3 chips)
The rate of reaction of the small calcium carbonate chips higher . / Kadar tindak balas ketulan kecil kalsium is _________ tinggi . karbonat lebih _________ Since calcium carbonate used is in excess, all reacted hydrochloric acid has ____________ . / Oleh kerana
Observable changes to measure rate of reaction:

V
(Ketulan kecil CaCO3)
Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas:

Experiment II
Eksperimen II
kalsium karbonat yang digunakan adalah berlebihan, semua bertindak balas . asid hidroklorik telah _________________
Volume of carbon dioxide gas collected in every 30 seconds by water displacement in the burette
(Ketulan besar CaCO3)
(Larger CaCO3 chips)
dua eksperimen
Time/s
Masa/s
The number of mole of hydrochloric acid in both experiments / Bilangan mol asid hidroklorik dalam kedua = 20 0.5
# The size of CaCO3 is changed in both experiments. The volume and concentration of HCl are kept constant.
1 000
= 0.01 mol By the end of experiment, the volume of hydrogen gas equal collected for both experiments are _________ because number of mol of hydrochloric acid in experiments equal . / Pada akhir eksperimen, isi I and II are _________
padu gas hidrogen yang dikumpulkan dalam kedua-dua sama eksperimen adalah _________ kerana bilangan mol asid hidroklorik dalam eksperimen I dan eksperimen II adalah sama . _________
# Saiz CaCO3 diubah dalam kedua-dua eksperimen. Isi padu dan kepekatan HCl ditetapkan.
Factor: Concentration of solution

Faktor :Kepekatan larutan
Sketch of the graph
Conclusion As the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution longer decreases, the ____________ time is needed for the marked X to disappear. / Apabila kepekatan larutan
Experiment / Eksperimen: 45 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution + 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid. Experiment is repeated four more times using 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution diluted with different volume of distilled water. / 45 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.2 mol dm3
3
+ 5 cm asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm . Eksperimen diulangi empat kali menggunakan 0.2 mol dm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat yang dilarutkan dengan isi padu air suling yang berbeza.
Concentration of / Kepekatan Na2S2O3/mol dm-3
lebih lama natrium tiosulfat berkurang, masa yang _____________ diperlukan untuk tanda X hilang.
songsang dengan masa untuk tanda tiosulfat berkadar __________ X hilang.

Time/s
Masa/s
Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is inversely ____________ proportional to time taken for the marked X to disappear. / Kepekatan larutan natrium
Balanced equation / Persamaan seimbang: Na2S2O3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
Concentration of / Kepekatan Na2S2O3/mol dm-3
pendek semakin __________ masa yang diambil untuk mendakan kuning ___________________ sulfur untuk kelihatan dan lebih cepat untuk tanda X untuk hilang.
shorter The higher the concentration, the ____________ yellow is the time taken for the ____________ sulphur precipitate ____________ to appear and the faster for the X sign to disappear. / Semakin tinggi kepekatan,
Time taken for the X sign placed under the conical flask disappear to ______________ from view. Fixed quantity of solid sulphur is formed in every experiment.
As the concentration of sodium thiosulphate increases, rate of reaction the _______________________ . / Apabila kepekatan
1 -1 Time /s
1 -1 Masa /s
Masa yang diambil untuk tanda X di bawah kelalang kon untuk hilang ____________ dari pandangan. Kuantiti pepejal sulfur yang terbentuk dalam setiap eksperimen adalah tetap.
1 1 ______ the value of ______ time increases. time represents
1 larutan natrium tiosulfat meningkat, nilai ______ turut
Kepekatan Na2S2O3(ak) ditukar dalam semua eksperimen. Isi padu dan suhu asid sulfurik dikekalkan.
The concentration of Na2S2O3(aq) is changed in all experiments. The volume and temperature of sulphuric acid are kept constant.
1 kadar tindak balas . meningkat. ______ mewakili ___________________ masa
masa
tinggi kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas . ___________________
The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher is the rate of reaction . / Semakin
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Factor: Temperature of reaction mixture

Lakaran graf
Faktor: Suhu campuran tindak balas
Sketch of the graph

Time/s
Masa/s
Conclusion As the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution decreases, a longer time is needed for the marked X to disappear.
Kesimpulan
Experiment / Eksperimen: 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution + 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid. Experiment is repeated using 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution at 35C, 40C, 45C and 50C respectively + 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
Temperature of / Suhu Na2S2O3/C
Apabila suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat berkurang, masa yang lebih panjang diperlukan untuk tanda X hilang dari pandangan.
50 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.2 mol dm3 + 5 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3. Eksperimen diulangi menggunakan 50 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.2 mol dm3 pada suhu 35C, 40C, 45C dan 50C + 5 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3.
inversely Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution is _________ proportional to time taken for the X sign to disappear.
songsang dengan masa Suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat berkadar ________ yang diambil untuk tanda X hilang.
Balanced equation / Persamaan seimbang: Na2S2O3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(c) SO2(g) + S(s)
Temperature of / Suhu Na2S2O3/ C
shorter The higher the temperature, the ____________ is the time yellow taken for the ____________ sulphur precipitate to appear and the faster for the X sign to disappear.

1 /s-1 Time
1 -1 Masa /s
pendek masa yang diperlukan Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin ________ kuning ________ untuk mendakan sulfur untuk kelihatan dan semakin cepat tanda X hilang dari pandangan.
Time taken for the X sign placed under the conical flask to disappear from view. Fixed quantity of solid sulphur is formed in every experiment.
As the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution 1 1 increases . ______ increases, the value of ______ ____________ time time . represents the _______________________ rate of reaction
Masa yang diambil untuk tanda X di bawah kelalang kon untuk hilang dari pandangan. Kuantiti pepejal sulfur yang terbentuk dalam setiap eksperimen adalah tetap.
1 Apabila suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat meningkat, nilai ______ masa
1 meningkat . ______ kadar tindak balas . ____________________ turut ___________ masa mewakili
The higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, . the higher is the _______________________ rate of reaction
Semakin tinggi suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas . ____________________
Factor: Catalyst
Lakaran graf
Faktor: Mangkin
Sketch of the graph

Kesimpulan
Conclusion greater The gradient of the curve for experiment I is ____________ than curve for experiment II. The rate of reaction between higher zinc and hydrochloric acid in experiment I is ____________ than experiment II.
tinggi Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih ___________ berbanding kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II . Kadar tindak balas di antara tinggi zink dan asid hidroklorik dalam eksperimen I lebih ___________ berbanding dalam eksperimen II.
Experiment I / Eksperimen I: 20 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + 5 g of granulated zinc + 5 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution
20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 + 5 g butiran zink + 5 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm3
Experiment II / Eksperimen II: 20 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + 5 g of granulated zinc + 5 cm3 of distilled water
20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 + 5 g butiran zink + 5 cm3 air suling
Volume of H2 /cm3
Isi padu H2 /cm3
Balanced equation / Persamaan seimbang:
Kuprum(II) sulfat ____________________ bertindak sebagai mangkin untuk meningkatkan ______________ kadar tindak balas di antara zink dan asid hidroklorik dalam eksperimen I.
Copper(II) sulphate _______________________ acts as a catalyst to increase ____________ the rate of reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid in experiment I.
Experiment I / Eksperimen I: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) CuSO4 ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Experiment I (with catalyst) Eksperimen I (dengan mangkin) Experiment II / Eksperimen II: V ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)
Experiment II (without catalyst)
Eksperimen II (tanpa mangkin)

Time/s
Masa/s
The total volume of hydrogen gas released in reactions I and same, v cm3 . This is because the ____________ volume II are the ____________ concentration of hydrochloric acid and ____________________ mass and ____________ of zinc used in both reactions are the same . ____________
Jumlah isi padu gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan dalam tindak balas sama, v cm3 isi padu I dan II adalah ____________________ . Ini kerana ___________ kepekatan jisim dan ___________ asid hidroklorik dan ___________ zink sama digunakan dalam kedua-dua tindak balas adalah ___________ .
Volume of hydrogen gas collected in every 30 seconds by water displacement in the burette.
mangkin untuk Kuprum(II) sulfat bertindak sebagai ___________ meningkatkan ______________ kadar tindak balas di antara zink dan asid hidroklorik. Jumlah gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan sama mangkin yang digunakan tidak adalah ___________ , ___________ mempengaruhi jumlah isi padu gas yang dihasilkan.
catalyst to _________ increase Copper(II) sulphate acts as a __________ the rate of reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. The same total amount of hydrogen gas released is the _________, catalyst used does not affect the total volume of gas the __________ produced.
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Factor: Quantity / amount of catalyst

Faktor: Kuantiti / jumlah mangkin
Sketch of the graph greater The gradient of the curve for experiment II is __________ than the gradient of the curve for experiment I. The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in experiment II is higher __________ than experiment I.
Conclusion
Experiment I / Eksperimen I: 100 cm3 of 0.5 volume hydrogen peroxide solution + 0.5 g of manganese(IV) oxide powder
100 cm3 larutan hidrogen peroksida 0.5 isi padu + 0.5 g serbuk mangan(IV) oksida
Experiment II / Experiment II: 100 cm3 of 0.5 volume hydrogen peroxide solution + 1 g manganese(IV) oxide powder
Volume of O2/cm3
Isi padu O2/cm3
tinggi Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II lebih __________ berbanding kecerunan graf eksperimen I. Kadar penguraian hidrogen tinggi peroksida dalam eksperimen II lebih __________ berbanding eksperimen I.
100 cm3 larutan hidrogen peroksida 0.5 isi padu + 1 g serbuk mangan(IV) oksida
Balanced equation: Experiment I and II
Persamaan seimbang: Eksperimen I dan II

Experiment II (1.0 g of MnO2) V Experiment I (0.5 g of MnO2)
Eksperimen I (0.5 g MnO2) Eksperimen II (1.0 g MnO2)
MnO2 2H2O2 H2O + O2
tinggi Kadar penguraian hidrogen peroksida lebih __________ dalam eksperimen II, yang menggunakan 1 g serbuk mangan(IV) oksida.
The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is higher __________ in experiment II, which using 1 g of manganese(IV) oxide powder.
increase in the quantity of catalyst used will An __________ increase the rate of reaction. __________
Volume of oxygen gas collected in every 30 seconds by water displacement in the burette.
Time/s
Masa/s
Peningkatan dalam kuantiti mangkin yang digunakan akan ____________ meningkatkan kadar tindak balas. _____________
The total volume of oxygen gas released in reactions I and II same, v cm3 volume are the _______________ . This is because the __________ concentration of hydrogen peroxide used in both and _____________ reactions are the same.
Jumlah isi padu gas oksigen yang dibebaskan dalam tindak balas sama, v cm3 . Ini kerana _____________ isi padu I dan II adalah _____________ dan kepekatan ____________ hidrogen peroksida yang digunakan dalam keduadua tindak balas adalah sama.
quantity of catalyst does not affect the total volume The __________ of gas produced.
Kuantiti ____________ mangkin tidak mempengaruhi jumlah isi padu gas yang terhasil.
3 The curve for graph of amount of product formed against time in a chemical reaction consists of two parts: Graf bagi kuantiti hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk melawan masa bagi suatu tindak balas kimia terbahagi kepada dua bahagian: a.
tindak balas kimia tersebut.
The maximum quantity of product: It depends on the number mol of reactants react in the chemical reaction. / Kuantiti maksimum hasil: ia bergantung pada bilangan mol bahan tindak balas yang bertindak balas dalam The gradient of the curve: It depends on the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
Kecerunan graf: Ia bergantung pada faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
b. Factor
Faktor Kesan ke atas kecerunan graf
Effect on the gradient of the curve higher The smaller the size of a solid reactant, the __________ the rate of reaction, the greater __________ is the gradient of the curve.
Quantity of product (g/mol/cm3)
Kuantiti hasil (g/mol/cm3)
The size of solid reactant

Saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal
(a) The maximum quantity of product
tinggi Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal, semakin ____________ kadar tindak balas, tinggi semakin ____________ kecerunan graf.
Kuantiti hasil maksimum
The concentration of solution

Kepekatan larutan
Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas, semakin tinggi kecerunan graf.
The higher the concentration of a solution, the higher the rate of reaction, the greater is the gradient of the curve.
(b) The gradient of the curve
Kecerunan lengkung
The temperature of reaction mixture

Suhu campuran tindak balas
tinggi Semakin tinggi suhu larutan, semakin ____________ kadar tindak balas, semakin tinggi ____________ kecerunan graf.
higher The higher the temperature of a solution, the __________ the rate of reaction, the greater __________ is the gradient of the curve.
Time (minute/second)
Masa (minit/saat)
The presence of catalyst

Kehadiran mangkin
The presence of catalyst in certain chemical reaction increases the rate of reaction, the greater . gradient of the curve becomes __________
Kehadiran mangkin dalam suatu tindak balas kimia meningkatkan kadar tindak balas, tinggi kecerunan graf menjadi lebih ____________ .
An increase in the quantity of catalyst chemical reaction increases the rate of reaction, greater . the gradient of the curve becomes __________
Peningkatan dalam kuantiti mangkin yang digunakan akan meningkatkan kadar tindak balas, tinggi kecerunan graf menjadi lebih ____________ .
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Experiment
Bilangan mol bahan tindak balas / Kuantiti hasil / Faktor Lakaran graf
Eksperimen
Number of mol of reactant / Quantity of product / Factor Zinc is in excess in experiment I and II, the volume of hydrogen gas collected is not affected by the quantity of zinc.
Zink adalah berlebihan dalam eksperimen I dan II, isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul tidak dipengaruhi oleh kuantiti zink. Isi padu H2 yang terkumpul bergantung pada bilangan mol H2SO4
Sketch of the graph
Experiment I / Eksperimen I: Excess of zinc powder + 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid at 40C Serbuk zink berlebihan + 100 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3 pada 40C Experiment II / Eksperimen II: Excess of zinc powder + 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid at 30C Volume of H2 collected depends on number of mol of H2SO4
Serbuk zink berlebihan + 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3 pada 30C
Volume of hydrogen/cm3
Balanced equation:
Persamaan seimbang:
100 1 a. Number of mol of H2SO4 in experiment I = ________ = 0.1 mol 1 000 Bilangan mol H2SO4 dalam eksperimen I 50 1 b. Number of mol of H2SO4 in experiment II = ________ = 0.05 mol 1 000 Bilangan mol H2SO4 dalam eksperimen II experiment I is double of The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in ______________ experiment II . ______________
eksperimen I adalah dua kali ganda Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam ______________ eksperimen II dari ______________ .
Experiment I
Concentration of H2SO4
Kepekatan H2SO4
Temperature
Suhu
3
Experiment II
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) Compare rate of reaction: Bandingkan kadar tindak balas: + H2(g) Experiment Type of Zinc Observable changes to Eksperimen Jenis zink measure rate of reaction: I Powder Perubahan yang dapat dilihat 1.0 mol dm3 1.0 mol dm II Powder
40C 30C
Time/s Masa/s
untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas:
size The rate of reaction in experiment I and II is not affected by _________ of zinc and Volume of hydrogen gas collected concentration ______________ of sulphuric acid. in every 30 seconds by water saiz zink dan Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I dan II tidak dipengaruhi oleh _______ kepekatan displacement in the burette. ______________ asid sulfurik. higher than experiment II because the Initial rate of reaction in experiment I is ________ higher than experiment II, temperature _______________ of reaction mixture in experiment I ________ greater gradient the _________ of the curve for experiment I is _________ than experiment II. tinggi berbanding eksperimen II Kadar tindak balas asal dalam eksperimen I lebih _________
suhu tinggi kerana _________ campuran tindak balas dalam eksperimen I lebih _________ berbanding kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I adalah lebih _________ tinggi eksperimen II, _________ berbanding eksperimen II.
Experiment I / Eksperimen I: Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid Calcium carbonate is in excess in experiment I, II and III, the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected is not affected by the quantity of calcium carbonate. Kalsium karbonat adalah berlebihan dalam eksperimen I, II dan III, isi padu gas karbon dioksida
yang terkumpul tidak dipengaruhi oleh kuantiti kalsium karbonat.
Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm3
Experiment II / Eksperimen II: Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
experiment I . Experiment III / Eksperimen III: The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas in experiment III is double of ___________ Isi padu maksimum karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen III adalah dua kali ganda Excess calcium carbonate chips eksperimen I 3 -3 ______________ . Volume of carbon dioxide/cm3 and 100 cm of 0.5 mol dm Isi padu karbon dioksida/cm3 hydrochloric acid experiment II . The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas in experiment I is double of _____________ Ketulan kalsium karbonat Isi padu maksimum karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen I adalah dua kali ganda Experiment III
eksperimen II _____________
Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm3
Volume of CO2 collected depends on the number of mol of HCl Isi padu CO2 yang terkumpul bergantung pada bilangan mol HCl 25 1 a. Number of mol of HCl in experiment I = ________ = 0.025 mol 1 000 Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen I 25 0.5 b. Number of mol of HCl in experiment II = ________ = 0.0125 mol 1 000 Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen II 100 0.5 c. Number of mol of HCl in experiment III = ________ = 0.05 mol 1 000 Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen III
berlebihan dan 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm3
Balanced Equation:
Eksperimen
Persamaan seimbang:
Compare rate of reaction: / Bandingkan kadar tindak balas: Experiment Type of CaCO3 Concentration of HCl I II III
Jenis CaCO3
Experiment I
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Chips Chips Chips
Kepekatan HCl
1.0 mol dm3 0.5 mol dm3 0.5 mol dm3
Experiment II
size The rate of reaction in experiment I, II and III is not affected by ________ of calcium saiz carbonate. / Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I, II and II tidak dipengaruhi oleh _______ Perubahan yang diperhatikan kalsium karbonat. untuk mengukur kadar tindak higher than experiment II because the Initial rate of reaction in experiment I is ________ balas: higher than experiment II, the __________ gradient concentration of HCl in experiment I is ________ ______________ Volume of carbon dioxide collected greater of the curve for experiment I is ________ than experiment II. in every 30 seconds by water tinggi berbanding eksperimen II Kadar tindak balas asal bagi eksperimen I lebih _______ displacement in the burette. kepekatan HCl dalam eksperimen I lebih _______ tinggi berbanding eksperimen II, ____________ kerana equal to experiment III because the Initial rate of reaction in experiment II is ________ similar the __________ gradient of the concentration ______________ of HCl in experiment II and III is _________, similar . curve in experiment II and III is _________ sama dengan eksperimen III kerana Kadar tindak balas asal dalam eksperimen II adalah _______
kepekatan HCl dalam eksperimen II dan III adalah _______ sama , ____________ kecerunan graf dalam ____________ sama . eksperimen II dan III adalah _______ kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih _______ tinggi berbanding eksperimen II. ____________
Time/s
Masa/s
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Experiment
Bilangan mol bahan tindak balas / Kuantiti hasil / Faktor
Eksperimen
Number of mol reactant / Quantity of product / Factor Magnesium is in excess in experiment I and II, the volume of hydrogen gas collected is not affected by the quantity of magnesium. Magnesium adalah berlebihan dalam eksperimen I dan II, isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul
tidak dipengaruhi oleh kuantiti magnesium.
Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf
Experiment I / Eksperimen I: Excess of magnesium powder + 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Serbuk magnesium berlebihan + 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm3
Experiment II / Eksperimen II: Excess of magnesium ribbon + 200 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Pita magnesium berlebihan + 200 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm3
Volume of H2 collected depends on the number mol of HCl. Isi padu H2 yang terkumpul bergantung kepada bilangan mol HCl. 100 1 = 0.1 mol a. Number of mol of HCl in experiment I = ________ 1 000 Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen I 200 1 = 0.2 mol b. Number of mol of HCl in experiment II = ________ 1 000 Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen II
Volume of hydrogen/cm3 Experiment II Experiment I
Balanced equation:
eksperimen I . Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) Compare rate of reaction: + H2(g) Bandingkan kadar tindak balas:
Persamaan seimbang:
experiment II The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in is double of experiment I . eksperimen II adalah dua kali ganda Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam
Observable changes to measure rate of reaction: Experiment

Eksperimen Jenis Mg
Type of Mg Powder Ribbon
Concentration of HCl
Kepekatan HCl
I II
1.0 mol dm3 1.0 mol dm3
Time/s
Masa/s
Volume of hydrogen gas collected Initial rate of reaction in experiment I is higher than experiment II because the total surface in every 30 seconds by water higher area of magnesium powder in experiment I is than magnesium ribbon in experiment II, displacement in the burette greater than experiment II. the gradient of the curve for experiment I is tinggi daripada eksperimen II kerana jumlah Kadar tindak balas asal dalam eksperimen I lebih
tinggi daripada pita magnesium luas permukaan serbuk magnesium dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II. dalam eksperimen II, kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih
Experiment I / Eksperimen I: Excess of zinc granules and 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid + 5 cm3 of copper(II) sulphate solution
dipengaruhi oleh kuantiti zink.
Zinc is in excess in experiment I, II and III, the volume of hydrogen gas collected is not affected by the quantity of zinc. Zink adalah berlebihan dalam eksperimen I, II dan III, Isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul tidak
Butiran zink berlebihan dan 100 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3 + 5 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Experiment II / Eksperimen II: Excess of zinc granules and 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid + 5 cm3 of copper(II) sulphate solution
Butiran zink berlebihan dan100 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm3 + 5 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat eksperimen II .
Volume of H2 depends on the number mol of H2SO4. Isi padu H2 bergantung pada bilangan mol H2SO4. 100 1 a. Number of mol of H2SO4 in experiment I = ________ = 0.1 mol 1 000 Bilangan mol H2SO4 dalam eksperimen I 100 0.5 b. Number of mol of H2SO4 in experiment II = ________ = 0.05 mol 1 000 Bilangan mol H2SO4 dalam eksperimen II 100 0.5 c. Number of mol of H2SO4 in experiment III = ________ = 0.05 mol 1 000 Bilangan mol H2SO4 dalam eksperimen III experiment I is double of experiment II . The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in eksperimen I adalah dua kali ganda Volume of hydrogen/cm3 Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam
Isi padu hidrogen/cm3 Experiment I
Experiment III / Eksperimen III: equal to experiment III. The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in experiment II is Excess of zinc granules and sama dengan 3 -3 Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen II adalah 100 cm of 0.5 mol dm yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen III. sulphuric acid Butiran zink berlebihan dan 100 cm3 Compare rate of reaction: asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm3 Bandingkan kadar tindak balas:
Experiment II
Balanced Equation:
Eksperimen Jenis Zink Kepekatan H2SO4
Persamaan seimbang:
Experiment
Type of zinc
Concentration of H2SO4
Presence of catalyst
Kehadiran mangkin
Experiment III
Experiment I and II
1.0 mol dm3 Copper(II) sulphate 3 Copper(II) sulphate 0.5 mol dm Eksperimen I dan II 3 0.5 mol dm Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 higher than experiment II because the concentration Initial rate of reaction in experiment I is Experiment III of H2SO4 in experiment I higher than experiment II, the gradient of the curve for experiment I is Eksperimen III greater than experiment II. Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 tinggi berbanding dalam eksperimen Kadar tindak balas awal dalam eksperimen I adalah lebih
tinggi berbanding dalam eksperimen II, II kerana kepekatan H2SO4 dalam eksperimen I lebih kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II.
I II III
Granules Granules Granules
Time/s
Masa/s
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Observable changes to measure higher than experiment III because the catalyst copper(II) rate of reaction: Initial rate of reaction in experiment II is Perubahan yang diperhatikan greater sulphate is present in experiment II. The gradient of the curve in experiment II is untuk mengukur kadar tindak than experiment III. balas: tinggi daripada eksperimen III kerana Kadar tindak balas awal dalam eksperimen II lebih Volume of hydrogen gas collected kehadiran mangkin kuprum(II) sulfat dalam eksperimen II. Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II tinggi daripada eksperimen III. in every 30 seconds by water lebih displacement in the burette.
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Application of factors that affect the rate of reaction
Aplikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
1 Examples of the application in daily activities: Contoh-contoh aplikasi dalam aktiviti harian: low temperature a. Storage of food in a refrigerator when the food is kept in refrigerator, the food lasts longer. The ______ bacteria bacteria toxin in the refrigerator slows down the activity of the ___________ . The ___________ produces less ___________ , lower hence the rate of decomposition of food is ___________ .
Penyimpanan makanan dalam peti sejuk apabila makanan disimpan dalam peti sejuk, makanan tahan lebih lama. Suhu yang rendah dalam peti sejuk memperlahankan aktiviti bakteria . Bakteria menghasilkan kurang toksin , kadar penguraian rendah makanan lebih .
boiling point b. Cooking food in a pressure cooker the high pressure in pressure cooker increases the __________________ kinetic of water to a temperature above 100C. The _____________ energy of the particles in the food is increase/higher shorter . Thus the food cooked _______ faster at . Hence time taken for the food to be cooked is ________ __________________ a higher temperature in a pressure cooker.
takat didih air kepada suhu yang Memasak makanan dalam periuk tekanan-tekanan tinggi periuk tekanan meningkatkan kinetik meningkat/lebih tinggi melebihi 100C. Tenaga zarah-zarah dalam makanan . Maka masa untuk makanan masak berkurang . Oleh itu, makanan masak dengan lebih cepat pada suhu yang lebih tinggi dalam periuk tekanan.
total surface area on a smaller cut pieces of food is ________ larger . The food c. Cooking of smaller pieces of food the ________ absorb shorter can ________ more heat. Hence, the time taken for the food to be cooked is ________ . jumlah luas permukaan pada kepingan makanan yang lebih kecil adalah lebih Memasak kepingan makanan yang lebih kecil
besar . Makanan dapat menyerap lebih haba. Maka, masa yang diambil untuk makanan dimasak berkurang .
2 Examples of the application in industrial processes Contoh-contoh aplikasi dalam industri ammonia gas . The optimum conditions to run the process a. Haber process is an industrial process to manufacture _____________ at a higher rate are: gas ammonia . Keadaan optimum bagi proses ini supaya Proses Haber adalah proses dalam industri untuk menghasilkan i. The temperature is 400C 500C. / Suhu 400C 500C. ii. The pressure is 200 300 atm. / Tekanan 200 300 atm. iron , Fe. / Mangkin adalah besi , Fe. iii. The catalyst is ________ Chemical equation / Persamaan kimia: N2(g) + 3H2(g)
400C 500C Fe, 200 300 atm berkadar tinggi adalah:
2NH3(g)
b. Contact process is an industrial process to manufacture sulphuric acid. The optimum conditions to run the process at a higher rate are: Proses Sentuh adalah proses dalam industri untuk menghasilkan asid sulfurik. Keadaan optimum bagi proses ini supaya berkadar i. The temperature is 450C. / Suhu 450C ii. The pressure is 1 atm. / Tekanan 1 atm vanadium(V) oxide iii. The catalyst is Chemical equation:/ Persamaan kimia:
V2O5, 450C 1 atm tinggi adalah:
vanadium(V) oksida , V2O5. , V2O5. / Mangkin adalah
2SO2 + O2
2SO3
nitric acid . The catalyst used for this process is c. Ostwald Process is an industrial process to manufacture ____________ platinum . ___________ asid nitrik . Mangkin yang digunakan adalah Platinum . Proses Ostwald adalah proses dalam industri untuk menghasilkan
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The Collision Theory / Teori Perlanggaran

1 During a chemical reaction, chemical bonds in the reactants are broken and new bonds in the products are formed.
Semasa tindak balas kimia, ikatan kimia dalam bahan tindak balas diputuskan dan ikatan baru dalam hasil tindak balas terbentuk.
2 Chemical reaction can only occur when the particles in the reactants collide. The particles may be atoms, ions or molecules. / Tindak balas kimia hanya boleh berlaku apabila zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas berlanggar di antara satu sama lain. 3 There is a minimum amount of energy which colliding particles need in order to react with each other. If the colliding particles have less than this minimum energy, then they just bounce off each other and no reaction occurs. This minimum energy is called the activation energy, Ea. Terdapat jumlah tenaga minimum yang diperlukan oleh zarah-zarah yang berlanggar untuk bertindak balas di antara satu sama lain. 4 For a reaction to occur, the collision must satisfy two conditions: Untuk suatu tindak balas berlaku, perlanggaran tersebut mesti mematuhi dua syarat: a. The colliding particle must have enough energy i.e equal or more than a minimum amount of energy known as *activation energy, Ea. Zarah-zarah yang berlanggar mesti mempunyai tenaga yang cukup, iaitu sama atau lebih daripada tenaga minimum yang dikenali
* Tenaga pengaktifan berbeza bagi tindak balas kimia yang berbeza. Semakin rendah tenaga pengaktifan, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas. mempunyai orientasi perlanggaran yang betul. sebagai *tenaga pengaktifan, Ea. * The activation energy differs in different chemical reaction. The lower the activation energy, the higher is the rate of reaction. Jika zarah-zarah yang berlanggar mempunyai tenaga yang kurang daripada tenaga minimum, ia hanya akan melantun di antara satu sama lain dan tiada tindak balas berlaku. Tenaga minimum ini dipanggil tenaga pengaktifan, Ea. Zarah-zarah tersebut mungkin adalah atom, ion atau molekul.
b. The colliding particles must also have the right orientation of collisions. / Zarah-zarah yang berlanggar juga mestilah 5 The collisions that lead to a chemical reaction and result in the formation of products are known as effective collisions.

6 The activation energy of a reaction is shown in an energy profile diagram. The energy profile diagram shows the energy changes of the reacting particles (reactants and products). Tenaga pengaktifan bagi suatu tindak balas ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah profil tenaga. Gambar rajah profil tenaga menunjukkan
bagaimana tenaga bagi tenaga zarah-zarah yang bertindak balas berubah (bahan dan hasil tindak balas).
Perlanggaran yang membawa kepada tindak balas kimia dan menyebabkan pembentukan hasil juga dikenali sebagai perlanggaran berkesan.
a. *Exothermic reaction / Tindak balas eksotermik

Energy
Tenaga
b. *Endothermic reaction / Tindak balas endotermik

Tenaga
Energy Products E'a
Ea Reactants E'a Products

Hasil tindak balas Perkembangan tindak balas Bahan tindak balas
Ea
Bahan tindak balas
Hasil tindak balas
Reactants
Progress of reaction
Perkembangan tindak balas
Progress of reaction
Ea The minimum energy the reactant particle must possess before collision between them can result in a chemical reaction.
Tenaga minimum yang mesti dimiliki oleh zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas sebelum perlanggaran di antara mereka menyebabkan tindak balas kimia. Ea' The lower activation energy in the presence of a catalyst. / Tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih rendah disebabkan kehadiran mangkin. * Exothermic and endothermic reactions will be studied in the chapter 4, thermochemistry
Tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik akan dipelajari dalam bab 4, termokimia.
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7 Frequency of effective collision and rate of reaction / Frekuensi bagi perlanggaran berkesan dan kadar tindak balas a. Frequency of collision is the number of collisions in one second. When the frequency of collision between particles of reactants increases, the frequency of effective collisions between particles will also increase.
Frekuensi bagi perlanggaran ialah bilangan perlanggaran dalam satu saat. Apabila frekuensi bagi perlanggaran di antara zarahzarah bahan-bahan tindak balas meningkat, frekuensi bagi perlanggaran berkesan di antara zarah-zarah turut meningkat.
b. The effective collisions will result in chemical reaction. When frequency of effective collision increases, the rate of reaction will also increase.
Perlanggaran berkesan menyebabkan tindak balas kimia berlaku. Apabila frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan meningkat, kadar tindak balas turut meningkat. 8 Collision theory and factors influencing the rate of reaction. / Teori perlanggaran dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. SIZE OF REACTANT SAIZ BAHAN TINDAK BALAS CONCENTRATION OF REACTANT KEPEKATAN BAHAN TINDAK BALAS TEMPERATURE OF REACTION MIXTURE SUHU CAMPURAN TINDAK BALAS CATALYST MANGKIN
The smaller the size of reactant the total surface area exposed to collision is larger.
Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas, semakin besar jumlah luas
The higher the concentration of reactants, the number of particles in a unit volume is higher.
Semakin tinggi kepekatan bahan tindak balas, semakin banyak bilangan
The higher the temperature, the kinetic energy of reacting particles is higher. The reacting particles move faster.
Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi tenaga kinetik Zarah yang bertindak balas bergerak dengan lebih laju.
Catalyst provides an alternative path of reaction which needs lower activation energy (Ea).
Mangkin menyediakan jalan alternatif bagi tindak balas yang memerlukan tenaga pengaktifan yang
permukaan yang terdedah kepada perlanggaran.
zarah dalam satu unit isi padu.
zarah-zarah yang bertindak balas.
lebih rendah (Ea).
collision between particles The frequency of increases. perlanggaran di antara zarah-zarah Frekuensi meningkat. effective The frequency of collision between particles increases. berkesan Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara zarah-zarah meningkat. increases The rate of reaction . meningkat Kadar tindak balas .
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 Complete the following table. / Lengkapkan jadual berikut. Chemical Equation
Persamaan Kimia
Ionic Equation
Persamaan Ion
Zarah-zarah yang berlanggar dalam tindak balas
Particles that Collide in the Reaction
i. Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 ii. Mg + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2 iii. Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 v. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 vi. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2 Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2 Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2
Magnesium atom and hydrogen ion Magnesium atom and hydrogen ion Zinc atom and hydrogen ion Zinc atom and hydrogen ion Hydrogen peroxide molecules Thiosulphate ion and hydrogen ion
iv. Zn + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Zn + H2 Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2
CaCO3 + 2H+ H2O + CO2 + Ca2+ Calcium carbonate and hydrogen ion
vii. Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4+ H2O + SO2 + S S2O32 + 2H+ H2O + SO2 + S
2 Compare rate of reaction in Experiment I and Experiment II and explain based on collision theory. Bandingkan kadar tindak balas dalam Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II. Terangkan berdasarkan teori perlanggaran. Reactant / Bahan tindak balas Experiment I / Eksperimen I Experiment II / Eksperimen II 3 20 cm of 0.5 mol dm hydrochloric acid + 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 hydrochloric excess of calcium carbonate powder at 30 C acid + excess of calcium carbonate chips 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm3 + at 30C
3
Balanced equation
Persamaan seimbang
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2H+ H2O + CO2 + Ca2+
serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan pada 30C 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm3 + ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan pada 30C
Ionic equation / Persamaan ion
0.5 Calculate volume of carbon dioxide Mol of HCl = 20 1000 = 0.01 gas released in both experiments at room conditions. 1 mol of gas From the equation occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions 2 mol HCl : 1 mol CO2 Hitung isi padu gas karbon dioksida 0.01 mol HCl : 0.005 mol CO2 yang dibebaskan dalam kedua-dua Volume of CO = 0.005 mol 24 dm3 mol-1 2 eksperimen pada suhu bilik. 1 mol gas = 0.12 dm3 = 120 cm3 3
memenuhi 24 dm pada suhu bilik
Factor that affects rate of reaction

Faktor yang mempengaruhi tindak balas
Size of calcium carbonate in experiment I is smaller than experiment II
Compare how the factor affects rate The total surface area of calcium carbonate exposed to collision in experiment I is of reaction higher than experiment II.
Bandingkan bagaimana faktor mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
Bandingkan frekuensi perlanggaran di antara *zarah-zarah
Compare the frequency of collision The frequency of collisions between calcium carbonate and hydrogen ions in between *particles experiment I is higher than experiment II.
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Compare the frequency of effective collisions between *particles Compare rate of reaction
Bandingkan frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan di antara *zarah-zarah Bandingkan kadar tindak balas
The frequency of effective collisions between calcium carbonate and hydrogen ions in experiment I is higher than experiment II. Rate of reaction in experiment I is higher than experiment II.
Volume of carbon dioxide gas/cm3
Isi padu gas carbon dioksida/cm3
Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf
Experiment I Experiment II Time/s

Masa/s
*particles - State the type of particles (atom/ion/molecule) that collide based on the ionic equation for the reaction. *zarah-zarah Nyatakan jenis zarah (atom/ion/molekul) yang berlanggar berdasarkan persamaan ion untuk tindak balas tersebut.
3 Complete the following table to compare the rate of reaction in Experiment I and Experiment II based on collision theory. Lengkapkan jadual berikut bagi membandingkan dan menerangkan berdasarkan teori perlanggaran kadar tindak balas dalam
Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II.
Reactant
Bahan tindak balas
Experiment I / Eksperimen I 20 cm of 0.5 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid + excess of magnesium powder at 30 C
3
20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm3 + serbuk magnesium berlebihan pada 30C
Experiment II / Eksperimen II 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 sulphuric acid + excess of magnesium powder at 30C
20 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm3 + serbuk magnesium berlebihan pada 30C
Balanced equation Ionic equation

Persamaan ion
Persamaan seimbang
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2 Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2 Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
Calculate volume of gas released in each experiment at room condition
Hitung isi padu gas yang dibebaskan dalam setiap eksperimen pada suhu bilik
Ionisation equation of acid and concentration of H+ ion Compare the factor that affects rate of reaction
Bandingkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas Bandingkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
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Persamaan ion asid dan kepekatan ion H+
20 0.5 = 0.01 mol Mol of H SO = 20 0.5 = 0.01 mol Mol of HCl = 2 4 1 000 1 000 From the equation From the equation 2 mol HCl : 1 mol H2 1 mol H2SO4 : 1 mol H2 0.01 mol HCl : 0.005 mol H2 0.01 mol H2SO4 : 0.005 mol H2 Volume of H2 = 0.005 mol 24 dm3 mol1 Volume of H2 = 0.01 mol 24 dm3 mol1 3 = 0.12 dm = 0.24 dm3 = 120 cm3 = 240 cm3 HCl H+ + Cl H2SO4 2H+ + SO42 + 1 mol of hydrochloric acid ionise to 1 mol H 1 mol of sulphuric acid ionise to 2 mol H+ 1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid ionise to 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid ionise to 2 mol dm3 1 mol dm3 H+ H+ Concentration of hydrogen ion, H+ in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
Compare how the factor affects rate of reaction
The number of hydrogen ion per unit volume in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
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Compare the frequency of collision between *particles
Bandingkan frekuensi perlanggaran di antara *zarah-zarah Bandingkan frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan di antara *zarah-zarah
Frequency of collisions between hydrogen ions and magnesium atoms in experiment II is higher than experiment I. Frequency of effective collisions between hydrogen ions and magnesium atoms in experiment II is higher than experiment I. Rate of reaction in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
Volume of hydrogen gas/cm3
Isi padu gas hidrogen/cm3
Compare the frequency of effective collisions between *particles Compare rate of reaction Sketch of the graph
Lakaran graf
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas
240 120
Experiment II Experiment I Time/s

Masa/s
Compare the gradient and amount The gradient of the curve for experiment II is ____________ greater than experiment I of product for the curve in both higher because the rate of reaction in experiment II is ____________ than experiment I. experiments. Explain. tinggi
Bandingkan kecerunan dan kuantiti hasil bagi graf dalam kedua-dua eksperimen. Terangkan.
Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II lebih daripada eksperimen I kerana

tinggi kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen II lebih daripada eksperimen I.
doubled The volume of hydrogen gas collected in experiment II is ____________ of diprotic experiment I. Sulphuric acid is ____________ acid while hydrochloric acid is monoprotic . One mol of sulphuric acid ionises to ____________ two mol of H+, ____________ one one mol of hydrochloric acid ionises to ____________ mol of H+. The number + doubled in of H in the same volume and concentration of both acids is ____________ sulphuric acid. dua kali ganda Isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen II adalah
diprotik manakala asid lebih banyak daripada eksperimen I. Asid sulfurik ialah asid monoprotik dua hidroklorik ialah asid . Satu mol asid sulfurik mengion kepada satu mol ion H+. Bilangan mol ion H+, satu mol asid hidroklorik mengion kepada dua kali ganda lebih mol ion H+ dalam isi padu dan kepekatan asid yang sama adalah banyak dalam asid sulfurik.
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4 Complete the following table to explain how does copper(II) sulphate solution affect the rate of reaction. Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk membanding dan menerangkan berdasarkan teori perlanggaran bagaimana larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
Experiment I / Eksperimen I
Experiment II / Eksperimen II
Excess of zinc granules
Water
Air
Excess of zinc granules
Water
Air
Butiran zink berlebihan
Butiran zink berlebihan
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid

50 cm asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm
3 3
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + Copper (II) sulphate solution
50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 + kuprum(II) sulfat
Balanced equation
Persamaan seimbang
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) CuSO4 ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Ionic equation / Persamaan ion Calculate volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment I and II at room conditions. 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions
50 1 Mol of HCl = = 0.05 mol 1 000 From the equation 1 mol HCl : 1 mol H2 0.05 mol H2SO4 : 0.05 mol H2 Volume of H2 = 0.05 mol 24 dm3 mol-1 Hitung isi padu gas hidrogen yang = 1.2 dm3 dibebaskan dalam eksperimen I = 1 200 cm3 dan II pada suhu bilik. 1 mol gas
memenuhi 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik
Compare the factor that affects rate of reaction

Bandingkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
Reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid in experiment I is without catalyst while copper(II) sulphate added in experiment II as a catalyst.
Compare how the factor affects Copper(II) sulphate lowers the activation energy for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid in experiment II. rate of reaction
Bandingkan bagaimana faktor tersebut mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
Compare the frequency of effective collisions between *particles
Frequency of effective collisions between zinc atom and hydrogen ion in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
Bandingkan frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan di antara *zarah-zarah Bandingkan kadar tindak balas
Compare rate of reaction
Rate of reaction in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
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Sketch of the graph for experiment I and experiment II
Volume of hydrogen gas/cm3

Isi padu gas hidrogen/cm3
Lakaran graf bagi eksperimen I dan eksperimen II
Experiment II Experiment I Time/s

Masa/s
Compare the gradient and greater The gradient of the curve for experiment II is than experiment I amount of product for the curve higher than because the rate of reaction in reaction experiment II is in both experiments. Explain. experiment I. Bandingkan kecerunan dan lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I kerana kadar Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II kuantiti hasil untuk graf dalam
kedua-dua eksperimen. Terangkan. lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I. tindak balas dalam eksperimen II
equal The volume of hydrogen gas released in experiment I is to experiment II. The volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid in experiment I catalyst and II is similar. Copper(II) sulphate in experiment II that used as a
does not affect the total volume of hydrogen gas produced.
sama Isi padu gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen I adalah dengan
eksperimen II. Isi padu dan kepekatan asid hidroklorik dalam eksperimen I dan II adalah mangkin sama. Kuprum(II) sulfat dalam eksperimen II yang digunakan sebagai tidak mempengaruhi jumlah isi padu gas hidrogen yang dihasilkan.
5 The table below shows the data for three experiments that have been carried out to determine the effect of catalyst on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan data bagi tiga eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan mangkin ke atas penguraian hidrogen peroksida kepada air dan oksigen.
Volume of H2O2 / cm3 II III I

Isi padu H2O2 / cm
3
Concentration of H2O2 / mol dm3

Kepekatan H2O2 / mol dm3
Mass of MnO2 /g
Jisim MnO2/g
20
20 20
1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 2.0
a. Write the chemical equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 b. Draw the set-up of apparatus for the experiment. / Lukiskan susunan radas bagi eksperimen ini.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi penguraian hidrogen peroksida.
Manganese(IV) oxide
Water
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c. Between experiment I, II and III, which has the highest rate of reaction? Explain your answer.
Antara eksperimen I, II and III, yang manakah mempunyai kadar tindak balas yang paling tinggi? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Experiment III. The amount of catalyst used in experiment III is more than experiment II. d. Explain how does manganese(IV) oxide affect the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by using collision theory. / Terangkan bagaimana mangan(IV) oksida mempengaruhi kadar penguraian hidrogen peroksida menggunakan teori Manganese(IV) oxide provides an alternative path for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide which has lower activation energy. The frequency of effective collisions between hydrogen peroxide molecules increases. The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide increases. e. Calculate the volume of oxygen gas released in experiment II at room temperature and pressure. Hitung isi padu gas oksigen yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen II pada suhu dan tekanan bilik.
perlanggaran.
20 1 Mol of H2O2 = = 0.02 mol 1 000 From the equation, 2 mol H2O2 : 1 mol O2 0.02 mol H2O2: 0.01 mol O2 Volume of O2 = 0.01 mol 24 dm3 mol-1 = 0.24 dm3 = 240 cm3 f. Sketch the graph of volume oxygen gas against time for experiment I, II and III. Lakarkan graf isi padu gas oksigen melawan masa bagi eksperimen I, II dan III.
Isi padu gas oksigen/cm3
Volume of oxygen gas/cm3
III
II I
Time/s
Masa/s
g. State one factor other than concentration and catalyst that can affect the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Temperature of hydrogen peroxide. 6 An experiment was conducted to study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution and 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid. Time taken for fixed amount of sulphur formed is recorded. The experiment was repeated five times using different temperatures of sodium thiosulphate solution. Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan suhu ke atas kadar tindak balas antara 50 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.2 mol dm3
dan 5 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3. Masa yang diambil untuk kuantiti sulfur yang tetap terbentuk direkodkan. Eksperimen diulangi sebanyak lima kali dengan menggunakan suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat yang berlainan. Nyatakan satu faktor lain selain kepekatan dan mangkin yang boleh mempengaruhi kadar penguraian hidrogen peroksida.
Table below shows the temperature and time taken for mark X to disappear from view.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan suhu dan masa untuk tanda X hilang daripada penglihatan.
Experiment / Eksperimen Temperature of sodium thiosulphate/ C Time taken for fixed amount of sulphur formed/s
Masa untuk kuantiti tetap sulfur terbentuk/s 1 1 -1 -1 time (s ) / masa (s ) Suhu natrium tiosulfat/ C
1 30.0 38 0.026
2 40.0 31 0.032
3 60.0 19 0.052
4 80.0 14 0.07
5 92.0 12 0.08
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a. i. Write chemical equation for the reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and sulphuric acid. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara larutan natrium tiosulfat dengan asid sulfurik. Na2S2O3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s) ii. Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (a)(i). Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas di (a)(i). S2O22 + 2H+ H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s) b. What is the colour of the solid sulphur formed? / Apakah warna pepejal sulfur yang terbentuk? Yellow c. Suggest how to measure fixed amount of sulphur in this experiment? It is measured by the time taken for the mark X placed under the conical flask disappears from view. 1 1 . / Lengkapkan jadual di atas bagi masa . d. i. Complete the above table for ii. Draw a graph of temperature against time for this experiment. / Lukiskan graf bagi suhu melawan masa bagi
eksperimen ini. time 1
1
Temperature of sodium thiosulphate/ C
80
60
40
20 1 /s-1 time
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
1 1 e. Rate of reaction is directly proportional to time . / Kadar tindak balas adalah berkadar terus dengan . masa i. ii.

Based on graph in (d)(ii), state the relationship between the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution and the rate of reaction. / Berdasarkan graf di (d)(ii), nyatakan hubungan di antara suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat dengan kadar
tindak balas.
The temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution is directly proportional to the rate of reaction. Explain your answer in (e)(i) using collision theory.
Terangkan jawapan anda di (e)(i) menggunakan teori perlanggaran.
The higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher the kinetic energy of thiosulphate ion, S2O32. The frequency of collisions between hydrogen ion and thiosulphate ion increases, the frequency of effective collisions between hydrogen ion and thiosulphate ion increases, the rate of reaction increases. f. State one other factor that needs to be constant in the experiments. Nyatakan satu faktor lain yang perlu dimalarkan dalam eksperimen ini. The concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution.
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g. Calculate the volume of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution needed to prepare 100 cm3 of 0.08 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution. / Hitung isi padu larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.1 mol dm3 yang diperlukan untuk menyediakan
100 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.08 mol dm3.
V 0.1 mol dm-3 = 100 cm3 0.08 mol dm-3 V = 80 cm3
7 Three experiments are carried out to determine the rate of reaction between acid and zinc. The table below shows the reaction mixture and the time taken to collect 25 cm3 hydrogen gas in the experiments. Tiga eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas antara zink dengan asid. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan campuran
tindak balas dan masa yang diambil untuk mengumpulkan 25 cm3 gas hydrogen dalam eksperimen itu.
Experiments
Experimen
Campuran tindak balas 20.0 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm3 + serbuk zink berlebihan
Reaction Mixture
Time Taken/s
Masa /s
20.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid + excess of zinc powder
50.0
II
20.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + excess of zinc powder + 5 drops of copper(II) sulphate solution
20.0 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm3 + serbuk zink berlebihan + 5 titis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 20.0 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm3 + serbuk zink berlebihan
35.0
III
20.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid + excess of zinc powder
25.0
Berdasarkan jadual di atas, nyatakan faktor yang akan meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.
a. Based on table above, state the factors that will increase the rate of reaction.
Catalyst, concentration of hydrogen ion. b. State the method of collecting the hydrogen gas. / Nyatakan kaedah untuk mengumpulkan gas hidrogen. Water displacement in a burette. c. Calculate the average rate of reaction for / Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata untuk i. experiment I / eksperimen I

ii. experiment III / eksperimen III

Average rate of reaction =
= 0.5 cm3 s1
25 cm3 50 s
Average rate of reaction =
= 1.0 cm3 s1
25 cm3 25 s
iii. Explain the difference in the rate of reaction between experiment I and experiment III. Use the collision theory in your explanation. / Menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan perbezaan kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I dan III. number of H+ ion per unit volume The in experiment III is higher than in experiment I.
Bilangan ion H+ dalam satu unit isi padu
dalam experimen III lebih tinggi daripada experimen I. frequency of collisions between H+ ion and zinc atom in experiment III is higher than in experiment I. The
Frekuensi perlanggaran antara ion H+ dan atom zink
dalam eksperimen III lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I. frequency of effective collisions between H+ ion and zinc atom in experiment III is higher than in experiment I. The
Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan antara ion H+ dan atom zink Kadar tindak balas eksperimen III lebih tinggi
dalam experimen III lebih tinggi daripada experimen I. rate of reaction in experiment III is higher The than experiment I. daripada experimen I.
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d. The diagram below shows the sketch of the graphs for experiments I and II.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran graf bagi eksperimen I dan II.
Volume /cm3
Isi padu /cm3
25
Experiment II
Experiment I Time/s 0 35 50
Masa/s
i. Label the graph for experiments I and II. / Labelkan graf untuk eksperimen I dan II. ii. Complete the curves for experiments I and II in the above diagram until the reactions are completed.
Lengkapkan lengkung untuk eksperimen I dan II pada rajah di atas sehingga tindak balas lengkap.
e. Sketch an energy profile diagram which shows an activation energy of reaction I and II.
Lakarkan gambar rajah profil tenaga yang menunjukkan tenaga pengaktifan untuk tindak balas I dan II. Energy
Ea
Ea Experiment I Ea Experiment II
Ea
Zn + 2H
Zn2+ + H2
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OBJECTIVE QUESTION / SOALAN OBJEKTIF

1 The reaction between excess of magnesium with sulphuric acid is represented by the following equation. / Tindak balas 4 Which of the following will increase the frequency of collision? / Antara berikut, yang manakah akan meningkatkan
frekuensi perlanggaran?
antara magnesium berlebihan dengan asid sulfurik diwakili oleh persamaan berikut.
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g) Which of the following represents the graph of mass of magnesium against time? / Graf manakah yang mewakili graf
jisim magnesium melawan masa? A Mass/g / Jisim/g C Mass/g / Jisim/g
I Use a reactant with a smaller size Menggunakan bahan tindak balas yang bersaiz lebih kecil II Remove the product of the reaction

III Increase the temperature of the reaction Meningkatkan suhu tindak balas IV Increase the concentration of the reactant
Meningkatkan kepekatan bahan tindak balas IV only
IV sahaja II dan IV sahaja
Mengeluarkan hasil tindak balas
A Time/s
Masa/s
C D
II and III only
Time/s
Masa/s
II dan III sahaja I, III dan IV sahaja
II and IV only
I, III and IV only
Mass/g / Jisim/g
Mass/g / Jisim/g
5
Time/s
Masa/s
Time/s
Masa/s
Which of the following is the function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan fungsi mangkin dalam suatu tindak balas kimia? A B C To increase the kinetic energy of the particles of the reactants / Untuk meningkatkan tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah
bahan-bahan tindak balas
The table below shows the total volume of gas carbon dioxide collected at regular intervals in a reaction. / Jadual
berikut menunjukkan jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dikumpulkan pada selang masa yang ditetapkan dalam suatu tindak balas. Time (s) Volume of gas
Isi padu gas Masa (s)
To provide a bigger total surface area for the reaction To increase the frequency of collision between the particles of the reactants
Untuk menyediakan jumlah luas permukaan yang lebih besar untuk tindak balas
0 0
30 2.0
60 3.7
90 5.2
120 6.4
150 7.3
180 8.6
210 8.6
Untuk meningkatkan frekuensi perlanggaran di antara zarahzarah bahan tindak balas
(cm3)
What is the average rate of reaction in this experiment?

Apakah purata kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini? B A 0.041 cm3 s-1 0.048 cm3 s-1 C D 0.049 cm3 s-1 0.053 cm3 s-1
To provide an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy / Untuk menyediakan laluan alternatif yang mempunyai
tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih rendah
The diagram below shows an energy profile diagram for a reaction.
The table below shows the volume of hydrogen gas obtained at regular intervals for the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid. / Jadual berikut menunjukkan jumlah isi padu gas karbon
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan gambar rajah profil tenaga bagi suatu tindak balas. Energy / Tenaga
Bahan tindak balas
Reactants
dioksida yang dikumpulkan pada selang masa yang tetap dalam suatu tindak balas.
Time (min) / Masa (min) Isi padu gas hidrogen (cm3) Volume of hydrogen gas 0 0 1.0 5.5 2.0 10.0 3.0 14.0 4.0 17.5 5.0 20.0
Products T Hasil tindak balas Progress of reaction

Kemajuan tindak balas
What is the average rate of reaction from the second minute to the fourth minute?
A B 17.5 cm3 min-1 12.5 cm3 min-1 C D 3.75 cm3 min-1 4.17 cm3 min-1
Which of the following shows the activation energy of the reaction?

Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan tenaga pengaktifan bagi tindak balas tersebut? A B P Q C D R T
Apakah purata kadar tindak balas dari minit kedua hingga mint keempat?
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The diagram below shows energy profile diagram for a reaction between X and Y to produce Z which is affected by the presence of catalyst.
Rajah below menunjukkan gambar rajah profil tenaga bagi suatu tindak balas di antara X dan Y untuk menghasilkan Z yang dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran mangkin. Energy / Tenaga
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf isi padu gas karbon dioksida melawan masa. Graf P diperoleh daripada tindak balas antara ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dengan 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3. Volume/cm3 / Isi padu/cm3
The diagram below shows the graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas against time. Curve P is obtained from an experiment of excess calcium carbonate chips with 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
Z 480 kJ 430 kJ X+Y
350 kJ
P Q
Progress of reaction Time/s
Kemajuan tindak balas
Masa/s
What is the activation energy for the reaction with the presence of catalyst?
A B 350 kJ 430 kJ C D 480 kJ 830 kJ
Apakah tenaga pengaktifan bagi tindak balas tersebut dengan kehadiran mangkin?
Which of the following solutions will produce curve Q when it is reacted with excess of calcium carbonate?
A B C D 25 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.15 mol dm-3 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.15 mol dm-3 15 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.15 mol dm-3 10 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.25 mol dm-3
Antara larutan berikut, yang manakah akan menghasilkan graf Q apabila bertindak balas dengan kalsium karbonat berlebihan?
The diagram below shows the graph of the volume of oxygen gas against time for the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid. Curve X is obtained when excess granulated zinc is reacted with 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
20 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid 15 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf isi padu gas oksigen melawan masa bagi tindak balas antara zink dengan asid sulfurik. Graf X diperoleh apabila butiran zink berlebihan ditindak balaskan dengan 25 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3. Volume/cm3 / Isi padu/cm3
10 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Y X
Time/s
10 Which of the following experiments has the highest initial rate of reaction?

Antara eksperimen berikut, yang manakah mempunyai kadar awal tindak balas yang tertinggi? Magnesium, Mg
Magnesium, Mg Acid hidroklrorik, HCl
Hydrochloric acid
Which of the following must be done to produce curve Y?

A B C Replace granulated zinc with zinc powder
Menggantikan butiran zink dengan serbuk zink
Masa/s
Exp.
Eks.
Mass
Jisim
Antara berikut, yang manakah perlu dilakukan untuk menghasilkan graf Y?
(g) 5 5 10 10
Type of Mg
Jenis Mg
Volume Concentration
Isi padu
(cm3) 50 50 50 50
(mol dm-3) 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
Kepekatan
A B C
I II III IV
Powder Serbuk Ribbon Pita Ribbon Pita Powder Serbuk
Add a few drops of copper(II) sulphate solution

3 -3
Menambahkan beberapa titik larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Menggantikan 25 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3 dengan 25 cm3 asid sulfurik 2 mol dm3
Replace 25 cm of 1 mol dm sulphuric acid with 25 cm of 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid

3
Menggantikan 25 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3 dengan 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 1 mol dm3
Replace 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid with 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
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CARBON COMPOUNDS
Sebatian Karbon
HYDROCARBON / HIDROKARBON
UNDERSTANDING CARBON COMPOUNDS / MEMAHAMI SEBATIAN KARBON State what a carbon compound is. / Menyatakan maksud sebatian karbon. Explain and classify carbon compounds as organic and inorganic compounds.
State the meaning of hydrocarbon inclusive of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon. State the sources of hydrocarbon. / Menyatakan sumber hidrokarbon. Carry out an activity to identify the product of the combustion of organic compounds (carbon dioxide and water).
Menjalankan aktiviti untuk mengenal pasti hasil pembakaran sebatian organik (karbon dioksida dan air). Menyatakan maksud hidrokarbon termasuk hidrokarbon tepu dan tak tepu. Menerangkan dan mengelaskan sebatian karbon organik dan tak organik.
ALKANE AND ALKENE / ALKANA DAN ALKENA

State the general formula of alkane and alkene. / Menyatakan formula am alkana dan alkena. State the characteristics of the alkane and alkene series. / Menyatakan ciri-ciri alkana dan alkena. Name, draw structural formula and write the formulae of the first ten molecules in alkane series and the first nine molecules in the alkene series. Explain the effect of increasing the number of carbon atoms on the physical properties of alkanes and alkenes.
Menerangkan kesan peningkatan bilangan atom karbon terhadap sifat-sifat fizikal alkana dan alkena. Menamakan, melukis formula struktur dan menulis formula bagi sepuluh molekul pertama dalam siri alkana dan sembilan molekul pertama dalam siri alkena.
ALKANE / ALKANA
Explain the meaning of saturated hydrocarbon for the alkane series. Menerangkan maksud hidrokarbon tepu bagi siri Describe the chemical properties of alkanes in substitution reaction and combustion. Menghuraikan sifat-sifat kimia dari segi tindak Describe how methane affects everyday life. Menghuraikan bagaimana metana mempengaruhi
kehidupan seharian. balas penukargantian dan pembakaran. homolog alkana.
ALKENE / ALKENA
Hydrogenation Addition Reaction
Penghidrogenan Tindak balas Penambahan
Explain the meaning of unsaturated hydrocarbon in the alkene series. Menerangkan maksud hidrokarbon tak tepu Explain the chemical properties of alkenes in addition reactions, combustion and polymerisation. Menerangkan sifat kimia alkena dalam
tindak balas penambahan, pembakaran dan pempolimeran. dalam siri homolog alkena.
COMPARE THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES AND ALKENES

MEMBANDING SIFAT-SIFAT KIMIA ALKANA DAN ALKENA
Describe the experiment, state the observations and explain the differences between chemical reactions of alkanes and alkenes for the following reactions: Menghuraikan eksperimen, menyatakan pemerhatian dan menerangkan perbezaan di antara tindak balas kimia alkana dan alkena i. Reaction with bromine water. / Tindak balas dengan air bromin. ii. Reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution. / Tindak balas dengan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid iii. Combustion. / Pembakaran. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / SIRI HOMOLOG List the general characteristics of the homologous series. / Menyenaraikan sifat-sifat am bagi siri homolog. Generalise the characteristics of homologous series based on ALKANE and ALKENE. Membuat generalisasi sifat-sifat siri homolog berdasarkan ALKANA dan ALKENA. IUPAC NOMENCLATURE AND ISOMERISM IN ALKANE AND ALKENE
PENAMAAN IUPAC DAN KEISOMERAN DALAM ALKANA & ALKENA Naming alkanes and alkenes using IUPAC nomenclature. / Menamakan alkana dan alkena mengikut sistem IUPAC. Explain what isomerism is. / Menerangkan keisomeran. Draw the structural formulae of a particular alkane and alkene. / Melukis formula struktur bagi sesuatu alkana dan alkena. Use IUPAC nomenclature to name isomers. / Menggunakan sistem IUPAC untuk menamakan isomer. bagi tindak balas berikut:
Carbon Compounds / Sebatian Karbon

1 Carbon compounds are compounds that contain the element carbon. These compounds can be classified into two groups: / Sebatian karbon adalah sebatian yang mengandungi unsur karbon. Sebatian ini boleh dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan: a. Organic compounds / Sebatian organik b. Inorganic compounds / Sebatian tak organik 2 Organic compounds are carbon compounds that are obtained from living things such as sugar, starch, protein, vitamin, enzym etc. They are obtained from plants and animals. / Sebatian organik adalah sebatian yang diperoleh daripada benda
hidup seperti gula, kanji, protein, vitamin, enzim dan lain-lain. Bahan-bahan ini diperoleh daripada tumbuhan dan binatang.
3 Inorganic compounds are carbon compounds that usually do not contain carbon to carbon bonds such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) etc. / Sebatian tak organik adalah sebatian karbon yang biasanya
tidak mengandungi karbon dan ikatan karbon seperti karbon dioksida(CO2), karbon monoksida(CO), kalsium karbonat(CaCO3) dan lain-lain.
4 Most organic compounds contain the element carbon and hydrogen. Complete combustion of organic compounds produces carbon dioxide and water. / Kebanyakan sebatian organik mengandungi unsur karbon dan hidrogen. Pembakaran
lengkap sebatian organik menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air.
Hydrocarbon / Hidrokarbon
1 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon, C and hydrogen, H. / Hidrokarbon adalah sebatian
organik yang hanya mengandungi karbon, C dan hidrogen, H sahaja.
2 Hydrocarbons are classified into two groups: / Hidrokarbon boleh dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan: Saturated hydrocarbons / Hidrokarbon tepu Definition
Definasi
Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Hidrokarbon tak tepu
double or Hydrocarbon that contain at least one single Hydrocarbon that contain only triple covalent bond between carbon atoms. covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Hidrokarbon yang mengandungi sekurang-kurangnya Hidrokarbon yang mengandungi ikatan kovalen ganda dua atau ganda tiga satu ikatan kovalen tunggal sahaja di antara atom kabon. di antara atom karbon.
H
Example of *structural formula
Contoh *formula struktur
H C H
H C H H H
H C H
H C H
H C
H C H
C H
tunggal sahaja di antara karbon. Ikatan kovalen
Single covalent bond between carbon atoms.
ganda dua di antara karbon. Ikatan kovalen
Double covalent bond between carbon atoms.
*Homologous series
*Siri Homolog
Alkane / Alkana
Alkene / Alkena
* Siri homolog adalah sebatian karbon yang mempunyai sifat-sifat am yang tertentu.
* Homologous series are carbon compounds that have the certain general characteristics.
* Structural formula is a chemical formula that shows how atoms are bonded to each other covalently in a molecule.
* Formula struktur ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan bagaimana atom terikat di antara satu sama lain secara kovalen dalam suatu molekul.
3 The main source of hydrocarbons is petroleum. It is formed as a result of decomposition of plants and animals that died million years ago. / Sumber utama hidrokarbon ialah petroleum. Ia terbentuk daripada penguraian tumbuhan dan binatang yang
telah mati sejak berjuta-juta tahun dahulu.
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4 Petroleum is a mixture of different molecular size hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons can be separated using fractional hydrocarbons with different molecular distillation of petroleum at different temperature. This process separates ______________ size (petroleum gas, petrol, naphta, kerosene, diesel and lubricating oil). / Petroleum ialah campuran molekul hidrokarbon
yang berlainan saiz. Hidrokarbon ini boleh diasingkan melalui penyulingan berperingkat petroleum pada suhu yang berlainan. Proses ini mengasingkan hidrokarbon yang mempunyai saiz molekul yang berlainan (gas petroleum, petrol, nafta, kerosin, diesel dan minyak pelincir).
Alkane / Alkana
CnH2n + 2 , where n = 1, 2, 3, / Alkana adalah hidrokarbon yang 1 Alkanes are hydrocarbons with general formula C H , di mana n = 1, 2, 3, ... mempunyai formula am n 2n + 2
single 2 Each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms by covalent bonds that is C C or C H. It is classified as saturated saturated hydrocarbons. (A hydrocarbon contains only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms). tunggal iaitu C C atau C H. Ia dikelaskan / Setiap atom karbon terikat kepada empat atom lain oleh ikatan kovalen tepu tepu sebagai hidrokarbon . (Hidrokarbon mengandungi ikatan kovalen tunggal sahaja di antara atom karbon).
Example / Contoh: a. Methane / Metana, CH4

H
H H C H H
H
Represents (one pair of electrons is shared to form a single covalent bond) Mewakili (Sepasang elektron
C H
dikongsi untuk membentuk ikatan kovalen tunggal)
Electron arrangement in methane molecule, CH4

Susunan elektron dalam molekul metana, CH4
Structural formula of methane, CH4

Formula struktur metana, CH4
3 Each carbon atom in the structural formula must have a total of four pairs of electrons shared with another carbon and hydrogen atom to achieve octet electron arrangement. (Each carbon atom must have four in the structural formula). Setiap atom karbon dalam formula struktur mesti mempunyai empat pasang elektron yang dikongsi dengan atom karbon dan hidrogen
yang lain untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet. (Setiap atom karbon mesti mempunyai empat dalam formula strukturnya).
4 Each hydrogen atom in the structural formula must have one pair of electrons shared with carbon to achieve duplet electron arrangement. (Each hydrogen atom must have one in the structural formula). Setiap atom hidrogen dalam formula struktur mesti mempunyai satu pasang elektron yang dikongsi dengan karbon untuk mencapai
susunan atom duplet (Setiap hidrogen mesti mempunyai satu dalam formula strukturnya).
5 Naming of alkanes / Penamaan alkana a. The name of straight chain alkanes (all the carbon atoms are joined in a continuous chain) are made up of two component parts. / Nama bagi alkana berantai lurus (semua atom karbon yang bergabung dalam rantai yang berterusan) i. Stem/root: indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous carbon chain. The name of stems for the first ten straight alkanes are: / Awalan/induk: menunjukkan bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon berterusan
yang paling panjang. Nama awalan bagi sepuluh alkana pertama adalah: terdiri daripada dua komponen:
Number of carbon, C
Bilangan karbon, C
1 Meth
Met
2 Eth
Et
3 Prop
Prop
4 But
But
5 Pent
Pent
6
Heks
7 Hept
Hept
8 Oct
Okt
9 Non
Non
10 Dec
Dek
Stem / Awalan
Hex
ii. Suffix/ending: indicates the group of the compound. For alkane, the suffix is ane because it belongs to the alkane group. / Akhiran: menunjukkan kumpulan sebatian. Bagi alkana, akhiran adalah ana kerana ia adalah dalam
kumpulan alkana.
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b. Complete the table below. / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Number of formula CnH2n + 2 carbon atoms Molecular Formula molekul
Bilangan atom karbon CnH2n + 2
Structural formula
Formula struktur H
Name of alkane
Nama alkana
1 (meth / met)
CH4
C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H
Methane
2 (eth / et)
C2H6
C H H
Ethane
H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H
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3 (prop / prop)
C3H8
C H H
Propane
4 (but / but)
C4H10
C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H
Butane
5 (pent / pent)
C5H12
C H H
Pentane
6 (hex / heks)
C6H14
C H H
Hexane
7 (hept / hept)
C7H16
C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H
Heptane
8 (oct / okt)
C8H18
C H H
Octane
9 (non / non)
C9H20
C H
Nonane
10 (dec / dek)
C10H22
C H
Decane
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Chemical Properties of Alkane / Sifat-sifat Fizikal Alkana

molecules , the atoms are bonded together by a strong 1 Alkanes are covalent compounds which consist of molecules are held together by weak covalent bond. These Van der Waals forces (intermolecular forces). molekul , atom-atom terikat bersama oleh ikatan kovalen yang kuat. Alkana adalah sebatian kovalen yang terdiri daripada
Molekul-molekul ini ditarik bersama oleh daya Van der Waals yang lemah (daya antara molekul). insoluble in water but dissolve in 2 Alkanes have physical properties similar to covalent compounds. Alkanes are organic solvents, cannot conduct electricity, low melting/boiling points and less dense than water. / Alkana mempunyai sifat tidak larut fizikal yang sama dengan sebatian kovalen. Alkana dalam air tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik, tidak
3 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Name of members Methane
Metana
boleh mengalirkan arus elektrik, takat lebur/didih yang rendah dan kurang tumpat berbanding air.
Molecular formula
Formula molekul
Melting point/ C Boiling point/C

Takat lebur/ C Takat didih/C
Molar mass/ g mol
-1
Nama ahli-ahli
Jisim molar/g mol1
Keadaan fizikal pada suhu bilik
Physical state at room temperature
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22
182 183 188 138 130 95 91 57 54 30
162 89 42 0.5 36 69 98 126 153 174
16 30 44 58 72 86 100 114 128 142
Gas Gas Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid
Ethane
Etana
Propane
Propana
Butane
Butana
Pentane
Pentana
Hexane
Heksana
Heptane
Heptana
Octane
Oktana
Nonane
Nonana
Decane
Dekana

The physical state of alkane is determined by its melting and boiling points. / Sifat fizikal alkana ditentukan oleh takat lebur dan didihnya. The alkane is in gas form if its melting and boiling points are below room temperature. / Alkana adalah dalam bentuk gas jika takat lebur dan didihnya di bawah suhu bilik. The alkane is in liquid form if its melting point is below room temperature and its boiling is higher than room temperature. Alkana adalah dalam bentuk cecair jika takat leburnya di bawah suhu bilik dan takat didihnya lebih tinggi dari suhu bilik.
four gas at room temperature. Pentane to decane are liquid . 4 The first members of alkanes exist as Empat ahli pertama alkana wujud sebagai gas cecair . pada suhu bilik. Pentana hingga dekana adalah 5 As the number of carbon atoms in a molecule of alkane increases: / Apabila bilangan atom karbon dalam satu molekul alkana increase , the Van der Waals forces between molecules (intermolecular a. The molecular size of alkane increases , more heat energy is needed to overcome this force, the melting and boiling points forces) increase bertambah Van der Waals bertambah kuat , . / Saiz molekul alkana , daya (daya antara molekul) haba mengatasi bertambah . semakin banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk daya ini, takat lebur dan takat didih bertambah . increase . / Kelikatan dan ketumpatan alkana b. The viscosity and density of alkane terbakar dan dinyalakan. flammable , harder to ignite. / Alkana semakin susah untuk c. The alkane becomes less
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Chemical Properties of Alkanes / Sifat-sifat Kimia Alkana saturated hydrocarbon which only have single covalent bonds, C C and C H. They are not reactive 1 Alkanes are because the strong C C and C H bonds in the molecules need a lot of energy to break. / Alkana adalah hidrokarbon
tepu yang hanya mempunyai ikatan kovalen tunggal, C C dan C H. Ia tidak reaktif kerana ikatan C C dan C H yang kuat dalam molekul memerlukan tenaga yang banyak untuk diputuskan. 2 Two chemical reaction of alkanes: / Dua tindak balas kimia bagi alkana adalah: a. Combustion. / Pembakaran. b. Substitution reaction. / Tindak balas penukargantian. 3 Combustion of alkane / Pembakaran alkana
a. Alkanes undergo complete combustion in the presence of sufficient oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water only.
Alkana mengalami pembakaran lengkap dengan kehadiran oksigen yang secukupnya untuk membentuk karbon dioksida dan air sahaja.
Alkane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water / Alkana + Oksigen Karbon dioksida + Air b. Balance the equations: / Seimbangkan persamaan berikut: 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O CH4 + 2 CO2 + 3 H2O C2H6 + 2 O2
7
5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H 2O C3H8 +
Balancing the equations: / Mengimbangkan persamaan: Step 1: Balance C / Langkah 1: Seimbangkan C Step 2: Balance H / Langkah 2: Seimbangkan H Step 3: Balance O, can use fraction / Langkah 3: Seimbangkan O,
dan boleh gunakan pecahan
c. Alkanes undergo incomplete combustion when there is insufficient oxygen to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon (in the form of soot) and water. / Alkana melalui pembakaran yang tak lengkap apabila tiada oksigen yang mencukupi
untuk membentuk karbon dioksida, karbon monoksida, karbon(dalam bentuk jelaga) dan air.
Example / Contoh: 2CH4 (g) + 3O2 (g) C(s) + CO2 (g) + 4H2O(g) or / atau 6CH4 (g) + 9O2 (g) 2C(s) + 2CO + 2CO2 (g) + 12H2O(g)
d. When alkanes are burnt, large quantities of heat are released. This makes alkanes suitable for use as a fuel. / Apabila
alkana dibakar, kuantiti haba yang banyak dibebaskan. Ini menjadikan alkana sesuai untuk dijadikan bahan api.
4 Substitution reaction: / Tindak balas penukargantian: sunlight (ultraviolet light). / Berlaku apabila a. Occurs when an alkane is mixed with a halogen in the presence of b. In this reaction, each hydrogen atom in the alkane molecule is substituted one by one by another atom, usually halogen atoms. The sunlight or UV light is needed to break covalent bond in halogen and alkane molecules to produce hydrogen and chlorine atom. / Dalam tindak balas ini, setiap atom hidrogen dalam molekul alkana digantikan
satu demi satu oleh atom yang lain, biasanya atom halogen. Cahaya matahari atau sinaran UV diperlukan untuk memutuskan ikatan kovalen dalam molekul halogen dan alkana untuk menghasilkan atom hidrogen dan klorin. cahaya matahari suatu alkana dicampurkan dengan halogen dengan kehadiran (sinaran ultraungu).
c. For example, when methane reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of ultraviolet light, a variety of substituted products are formed: / Contohnya, apabila metana bertindak balas dengan gas klorin dalam kehadiran sinaran ultraungu,
pelbagai hasil yang bertukarganti terbentuk:
H H C H H
+ Cl Cl UV
H H C Cl H
+ H Cl
Cl atom substitutes H in CH4 H atom substitutes Cl in Cl2
Atom Cl menggantikan H dalam CH4 Atom H menggantikan Cl dalam Cl2
CH4
Cl2
UV
(chloromethane / klorometana)
CH3Cl
HCl
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Further substitution of chlorine atoms in the chloromethane molecule produces dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane. Complete the following substitution reaction. UV UV UV CH2Cl2 + HCl (dichloromethane / diklorometana) CHCl3 + HCl (trichloromethane / triklorometana) CCl4 + HCl (tetrachloromethane / tetraklorometana)
Penukargantian yang seterusnya bagi atom klorin dalam molekul klorometana menghasilkan diklorometana, triklorometana dan tetraklorometana. Lengkapkan tindak balas penukargantian berikut:
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + Cl2
5 The effect of methane in everyday life: / Kesan metana dalam kehidupan seharian: i. Methane is the major component in natural gas (gas found together with petroleum). Metana adalah komponen utama dalam gas asli (gas yang dijumpai bersama petroleum). ii. Methane gas is produced when waste organic matter decompose in the absence of oxygen. As methane is a combustible gas, it can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps. Gas metana terhasil apabila bahan buangan organik terurai tanpa kehadiran oksigen. Oleh kerana metana boleh terbakar, ia
boleh menyebabkan kebakaran di tempat buangan sampah dan paya gambut.
Alkene / Alkena 1 Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n, where n = 2, 3, Alkena adalah hidrokarbon dengan formula am CnH2n, di mana n = 2, 3, unsaturated 2 Every alkene has a carbon-carbon double covalent bond, C = C in its molecule. It is classified as unsaturated double hydrocarbons. (An hydrocarbon contains at least one covalent bond between carbon atoms). / Setiap alkena mempunyai satu ikatan ganda dua karbon-karbon, C = C dalam molekulnya. Ia boleh dikelaskan tidak tepu . (Hidrokarbon tidak tepu mengandungi sekurang-kurangnya satu ikatan kovalen ganda dua sebagai hidrokarbon
di antara atom-atom karbon) Example / Contoh: a. Ethene / Etena, C2H4
H H C
H C H
H H C
H C H
Electron arrangement in ethene molecule, C2H4 Susunan elektron dalam molekul etena, C2H4
Structural formula for ethene, C2H4 Formula struktur bagi etena, C2H4
double covalent bond 3 The first member of alkenes has two carbon atoms in a molecule because is formed between two carbon atoms. / Ahli pertama alkena mempunyai dua atom karbon dalam satu molekul kerana ikatan kovalen ganda dua terbentuk di antara dua atom karbon. 4 Naming of alkenes / Penamaan alkena a. The name of straight chain alkenes are also made up of two component parts. Nama bagi rantai lurus alkena juga terdiri daripada dua komponen. i. Stem/root: / Awalan: Indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous carbon chain. The name of the stems for the first nine straight alkanes are eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non and dec. Menunjukkan bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon yang terpanjang. Nama awalan bagi sembilan alkena lurus ii. Suffix/ending: / Akhiran: Indicates the group of the compound. For alkene, the suffix is ene because it belongs to the alkene group.
pertama adalah et, prop, but, pent, heks, hept, okt, non dan dek.
b. Naming the straight chain alkene: / Menamakan rantai lurus alkena: i. Determine the longest carbon chain containing double bond give the stem name according to the number of carbon atoms i.e eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non and dec. Tentukan rantai karbon terpanjang yang mengandungi ikatan ganda dua memberikan nama awalan berdasarkan ii. Add the suffix ene at the end of the name. / Tambahkan akhiran ena pada setiap penghujung nama.
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Menunjukkan kumpulan bagi sebatian. Bagi alkena, akhiran adalah ena kerana ia tergolong dalam kumpulan alkena.
bilangan atom karbon iaitu et, prop, but, pent, heks, hept, okt, non dan dek.
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c. Complete the table below: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Number of Molecular carbon atoms formula
Bilangan atom karbon Formula molekul
Structural formula
Formula struktur H H C H H C H C H H H C H C H H H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H H H H H H H
Name
Nama
C2H4
C H H
Ethene
C3H6
Propene
C4H8
Butene
C5H10
Pentene
H C
H C H
C6H12
Hexene
H C
H C H
C7H14
Heptene
H C
H C H
C8H16
Octene
H C
H C H
C9H18
Nonene
H C
H C H
10
C10H20
Decene
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Physical Properties of Alkenes / Sifat-Sifat Fizikal Alkena 1 Physical properties of alkenes are similar to alkanes. Alkenes are covalent compounds which consist of molecules . The atoms strong weak covalent bond. These molecules are held together by Van are bonded together by a der Waals forces (intermolecular forces). / Sifat-sifat fizikal alkena adalah menyerupai alkana. Alkena adalah sebatian Kovalen molekul , atom-atom terikat bersama oleh ikatan kovalen yang kuat Molekul-molekul ini ditarik yang terdiri daripada . lemah bersama oleh daya Van der Waals yang (daya antara molekul). insoluble in water but dissolve in 2 Alkenes have physical properties similar to covalent compounds. Alkene are organic solvents, cannot conduct electricity, low melting/boiling points and less dense than water. / Alkena mempunyai sifattak larut di dalam air tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik, tidak boleh sifat fizikal yang sama dengan sebatian kovalen. Alkena mengalirkan arus elektrik, takat lebur/didih yang rendah dan kurang tumpat daripada air.
3 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Name of members Molecular formula Melting point/ C Boiling point/C
Takat lebur/ C Takat didih/C
Molar mass/ g mol1

Jisim molar g mol1
Nama ahli
Formula molekul
Sifat fizikal pada suhu bilik
Physical state at room temperature
Ethene / Etena Propene / Propena Butene / Butena Pentene / Pentena Hexene / Heksena Heptene / Heptena Octene / Oktena Nonene / Nonena Decene / Dekena
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12 C7H14 C8H16 C9H18 C10H20
169 185 185 165 140 119 104 94 87
104 47 6 30 63 93 122 146 171
28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140
Gas Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid .
liquid 4 Physical state at room temperature: ethene, propene and butene are gases . Pentene to decene are gas cecair . Sifat fizikal pada suhu bilik: etena, propena dan butena adalah . Pentena hingga dekene adalah
low weak 5 Alkenes have melting and boiling points because the Van der Waals forces (intermolecular less forces) between small molecules need heat energy to overcome. rendah kerana daya Van der Waals (daya antara molekul) yang lemah di Alkena mempunyai takat lebur dan didih yang
rendah untuk diatasi. antara molekul kecil memerlukan tenaga haba yang
increases , the Van der 6 As the number of carbon atoms per molecule of alkene increases, the molecular size of alkene increases between molecules, more heat overcome Waals or inter molecular forces energy is needed to increase this forces, the melting and boiling points . meningkat , daya Van der Waals atau Apabila bilangan atom karbon dalam setiap molekul alkena meningkat, saiz molekul alkena meningkat , semakin banyak tenaga haba mengatasi daya ini, takat lebur dan daya antara molekul juga diperlukan untuk meningkat . takat didih juga
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Chemical Properties of Alkenes / Sifat-Sifat Kimia Alkena reactive than alkanes because of the existence of covalent double bond between two 1 Alkenes are chemically more carbon atoms. Almost all of the chemical reactions of alkene occur at the double bond. reaktif Alkena adalah secara kimia lebih berbanding alkana kerana kewujudan ikatan kovalen ganda dua di antara dua atom
karbon. Hampir semua tindak balas kimia alkena berlaku di ikatan ganda dua.
2 The chemical reactions of alkenes are: / Tindak balas kimia alkena adalah: a. combustion / pembakaran b. addition reaction / tindak balas penambahan 3 Combustion of alkenes / Pembakaran alkena a. Alkene burns completely in the excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water: Alkena terbakar dengan lengkap dalam keadaan oksigen berlebihan untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air: Alkene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water / Alkena + Oksigen Karbon dioksida + Air b. Balance the following equations: / Seimbangkan persamaan berikut: 3 O2 2 CO2 + 2 H2O i. C2H4 + Balancing the equations: / Mengimbangkan persamaan: Step 1: Balance C / Langkah 1: Seimbangkan C Step 2: Balance H / Langkah 2: Seimbangkan H Step 3: Balance O, and can use fraction
9 3 CO2 + 3 H2O 2 O2 ii. C3H6 +
6 O2 4 CO2 + 4 H2O iii. C4H8 +
Langkah 3: Seimbangkan O, dan boleh gunakan pecahan
c. Alkene burns incompletely in limited supply of oxygen to form carbon monoxide, carbon (in the form of soot) and water. / Alkena terbakar dengan tidak lengkap dalam keadaan bekalan oksigen yang terhad untuk membentuk karbon
monoksida, karbon (dalam bentuk jelaga) dan air. Example / Contoh:
C2H4(g) + O2(g) 2C(s) + 2H2O(g) or / atau C2H4(g) + 2O2(g) 2CO(g) + 2H2O (g) d. Combustion of alkene will produce more sooty flame compared with their corresponding alkane. This is due to higher percentage of carbon (by mass) in alkene than its corresponding alkane (the percentage of carbon for the same number of carbon atom per molecule of alkane and alkene is higher in alkene). Pembakaran alkena akan menghasilkan nyalaan yang lebih berjelaga berbanding alkana. Ini kerana peratus karbon mengikut
jisim yang lebih tinggi dalam alkena berbanding alkana (Peratusan karbon bagi bilangan atom per molekul yang sama bagi alkena dan alkana adalah lebih tinggi dalam alkena). Example / Contoh:
Corresponding hydrocarbon
Hidrokarbon yang selaras
Propana, C3H8
Propane
Propena, C3H6
Propene
Percentage of carbon by mass
Percentage of carbon / Peratusan karbon Percentage of carbon / Peratusan karbon 12 3 12 3 = 100% Peratusan karbon berdasarkan = 12 3 + 8 1 100% 12 3 + 6 1 jisim = 81.81% = 85.7%
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4 Addition reaction / Tindak balas penambahan a. As alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon, they undergo addition reaction. An addition reaction is a reaction in double single which other atoms are added to each carbon atom of the bond, C=C to form covalent bond product CC. / Oleh kerana alkena adalah hidrokarbon tak tepu, ia melalui tindak balas penambahan. Tindak balas ganda dua , C=C penambahan ialah tindak balas di mana atom lain ditambah kepada setiap atom karbon pada ikatan tunggal untuk membentuk hasil ikatan kovalen CC.
H C
H C
H + X Y C Y
H C X
Unsaturated / Tak tepu

dipelajari dalam topik ini ialah:
Saturated / Tepu
b. Five of addition reaction in alkenes that will be studied in this topic are: / Lima tindak balas penambahan yang akan i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation) / Penambahan hidrogen (penghidrogenan) Addition halogen (halogenation) / Penambahan halogen (penghalogenan) Addition of hydrogen halide / Penambahan hidrogen halida Addition of water (hydration) / Penambahan air (penghidratan) Addition of acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution Addition polymerisation / Pempolimeran penambahan
Penambahan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid, KMnO4
c. Addition of Hydrogen (Hydrogenation) / Penambahan Hidrogen (Penghidrogenan) catalyst i. Alkenes react with hydrogen at 180C in the presence of nickel/platinum as a to produce alkanes . / Alkena bertindak balas dengan hidrogen pada suhu 180 C dengan kehadiran nikel/platinum sebagai mangkin alkana untuk menghasilkan . alkane alkene (unsaturated ii. Hydrogenation is used to prepare an (saturated compound) from an alkana compound) in industry. / Penghidrogenan digunakan untuk menyediakan (sebatian tepu) daripada
alkena (sebatian tak tepu) dalam industri. iii. Example / Contoh: H H
H H2
Ni 180 Ni 180
H C H H
C H
CH4
H2
C2H6
iv. Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut: C3H6 Propene / Propena + C4H8 Butene / Butena + CnH2n Alkene / Alkena + H2 H2 H2
Ni 180 Ni 180 Ni 180
C3H8 Propane / Propana

4H10 Butane / Butana nH2n+2 Alkane / Alkana
alkene with the present of nickel as a catalyst will produce alkane . Hydrogenation of an alkena dengan kehadiran nikel sebagai mangkin akan menghasilkan alkana . Penghidrogenan
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d. Addition of Halogen (Halogenation) / Penambahan Halogen (Penghalogenan) i. Alkenes react with halogens such as chlorine and bromine at room conditions (no catalyst or ultraviolet needed)
Alkena bertindak balas dengan halogen seperti klorin dan bromin pada keadaan bilik (tanpa mangkin atau sinaran ultraungu yang diperlukan) ii. Example / Contoh:
H C
H C
H C
H C
Br2
Ethene
Etena
Bromine water
Air bromin
Br Br 1, 2-dibromoethane
1, 2-dibromoetana
C2H4
Br2
C2H4 Br2
brown decolourised . This When ethene gas is passed through bromine water, colour of bromine water is distinguish reaction is used to a saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
perang air bromin menjadi luntur . Tindak balas ini digunakan Apabila gas etena dilalukan pada air bromin, warna membezakan hidrokarbon tepu dan hidrokaron tak tepu. untuk
e. Addition of Hydrogen Halide / Penambahan Hidrogen Halida i. Alkenes react with hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide at room temperature to form haloalkane. / Alkena bertindak balas dengan hidrogen halida seperti hidrogen klorida atau hidrogen bromida pada
suhu bilik untuk membentuk haloalkana.
ii. Example / Contoh: C2H4(g) Ethene

Etena
HCl(g) Hydrogen chloride

Hidrogen klorida
C2H5Cl (g) Chloroethane

Kloroetana
Complete the following equation. / Lengkapkan persamaan berikut. H H H C C H + HCl H
H C H
H C Cl H
f. Addition of Acidified Potassium Manganate(VII), KMnO4 Solution Penambahan Larutan Kalium Manganat(VII) Berasid, KMnO4 double bond i. In this reaction, two hydroxyl, -OH groups are added to the carbon-carbon in an alkene ikatan ganda dua molecule. / Dalam tindak balas ini, dua hidroksil kumpulan -OH ditambah kepada karbondecolourised the purple ii. An alkene solution of acidified potassium manganate(VII). This reaction distinguish saturated unsaturated is used to a hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon. / Alkena melunturkan ungu warna larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid. Tindak balas ini digunakan untuk tak tepu . tepu membezakan hidrokarbon dan hidrokarbon Example / Contoh: H H H H H C C H +
karbon dalam molekul alkena.
H2O(l) + [O]
Ethene / Etena C2H4(g) + H2O(l) + [O]
OH OH Ethane-1, 2-diol
Etana-1, 2-diol
C2H4(OH)2(l) C3H6(OH)2
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Complete the following equation. / Lengkapkan persamaan berikut. C3H6(g) + H2O(l) + [O]
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g. Addition of Water (Hydration Reaction) / Penambahan Air (Tindak balas Penghidratan) i. Alkenes react with water (in the form of steam) at high temperature and pressure in the presence of phosphoric acid as a catalyst to produce alcohols. / Alkena bertindak balas dengan air (dalam bentuk stim) pada suhu dan tekanan
yang tinggi dalam kehadiran asid fosforik sebagai mangkin untuk menghasilkan alkohol.
Example / Contoh: H H C C C H + H2O(g)

H3PO4 300C/60 atm
H H C
H C H
Ethene / Etena C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(l)
H OH Ethanol / Etanol
ii. Complete the following equations. / Lengkapkan persamaan berikut. H H H H H H H C C C H + H2O(g)

H3PO4 H 300C/60 atm
H or H H atau C H
H C
H C H
C H
H Propene / Propena C3H6(g) + + + H2O(g)

H3PO4 300C/60 atm H3PO4 300C/60 atm H3PO4 300C/60 atm
H OH Propan-1-o1 C3H7OH C4H9OH CnH2n + 1OH Alcohol

Alkohol
OH H Propan-2-o1
C4H8(g)
H2O(g)
CnH2n Alkene
Alkena
H2O(g)
Addition of steam to alkene is a method to manufacture alcohol in industry. Penambahan stim kepada alkena adalah satu cara untuk menghasilkan alkohol dalam industri. h. Addition Polymerisation Reaction / Pempolimeran Penambahan i. In this reaction, small alkene molecules undergo addition reaction at a high pressure of 1 000 atm and temperature polymer . of 200C. Thousands of alkene molecule join together to form a long chain giant molecules called

ii. iii.
monomers . The small repeating units of molecules that join together to form polymer are called
monomer . Unit kecil molekul-molekul yang berulang bergabung untuk membentuk polimer dipanggil Example / Contoh: Polymerisation of ethene: / Pempolimeran etena:
Dalam tindak balas ini, molekul alkena yang kecil melalui tindak balas penambahan pada tekanan yang tinggi iaitu 1 000 atm dan suhu 200C. Beribu-ribu molekul alkena bergabung untuk membentuk rantai panjang molekul besar yang dipanggil polimer .
H n C H

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H C H
H C H
n is large number up to a few thousands
sehingga beberapa ribu
n n ialah nombor yang besar
Ethene / Etena
Polythene / Polietena
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Polymerisation of propene: / Pempolimeran propena:
H n C H
CH3 C H
H C H
CH3 C H n
Propene / Propena
Polypropene / Polipropena
5 Conclusion of Addition Reaction of Alkene / Kesimpulan Tindak Balas Penambahan bagi Alkena Alkene
Alkena, CnH2n
Addition of hydrogen
Penambahan hidrogen, H2 Ni, 180C
Addition of hydrogen halide Penambahan hidrogen halida, HX
Addition of acidified KMnO4

Penambahan KMnO4 berasid
Alkane / Alkana, CnH2n + 2
CnH2n + 1X
CnH2n(OH)2
Addition of Halogen
Penambahan halogen, X2
Addition of water H3PO4 300C/60 atm

Penambahan air, H2O
Addition Polymerisation
Penambahan pempolimeran
CnH2nX2
Alcohol / Alkohol, CnH2n + 1OH
(CnH2n)n
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Comparing Properties of Alkane with Alkene (Using hexane and hexene in the laboratory)
Membanding Sifat-sifat Alkana dengan Alkena (Menggunakan heksana dan heksena di dalam makmal)
Chemical Properties
Sifat kimia
Observation / Pemerhatian Procedure / Prosedur

Heksana
Hexane
Heksena
Hexene
Penerangan/ Persamaaan kimia untuk tindak balas
Explanation/Chemical Equation for Reaction
Sootiness of flame
Kejelagaan nyalaan api
F ilter paper / Kertas turas
Heksana
Hexane
Mangkuk penyejat
Porcelein dish
Heksena
Hexene
2 cm3 of hexane and hexene 1. are poured into two separated porcelain dishes . 2 cm3 heksana dan Sebanyak
heksena dituang ke dalam dua mangkuk penyejat berbeza.
Hexane Hexene 1. Combustion of hexene in more air produces burns with burns with a a yellow yellow and soot compared to hexane. sooty flame. very sooty Pembakaran heksena dalam udara menghasilkan flame. lebih jelaga Less soot berbanding heksana. collected More soot on the filter collected paper. on the filter 2. Percentage of carbon in hexane, C6H14 paper. Peratusan karbon dalam
heksana, C6H14 6(12) = 6(12) + 14(1) 100%
lighted wooden splinter is 2. A used to light up the two liquids. Kayu uji menyala digunakan
= 83.72%
untuk menyalakan kedua-dua cecair.
3. Percentage of carbon in hexene, C6H12 Peratusan karbon dalam

heksena, C6H12 6(12) = 6(12) + 12(1) 100%
3. When the burning occurs, a filter paper is held piece of above each flame as shown in the diagram. Semasa pembakaran berlaku, sehelai kertas turas dipegang di atas
setiap nyalaan dalam kedua-dua piring seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
= 85.71%
4. The flame is observed for its sootiness and the amount of soot collected on the filter paper is two pieces of recorded. Nyalaan tersebut diperhatikan untuk kejelagaannya dan kuantiti jelaga yang terkumpul pada kertas turas dicatat. dua helai
4. Hexene contains higher percentage of carbon by mass than hexane. Heksena mengandungi
persatusan karbon yang lebih tinggi berbanding heksana.
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Reaction with bromine water

Tindak balas dengan air bromin
Bromine water
Air bromin
Brown colour of bromine water remains unchanged.
Brown does not react 1. Hexane colour of with bromine water because bromine water it is an alkane which is decolourised. saturated hydrocarbon. tidak bertindak Heksana
balas dengan air bromin kerana ia adalah hidrokarbon yang merupakan hidrokarbon tepu .
Hexane
Heksana
2 cm3 1. of hexane is poured test tube into a . 2 cm3 heksana dituang Sebanyak tabung uji . ke dalam 2 3 drops of bromine water are 2. added to the hexane. 2 3 titik air bromin ditambah
ke dalam heksana.
unsaturated 2. Hexene is hydrocarbon that contains double covalent bond between carbon atoms, C=C. Heksena ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu yang
shaken . 3. The mixture is digoncang Campuran . 4. All changes that occur are recorded. Semua perubahan yang berlaku
direkodkan.
mengandungi ikatan kovalen ganda dua di antara atom-atom karbon, C=C.
Addition reaction 3. occurs when bromine water is added to hexene to form dibromohexane. penambahan Tindak balas
berlaku apabila air bromin ditambah kepada heksena, untuk membentuk dibromoheksana.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using hexene to replace hexane. Langkah 1 hingga 4 diulangi
menggunakan heksena untuk menggantikan heksana.
4. Balanced equation: Persamaan seimbang: C6H12 + Br2 C6H12Br2 Hexene 1, 2-dibromohexane
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Reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution

Tindak balas dengan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
No change
Acidif ied potassium manganate(VII) solution
Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
Heksana
Hexane
Purple colour 1. Hexane does not react of acidified with acidified potassium potassium manganate(VII) solution manganate(VII) saturated because it is solution hydrocarbon. decolourised. Heksana tidak bertindak balas
2 cm 1. Pour of hexane into test tube . a 2 cm3 heksana Sebanyak tabung uji . dituang ke dalam
3
dengan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid kerana ia adalah hidrokarbon tepu .
2 3 drops of acidified 2. potassium manganate(VII) solution are added to the hexane. 2 3 titik larutan kalium
manganat(VII) berasid ditambah ke dalam heksana.
unsaturated 2. Hexene is hydrocarbon that contains double covalent bond between carbon atoms, C=C. Heksena ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu yang
shaken . 3. The mixture is digoncangkan Campuran . 4. All changes that occur are recorded. Semua perubahan yang berlaku
direkodkan.
mengandungi ikatan kovalen ganda dua di antara atom-atom karbon, C=C.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using hexene to replace hexane. Langkah 1 hingga 4 diulangi
menggunakan heksena untuk menggantikan heksana.
Addition reaction 3. occurs when acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution is added to hexene to form hexanediol. penambahan Tindak balas
berlaku apabila larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid ditambah kepada heksena untuk membentuk heksanadiol.
4. Balanced equation:

Persamaan seimbang: C6H12 + H2O + [O] C6H12(OH)2

Hexene
Hexan-1, 2-diol
Conclusion: / Kesimpulan: different chemical properties. i. Alkane and alkene have berbeza . Alkana dan alkena mempunyai sifat-sifat kimia yang more burnt ii. Alkene produces soot than alkane when it is in the air. lebih banyak dibakar jelaga berbanding alkana apabila dalam udara. Alkena menghasilkan decolourises brown colour of bromine water but alkane iii. Alkene does not. melunturkan warna perang air bromin tetapi alkana tidak. Alkena decolourises alkane iv. Alkene purple colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution but does not.
melunturkan warna ungu larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid tetapi alkana tidak Alkena .
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Homologous Series / Siri Homolog 1 Homologous series are groups of carbon compounds that have the following general characteristics: Siri homolog ialah kumpulan sebatian karbon yang mempunyai sifat-sifat berikut: chemical properties have the same functional group a. Members having the same (group that kimia yang sama kerana ahli-ahli tersebut mempunyai takes part in a reaction). / Ahli-ahli mempunyai sifat-sifat
kumpulan berfungsi (kumpulan yang mengambil bahagian dalam tindak balas) yang sama. general formula. b. Members of the series can be represented by a am Ahli-ahli siri boleh diwakili oleh satu formula . same method c. Members of the series can be prepared by the . yang sama Ahli-ahli siri boleh disediakan dengan kaedah . 14 / a difference of CH2 . d. Two consecutive members in the series are different in relative atomic mass of 14 / perbezaan CH2 . Dua ahli yang berturutan dalam siri homolog mempunyai perbezaan jisim atom relatif sebanyak change e. Members of the series have physical properties that gradually as the number of carbon atoms in a increases . / Ahli-ahli siri mempunyai sifat fizikal yang berubah beransur-ansur apabila bilangan atom karbon molecule meningkat . dalam molekul 2 Example of homologous series: / Contoh siri homolog:
Homologous series
Siri homolog
General formula / Formula am CnH2n + 2 , n = 1, 2, 3, CnH2n, n = 2, 3, CnH2n + 1 OH, n = 1, 2, 3, CnH2n + 1 COOH, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, CnH2n + 1 COO CnH2n + 1 n = 0, 1, 2, 3, n = 1, 2, 3
Kumpulan berfungsi
Functional group CC C=C OH COOH COO
Type of carbon compound

Jenis sebatian karbon Hidrokarbon tepu
Alkane
Alkana
Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Hidrokarbon tak tepu
Alkene
Alkena
Alcohol
Alkohol
Non-hydrocarbon
Bukan hidrokarbon
Carboxylic acid
Asid karboksilik
Non-hydrocarbon
Bukan hidrokarbon
Ester
Ester
Non-hydrocarbon
Bukan hidrokarbon
Naming Alkane and Alkene Using IUPAC Nomenclature / Menamakan Alkana dan Alkena Menggunakan Sistem
Penamaan IUPAC
1 Three parts in the naming of alkane and alkene / Tiga bahagian dalam penamaan alkana dan alkena a. Prefix : Shows the branch group alkyl group with general formula CnH2n + 1, attached to the longest carbon chain: Imbuhan: Menunjukkan kumpulan cabang kumpulan alkil dengan formula am CnH2n + 1, tercantum dengan rantai karbon
terpanjang:
H H C
methyl
metil
H H H C H
H C H
ethyl / etil
b. Stem/root shows the number of carbon atom in the longest carbon chain. Nama induk/awalan menunjukkan bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang. c. Suffix/ending shows the homologous series: / Akhiran menunjukkan siri homolog: i. Alkane ane / Alkana ana iii. Alcohol ol / Alkohol ol ii. Alkene ene / Alkena ena iv. Carboxylic acid oic / Asid karboksilik oik
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2 Steps in naming alkanes and alkenes: / Langkah-langkah penamaan alkana dan alkena: Step 1: Identify the longest carbon chain, the number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain gives the name of the stem e.g prop, but, pent...
Langkah 1: Kenal pasti rantai karbon terpanjang, bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang memberikan nama induk contohnya prop, but, pent.
Step 2: Identify the branch chain. Determine the prefix and number of carbon atom in the longest carbon chain beginning with the end of the chain nearer to the branch chain (Number of carbon atom in the longest carbon chain provided the branch gets the smallest number). The name for the branch chain ends with yl. For alkenes, the smallest number is given to the carbon with the double bond.
Langkah 2: Kenal pasti rantai cabang. Tentukan imbuhan dan bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang bermula dengan hujung rantai yang berdekatan dengan rantai cabang (Bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang dengan cabang mendapat nombor yang paling kecil). Nama rantai cabang berakhir dengan il. Bagi alkena, nombor terkecil diberi kepada karbon yang mempunyai ikatan ganda dua.
Step 3: Identify the suffix i.e the functional group or homologous series of the compound.
Langkah 3: Kenal pasti akhiran iaitu kumpulan berfungsi atau siri homolog sebatian.
i. Alkane ane / Alkana ana
ii.
Alkene ene / Alkena ena
3 Method of writing the IUPAC name: / Kaedah menulis nama IUPAC: Prefix (Branch)
Imbuhan (Cabang)
Stem (number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain)

Nama induk/awalan (bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang)*
Suffix (functional group/ homologous series)

Akhiran (kumpulan berfungsi/ siri homolog)
4 Example / Contoh: a. Draw structural formula for the following molecule: / Lukis formula struktur bagi molekul-molekul berikut: 2, 3-dimetylpentane
- Name and name write close together / Nama dan nama ditulis rapat - Number and name, write - / Nombor dan nama, tulis - - Number and number, write , / Nombor dan nombor, tulis ,
PREFIX (Branches): Methyl branches, CH3 are at carbon number 2 and 3. The numbering of carbon in the longest carbon is made from the left to give the smallest number to methyl.
Imbuhan (Cabang): Cabang metil, CH3 berada pada karbon 2 dan 3. Pernomboran karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang dibuat daripada kiri untuk memberi nombor terkecil kepada metil.
STEM (Number of carbon atom in the longest carbon chain is 5 because the stem is pent).
SUFFIX (Homologous series): Suffix ane indicates homologous series alkane, longest carbon chain consists of single covalent bond between carbon atoms.
AKHIRAN (Siri homolog): Akhiran ana menandakan siri homolog alkana, rantai karbon terpanjang yang terdiri daripada ikatan kovalen tunggal di antara atom-atom karbon.
NAMA INDUK (Bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang ialah 5 kerana nama induk ialah pent).
Structural formula: / Formula struktur:

H H H H
1
C
2
H H
3
H
4
H
5
Branches are two methyl, CH3 at carbon number 2 and 3

Cabang ada dua metil, CH3 pada karbon nombor 2 dan 3
H H
C H
H H
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b. Name the following structural formula using IUPAC system: Namakan formula struktur berikut menggunakan sistem IUPAC: i. STEP 2: Identify branch. It is methyl, CH3 attached to carbon number 2. PREFIX is 2-methyl. The numbering H of carbon in the longest carbon is made from the right to give the smallest number to methyl. H C H STEP 1: Identify the longest carbon chain. It consists of 5 carbons. STEM is pent.
LANGKAH 1: Kenal pasti ranatai karbon paling panjang. Ia mengandunngi 5 karbon. AWALAN adalah pent. H H
5
H
4
H
3
H
2
LANGKAH 2: Kenal pasti cabang. Ianya adalah metil, CH3 terikat pada karbon ke-2. IMBUHAN adalah 2-metil. Pernomboran karbon pada rantai karbon terpanjang dibuat dari kanan supaya metil mendapat nombor paling rendah.
STEP 3: Identify homologous series. It is alkane. SUFFIX is ane.

LANGKAH 3: kenal pasti siri homolog. Ianya adalah alkana. AKHIRAN adalah ana.
ii.
IUPAC name: 2-methylpentane / Nama IUPAC: 2-metilpentana
STEP 2: Identify branch. Methyl, CH3 is attached to carbon number 4. PREFIX is 4-methyl.
H H
3
STEP 1: Identify the longest carbon chain. It consists of 5 carbons. STEM is pent.
H H H
5
C C
H
2
H
1
LANGKAH 2: Kenal pasti cabang. Ianya adalah metil, CH3 terikat pada karbon ke 4. IMBUHAN adalah 4-metil.
LANGKAH 1: Kenal pasti rantai karbon paling panjang. Ia mengandunngi 5 karbon. AWALAN adalah pent.
STEP 3: Identify the homologous series. It is alkene, SUFFIX is 2-ene because smallest number is given to the carbon with double bond.
LANGKAH 3: Kenal pasti siri homolog. Ianya adalah alkena. AKHIRAN adalah 2-ena kerana nombor paling kecil diberikan kepada karbon dengan ikatan ganda dua.
IUPAC name: 4-methylpent-2-ene / Nama IUPAC: 4-metilpent-2-ena
c. Draw structural formulae for the following molecules: / Lukiskan formula struktur bagi molekul-molekul berikut: 2, 3-dimetylbut-1-ene Structural formula: / Formula struktur:
H
PREFIX (Branches): Methyl branches, CH3 are at carbon number 2 and 3 STEM (Number of carbon atom in the longest carbon chain is 4 because the stem is but) SUFFIX (Homologous series): Suffix ene indicates homologous series alkene: double bond is at carbon number 1
AKHIRAN (Siri homolog): Akhiran ena menandakan siri homolog alkena: ikatan ganda dua pada karbon nombor 1
H H H C H
C C H H
H H C C H C H H
IMBUHAN (Cabang): Cabang metil, CH3 adalah pada karbon nombor 2 dan 3
NAMA INDUK (Bilangan atom karbon dakam rantai karbon terpanjang adalah 4 kerana nama induk ialah but)
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Name the following compounds. / Namakan sebatian-sebatian berikut. i. ii.
H H H C H H C H H C H C H H H C H H C H H H H C H H H H C C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H
2-metylpentane iii.
H H H H H C H H C H C H H C H C H H H C C H H H C H H H C H
2, 3-dimetylhexane iv.
H H H C H C H C H H C H C H C H H
2, 3, 4-trimetylhexane v. vi.
4-metylpent-2-ene
H H H H C H H C H H C C H H C H H C H C H C H H H H C H H H H C
H C C H H H C C H H C H H C H H C H H
4, 5-dimetylhex-2-ene
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Isomerism / Keisomeran 1 Atoms in organic compound can be bonded or arranged in different ways: Atom-atom dalam sebatian organik boleh terikat atau tersusun dalam pelbagai cara: Molecular formula shows the type and number of atoms in a molecular compound. a. molekul menunjukkan jenis dan bilangan atom dalam sebatian molekul. Formula Structural formula shows the type and number of atoms for each element, and how the atoms are bonded to b. struktur menunjukkan jenis dan bilangan atom dalam setiap unsur, dan one and another in a compound. / Formula
bagaimana atom-atom terikat di antara satu sama lain dalam suatu sebatian. Example / Contoh:
Molecular formula for propane:

Formula molekul bagi propana:
Structural formula for propane:

Formula struktur bagi propana:
H
C3H7
H C H
H C H H
C H
same different structural 2 Isomerism is the phenomenon where a compound has the molecular formula but sama formula. / Keisomeran ialah fenomena di mana suatu sebatian mempunyai formula molekul yang tetapi formula
berbeza . struktur yang
3 The carbon atoms in a structural formula can be joined in a straight chain or branched chain. Atom-atom karbon dalam formula struktur boleh digabungkan dalam rantai lurus atau rantai bercabang. 4 Complete the following table by constructing the structural formulae for alkanes in a straight chain or any possible branched chain structural formulae. Name each structural formula using IUPAC system, based on the number of structural for each of molecular formula, determine whether the molecule has isomers or no isomer. / Lengkapkan jadual
berikut dengan membina formula struktur bagi alkana dalam rantai lurus atau formula struktur bagi rantai bercabang yang mungkin. Namakan formula struktur menggunakan sistem IUPAC, berdasarkan bilangan struktur bagi setiap formula molekul, tentukan sama ada molekul tersebut mempunyai isomer atau tidak.
Molecular formula
Formula molekul
Structural formula and IUPAC name

Formula struktur dan nama IUPAC
Number of structural formulae

Bilangan formula struktur
Bilangan isomer
Number of isomers
CH4
C H
methane
No isomer
H C H H
C2H6
C H
ethane
No isomer
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H C H
H C H H H C H C H C H H H H
C3H8
C H
propane
No isomer
H C H
H C H
H C H H
C H H
C4H10
C H
2 isomers
n-butane
H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H H C H C H H H H
2-methylpropane
n-pentane
H H H H C H H C C
H C H H
H C
H C H
H C H H
C5H12
3 isomers
C H
2-methylbutane
2, 2-dimethylpropane three do not have isomers because each molecule has only one structural 5 The first members of alkane Tiga tidak mempunyai satu formula. / ahli pertama alkana isomer kerana setiap molekul mempunyai formula struktur
sahaja.
butane, C4H10 . / Keisomeran dalam alkana bermula daripada butana, C4H10 . 6 Isomerism in alkane starts from 7 Complete the following table by constructing the structural formulae for alkenes in a straight chain or any possible branched chain structural formulae. Name each structural formula using IUPAC system, based on the number of structural formulae for each of molecular formula, determine whether the molecule has isomers or no isomer. Lengkapkan jadual berikut dengan membina formula struktur bagi alkena dalam rantai lurus atau formula struktur bagi rantai
bercabang yang mungkin. Namakan setiap formula struktur menggunakan sistem IUPAC, berdasarkan bilangan formula struktur bagi setiap formula molekul, tentukan sama ada molekul tersebut mempunyai isomer atau tidak.
Molecular formula
Formula molekul
Structural formula and IUPAC name

Formula struktur dan nama IUPAC H H C H
Number of structural formulae

Bilangan formula struktur
Bilangan isomer
Number of isomers
C2H4
C H
No isomer
ethene
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H C
H C H H
C3H6
No isomer
propene
H H C H H C H H C H H C H H
n-but-1-ene
H H C H H C H C H C H H
C4H8
3 isomers
n-but-2-ene
H H H H C C C H H C H H
2-methylprop-1-ene similar different in physical properties such as melting and boiling 8 The isomers have chemical properties but sama berbeza seperti takat lebur points. / Isomer-isomer mempunyai sifat-sifat kimia yang tetapi sifat-sifat fizikal yang
dan didih.
butene, C4H8 . / Keisomeran dalam alkana bermula daripada butena, C4H8 . 9 Isomerism in alkene starts from 10 The number of isomers increases as the number atom per molecule increases. Bilangan isomer meningkat apabila bilangan atom per molekul meningkat.
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non-hydrocarbon / BUKAN HIDROKARBON

ANALYSING alcohol / MENGANALISIS ALKOHOL Write the general formula of alcohols, identify the functional group, list the names and molecular formulae, draw structural formulae and name isomers using IUPAC nomenclature. Menulis formula am alkohol, mengenal pasti kumpulan berfungsi, menyenaraikan nama dan formula molekul, melukis formula
struktur dan menamakan isomer menggunakan sistem IUPAC.
Describe the preparation of ethanol in the laboratory and industrial production of alcohol.
Menghuraikan penyediaan etanol di dalam makmal dan penghasilan alkohol dalam industri.
State the physical properties of ethanol. / Menyatakan sifat-sifat fizikal etanol. Describe an activity to investigate chemical properties of ethanol in terms of combustion, oxidation and dehydration.
Menghuraikan aktiviti untuk mengkaji sifat-sifat kimia etanol dari segi pembakaran, pengoksidaan dan pendehidratan.
Predict the chemical properties of other members of alcohol. / Meramal sifat-sifat kimia bagi ahli-ahli alkohol yang lain. Explain with example on the use of alcohol in everyday life.
Menerangkan kegunaan alkohol dalam kehidupan seharian berserta dengan contoh.
Explain the effects of misuse and abuse of alcohol. / Menerangkan kesan-kesan penyalahgunaan alkohol.
analysing carboxylic acid / MENGANALISIS ASID KARBOKSILIK State the general formulae, identify the functional group, list the names and molecular formulae of the first four members, draw structural formulae and name using IUPAC nomenclature. Menyatakan formula am, mengenal pasti kumpulan berfungsi, menyenaraikan nama dan formula molekul bagi empat ahli
pertama dan menamakan menggunakan sistem penamaan IUPAC.
Describe the preparation of carboxylic acid by oxidation of alcohol.

Menghuraikan penyediaan asid karboksilik dengan cara pengoksidaan alkohol. State the physical properties of carboxylic acid. / Menyatakan sifat-sifat fizikal asid karboksilik.
Describe the activities to investigate chemical properties of ethanoic acid through:

Menghuraikan aktiviti untuk menyiasat sifat-sifat kimia asid etanoik melalui:
i. Reaction with metal, metal carbonates and metal oxides (acidic properties). Tindak balas dengan logam, logam karbonat dan logam oksida (sifat-sifat berasid). ii. Esterification reactions with alcohol and naming of esters. Tindak balas pengesteran dengan alkohol dan penamaan ester. Predict the chemical properties for other member of carboxylic acid. Meramal sifat-sifat kimia bagi ahli asid karboksilik yang lain. Explain with examples the uses of carboxylic acids in everyday life. Menerangkan dengan contoh kegunaan asid karboksilik dalam kehidupan seharian. analysing esters / MENGANALISIS ESTER Carry out an activity to derive general formulae of esters and identify the functional group, draw structural formulae, name them using the IUPAC nomenclature and write equations for esterification reaction. Menjalankan aktiviti untuk memperoleh formula am bagi ester dan mengenal pasti kumpulan berfungsi, melukis formula
struktur, menamakan ester menggunakan sistem IUPAC dan menulis persamaan untuk tindak balas pengesteran.
Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory.

Menerangkan penyediaan ester di dalam makmal. State the physical properties of ester. / Menyatakan sifat-sifat fizik ester.
Collect data on natural sources of ester and uses of ester in everyday life.
Mengumpulkan data mengenai sumber semula jadi ester dan kegunaannya dalam kehidupan seharian.
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Evaluating fats / MENGANALISIS LEMAK State what oils, fats, saturated and unsaturated fats are, and the differences between fats and oils. Menyatakan maksud minyak, lemak, lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu, dan perbezaan di antara lemak dan minyak. Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats and the process of changing unsaturated fats to saturated fats. / Membanding dan membezakan di antara lemak tepu dengan lemak tak tepu dan proses penukaran lemak tak tepu kepada
lemak tepu.
State the importance of oils and fats for body processes and the sources of fats and oils.
Menyatakan kepentingan minyak dan lemak untuk proses badan dan sumber lemak dan minyak.
Describe the effect of eating food high in fats and oils.

Menghuraikan kesan memakan makanan yang tinggi dengan lemak dan minyak. Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil. / Menghuraikan proses industri dalam penghasilan minyak sawit.
analysing natural rubber / MENGANALISIS GETAH SEMULA JADI List the example of natural polymers and their monomers. / Menyenaraikan contoh polimer semula jadi dan monomernya. Write the structural formulae of natural rubber (monomer and polymer).
Menulis struktur formula getah semula jadi (monomer dan polimer). State the properties of natural rubber and its uses. / Menyatakan sifat-sifat getah semula jadi dan kegunaannya.
Describe the coagulation process of latex and method used to prevent latex from coagulating.
Menghuraikan proses penggumpalan lateks dan kaedah yang digunakan untuk mencegah lateks daripada menggumpal.
Describe the vulcanisation of rubber and how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber. / Menghuraikan pemvulkanan getah dan bagaimana kehadiran atom sulfur mengubah sifat-sifat getah tervulkan. Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber. Membanding dan membezakan sifat-sifat getah tervulkan dan tak tervulkan.
Alcohol / Alkohol
1 Alcohols are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms (Non-hydrocarbon). The general formula for alcohol is CnH2n + 1OH in which n is 1, 2, 3 / Alkohol ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi atom karbon, 2 Each member of alcohol series contains hydroxyl functional group (OH) which is covalently bonded to the carbon atom, / Setiap ahli siri alkohol mengandungi kumpulan berfungsi hidroksil (OH) yang terikat secara kovalen dengan atom
karbon, C OH hidrogen dan oksigen (bukan hidrokarbon). Formula am bagi alkohol ialah CnH2n + 1OH di mana n ialah 1, 2, 3
3 Naming alcohol using IUPAC nomenclature: / Menamakan alkohol menggunakan sistem IUPAC: Step 1 : Determine the number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain which contains the hydroxyl group OH. obtain the name of alkane with the same number of carbon atom as alcohol. Langkah 1 : Tentukan bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang yang mengandungi kumpulan hidroksil OH.
dapatkan nama alkana yang mengandungi bilangan atom karbon yang sama dengan alkohol.
Step 2 : Replace the ending e from the name of alkane with ol. (e.g: Methane methanol, Propane propanol)
Langkah 2 : Gantikan akhiran a daripada nama alkana dengan ol. (cth: Metana metanol, Propana propanol)
Step 3 : Number the carbon atom in the longest carbon chain which is joined to the hydroxyl group OH with the smallest number. the number is placed in front of the ol to indicate which carbon atom the hydroxyl group is attached to.
Langkah 3 : Nomborkan bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang yang terikat dengan kumpulan hidroksil, OH dengan nombor terkecil. nombor diletakkan di hadapan ol untuk menandakan atom karbon yang terikat dengan kumpulan hidroksil.
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Example / Contoh: Butan-2-ol the OH is attached at the second carbon from the end. / Butan-2-ol OH terikat dengan karbon kedua
daripada hujung.
The structural formula: / Formula struktur:

H H C H H C H H C H H C OH H
Step 4
Langkah 4 : Bagi alkohol-alkohol yang bercabang, tulis nama semua cabang sebagai Imbuhan. PREFIX is methyl, CH3. It is attached to carbon 3. The numbering of carbon in the longest carbon is made from the right to give the smallest number to the carbon with hydroxyl, OH. IMBUHAN ialah metil, CH3. Ia bersambung dengan karbon 3. Pernomboran karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang dibuat daripada kanan untuk memberi nombor terkecil kepada karbon yang bersambung dengan hidroksil, OH. H
: For alcohols with branches, write the names of all the branches as prefix.
H H H H
4
C
3
H H
2
H
1
C OH
3-methylbutan-2-ol
Longest carbon chain consists of 4 carbon with the presence of hydroxyl at carbon number 2. STEM is butan. Homologous series is alcohol, SUFFIX is '2ol', number 2 is to indicate the position of hydroxyl, OH in the longest carbon chain. Rantai karbon terpanjang terdiri daripada 4 karbon dengan kehadiran hidroksil pada karbon nombor 2. NAMA INDUK ialah butan. Siri homolog ialah alkohol, AKHIRAN ialah 2ol, nombor 2 adalah untuk menandakan kedudukan hidroksil, OH dalam rantai karbon terpanjang.
Name the following compound using IUPAC nomenclature: / Namakan sebatian berikut mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC:
H H H H C H H H C C H H C H C H H H C OH C H H C H H
2, 4-dimetylhexan-2-ol IUPAC name / Nama IUPAC:
4 Isomerism in alcohol: / Keisomeran dalam alkohol: a. Isomers are molecules that have same molecular formulae but different structural formula. Isomer ialah molekul-molekul yang mempunyai formula molekul yang sama tetapi formula struktur yang berbeza.
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b. Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Molecular Alcohol Structural formula and IUPAC name formula
Alkohol Formula molekul Formula struktur dan nama IUPAC H
Bilangan isomer
Number of isomers
Methanol
Metanol
CH3OH
C H
OH
Methanol
No isomer
H C H H C H H C OH H C H H C H H H OH OH
Ethanol
Etanol
C2H5OH
C H H
Ethanol
No isomer
C H
Propan-1-ol 2 isomers Propan-2-ol
Propanol
Propanol
C3H7OH
H
H C H
H H C H
H C H
H C H
H C OH H H
H H C H
C C H
H H C H OH
n-butan-1-ol Butanol
Butanol
C4H9OH
H H C H H C H H C OH H C H H
2-methylpropan-1-ol
H H H H C H C C OH H H C H H
4 isomers
n-butan-2-ol
2-methylpropan-2-ol Methanol and ethanol do not have isomers because each molecule only has one structural formula. c. Metanol etanol satu dan tidak mempunyai isomer kerana setiap molekul mempunyai formula struktur sahaja. propanol . / Keisomeran dalam alkohol bermula dengan propanol . d. Isomerism in alcohol begins with 5 Two methods in preparing ethanol: / Dua kaedah penyediaan etanol: a. Preparation of ethanol, C2H5OH in the laboratory (Fermentation of glucose). Penyediaan etanol, C2H5OH di dalam makmal (Penapaian glukosa). b. Industrial production of ethanol, C2H5OH (Hydration of ethene). Penghasilan etanol, C2H5OH dalam industri (Penghidratan etena).
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6 Preparation of ethanol, C2H5OH in the laboratory (Fermentation of glucose) Penyediaan etanol, C2H5OH di dalam makmal (Penapaian glukosa) a. Fermentation is a process in which microorganism such as yeast acts on carbohydrates (sugar or starch) to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Penapaian ialah suatu proses di mana mikroorganisma seperti yis bertindak ke atas karbohidrat (gula atau kanji) untuk menghasilkan etanol dan karbon dioksida.
b. Yeast is added to glucose solution (or fruit juices such as grape/pineapple juice) and left in a warm place for a three days in the absence of oxygen. Yeast contains enzyme which breaks down the sugar/starches into glucose and then to ethanol and carbohydrate. / Yis ditambah ke dalam larutan glukosa (atau jus buah seperti jus anggur/nanas) dan dibiarkan
dalam tempat yang hangat untuk tiga hari tanpa kehadiran oksigen. Yis mengandungi enzim yang memecahkan gula/kanji kepada glukosa dan kemudiannya kepada etanol dan karbohidrat. Fermentation equation: / Persamaan penapaian:
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH(aq) Yeast / Yis + 2CO2(g) Glucose / Glukosa Ethanol / Etanol c. The ethanol is purified by fractional distillation. / Etanol ditulenkan melalui penyulingan berperingkat. 7 Industrial production of ethanol, C2H5OH (Hydration of ethene):
Penghasilan etanol, C2H5OH dalam industri (Penghidratan etena):
Alkene is reacted with steam (H2O) at 300C and 60 atm pressure in the presence of phosphoric acid as a catalyst. (refer to chemical properties of alkene): / Alkena ditindak balaskan dengan stim (H2O) pada 300C dan tekanan 60 atm dalam
kehadiran asid fosforik sebagai mangkin. (rujuk sifat-sifat kimia alkena):
C2H4(g)
Ethene / Etena
H2O(g)
Steam / Stim
H3PO4
300C/60 atm
C2H6OH(l) Ethanol / Etanol
8 Physical Properties of Alcohol: / Sifat-sifat Fizikal Alkohol: a. Alcohols with one to eleven carbon atoms per molecule exist as liquids. Alkohol yang mengandungi satu hingga sebelas atom karbon per molekul wujud sebagai cecair. Methanol , ethanol propanol mix with water in all proportions. Solubility in water decreases b. and Metanol , etanol propanol bercampur dengan air dalam semua kadar. with increasing of molecular size. / dan
Keterlarutan dalam air berkurang dengan peningkatan saiz molekul.
c. Ethanol is a colourless liquid, mixes with water in all proportions. It is less dense than water and its boiling point is 78C at 1 atm. / Etanol ialah cecair tanpa warna, bercampur dengan air dalam semua kadar, kurang tumpat daripada air dan
takat didihnya ialah 78C pada 1 atm.
d. Alcohols have low boiling points. The boiling points of alcohols increase with the increasing in the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. / Alkohol mempunyai takat didih yang rendah. Takat didih alkohol meningkat dengan peningkatan
atom-atom karbon dalam molekul.
9 Chemical Properties of Alcohol: / Sifat-sifat Kimia Alkohol: a. All alcohols have similar chemical properties due to the presence of the hydroxyl group, OH as a functional group.
Semua alkohol mempunyai sifat-sifat kimia yang sama kerana kehadiran kumpulan hidroksil, OH sebagai kumpulan berfungsi. Chemical reaction of alcohols are: / Tindak balas kimia bagi alkohol adalah: i. Combustion of alcohol / Pembakaran alkohol ii. Oxidation of alcohol / Pengoksidaan alkohol iii. Dehydration of alcohol / Pendehidratan alkohol
10 Combustion of Alcohol / Pembakaran alkohol water carbon dioxide . Alcohols burn easily a. Alcohol burns in excess supply of oxygen to produce and soot with a blue flame and without producing . air karbon dioksida . Alkohol terbakar dalam bekalan oksigen yang berlebihan untuk menghasilkan dan
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Example / Contoh: Combustion of ethanol / Pembakaran etanol C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Combustion of ethanol releases large amount of heat (ethanol is suitable for use as a fuel). Pembakaran etanol membebaskan kuantiti haba yang besar (etanol sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan bakar). b. Balance the following equation: / Seimbangkan persamaan berikut: C3H7OH + C4H9OH + C5H11OH +
9 __ 2 O2
3 CO + 2 4 CO + 2 5 CO + 2 6 CO + 2
4 HO 2 5 HO 2 6 HO 2 7 HO 2
Balancing the equations:
6 O 2
15 __ 2 O2
Mengimbangkan persamaan: Step 1: Balance C / Langkah 1: Seimbangkan C Step 2: Balance H / Langkah 2: Seimbangkan H
Step 3: Balance O, can use fraction.
9 O C6H13OH + 2
Langkah 3: Seimbangkan O, gunakan pecahan
11 Oxidation of Alcohol / Pengoksidaan Alkohol a. Alcohols are oxidised to form carboxylic acid with presence of a suitable oxidising agent. Alkohol dioksidakan untuk membentuk asid karboksilik dalam kehadiran agen pengoksidaan yang sesuai. The common oxidizing agent used in the oxidation of alcohols are: / Agen pengoksidaan yang biasa digunakan adalah: i. Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution / Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid ii. Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution / Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid b. Both agents are represented as 2[O] in the chemical equation. One oxygen atom joins the alcohol molecule to form C=O and the other oxygen atom joins to the two hydrogen atoms that are removed from the alcohol to form H2O. / Kedua-dua agen ini diwakili sebagai 2[O] dalam persamaan kimia. Satu atom oksigen bergabung dengan
molekul alkohol untuk membentuk C=O dan atom oksigen yang lain bergabung dengan dua atom hidrogen yang terkeluar daripada alkohol untuk membentuk H2O. alkohol ialah proses di mana satu molekul alkohol hilang dua atom H dan menerima satu atom O.
c. Oxidation of alcohol is the process where an alcohol molecule loses two H atoms and receives one O atom. / Pengoksidaan Example Oxidation of ethanol / Contoh Pengoksidaan etanol, C2H5OH:
H H C H H C OH H
Two hydrogen atoms are removed and replaced by one oxygen atom Dua atom hidrogen dibuang dan digantikan dengan satu atom oksigen
H H C H C
+
OH
H2O Water / Air H2O Water / Air H2O Water / Air
+ +
2[O] 2[O] or / atau
CH3CH2OH C2H5OH
CH3COOH CH3COOH Ethannoic acid

Asid etanoik
Ethanol / Etanol
2[O]
d. Complete the following equations for oxidation of various alcohol: Lengkapkan persamaan berikut bagi pengoksidaan pelbagai jenis alkohol: i. Oxidation of propanol / Pengoksidaan propanol: CH3CH2COOH + H2O CH3CH2CH2OH + 2[O] or / atau
C2H5COOH + H2O C3H7OH + 2[O] Propanoic acid / Asid propanoik Propanol / Propanol
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ii. Oxidation of butanol / Pengoksidaan butanol: CH3CH2 CH2 CH2OH + 2[O]
CH3CH2CH2COOH + H2O
or / atau
C3H7 COOH + H2O C4H9OH + 2[O] Butanol / Butanol Butanoic acid / Asid butanoik
e. Alcohol undergoes oxidation to produce carboxylic acid (Oxidation of alcohol is used to prepare carboxylic acid). / Alkohol mengalami pengoksidaan untuk menghasilkan asid karboksilik (Pengoksidaan alkohol digunakan untuk
menyediakan asid karboksilik).
CnH2n+1OH + 2[O] CnH2n+1COOH + H2O n = 1, 2, 3 n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Describe how ethanol can be oxidised in the laboratory with different oxidising agent. In your answer, include all the observations. / Huraikan bagaimana etanol boleh dioksidakan di dalam makmal dengan agen pengoksidaan yang berbeza. Dalam
jawapan anda, sertakan semua pemerhatian.
Set-up of apparatus:/ Susunan radas:

Boiling tube / Tabung didih Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution and ethanol, C2H5OH
Larutan kalium manganate(VII), KMnO4 berasid dan etanol, C2H5OH Panaskan Hasil sulingan
Delivery tube / Salur penghantar
Beaker Heat
Bikar
Test tube
Air sejuk
Tabung uji
Cold water
Distillate
Procedure: / Kaedah: 2 cm3 of potassium manganate(VII) solution into a boiling tube. i. Pour 2 cm3 Tuangkan larutan kalium manganate(VII) ke dalam tabung didih. ii. Add 10 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. / Tambahkan 10 titik asid sulfurik pekat. Panaskan larutan tersebut perlahan-lahan. Heat iii. the solution gently. / ethanol drop by drop into the boiling tube. iv. Add 1 cm3 of etanol titik demi titik ke dalam tabung didih. Tambahkan 1 cm3 boils . v. Delivery tube is connected to the boiling tube as shown in the diagram. The mixture is heated until it Salur penghantar disambung kepada tabung didih seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam rajah. Campuran dipanaskan sehingga
mendidih . sulingan distillate is collected in a test tube and it is tested with a blue vi. The litmus paper. / Hasil biru dikumpulkan di dalam tabung uji dan diuji dengan kertas litmus . vii. Steps 1 6 are repeated by replacing acidified potassium(VII) with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution. Langkah 1 6 diulangi dengan menggantikan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid dengan larutan kalium dikormat(VI) berasid. Observation / Pemerhatian: purple purple colourless . / Warna i. The colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution turns tanpa warna . larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid bertukar menjadi jingga orange green ii. The colour of acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution turns . / Warna hijau larutan kalium dikromat(VI) bertukar menjadi . cuka vinegar . / Hasil sulingan berbau seperti iii. The distillate smells like a .
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distillate turns blue red iv. The litmus paper to . sulingan menukar warna kertas litmus biru merah . Hasil kepada Conclusion / Kesimpulan: oxidising agents Oxidation of ethanol with such as acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution or acidified agen pengoksidaan potassium dichromate(VI) solution produces ethanoic acid. / Pengoksidaan etanol dengan seperti
larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid atau larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid menghasilkan asid etanoik.
Ethanol / Etanol
C2H5OH
2[O]
Ethanoic acid / Asid etanoik
CH3COOH
Water / Air
H2O
12 Dehydration of Alcohol / Pendehidratan Alkohol a. Dehydration of an alcohol involves the removal of water molecule from each of alcohol molecule to produce corresponding alkene. / Pendehidratan alkohol melibatkan penyingkiran molekul air daripada setiap molekul alkohol untuk
menghasilkan alkena yang setara.
b. Water molecule from the alcohol molecule is removed by a heated catalyst such as: Molekul air daripada molekul alkohol disingkir oleh mangkin yang telah dipanaskan dengan kuat seperti: i. Porcelain chips / Serpihan porselin ii. Aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida iii. Concentrated sulphuric acid at 180C / Asid sulfurik pekat pada 180C iv. Concentrated phosphoric acid at 210C / Asid fosforik pekat pada 210C c. The removal of water molecule from alcohol results in the formation of C=C. Penyingkirann molekul air daripada alkohol menyebabkan pembetukan C=C. Example / Contoh: Dehydration of ethanol / Pendehidratan etanol, C2H5OH
H H C H H C OH H Porcelain chips / Serpihan porselin H H C H C H
+ H2O
Hydroxyl group is removed together with a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon atom to form water, H2O / Kumpulan hidroksil dibuang bersama dengan atom hidrogen
daripada atom karbon bersebelahan untuk membentuk air, H2O
C2H5OH
Ethanol / Etanol
Porcelain chips / Serpihan porselin
C2H4
Ethene / Etena
H2O
Water / Air
d. Complete the following equations: / Lengkapkan persamaan-persamaan berikut: i. Dehydration of propanol / Pendehidratan propanol C3H6 Porcelain chips / Serpihan porselin C3H7OH
Propanol / Propanol
Propene / Propena
H 2O
Water / Air
ii. Dehydration butanol / Pendehidratan butanol Porcelain chips / Serpihan porselin C3H7OH
Butanol / Butanol
C4H8
Butene / Butena
H 2O
Water / Air
alkena . alkene . / Pendehidratan alkohol menghasilkan e. Dehydration of alcohol produces CnH2n H 2O Porcelain chips / Serpihan porselin CnH2n + 1OH + n = 2, 3 ....... n = 2, 3, 4 .... Water / Air
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Describe an experiment to prepare ethene from ethanol in the laboratory. In your answer, include the apparatus set-up for the experiments, procedure and all the observations. / Huraikan eksperimen untuk menyediakan etena daripada etanol di dalam makmal.
Dalam jawapan anda, sertakan susunan alat radas untuk eksperimen ini, prosedur dan semua pemerhatian. Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan alat radas: Porcelein chips Glass wool soaked with ethanol Heat Water Gas
Procedure: / Prosedur: kapas kaca di dalam tabung didih . glass wool in a boiling tube i. Place some . / Letakkan 3 2 cm of ethanol into the boiling tube to soak the glass wool. ii. Pour 2 cm3 etanol ke dalam tabung didih untuk membasahkan kapas kaca. Tuangkan porcelain chips are placed in the middle of section of the boiling tube iii. Some as shown in the diagram. serpihan porselin tabung didih seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Sebahagian diletakkan di bahagian tengah porcelain chips strongly warm iv. The are heated . The glass wool is then gently so that ethanol porcelain chips vaporises and the vapour is passed through the heated . Serpihan porselin kuat . Kapas kaca tersebut kemudiaanya dipanaskan perlahan-lahan supaya dipanaskan dengan

v. vi.
Collect the gas released in two test tubes as shown in the diagram. Test the gas with: / Uji gas tersebut dengan: a. a lighted wooden splinter. / kayu uji menyala. b. bromine water. / air bromin.
serpihan porselin etanol menyejat dan wap tersebut melalui yang dipanaskan itu.
Kumpulkan gas yang dibebaskan dalam dua tabung uji seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas.
Observation: / Pemerhatian: tanpa warna terkumpul dalam tabung uji. colourless gas is collected in the test tube. / Gas i. A kuning berjelaga . yellow sooty flame. / Gas tersebut membakar dengan nyalaan ii. The gas burns with perang brown colourless . / Gas tersebut menukar warna iii. The gas changed the colour of bromine water to tanpa warna . air bromin kepada Conclusion: / Kesimpulan: The product is an alkene. Dehydration of ethanol produces ethene: / Hasil ialah alkena. Pendehidratan etanol menghasilkan
etana:
Ethanol / Etanol
C2H5OH
Porcelain chips / Serpihan porselin
C2H4
Butene / Etena
H2O
Water / Air
13 Uses of alcohol / Kegunaan alkohol a. As a fuel because combustion of alcohol produces water and carbon dioxide. It releases a lot of heat energy (exothermic). / Sebagai bahan bakar kerana pembakaran alkohol menghasilkan air dan karbon dioksida dan membebaskan
tenaga haba yang banyak (eksotermik).
b. As a solvent to dissolve many organic compounds such as paint, varnish, lacquer and perfume. / Sebagai pelarut untuk
melarutkan sebatian organik seperti cat, varnis dan minyak wangi.
c. In medical field, alcohol is used as a solvent for the preparation of certain medicines. Ethanol for example is used as an antiseptic and an ingredient in cough mixtures. / Dalam bidang perubatan, alkohol digunakan untuk menyediakan
ubat yang tertentu. Sebagai contoh etanol digunakan sebagai antiseptik dan ramuan untuk ubat batuk.
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d. In the production of cosmetics, alcohol is used as the main component in production of cosmetics, creams, lotions, soaps and others. / Dalam penghasilan kosmetik, alkohol digunakan sebagai bahan utama dalam penghasilan kosmetik, krim,
losen, sabun dan lain-lain.
14 Alcohol misuse and abuse / Penyalahgunaan alkohol a. Used in alcoholic beverages. Excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages causes drunk driving and accidents on the road. / Digunakan dalam minuman beralkohol. Minum secara berlebihan menyebabkan pemanduan secara mabuk dan
kemalangan jalan raya.
b. c.
Excessive drinking can be fatal due to poisoning.

Minum secara berlebihan adalah merbahaya kerana kemungkinan untuk keracunan.
Alcoholism affects the well being of an individual and the family concerned.
Ketagihan dengan alkohol memberi kesan terhadap kesihatan seorang individu dan juga keluarga.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Complete the following chart: / Lengkapkan carta berikut:
GLUCOSE / GLUKOSA Fermentation
Penapaian
H3 PO4 300C/60 atm
Penambahan air, H2O
Addition of water
Ethanol
Ethene
Etena
Combustion in excess oxygen
Pembakaran dalam oksigen berlebihan
Pendehidratan oleh agen pendehidratan
Dehydration by a dehydrating agent
Carbon dioxide
and
water
Oxidation by an oxidising agent
Pengoksidaan oleh agen pengoksidaan
Ethene
and
water
Ethanoic acid Carboxylic Acid / Asid Karboksilik
and
water
1 Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (non-hydrocarbon). The general formula for carboxylic acid is CnH2n + 1COOH, n = 0, 1, 2, 3.... / Asid karboksilik ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi 2 The functional group is the carboxyl group, COOH, / Kumpulan berfungsi ialah kumpulan karboksil, COOH,
O C OH karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen (bukan hidrokarbon). Formula am bagi asid karboksilik adalah CnH2n + 1COOH, n = 0, 1, 2, 3.....
3 Carboxylic acids are organic acid that comes from an organic source such as ethanoic acid in vinegar, citric acid in lemon and methanoic acid from ants. / Asid karboksilik ialah asid organik yang berasal daripada sumber organik seperti asid 4 Naming carboxylic acid IUPAC nomenclature: / Menamakan asid karboksilik mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC: Step 1 : Determine the number of carbon atoms, obtain the name of the corresponding alkane.
etanoik dalam cuka, asid sitrik dalam limau dan asid metanoik daripada semut.
Step 2
Langkah 1 : Tentukan bilangan atom karbon, dapatkan nama alkana yang setara. Langkah 2 : Gantikan akhiran ana daripada nama alkana dengan -oik
: Replace the ending ane from the name of alkane with -oic acid.
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Example: / Contoh: a. Molecular formula: HCOOH

Formula molekul: HCOOH
b. Molecular formula: CH3COOH

Formula molekul: CH3COOH
Number of carbon atom is 1.

Bilangan atom karbon ialah 1.
Number of carbon atom is 2.

Bilangan atom karbon ialah 2.
Name of corresponding alkane is methane.

Nama alkana yang selaras ialah metana.
Name of corresponding alkane is ethane.

Nama alkana yang selaras ialah etana.
Name of HCOOH is methanoic acid.

Nama HCOOH ialah asid metanoik.
Name of CH3COOH is ethanoic acid.

Nama CH3OOH ialah asid etanoik.
5 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: n Molecular formula,

Formula molekul,
Number of carbon atoms

Bilangan atom karbon
CnH2n + 1COOH HCOOH
Structural formula / Formula struktur

O H H C O C OH OH
Name / Nama
Methanoic acid
CH3COOH
C H H H C H H C H
Ethanoic acid
O C OH
C2H5COOH
C H H
Propanoic acid
H C H
O C OH
C3H7COOH
C H
Butanoic acid
6 The naming for branched chain carboxylic acid molecule is similar to the naming of alcohol. / Penamaan molekul asid
karboksilik bercabang adalah sama dengan penamaan alkohol.
a. The name and position of the branched group is written as prefix. / Nama dan kedudukan kumpulan yang bercabang
ditulis sebagai awalan.
b. The smallest number is given to the carbon atom that is joined to the functional carboxyl group, COOH. Carboxyl group, COOH will always at the beginning or end of carbon chain. The number of the carbon atom in the longest carbon chain which is joined to the carboxyl group COOH is always 1. The suffix is oic. Nombor terkecil diberi kepada atom
karbon yang bergabung dengan kumpulan berfungsi karboksil, COOH. Kumpulan karboksil, COOH sentiasa berada pada permulaan atau pada hujung rantai karbon. Bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon terpanjang yang bersambung dengan kumpulan karboksil COOH sentiasa 1. Akhiran ialah oik.
Example / Contoh:
H H
4
H
3
H
2
O
1
OH
2-methylbutanoic acid
Asid 2-metilbutanoik
CH3
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7 Preparation of ethanoic acid: / Penyediaan asid etanoik: a. Ethanoic acid is prepared when ethanol is oxidised by oxidising agents such as acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution or acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution: / Asid etanoik disediakan apabila etanol dioksidakan oleh agen
pengoksidaan seperti larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid atau larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid: H H C H H C OH H H O C OH
+ 2[O]
C H
+ H2O
Water / Air
Ethanol / Etanol
Ethanoic acid / Asid etanoik
b. Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid is conducted by reflux method. The round bottom flask is fitted with an upright condenser to prevent ethanol loss from vaporisation. / Pengoksidaan etanol kepada asid etanoik dilakukan melalui kaedah
refluks. Kelalang dasar bulat dipasang tegak bersama kondenser untuk mengelakkan alkohol meruap keluar. Water out / Air keluar Water in / Air masuk Beaker / Bikar Ethanol + excess acidified K2Cr2O7 / H
Etanol + K2Cr2O7 / H+ berasid berlebihan
+
Condenser (as a reflux)

Kondenser (sebagai refluks)
Round-bottomed flask
Kelalang dasar bulat Water / Air
Boiling chips
Batu didih Haba
Heat
8 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid / Sifat-sifat Fizikal Asid Karboksilik a. Small molecules of carboxylic acid are soluble in water and ionise partially in water to form weak acid. As the number of carbon atom per molecule increases, the carboxylic acid becomes less soluble. Molekul kecil asid karboksilik larut dalam air dan mengion separa dalam air untuk membentuk asid lemah. Apabila bilangan
atom karbon per molekul meningkat, asid karboksilik menjadi kurang larut.
b. The boiling points and density of carboxylic acid increases as the number of carbon atom per molecule increases. / Takat didih
dan ketumpatan asid karboksilik meningkat apabila bilangan atom karbon dalam satu molekul meningkat.
9 Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acid / Sifat-sifat Kimia Asid Karboksilik All carboxylic acids have similar chemical properties due to the presence of the carboxyl group, COOH as a functional group. / Semua asid karboksilik mempunyai sifat-sifat kimia yang sama kerana kehadiran kumpulan karboksil, COOH sebagai
kumpulan berfungsi.
Chemical reactions of carboxylic acid are: / Tindak balas kimia asid karboksilik adalah: a. Carboxylic acid + Metal Carboxylate salt + Hydrogen
Asid karboksilik + Logam Garam karboksilat + Hidrogen
b. Carboxylic acid + Base/alkali Carboxylate salt + Water

Asid karboksilik + Bes/alkali Garam karboksilat + Air
Chemical properties of acid

Sifat-sifat kimia asid
c Carboxylic acid + Metal carbonate Carboxylate salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

Asid karboksilik + Logam karbonat Garam karboksilat + Air + Karbon dioksida
d. Reaction with alcohol to produce ester and water.

Tindak balas dengan alkohol untuk menghasilkan ester dan air.
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10 Complete the following equation to show that carboxylic acids show similar chemical properties as other acid. Lengkapkan persamaan berikut untuk menunjukkan asid karboksilik mempunyai sifat-sifat kimia yang sama dengan asid lain. 2CH3COOH Ethanoic acid
Asid etanoik
i.
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate

Kalsium karbonat
(CH3COO)2Ca Calcium ethanoate

Kalsium etanoat
H2O Water
Air
CO2 Carbon dioxide

Karbon dioksida
ii.
C3H5COOH Propanoic acid

Asid propanoik
NaOH Sodium hydroxide

Natrium hidroksida
C2H5COONa Sodium propanoate

Natrium propanoat
H2O Water
Air
iii.
2HCOOH Methanoic acid +

Asid metanoik
Mg Magnesium
Magnesium
(HCOO)2Mg Magnesium methanoate

Magnesium metanoat
H2 Hydrogen
Hidrogen
11 Reaction with alcohol to produce ester and water. / Tindak balas dengan alkohol untuk menghasilkan ester dan air. a. Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol to produce ester and water with the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst (esterification reaction). The removal of water occurs at the functional carboxyl, COOH in carboxylic acid and hydroxyl, OH in alcohol. To form water (HOH) , OH is removed from carboxylic acid and H is removed from alcohol. / Asid karboksilik bertindak balas dengan alkohol untuk menghasilkan ester dan air dengan kehadiran asid sulfurik
pekat sebagai mangkin (tindak balas pengesteran). Penyingkiran air berlaku pada kumpulan berfungsi karboksil, COOH dalam asid karboksilik dan hidroksil, OH dalam alkohol. Untuk membentuk air (HOH), OH disingkirkan daripada asid karboksilik dan H disingkirkan daripada alkohol.
CnH2n + 1COOH Carboxylic acid

Asid karboksilik
Cn H2n+1OH Alcohol
Alkohol
H2SO4
Cn H2n + 1COOCnH2n + 1 + Ester

Ester
H2O Water
Air
b. Water molecule is removed from carboxylic acid and alcohol as shown in chemical equation below: Molekul air disingkirkan daripada asid karboksilik dan alkohol seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam persamaan kimia di bawah:
H H C H Ethanoic acid Asid etanoik O C OH + HO H C H H C H H2SO4 H H2SO4 H H C H Ester Ester O C O H C H H C H H +
HOH H2O
CH3COOH
C2H5OH
Alcohol Alkohol
CH3CO OC2H5
Water Air
c. Naming of an ester: / Penamaan ester: i. Name of ester is derived from alcohol and carboxylic acid and it consists of two parts. Nama ester diterbitkan daripada alkohol dan asid karboksilik dan ia terdiri daripada dua bahagian. ii. The first part is from the name of alcohol component and the second part is from the name of carboxylic acid component. / Bahagian pertama adalah daripada nama komponen alkohol dan bahagian kedua adalah daripada
nama komponen asid karboksilik.
iii. Replace the ending name of alcohol with yl and ending oic from the name of carboxylic acid with oate. Gantikan akhiran nama alkohol dengan il dan akhiran oik daripada nama asid karboksilik dengan oat. Methanol Methyl, Methanoic acid Methanoate / Metanol Metil, Asid etanoik Metanoat Ethanol Ethyl, Ethanoic acid Ethanoate / Etanol Etil, Asid etanoik Etanoat Propanol Propyl, Propanoic acid Propanoate / Propanol Propil, Asid propanoik Propanoat
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Example: / Contoh: Name the ester from its structural formula. / Namakan ester daripada formula strukturnya:
H O C O H C H H C H H
Structural formula
Formula struktur
C H
Molecular formula
Formula molekul
ethanoic acid / Dari asid etanoik From ethanol / Dari etanol From CH3COOH C2H5OH
CH3CO OC2H5
Name of ester
Nama ester
Ethyl ethanoate
Etil etanoat
12 Uses of carboxylic acid / Kegunaan asid karboksilik Example of the uses: / Contoh kegunaan-kegunaan: Carboxylic acid / Asid karboksilik Ethanoic acid / Asid etanoik Methanoic acid / Asid metanoik Citric acid / Asid sitrik Fatty acid (Long carbon chain carboxylic acid) / Asid lemak
(Asid karboksilik rantai karbon panjang)
Uses / Kegunaan As food flavour and preservative / Sebagai perasa makanan dan pengawet Manufacture of drugs like aspirin / Pembuatan ubat seperti aspirin To coagulate latex / Untuk menggumpalkan lateks Manufacture of dyes, synthetic leather and insecticide
Pembuatan pewarna rambut, kulit buatan dan racun serangga
Flavouring in soft drinks and antioxidant in cakes and biscuits

Perasa dalam minuman bergas dan antioksidan dalam kek dan biskut
Making soap / Membuat sabun
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 Name the following esters: / Namakan ester berikut: Structural formula of ester
Formula struktur ester
Molecular formula / Formula molekul Molecular formula of ester:

Formula molekul ester:
Name / Nama Name of alcohol:

Nama alkohol:
H H C H
O C O
H C H
H C H
H C H H
CH3COOC3H7 Molecular formula of alcohol part:

Formula molekul bahagian alkohol:
Nama asid karboksilik:
Propanol Name of carboxylic acid: Ethanoic acid
C3H7OH
Formula molekul bahagian asid karboksilik:
Molecular formula of carboxylic acid part:
CH3COOH
Nama ester:
Name of ester: Propyl ethanoate
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Molecular formula of ester:

C2H5COOC2H5
H H C H H C H O C O H C H H C H H
Nama alkohol:
Name of alcohol:
Molecular formula of alcohol part:

Ethanol Name of carboxylic acid: Propanoic acid
C2H5OH
Nama ester:
Name of ester: Ethyl propanoate
C2H5COOH
Molecular formula of ester:

Name of alcohol:
Nama alkohol:
C2 H5 COOCH3
H H C H
H C H
O C O
H C H H
Molecular formula of alcohol part:

Methanol Name of carboxylic acid: Propanoic acid
CH3OH

Nama ester:
Name of ester: Methyl propanoate
C2H5COOH
2 Describe an experiment to prepare ethyl ethanoate in the laboratory. In your answer, include the procedure, observations and conclusion. / Huraikan eksperimen untuk menyediakan etil etanoat di dalam makmal. Dalam jawapan anda, sertakan kaedah,
pemerhatian dan kesimpulan.
Procedure: / Kaedah: glasial dituang ke dalam tabung didih. glacial ethonoic acid is poured into a boiling tube. / 2 cm3 asid etanoik i. 2 cm3 3 3 etanol ethanol is added to the glacial ethanoic acid. / 4 cm ditambah ke dalam asid etanoik glasial. ii. 4 cm of concentrated sulphuric acid are added to the mixture with a dropper . The boiling tube is iii. Five drops of pekat penitis . Tabung didih shaken . / Lima titik asid sulfurik dimasukkan ke dalam campuran menggunakan
digoncangkan . gently boils iv. The mixture is then heated over a small flame until it for two to three minutes. / Campuran perlahan-lahan di atas nyalaan yang kecil sehingga mendidih dipanaskan secara untuk dua hingga tiga minit. water v. The content of the boiling tube is poured in a beaker half filled with . / Kandungan tabung didih dituang air . ke dalam bikar yang telah diisi separuh dengan vi. The odour, colour and solubility of the product are recorded. / Bau, warna dan keterlarutan hasil direkodkan.
Observation: / Pemerhatian: wangi sweet i. Colourless liquid with smell is formed. / Cecair tanpa warna dengan bau yang terbentuk. tak larut dalam air. insoluble in water. / Cecair tersebut ii. The liquid is less iii. The liquid is dense than water (layer of liquid floats on water). kurang Cecair tersebut adalah tumpat daripada air (lapisan cecair terapung di atas air). Conclusion / Kesimpulan: i. Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form ester: / Asid etanoik bertindak balas dengan etanol untuk membentuk ester: CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
mangkin bagi tindak balas ini. catalyst for the reaction. / Asid sulfurik pekat ialah ii. Concentrated sulphuric acid is the
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Esters / Ester 1 Esters are non-hydrocarbon organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol. / Ester ialah sebatian organik bukan hidrokarbon yang mengandungi karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen 2 General formula of ester: / Formula am ester:
O yang terbentuk apabila asid karboksilik bertindak balas dengan alkohol.

R O
or / atau
: Derived from alcohol, name ending with yl. R is alkyl group with general formula CnH2n + 1 where n = 1, 2, 3
Diperoleh daripada alkohol, namanya berakhir dengan il. R ialah kumpulan alkil dengan formula am CnH2n + 1 di mana n=1, 2, 3
CnH2n + 1COO Cn H2n + 1
O R C
: Derived from carboxylic acid, name ending with oate. R is alkyl group with general formula CnH2n + 1
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 / Diperoleh daripada asid karboksilik, namanya berakhir dengan oat. R ialah kumpulan
alkohol dengan formula am CnH2n + 1 di mana n = 0, 1, 2, 3
3 The functional group for ester is carboxylate group, COO: Kumpulan berfungsi bagi ester ialah kumpulan karboksilat, COO:
O C O
4 Formation of esters: / Pembentukan ester: a. Esters are produced when carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst (esterification reaction): / Ester terhasil apabila asid karboksilik bertindak balas dengan alkohol dalam kehadiran
asid sulfurik pekat sebagai mangkin (tindak balas pengesteran): O R C H O H O
HOH
Carboxylic acid
Asid karboksilik
Alcohol
Alkohol
Ester
Ester
Water
Air
Naming of esters: / Penamaan ester: Name for esters are first read from the alcohol component followed by the carboxylic acid component.
Nama bagi ester dibaca daripada komponen alkohol dahulu diikuti dengan komponen asid karboksilik.
Example: / Contoh:
From ethanoic acid From propanol
CH3COOH Ethanoic acid

Asid etanoik
C3H7OH Propanol
Propanol
H2SO4
Dari asid etanoik Dari propanol
CH3CO OC3H7 Propyl ethanoate

Propil etanoat
H2O
6 Complete the following equations: / Lengkapkan persamaan-persamaan berikut:

H H H O H H H H H H2SO4 H C C C C OH + H O C C C C C H H H H H H H H H
H H H O
H H H H H HOH
i.
H C C C C O C C C C C H + H H H H H H H H
Butanoic acid
Pentanol
Pentyl butanoate
Water
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ii.
HCOOH Methanoic acid C3H7OH Propanol C3H7COOH Butanoic acid
C2H5OH Ethanol C4H9COOH Pentanoic acid C2H5OH Etanol
H2SO4
HCOOC2H5 Ethyl methanoate C4H9COOC3H7 Propyl pentanoate C3H7COOC2H5 Ethyl butanoate
H2O Water H2O Water H2O Water / Air
iii.
H2SO4
iv.
H2SO4
7 Physical Properties of Esters: / Sifat-sifat Fizikal Ester: wangi . sweet smell. / Ester ialah sebatian neutral dengan bau yang i. Ester is a neutral compound with a
kurang tumpat less ii. Esters have low density, dense than water. / Ester mempunyai ketumpatan yang rendah, berbanding air.
iii. Simple esters are colourless liquid at room temperature. / Ester yang ringkas adalah cecair tanpa warna pada suhu bilik. volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. iv. Simple esters are very tidak stabil dan meruap dengan mudah pada suhu bilik. Ester yang ringkas adalah sangat insoluble in water. v. Esters are covalent compound which is tidak larut dalam air. Ester adalah sebatian kovalen yang 8 Uses of esters: / Kegunaan ester: i. Most simple esters are found naturally in fruits and flowers. The fragrance of flowers and fruits is due to thepresence of esters. / Kebanyakan ester dijumpai secara semula jadi dalam buah-buahan dan bunga-bungaan. Bau wangi buah-buahan
dan bunga-bungaan adalah disebabkan kehadiran ester.
Example: / Contoh: Ester / Ester C3H7COOC2H5 C3H7COOCH3 CH3COOC5H11 Name / Nama Ethyl butanoate Methyl butanoate Pentyl ethanoate Naturel source / Sumber semula jadi Pineapple / Nanas Apple / Epal Banana / Pisang
ii. Used in the preparation of cosmetics and perfumes.

Digunakan dalam penyediaan barang kosmetik dan minyak wangi.
iii. As artificial flavour in processed food and drinks.

Sebagai perasa tiruan dalam makanan dan minuman yang diproses.
iv. Used in the production of polyester (synthetic fibers for making textiles).

Digunakan dalam penghasilan poliester (gentian sintetik untuk pembuatan tekstil).
v. Natural fats are esters which react with alkalis to produce soap.
Lemak semula jadi ialah ester yang bertindak balas dengan alkali untuk menghasilkan sabun.
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CONCLUSION FOR THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE, ALKENE, ALCOHOL, CARBOXYLIC ACID AND ESTER
glucose C6H12O6
* # *
Fermentation Oxidation carboxylic acid CnH2n + 1 COOH, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 NON-HYDROCARBON Chemical reaction
Cracking
# *
Hydration alcohol CnH2n + 1OH, = n =1, 2, 3 NON-HYDROCARBON Chemical reaction 1. Dehydration 2. Oxidation
*
alkane CnH2n + 2, n = 1, 2, 3
*
Hydrogenation UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON Chemical reaction
alkene CnH2n, n = 2, 3, 4 Dehydration
SAturated hydrocarbon
Chemical reaction
1. Substitution reaction with halogen such as chlorine, Cl2 and bromine, Br2 with present of sunlight. 1. Addition reaction with: a. Hydrogen, H2 (Hydrogenation) b. Water, H2O (Hydration) c. Halogen such as bromine, Br2 d. Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 3. Combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water with no soot. 2. Addition polymerisation 3. Combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water with more soot.
Esterification
2. Combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water with less soot.
1. Show the chemical propreties of acid: i. Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen ii. Acid + Metal + Carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide iii. Acid + Base/alkali Salt + Water 2. Esterification
ESTER, RCOOR R is Cn H2n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, 3.... and R is CnH2n + 1, n = 1, 2, 3....
Complete the following. soot . Combustion is used to differentiate alkane and alkene. 1. Combustion of alkane and alkene produce different amount of brown colour of bromine water to colourless. This reaction does not occur in alkane . 2. Addition reaction of alkene with bromine water change Alkane and alkene can be differentiated by using bromine water. purple colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) to 3. Addition reaction of alkene with acidified potassium manganate(VII) change colourless . This reaction does not occur in alkane Alkane . and alkene can also be differentiated by using acidified potassium mannganate(VII). Addition alkane reaction of alkene with hydrogen (hydrogenation) has changed alkene to . 4. Addition alcohol reaction of alkene with water (hydration) has changed alkene to . 5. Dehydration alkene of alcohol has changed alcohol to . 6. Key: Oxidation carboxylic acid . of alcohol has changed alcohol to 7. Reactions marked with # are industrial processes alcohol carboxylic acid Reactions marked with * are conducted in the laboratory and produces ester. 8. Esterification of
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KESIMPULAN UNTUK SIFAT-SIFAT KIMIA ALKANA, ALKENA, ALKOHOL, ASID KARBOKSILIK DAN ESTER gluKOSA C6H12O6
*
#
Penapaian
*
Peretakan
#
Penghidratan Pengoksidaan
alkanA CnH2n + 2, n = 1, 2, 3
*
Penghidrogenan
*
alkenA CnH2n, n = 2, 3, 4
Pendehidratan BUKAN HIDROKARBON Tindak balas kimia 1. Pendehidratan 2. Pengoksidaan
*
ALKOHOL CnH2n + 1 OH, = n =1, 2, 3
ASID KARBOKSILIK CnH2n + 1 COOH, n = 0, 1, 2, 3

BUKAN HIDROKARBON Tindak balas kimia
HIDROKARBON TEPU Tindak balas kimia
HIDROKARBON TAK TEPU
Tindak balas kimia
1. Tindak balas penukargantian dengan halogen seperti klorin, Cl2 dan bromin, Br2 dengan kehadiran cahaya matahari. 1. Tindak balas penambahan dengan: a. Hidrogen, H2 (Penghidrogenan) b. Air, H2O (Penghidratan) c. Halogen seperti bromin, Br2 d. Kalium manganat(VII) berasid KMnO4 3. Pembakaran untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air dengan tiada jelaga.
1. Menunjukkan sifat-sifat kimia
Pengesteran
2. Pembakaran untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air dengan kurang jelaga. 2. Pempolimeran penambahan 3. Pembakaran untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air dengan lebih jelaga.
asid: i. Asid + Logam Garam + Hidrogen ii. Asid + Logam Karbonat Garam + Air + Karbon dioksida iii. Asid + Bes/alkali Garam + Air 2. Pengesteran
ESTER, RCOOR R is Cn H2n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, 3.... dan R is CnH2n + 1, n = 1, 2, 3....
Lengkapkan yang berikut: jelaga membezakan alkana dan alkena. 1. Pembakaran alkana dan alkena menghasilkan kuantiti __________ yang berbeza. Pembakaran digunakan untuk ____________ perang alkana . 2. Tindak balas penambahan alkena dengan air bromin mengubah warna __________ air bromin kepada tanpa warna. Tindak balas ini tidak berlaku dalam __________ Alkana dan __________ alkena dibezakan menggunakan air bromin. __________ boleh __________ ungu tanpa warna 3. Tindak balas penambahan alkena dengan kalium manganat(VII) berasid mengubah warna __________ kalium manganat(VII) berasid kepada _________________. alkana . __________ Alkana dan alkena juga boleh __________ dibezakan menggunakan kalium manganat(VII) berasid. Tindak balas ini tidak berlaku dalam __________ penambahan alkana . 4. Tindak balas _____________ alkena dengan hidrogen (penghidrogenan) mengubah alkena kepada __________ penambahan alkena dengan air (penghidratan) mengubah alkena kepada __________ alkohol . 5. Tindak balas _____________ Pendehidratan alkohol mengubah alkohol kepada __________ alkena . 6. _____________ Pengoksidaan alkohol mengubah alkohol kepada _________________. asid karboksilik 7. _____________ Petunjuk: alkohol asid karboksilik 8. Pengesteran __________ dan _________________ menghasilkan ester.
Tindak balas dengan tanda # adalah proses dalam industri Tindak balas dengan tanda * dilakukan di dalam makmal
EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 The table below shows the formulae of three organic compounds. Jadual berikut menunjukkan formula bagi tiga sebatian organik. Organic compound / Sebatian organik P Formula / Formula C4H8
C4H9OH
CH3COOH
a. i. What is meant by unsaturated hydrocarbon? / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan hidrokarbon tak tepu? that contain element carbon and hydrogen only with at least one double covalent bond between Compounds atoms carbon ii. Which of the organic compound in the table above is unsaturated hydrocarbon? Antara sebatian organik dalam jadual di atas, yang manakah merupakan hidrokarbon tak tepu? P // C4H8 b. i. State the homologous series for compounds P and Q. / Nyatakan siri homolog bagi sebatian P dan Q. Alkene Alcohol Compound P / Sebatian P: Compound Q / Sebatian Q: c. Compound P can be produced from compound Q through a chemical reaction. Sebatian P boleh dihasilkan daripada sebatian Q melalui suatu tindak balas kimia. i. What is the name of the reaction? / Apakah nama bagi tindak balas tersebut? Dehydration ii. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. / Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut. C4H9OH C4H8 + H2O iii. Draw the set-up of apparatus for the reaction in (c)(ii). / Lukiskan susunan alat radas bagi tindak balas di (c)(ii).
Porcelain chips Glass wool soaked with ethanol Heat Water Gas Porcelain chips
d. Draw the structural formula for compound R, circle the functional group. Lukiskan formula struktur bagi sebatian R, bulatkan kumpulan berfungsi.
H H C H O C OH
i. State the general formula for compound R. / Tuliskan formula am bagi sebatian R. CnH2n + 1 COOH ii. Another compound, S, is in the same homologous series as R. S has five carbon atoms. Write the molecular formula for S. / Sebatian lain, S adalah dalam siri homolog yang sama dengan R. S mempunyai lima atom karbon.
Tuliskan formula molekul bagi S.
C4H9 COOH e. i. What is meant by isomerism? / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan keisomeran? Isomerism is the phenomenon where a compound has the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
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ii. Draw the structural formula for compound P. Name all the isomers using IUPAC nomenclature. Lukiskan formula struktur bagi sebatian P. Namakan semua isomer menggunakan sistem penamaan IUPAC.
H H C H H C H H C H C H H H C H H C H C H C H H H H H C H H C C H H C H
n-but-1-ene
n-but-2-ene
2-metylprop-1-ene
f. When compound Q is added into a test tube containing acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution and heated for a few minutes, a chemical reaction occurs. / Apabila sebatian Q ditambah ke dalam tabung uji yang mengandungi larutan
kalium dikromat(VI) berasid dan dipanaskan untuk beberapa minit, tindak balas kimia berlaku.
i. Name the type of reaction that occurs. / Namakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku. Oxidation ii. State one observation for this experiment. / Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam eksperimen ini. orange colour of acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution turns green. The iii. Write a chemical equation for the reaction. / Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini. C4H9OH + 2[O] C3 H7 COOH + H2O g. Compound Q undergoes complete combustion in excess oxygen. / Sebatian Q terbakar dengan lengkap dalam oksigen
berlebihan.
i. Write chemical equation for the complete combustion of Q. / Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran lengkap Q. C4H9OH + 6O2 4CO2 + 5H2O ii. 7.4 g of compound undergoes complete combustion at room conditions. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released. [1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions, Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12] 7.4 g sebatian Q terbakar dengan lengkap pada suhu bilik. Hitung isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terbebas. [1 mol gas
memenuhi 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik, Jisim atom relatif: H, 1; C, 12]
7.4 = 0.1 mol 74 From the equation, 1 mol of C4H9OH : 4 mol of CO2 Number of mol of C4H9OH = 0.1 mol of C4H9OH : 0.4 mol of CO2 Volume of CO2 = 0.4 24 dm3 = 9.6 dm3 2 The diagram below shows series of reaction involving organic compound. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan siri tindak balas yang melibatkan sebatian organik. Propane
Propana
Propene
Propena
II
Propanol
Propanol
III
Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
IV
Heat gently with ethanoic acid and concentrated sulphuric acid
Panaskan perlahan-lahan dengan asid ettanoik dan asid sulfurik pekat
Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
Y a. i. ii. b. i. Name the reaction I. / Namakan tindak balas I. Hydrogenation. State the conditions for the reaction I. / Nyatakan keadaan bagi tindak balas I. Temperature 180C in the presence of nickel/platinum as a catalyst. Write the molecular formula for propane and propene. / Tuliskan formula molekul bagi propana dan propena. C3H8 C3H6 Propene / Propena: Propane / Propana:
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ii. Combustion of propene produces more soot than propane. Explain why. [Given relative atomic mass: H; 1, C; 12]. Pembakaran propena menghasilkan lebih banyak jelaga berbanding propana. Terangkan mengapa. [Diberi jisim atom
relatif: H; 1, C; 12]
12 3 Percentage of carbon by mass in propane = 12 3 + 8 1 100% = 81.8 % 12 3 Percentage of carbon by mass in propene = 12 3 + 6 1 100%
= 85.7 % Percentage of carbon by mass in propene is higher than propane.
c. The table below shows the results of a test to differentiate between propane and propene. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan suatu ujian untuk membezakan antara propana dengan propena. Procedure / Kaedah Bromine water is added to propene.
Air bromin ditambah kepada propena. Air bromin ditambah kepada propana.
Observation / Pemerhatian Brown colour is decolourised.

Warna perang luntur.
Bromine water is added to propane.

Brown colour remains.
Warna perang tidak berubah.
Based on the table above, explain why there is a difference in these observations.
Berdasarkan jadual, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian.
Propene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon/has double bond between carbon atoms. Addition reaction occurs. C3H6 + Br2 C3H6 Br2 Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon/has single bond between carbon atoms. reaction does not occur. Addition d. Compound X is produced when propanol heated gently in the reaction III. / Sebatian X terhasil apabila propanol
dipanaskan dengan perlahan-lahan dalam tindak balas III.
i. What is the observation in process III? / Apakah pemerhatian dalam proses III? purple colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution turns colourless. The ii. Name and write the chemical formula for compound X. / Namakan dan tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian X. C2H5COOH Propanoic acid Name / Nama: Chemical formula / Formula kimia: iii. Compound X can react with magnesium. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. / Sebatian X boleh bertindak
balas dengan magnesium. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut.
2C2H5COOH + Mg (C2H5COO)2Mg + H2 e. Propanol reacts with ethanoic acid through reaction IV to form compound Y. Propanol bertindak balas dengan asid etanoik dalam tindak balas IV untuk membentuk sebatian Y. i. Name compound Y. / Namakan sebatian Y. ethanoate. Propil ii. Draw the structural formula for Y. / Lukiskan formula struktur bagi Y.
H H C H O C O H C H H C H H C H H
iii. State one special characteristic of compound Y. / Nyatakan satu sifat istimewa sebatian Y. smell Sweet
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3 The information below is regarding substance X. / Maklumat di bawah adalah mengenai bahan X. Carbon / Karbon 85.70% Hydrogen / Hidrogen 14.3% Relative molecular mass / Jisim molekul relatif = 56 Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of substance X. [Given that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 , H = 1] / Tentukan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi bahan X. [Diberi jisim atom relatif bagi C = 12 , H = 1] Element Mass/g Mol atom Simplest Ratio The empirical formula CH2 . (CH2)n = 56 [12 + 2(1)]n = 56 n = 56/14 = 4 The molecular formula C4H8. C 85.70/12 7.14 1 H 14.30/1 14.3 2
Fats / Lemak
1 Fats and oils are esters. / Lemak dan minyak adalah ester. a. Fat is a natural ester found in animal and human tissue (solid at room temperature). / Lemak ialah ester semula jadi
yang dijumpai dalam haiwan dan tisu manusia (pepejal pada suhu bilik).
b. Oil is a natural ester found in fish tissue and plants (liquid at room temperature). / Minyak ialah ester semula jadi yang c. Formed by esterification of alcohol glycerol (alcohol with 3OH) with fatty acid. (organic acid with long carbon chain, CnH2n+1COOH, n is about 10 to 20). / Terbentuk melalui pengesteran alkohol gliserol (alkohol dengan 3OH)
dijumpai dalam tisu ikan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan (cecair pada suhu bilik).
dengan asid lemak (asid organik dengan rantai karbon yang panjang, CnH2n + 1COOH, n adalah di antara 10 hingga 20). d. Esterification reaction between glycerol and fatty acid: / Tindak balas pengesteran antara gliserol dengan asid lemak: H H C O H + H O O C O H C O H + H O C O H C H O H + H O C R'' H C H O R' H C O R H H C O H C O C O C R'' R' R + 3 H O H
1 mol of glycerol
1 mol gliserol
3 mol of fatty acid

3 mol asid lemak
1 mol of fat/oil
1 mol lemak/minyak
3 mol of water
3 mol air
Glycerol / Gliserol + Fatty acid / Asid lemak
Oil or fat / Minyak atau lemak + Water / Air
e. Fats are triesters (triglyceride). Lemak ialah triester (trigliserida). 2 The importance of oils and fats: / Kepentingan minyak dan lemak: a. Fats and oils provide energy for our bodies. / Lemak dan minyak membekalkan tenaga untuk badan kita. b. Build membrane cell and certain hormones. / Membina sel membran dan hormon-hormon tertentu. c. Dissolve certain vitamins for absorption. / Melarutkan vitamin-vitamin tertentu untuk penyerapan.
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3 Source of fats and oils: / Sumber lemak dan minyak: solid a. Fats found in animals like cows and goats, are at room temperature. The example of animal fats are pepejal pada suhu bilik. butter, cheese and etc. / Lemak dijumpai dalam haiwan seperti lembu dan kambing, adalah
Contoh lemak haiwan ialah mentega, keju dan lain-lain.
minyak . Contoh minyak ialah minyak kacang, minyak kacang soya dan minyak jagung. 4 Saturated and unsaturated fat / Lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu glycerol and fatty acid . / Molekul lemak dan a. Fat and oil molecules are made up of two parts i.e derived from gliserol dan diperoleh daripada asid lemak . minyak terdiri daripada dua bahagian iaitu diperoleh daripada single b. Saturated fats molecules are esters of saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids contain carboncarbon ( C C ) covalent bonds. / Molekul lemak tepu adalah ester bagi asid lemak tepu. Asid lemak tepu mengandungi tunggal . ikatan kovalen karbon-karbon (CC) Example: / Contoh: Glyceryl tristearate / Gliseril tristearat H H C O O C O H C O C O H C H Derived from glycerol
Diperoleh daripada gliserol
liquid oils b. Fats from plants are at room temperature. They are called . The example of oils are cecair peanut oil, soybean oil and corn oil. / Lemak daripada tumbuh-tumbuhan adalah pada suhu bilik. Ia dipanggil
(CH2)16 CH3
(CH2)16 CH3
(CH2)16 CH3
Derived from fatty acid (hydrogen chains contain single covalent bonds between carbon atoms)
Diperoleh daripada asid lemak (rantai karbon mengandungi ikatan kovalen tunggal antara atom karbon)
single double covalent c. Unsaturated fat molecules are esters of unsaturated fatty acids that contain and bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain. / Molekul lemak tak tepu ialah ester bagi asid lemak tak tepu
tunggal atau ganda dua di antara atom-atom karbon dalam rantai hidrokarbonnya. yang mengandungi ikatan kovalen Example: / Contoh: Glycerol trilinolate / Gliseril trilinolat H H C O O C O H C O C O H C H O C (CH2)16 (CH2)7CH = CHCH2CH = CH(CH2)4CH3 Hydrocarbon chains contain double covalent bonds between carbon atoms (CH2)16 (CH2)7CH = CHCH2CH = CH(CH2)4CH3 (CH2)7 (CH2)7CH = CHCH2CH = CH(CH2)4CH3
Rantai hidrokarbon mengandungi ikatan kovalen ganda dua antara atom-atom karbon
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d. The fats and oils are mixture of saturated and unsaturated fats molecules: Lemak dan minyak ialah campuran molekul lemak tepu dan tak tepu: saturated saturated fat molecules compared to i. An oil or fat is classified as if it has more tepu unsaturated Suatu minyak atau lemak dikelaskan sebagai fat molecules, for example animal fats. / tepu tak tepu , contohnya lemak jika ia mengandungi lebih banyak molekul lemak berbanding molekul lemak
haiwan.
unsaturated unsaturated ii. An oil or fat is classified as if it has more fat molecules compared to saturated fat molecules, for example vegetable oils except coconut oil. tak tepu jika ia mengandungi lebih banyak molekul lemak tak tepu Suatu minyak atau lemak dikelaskan sebagai
berbanding molekul lemak tepu, contohnya minyak sayuran kecuali minyak kelapa.
5 Converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats / Menukar lemak tak tepu kepada lemak tepu unsaturated a. The double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in fats are easily oxidised. When this tak tepu boleh happens, the fat turns rancid. / Ikatan kovalen ganda dua di antara atom-atom karbon dalam lemak hydrogenation b. Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats through process such as in the manufacture of margarine. Catalyst used is nickel at 180C: / Lemak tak tepu boleh ditukarkan kepada lemak tepu melalui proses penghidrogenan , contohnya dalam pembuatan marjerin. Mangkin yang digunakan ialah nikel pada 180C:
H ~ C H C~ H H C~ H teroksida dengan mudah. Apabila ini terjadi, lemak menjadi tengik.
H2
Nickel / nikel 180C
~ C H
Lemak tepu (pepejal) c. Sources of unsaturated fats are palm oil, soybean oil and corn oil. / Sumber bagi lemak tak tepu ialah minyak sawit, minyak kacang soya dan minyak jagung. Lemak tak tepu (cecair)
Unsaturated fat (liquid)
Saturated fat (solid)
6 The effect of fats on health / Kesan lemak ke atas kesihatan a. There are two types of cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol: / Terdapat dua jenis kolestrol, kolestrol LDL
dan kolestrol HDL:
plaque i. LDL cholesterol causes deposits on the walls of veins or arteries which will lead to heart attack plak pada dinding salur darah vena atau arteri yang boleh and stroke. / Kolestrol LDL menyebabkan pengenapan
menyebabkan sakit jantung dan angin ahmar. mengurangkan reduces deposits on the artery walls. / Kolestrol HDL ii. HDL cholesterol pengenapan pada dinding arteri.
Animal fats (saturated fats) contain higher LDL cholesterol whereas vegetable oils (unsaturated fats) contain b. haiwan (lemak tepu) mengandungi kolestrol LDL yang lebih banyak manakala higher HDL cholesterol. / Lemak LDL in blood. c. Eating food high in animal fats increases the level of LDL dalam darah. Memakan makanan yang tinggi dengan lemak haiwan akan meningkatkan kandungan 7 Palm oil / Minyak sawit a. Palm oil is extracted from fresh oil palm fruits. / Minyak sawit diekstrak daripada buah sawit yang segar. unsaturated fat. / Minyak b Palm oil contains 49% of saturated fats and 51% of unsaturated fats. It is classified as
Minyak sawit digunakan untuk memasak dan membuat marjerin dan coklat, kek, aiskrim dan mee. sayuran (lemak tak tepu) mengandungi lebih banyak kolestrol HDL. minyak
tak tepu . sawit mengandungi 49% lemak tepu dan 51% lemak tak tepu. Ia dikelaskan sebagai lemak c. Palm oil is used in cooking and manufacture margarine and shortening, chocolate, cakes, ice creams and noodles.
d. The advantages of palm oil compared to other oil are: / Kelebihan minyak sawit berbanding minyak lain adalah: i. rich in vitamin E which is a powerful antioxidant. / kaya dengan vitamin E yang merupakan antioksidan yang kuat. ii. rich in beta-carotene which contains vitamin A. Vitamin A helps to strengthen the immune system. kaya dengan beta-carotene yang mengandungi vitamin A. Vitamin A membantu menguatkan sistem imuniti. iii. it is cholesterol free. / tiada kolestrol.
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Natural Rubber / Getah Asli 1 Natural polymers are polymers that exist in nature and are not man-made. Polimer semula jadi ialah polimer yang wujud secara semula jadi dan bukannya buatan manusia. Example: / Contoh: Natural polymer / Polimer semula jadi Protein / Protein Cabohydrate / Karbohidrat Natural rubber / Getah semula jadi Monomer / Monomer Amino acid / Asid amino Glucose / Glukosa Isoprene / Isoprena
2 The structure of rubber / Struktur getah isoprene . Molecular formula of isoprene is a. Rubber is a natural polymer. It is formed from the monomer isoprena . Formula molekul isoprena ialah C5H8. C5H8. / Getah ialah polimer asli. Ia terbentuk daripada monomer polymerisation b. Isoprene molecules are joined together by addition process to form the polymer of natural pempolimeran rubber, polyisoprene: / Molekul isoprena terikat bersama oleh proses penambahan untuk membentuk
polimer getah semula jadi, poliisoprena: H n( C H H C CH3 C H C ) H H (C H H C CH3 H C C) H
n
n is large numbers
n ialah nombor yang besar
Isoprene (2-methylbut-1, 3-diene)

Isoprena (2-metilbut-1, 3-diena)
Polyisoprene
Polimer getah
3 Coagulation of latex / Penggumpalan lateks colloid a. Latex is milk like liquid obtained from tapped rubber tree. Latex is a which contains suspension of rubber particles in water. / Lateks ialah cecair seperti susu yang diperoleh daripada pokok getah yang ditoreh. Lateks ialah
koloid yang mengandungi zarah-zarah getah yang tersebar dalam air. b. The rubber particles are made up of long chain rubber polymers [(C5H8)n] surrounded by a protein membrane . The protein membrane is negatively charged. The forces of repulsion between negatively charged particles prevent them from combining or coagulating. / Zarah-zarah getah terdiri daripada polimer membran protein . Membran protein negatif . getah berantai panjang [(C5H8)n] yang dikelilingi adalah bercas Daya tolakan di antara zarah-zarah bercas negatif menghalang zarah-zarah tersebut daripada bergabung atau bergumpal.
Repulsion
Tolakan
Negative charge
Bercas negatif Polimer getah
Rubber polymer
Water
Air
c. Latex coagulates when: / Lateks tergumpal apabila: i. acid is added to it such as methanoic acid (formic acid), ethanoic acid (acetic acid) or any other weak acids. asid seperti asid metanoik (asid formik), asid etanoik (asid asetik) atau asid lemah lain ditambah ke dalamnya. ii. Left aside for 1 2 days due to bacterial action on latex. Bacteria from the air enter latex. Activity of bacteria in lactic acid hydrogen ions (H+) which causes coagulation of latex. the latex produce that contains Coagulate latex is semi solid. / Dibiarkan selama 1 2 hari untuk tindakan bakteria ke atas lateks. Bakteria dari udara acid yang mengandungi ion hidrogen (H+) masuk ke dalam lateks. Aktiviti bakteria di dalam lateks menghasilkan
yang menyebabkan penggumpalan lateks. Menggumpal lateks adalah separa pepejal.
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d. When acid is added to latex, coagulation of latex occurs: Apabila asid ditambah kepada lateks, penggumpalan lateks berlaku: neutralises the negative charges on the surface of the protein i. Positively charged hydrogen ions from the acid meneutralkan particle membrane. A neutral rubber is formed. / Ion hidrogen bercas positif daripada asid Zarah cas-cas negatif pada permukaan membran protein. getah yang neutral terbentuk.
Neutralised rubber particle
Zarah getah yang neutral
+ H+ H H+
Breaking of protein membrane

Membran protein pecah
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
Repulsion
Tolakan
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
+ H+ H H+
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
Perlanggaran
Collide
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
neutral particles no longer repel neutral particles collide ii. The each other. These with break . The rubber polymers are freed and they coagulate by each other, causing the membrane to combining together to form large lump of rubber polymer. The latex has coagulated. neutral tidak lagi menolak di antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah neutral ini berlanggar di Zarah-zarah pecah . Polimer getah terbebas dan bergumpal dengan bergabung antara satu sama lain, menyebabkan membran
untuk membentuk gumpalan getah yang besar. Lateks telah tergumpal.
Broken protein membrane

Membran protein pecah
Rubber polymers coagulate

Polimer getah menggumpal
ammonia (alkali) 4 Coagulation of latex can be prevented by adding to it. The ammonia solution (containing OH ions) will neutralise any acids that may be produced by the bacteria. / Penggumpalan lateks boleh dihalang ammonia (alkali) dengan menambah kepadanya. Larutan ammonia (mengandungi ion OH) akan meneutralkan sebarang asid
yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria.
5 Describe how the presence of an alkali can prevent the coagulation process of latex: / Huraikan bagaimana alkali boleh
menghalang proses penggumpalan lateks:
neutralise hydrogen ions, H+ produced by acid a. Hydroxide ions, OH from alkali as a result of bacterial meneutralkan ion hidrogen, H+ yang dihasilkan oleh acid attack on protein. / Ion hidroksida, OH daripada alkali
disebabkan serangan bakteria ke atas protein.
negatively charge because there is no hydrogen ions. / Membran protein kekal b. The protein membrane remains negatif kerana tiada ion-ion hidrogen. bercas menolak di antara satu sama lain. repel c. The rubber particles each other. / Zarah-zarah getah coagulate d. The rubber polymers cannot combine and . / Polimer-polimer getah tidak boleh bergabung dan
menggumpal .
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6 Properties and uses of natural rubber / Sifat-sifat dan kegunaan getah asli a. Properties of natural rubber / Sifat-sifat getah asli Property Description / Penerangan
Sifat
Uses / Kegunaan Rubber tube, gloves, rubber bands and shoe soles. / Tiub getah, sarung
tangan, getah pengikat dan tapak kasut.
Elastic
Kekenyalan
stretched , it straighten out. It returns back to When it is stretching its original shape once the force is released. / Apabila diregangkan , ia menjadi lurus. Ia kembali kepada bentuk asal apabila regangan daya dilepaskan. oxidised due to the The natural rubber polymers are easily teroksida dengan presence of double bonds. / Polimer getah asli
mudah kerana kehadiran ikatan ganda dua.
Resistance to oxidation
Ketahanan terhadap pengoksidaan
Effect of heat
Kesan haba
soften sticky . When it is heated, it is and become lembut dan menjadi melekit . Apabila dipanaskan, getah menjadi hard brittle . When it is cooled, it becomes and keras rapuh . Apabila disejukkan, ia menjadi dan soluble in organic, alkaline and acidic Natural rubber is solution. larut Getah asli dalam larutan organik, beralkali dan berasid.
These properties make the usage of natural rubber limited. / Sifat-sifat ini
menjadikan kegunaan getah asli terhad.
Effect of solvent
Kesan pelarut
b. The properties of natural rubber can be improved through the vulcanisation process. / Sifat-sifat getah asli boleh
diperbaiki melalui proses pemvulkanan.
7 Vulcanisation of rubber: / Pemvulkanan getah: a. Natural rubber is elastic (it will return to its original shape after stretching force is released). / Getah asli adalah kenyal
(ia akan kembali kepada bentuk asal apabila daya regangan dilepaskan).
b. When the rubber is over stretched, the rubber molecules do not return to their original positions. The rubber has lost its elasticity. / Apabila getah diregang secara berlebihan, molekul getah tidak kembali kepada kedudukan asal. Getah telah c. Natural rubber becomes stronger and more elastic after vulcanisation: Getah asli menjadi lebih kuat dan kenyal selepas pemvulkanan: i. Sulphur is heated together with natural rubber. / Sulfur dipanaskan bersama dengan getah asli. ii. Rubber stripe is soaked in sulphur monochloride solution in methylbenzene for a few hours, and then dried.
Jalur getah direndam dengan larutan sulfur monoklorida dalam metilbenzena untuk beberapa jam, dan kemudiannya dikeringkan.
S
hilang sifat kekenyalannya.
C=C
C=C
C=
Vulcanisation
C=C
C= C
C C=
C=C
Pemvulkanan
S
C
C
C
C
S
C C
Natural rubber / Getah asli
Vulcanised rubber / Getah tervulkan
d. In vulcanised rubber / Dalam getah tervulkan i. The sulphur atoms form cross-link between the long rubber molecule. Atom-atom sulfur membentuk rangkai silang di antara molekul panjang getah. ii. This reduces the ability of the polymers to slide over each other. Ini mengurangkan kebolehan polimer untuk menggelongsor di antara satu sama lain. iii. The rubber molecules return to their original positions after being stretched. Molekul-molekul getah kembali kepada kedudukan asal selepas diregangkan.
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e. Complete the table below: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah: Property / Sifat Elasticity
Kekenyalan
Natural rubber / Getah asli Less elastic because the polymer chain slide of rubber can over one another easily. Kurang kenyal kerana rantai polimer getah menggelongsor boleh di antara satu sama
Vulcanised rubber / Getah tervulkan More sulphur elastic because the prevents the polymer chain cross-links slide of rubber molecules over one another. Lebih kenyal kerana rangkai silang sulfur menghalang rantai polimer molekul menggelongsor getah di antara satu sama
lain.
lain dengan mudah.
Strength and hardness

Kekuatan dan kekerasan
Weaker and softer . When it strectched beyond the elastic limit, is break . Lebih the polymer chain will diregangkan lembut dan lebih . Apabila diregangkan melebihi had kekenyalan, rantai putus . polimer akan Cannot withstand high temperature. melt Easily when heated. Tidak tahan Melebur haba. dengan mudah
apabila dipanaskan.
polimer.
Stronger and harder because the sulphur cross-links between presence of the polymer. kuat keras Lebih dan lebih kerana sulfur kehadiran rangkai silang di antara
Resistance to heat
Ketahanan terhadap haba
Can withstand high temperature sulphur crossbecause the presence of melt links makes it more difficult to . Tahan haba kerana kehadiran rangkai silang sulfur menjadikannya lebih susah untuk melebur . Not easily oxidised by oxygen because the double bonds is reduced. number of
Resistance to oxidation
Ketahanan terhadap pengoksidaan
oxygen because the Easily oxidised by double bonds in the presence of many rubber polymer. oksigen kerana Teroksida dengan mudah oleh ganda dua dalam kehadiran banyak ikatan
polimer getah.
Tidak teroksida oleh oksigen dengan mudah kerana ganda dua berkurang. bilangan ikatan
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OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / SOALAN OBJEKTIF

1 The statement below is about organic compound X:
Organic compound X undergoes addition reaction.
Sebatian organik X mengalami tindak balas penambahan.
Pernyataan di bawah adalah berkenaan dengan sebatian organik X:
Which of the following hydrocarbons contains 81.82% carbon by mass? [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12]
Hidrokarbon yang manakah mengandungi 81.82% berdasarkan jisim? [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12] A B C2H2 C2H4 C D C3H6 C3H8
karbon
Which of the following represents the formula for compound X?

A B C3H10 C3H6 C D C3H7OH
Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili formula untuk sebatian X? C3H7COOH
The diagram below represents the structural formula of a carbon compound.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur satu sebatian karbon.
Which of the following are true about butane and butene? II Exist as gas at room temperature
Wujud sebagai gas pada suhu bilik
Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang butana dan butena? I Insoluble in water / Tidak larut di dalam air
H H

H C H
O C O
H C H
H C H
H C H H
C H
III Decolourise acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution / Melunturkan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid IV Burn completely in air to produce carbon dioxide and water / Terbakar lengkap di udara untuk menghasilkan karbon
dioksida dan air A B I and III only
I dan III sahaja II dan IV sahaja
What is the name of the compoud?

Apakah nama bagi sebatian di atas? A B C D Ethyl propanoate / Etil propanoat Propyl ethanoate / Propil etanoat Propyl propanoate / Propil propanoat Diethyl methanoate / Dietil metanoat
C D
I, II dan IV sahaja
I, II and IV only
II and IV only
I, II, III and IV

I, II, III, dan IV
The diagram below shows part of the structure of a polymer.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada struktur polimer.
The diagram below shows the structural formula of carbon compound J.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur sebatian karbon J.
H C H
H C C1
H C ~ H

H H C
H C C
~ C
A
C1
Which of the following is its monomer? H C H

B
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar?
H H OH Which of the following statements are true?

Sebatian J ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu
Antara berikut, yang manakah monomer bagi polimer di atas?
Compound J is unsaturated hydrocarbon

Sebatian J bertindak dengan larutan natrium karbonat Pengoksidaan butanol akan menghasilkan sebatian J menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida and air
II dan III sahaja
C1 C H H H C C1 C H H C C1 H H H C C1 H C H
II Compound J reacts with sodium carbonate solution III Oxidation of butanol will produce compound J
H
C
IV Complete combustion of compound J produces carbon dioxide gas and water / Pembakaran lengkap sebatian J
A B C D II and III only
C
D
C H H C
III and IV only

III dan IV sahaja
I, II and III only

I, II dan III sahaja
H C C1
II, III and IV only

II, III dan IV sahaja
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The diagram below shows the structural formula of ethanoic acid.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bagi asid etanoik.
2 1
sebatian organik.
The diagram below shows the structural formula of an organic compound. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur formula satu H H H H C H H C H H C H C H H C H C H H C H
O C O
4
C
3
H Which of the following hydrogen atoms will involve in a chemical reaction? / Antara berikut, atom hidrogen yang manakah
akan terlibat dalam tindak balas kimia? A B
1 2
H H
C D
3 4
H H
What is the IUPAC name for the compound?

A B C D 2, 4-dimethylpent-1-ene
2, 4-dimetilpent-1-ena 2, 4-dimetilpent-2-ena 3, 4-dimetilpent-1-ena 3, 4-dimetilpent-2-ena
The diagram below show the conversion of ethanol into compound P and subsequently into compound Q.
Apakah nama mengikut IUPAC bagi sebatian tersebut?
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan penukaran etanol kepada sebatian P dan seterusnya kepada sebatian Q. C2H5OH Heat with / Panaskan dengan K2Cr2O7
2, 4-dimethylpent-2-ene 3, 4-dimethylpent-1-ene 3, 4-dimethylpent-2-ene
10 Which of the following fatty acids are unsaturated? Antara berikut, asid lemak yang manakah tidak tepu? I II III IV
A B
Compound / Sebatian P Heat with C3H7OH and concentrated H2SO4

Panaskan dengan C3H7OH dan H2SO4 pekat
C17H29COOH C17H31COOH C17H33COOH C17H35COOH

I and III only
I dan III sahaja II dan IV sahaja
C D
I, II dan III sahaja
I, II and III only
Compound / Sebatian Q
II and IV only
I, III and IV only

I, III dan IV sahaja
Which of the following is compound Q?

Antara berikut, yang manakah sebatian Q? A B C D Ethyl propanoate / Etil propanoat Propyl ethanoate / Propil etanoat Propyl propanoate / Propil propanoat Ethyl ethanoate / Etil etanoat
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Loss or gain of oxygen Transfer of electron
REDOX REACTIONS
Tindak Balas Redoks
ANALYSING REDOX REACTIONS / MENGANALISIS TINDAK BALAS REDOKS
Memberi maksud pengoksidaan dan penurunan dengan contoh-contohnya. Menerangkan tindak balas redoks.
Define oxidation and reduction with examples.
Explain redox reaction.
Kehilangan atau penerimaan oksigen Kehilangan atau penerimaan hidrogen Pemindahan elektron
Loss or gain of hydrogen
State the definition of oxidising agent, reducing agent and give examples.
Perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan
Change in oxidation number
Calculate oxidation number of element in a compound. Menghitung nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur dalam suatu sebatian. Explain with examples oxidation and reduction processes in terms of transfer of electrons and the change of oxidation number. Menerangkan dengan contoh proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan dari segi
pemindahan elektron dan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan serta contoh.
Menyatakan maksud agen pengoksidaan, agen penurunan dan memberikan contoh-contohnya.
MENULIS PERSAMAAN BAGI TINDAK BALAS REDOKS
WRITING EQUATIONS FOR REDOX REACTION Oxidation half equation
Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan Persamaan setengah penurunan Persamaan ion
Reduction half equation Ionic equation
Analysing redox reactions in
Menganalisis tindak balas redoks dalam
1. Displacement of metal from its salt solution Penyesaran logam dari larutan garamnya
2. Electrolytic and chemical cell Sel elektrolisis dan sel kimia 3. Rusting of iron /corrosion of metal Pengaratan besi/ kakisan logam 4. Displacement of halogen from its halide solution Penyesaran halogen dari larutan halida 5. Change of Fe2+ Fe3+ and Fe3+ 2+ 3+ Perubahan Fe Fe dan Fe3+ Fe2+ 6. Transfer of electrons at a distance Pemindahan elektron pada satu jarak
Fe2+
7. Reactivity series of metals and its application

Siri kereaktifan logam dan aplikasinya
The definition of redox reaction / Definisi Tindak Balas Redoks 1 Redox reaction is a reaction where both oxidation and reduction occur at the same time. Tindak balas redoks ialah suatu tindak balas di mana kedua-dua pengoksidaan dan penurunan berlaku serentak. 2 Oxidation and reduction can be defined in three ways: Pengoksidaan dan penurunan boleh didefinisikan melalui tiga cara: Oxidation / Pengoksidaan a.
Kehilangan atau penerimaan oksigen
Reduction / Penurunan A substance loses oxygen

Suatu bahan kehilangan oksigen
Loss or gain of oxygen
A substance gains oxygen
Loss or gain of hydrogen b. c. Transfer of electrons
Suatu bahan menerima oksigen
Kehilangan atau penerimaan hidrogen Pemindahan elektron
A substance loses hydrogen A substance loses electrons
Suatu bahan kehilangan hidrogen Suatu bahan kehilangan elektron
A substance gains hydrogen A substance gains electrons
Suatu bahan menerima hidrogen Suatu bahan menerima elektron
Perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan
Change in oxidation number
Increase in oxidation number of element in the reactant
Peningkatan nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur dalam bahan tindak balas
Decrease in oxidation number of element in the reactant
Pengurangan nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur dalam bahan tindak balas
3 Oxidising agent is a substance that oxidises another substance. The agent is reduced in this process. Agen pengoksidaan ialah bahan yang mengoksidakan bahan lain. Agen tersebut mengalami penurunan dalam proses ini. 4 Reducing agent is a substance that reduces another substance. The agent is oxidised in this process. Agen penurunan ialah bahan yang menurunkan bahan lain. Agen tersebut mengalami penurunan dalam proses ini. Redox reaction in terms of Loss or Gain of Oxygen and Loss or Gain of Hydrogen Example: / Contoh:
Redoks dari segi Kehilangan atau Penerimaan Oksigen atau Kehilangan atau Penerimaan Hidrogen
oxidation (gain of oxygen, O) Magnesium undergoes ____________ pengoksidaan (menerima oksigen, O) Magnesium mengalami ____________ Mg + CuO MgO + Cu
reduction (loss of oxygen, O) Copper(II) oxide undergoes ____________ penurunan (kehilangan oksigen, O) Kuprum(II) oksida mengalami ____________ Explanation: / Penerangan: gains oxidation . Magnesium has reduced Magnesium, Mg oxygen and undergoes copper(II) oxide, CuO. menerima oksigen dan ia mengalami pengoksidaan . Magnesium telah a reducing agent. / Magnesium, Mg Magnesium is menurunkan copper(II) oxide, CuO. Magnesium, Mg ialah agen penurunan . loses oxygen and undergoes reduction . Copper(II) oxide has oxidised magnesium, Mg. Copper(II) oxide, CuO kehilangan oksigen dan ia mengalami penurunan . an oxidising agent. / Kuprum(II) oksida, CuO Copper(II) oxide is pengoksidaan . Kuprum(II) oksida telah mengoksidakan magnesium, Mg. Kuprum(II) oksida ialah agen
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Example: / Contoh:
oxidation (loss of hydrogen, H) Hydrogen sulphide, H2S undergoes ____________ pengoksidaan (kehilangan of hidrogen, H) Hidrogen sulfida, H2S mengalami ______________ H2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl
reduction (gain of hydrogen, H) Chlorine undergoes ____________ penurunan Klorin mengalami ______________ (menerima of hidrogen, H) Explanation: / Penerangan: loses oxidation . Hydrogen Sulphide, H2S has reduced Hydrogen sulphide, H2S hydrogen and undergoes kehilangan hidrogen dan mengalami a reducing chlorine, Cl2. Hydrogen sulphide, H2S is agent. / Hidogen sulfida, H2S
pengoksidaan menurunkan penurunan
. Hidrogen sulfida, H2S telah klorin, Cl2. Hidrogen sulfida, H2S ialah agen . gains reduction . Chlorine, Cl2 has oxidised hydrogen sulphide, Chlorine, Cl2 hydrogen and undergoes menerima hidrogen dan ia mengalami penurunan . Klorin, Cl an oxidising H2S. Chlorine, Cl2 is agent. / Klorin, Cl2 2
mengoksidakan hidrogen sulfida, H S. Klorin, Cl ialah agen pengoksidaan . telah 2 2 Example: / Contoh:
reduction (loss of oxygen, O) Copper(II) oxide, CuO undergoes ____________ 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + 3H2O N2
penurunan (kehilangan oksigen, O) Kuprum(II) oksida, CuO mengalami ____________
oxidation (loss of hydrogen, H) Ammonia undergoes
pengoksidaan (kehilangan hidrogen, H) Ammonia mengalami ____________
Explanation: / Penerangan: oxygen reduction . Copper(II) oxide, CuO has oxidised Copper(II) oxide, CuO loses and undergoes oksigen an oxidising ammonia NH3. Copper(II) oxide, CuO is agent. / Kuprum(II) oksida, CuO kehilangan dan ia penurunan . Kuprum(II) oksida, CuO telah mengoksidakan mengalami ammonia, NH3. Kuprum(II) oksida, CuO ialah agen pengoksidaan . hydrogen and undergoes oxidiation . Ammonia, NH3 has reduced Ammonia, NH3 loses copper(II) oxide. hidrogen pengoksidaan . Ammonia, NH a reducing Ammonia, NH3 is agent. / Ammonia, NH3 kehilangan dan mengalami 3 kuprum(II) oksida penurunan telah menurunkan . Ammonia, NH3 ialah agen . redox reaction in terms of electron gain/Loss / Tindak Balas Redoks dari segi Penerimaan/Kehilangan Elektron Example: / Contoh: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
Explanation: / Penerangan: loses one electron Sodium atom with an electron arrangement of 2.8.1 to form sodium ion, Na+ in sodium chloride, kehilangan satu elektron untuk oxidation . / Atom natrium dengan susunan elektron 2.8.1 NaCl. Sodium undergoes Na Na+ + e Chlorine molecule, Cl2 gains electrons to form chloride ions, Cl in sodium chloride, NaCl. Chlorine undergoes reduction . / Molekul klorin, Cl2 menerima elektron untuk membentuk ion klorida. Cl dalam natrium klorida, NaCl. Klorin
penurunan . mengalami pengoksidaan . membentuk ion natrium, Na+ dalam natrium klorida, NaCl. Natrium mengalami
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reduced a reducing agent. Chlorine, Cl2 has oxidised Sodium has chlorine, Cl2. Sodium is sodium. menurunkan klorin, Cl . Natrium ialah agen penurunan . Klorin, Cl telah an oxidising agent. / Natrium telah Chlorine is 2 2 natrium. Klorin ialah agen . Mg + CuSO4
mengoksidakan pengoksidaan
Example: / Contoh: Explanation: / Penerangan: Magnesium, Mg atom loses electrons to form magnesium ion, Mg2+ in magnesium sulphate, MgSO4. Magnesium oxidation kehilangan elektron untuk membentuk ion magnesium, Mg2+ dalam undergoes . / Atom magnesium, Mg pengoksidaan . magnesium sulfat, MgSO4. Magnesium mengalami Mg Mg2+ + 2e (loss of electrons)
menerima elektron untuk membentuk atom kuprum, Cu. Ion kuprum(II) mengalami penurunan . Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+
MgSO4 + Cu
gains reduction . electrons to form Copper atom, Cu. Copper(II) ion undergoes Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ Cu2+ + 2e Cu (gain of electrons)
reduced copper(II) ion, Cu2+. Magnesium is a reducing agent. Copper(II) ion has oxidised Magnesium has menurunkan ion kuprum(II), Cu2+. Magnesium ialah agen an oxidising agent. / Magnesium telah magnesium. Copper(II) ion is
penurunan mengoksidakan pengoksidaan . Ion kuprum(II) telah magnesium. Ion kuprum(II) ialah agen .
redox reaction in terms of Change of Oxidation Number / Tindak Balas Redoks dari segi Perubahan Nombor Pengoksidaan 1 General rules to determine oxidation number / Peraturan umum untuk menentukan nombor pengoksidaan a. The oxidation number of atoms and molecules of elements is zero. Nombor pengoksidaan bagi atom dan molekul bagi unsur ialah sifar. Example: / Contoh: Molecule of element
Molekul unsur
Gas hidrogen, H2 Gas oksigen , O2 Gas klorin, Cl2
Nombor pengoksidaan
Oxidation number 0 0 0 0
Atom / Atom Copper, Cu

Kuprum, Cu Natrium, Na
Nombor pengoksidaan
Hydrogen gas, H2 Oxygen gas , O2 Chlorine gas, Cl2 Bromine gas, Br2
Gas bromin, Br2
Sodium, Na Iron, Fe
Besi, Fe
Helium,He
Helium,He
b. The oxidation number for a simple ion is similar to the charge of the ion. Nombor pengoksidaan bagi ion ringkas adalah sama dengan cas bagi ion tersebut. Example: / Contoh: Ion
Ion
Nombor pengoksidaan
Oxidation number +1 +2 +2 +3
Ion
Ion
Nombor pengoksidaan
Na+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+

Nil a
Cl Br O2 S2
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c. The oxidation number for hydrogen in most of its compound is +1 except in metal hydride. Nombor pengoksidaan bagi hidrogen dalam kebanyakan sebatiannya ialah +1 kecuali dalam logam hidrida. d. The oxidation number for oxygen in most of its compound is 2 except in peroxide. Nombor pengoksidaan bagi oksigen dalam kebanyakan sebatiannya ialah 2 kecuali dalam peroksida. e. The oxidation numbers of the ions from Group 1, 2 and 13 are fixed because the atom of these Groups achieve stable octet electron arrangement by losing 1e, 2e and 3e respectively. Therefore, the oxidation number for these ions are +1, +2 and +3. / Nombor pengoksidaan bagi ion-ion dalam Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 adalah tetap kerana atom bagi f. The sum of the oxidation numbers for elements in a compound is 0.

Kumpulan-kumpulan ini mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil dengan melepaskan 1e, 2e dan 3e. Oleh itu, nombor pengoksidaan bagi ion-ion ini ialah +1, +2 dan +3.
Jumlah nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur-unsur dalam suatu sebatian ialah 0.
Example: / Contoh: Calculate the oxidation number for carbon in calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
Hitung nombor pengoksidaan bagi karbon dalam kalsium karbonat, CaCO3
CaCO3 (+2) + X + 3(2) = 0 X = +4
Oxidation number for oxygen in compound is 2 Sum of oxidation number for compound 0
Nombor pengoksidaan oksigen dalam sebatian ialah 2
Jumlah nombor pengoksidaan bag sebatian ialah 0
Oxidation number for ions from Group 1, 2 and 13 are fixed. Oxidation number for Ca2+ is +2
Nombor pengoksidaan bagi ion-ion daripada Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 adalah tetap. Nombor pengoksidaan bagi Ca2+ ialah +2
Oxidation number for carbon in calcium carbonate is +4.

Nombor pengoksidaan bagi karbon dalam kalsium karbonat ialah +4.
g. The sum of the oxidation numbers for elements in a polyatomic ion equals to the charges of the polyatomic ion. # The oxidation number of the transition metals and most of non-metal elements vary from one compound to another.
Jumlah nombor-nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur-unsur dalam ion poliatomik adalah sama dengan cas-cas ion poliatomik tersebut. # Nombor pengoksidaan bagi logam peralihan dan kebanyakan unsur bukan logam adalah berbeza-beza dari satu sebatian ke satu sebatian yang lain.
Example: / Contoh: Calculate the oxidation number for manganese in manganate ion, MnO4.
Hitung nombor pengoksidaan bagi mangan dalam ion manganat, MnO4.
MnO4 X + 4(2) = 1 X = +7
Oxidation number for oxygen in compound is 2
Nombor pengoksidaan bagi oksigen dalam sebatian ialah 2
Sum of oxidation number is the same as charge for the polyatomic ion
Jumlah nombor pengoksidaan adalah sama seperti cas bagi ion poliatomik
Oxidation number for manganese in manganate ion is +7.

Nombor pengoksidaan bagi mangan dalam ion manganat ialah +7.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 Calculate the oxidation number of the underlined elements in the following.
Hitung nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur yang digariskan dalam jadual berikut.
Compound
Sebatian
Nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur yang bergaris
Oxidation number for underlined element
Compound
Sebatian
Nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur yang bergaris
Oxidation number for Underlined element
KMnO4 Cr2O72 CO32 NH4+
+1 + x + 4(2) = 0 x = +7 2x + 7(2) = 2 x = +6 x + 3(2) = 2 x = +4
CO2 CO NO3 NO2
x + 2(2) = 0 x = +4 x + (2) = 0 x = +2
x + 4(+1) = +1 x = 3
x + 3(2) = 1 x = +5 x + 2(2) = 0 x = +4
2 Nomenclature of ionic compounds using IUPAC nomenclature

Penamaan sebatian ion menggunakan sistem penamaan IUPAC
a. E lements from Group 1, 2 and 13 have one oxidation number, the names of the compounds are written without the oxidation number. / Unsur daripada Kumpulan 1, 2 dan 13 mempunyai satu nombor pengoksidaan, nama bagi sebatian Example: / Contoh: K2O is potassium oxide. It is not written as potassium(I) oxide. / K2O ialah kalium oksida, bukan kalium(I) oksida. b. Transition metals and most of non-metal compounds have more than one oxidation number. The oxidation number the element is written in Roman numeral placed in a bracket behind the name of the element. Logam peralihan dan kebanyakan sebatian bukan logam mempunyai lebih daripada satu nombor pengoksidaan. Nombor
pengoksidaan bagi unsur ditulis dalam angka roman dalam tanda kurungan di belakang nama unsur. sebatian ditulis tanpa nombor pengoksidaan.
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Compound

Sebatian
Formula kimia sebatian
Chemical formula of compound Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 PbO PbO2 H2 SO4 H2 SO3
Ferrous hydroxide Ferric hydroxide

Ferrik hidroksida Plumbum monoksida Plumbum dioksida Ferrus hidroksida
Nombor pengoksidaan bagi logam peralihan / bukan logam
Oxidation number of transition metal/non-metal +2
Nama IUPAC sebatian Ferum(II) hidroksida
IUPAC name of compound
Iron(II) hydroxide
Lead monoxide Lead dioxide

Asid sulfurik
+3 +2 +4 +6 +4
Iron(III) hydroxide Lead(II) oxide Lead(IV) oxide Sulphuric(VI) acid Sulphuric(IV) acid
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurus
Sulphurous acid
3 Redox reaction in terms of change in oxidation number Tindak balas redoks dari segi perubahan nombor pengoksidaan oxidised . The element is a reducing a. When the oxidation number of an element increases, the element is pengoksidaan . Unsur tersebut ialah agen agent. / Apabila nombor pengoksidaan bagi suatu unsur bertambah, ia mengalami .
penurunan
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decreases , the element is reduced b. When the oxidation number of an element . The element is berkurang , ia mengalami penurunan . an oxidising agent. / Apabila nombor pengoksidaan bagi suatu unsur pengoksidaan . Unsur tersebut ialah agen c. A reaction is not redox reaction if no elements undergo a change in oxidation number. Suatu tindak balas bukan tindak balas redoks jika tiada unsur yang melalui perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan. Example: / Contoh: Determine whether the reactions below are redox or not. / Tentukan sama ada tindak balas berikut adalah redoks ataupun
tidak.
i. Precipitation of silver chloride from silver nitrate and sodium chloride solution: / Pemendakan argentum klorida dari
larutan argentum nitrat dan larutan natrium klorida:
AgNO3 Oxidation number / Nombor pengoksidaan: +1 +5
NaCl +1 1
AgCl
NaNO3 2
+1 1
+1 +5
not a redox reaction because no changes of oxidation number of all elements in the This reaction is bukan tindak balas redoks kerana tiada perubahan compounds of substances and products. / Tindak balas ini
bukan tindak balas redoks. Tindak balas penguraian ganda dua ii. Neutralisation reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution: Tindak balas peneutralan antara asid hidroklorik dengan larutan natrium hidroksida:
not a redox reaction. Double decomposition reaction is
nombor pengoksidaan bagi semua unsur dalam sebatian bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
HC1
NaOH
NaCl
H2O +1 2
Oxidation number / Nombor pengoksidaan: +1 1 +1 2 +1 +1 1
not a redox reaction because no changes of oxidation number of all elements in the This reaction is bukan tiada perubahan compounds of substances and products. / Tindak balas ini tindak balas redoks kerana not a redox reaction. Neutralisation reaction is
dalam nombor pengoksidaan semua unsur dalam sebatian bahan dan hasil tindak balas. bukan Tindak balas peneutralan tindak balas redoks.
iii. Displacement of hydrogen gas from sulphuric acid by magnesium: / Penyesaran gas hidrogen daripada asid sulfurik oleh
magnesium:
Mg
H2SO4
MgSO4 + H2 +2 +6 2 0
Oxidation number / Nombor pengoksidaan: 0
+1 +6 2
redox This reaction is reaction because the oxidation number of magnesium and hydrogen in the redoks changed . / Tindak balas ini ialah tindak balas substances have kerana nombor pengoksidaan berubah magnesium dan hidrogen dalam bahan tindak balas telah . redoks redox Displacement reaction is a reaction. / Tindak balas penyesaran ialah tindak balas . Explanation / Penerangan: oxidation because the oxidation number of magnesium increases from 0 to +2 . Magnesium, Mg undergoes reduction because the oxidation number of hydrogen in hydrogen ion decreases from Hydrogen ion, H+ undergoes +1 to 0 hydrogen ion, H+ magnesium, Mg . . Oxidising agent is pengoksidaan and reducing agent is meningkat Magnesium, Mg mengalami kerana nombor pengoksidaan magnesium daripada + 0 kepada +2 penurunan berkurang kerana nombor pengoksidaan hidrogen dari . Ion hidrogen, H mengalami +1 kepada 0 . Agen pengoksidaan ialah ion hidrogen, H+ dan agen penurunan ialah magnesium, Mg .
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Writing Equations of Redox Reactions / Menulis Persamaan untuk Tindak Balas Redoks 1 Equations for redox reactions are: / Persamaan untuk tindak balas redoks adalah: a. Oxidation half equation (loss of electron/ increase in oxidation number).

b. Reduction half equation (gain in electron/ decrease in oxidation number).
Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan (kehilangan elektron/penambahan nombor pengoksidaan). Persamaan setengah penurunan (penerimaan elektron/ pengurangan nombor pengoksidaan).
c. I onic equation for redox reaction - formed by combining oxidation half equation and reduction half equation (the number of electrons in both the half equations must cancel each other). Persamaan ion untuk tindak balas redoks terbentuk dengan menggabungkan persamaan setengah pengoksidaan dan persamaan
setengah penurunan (bilangan elektron yang dilepaskan dan diterima dalam kedua-dua persamaan setengah adalah sama.
Example / Contoh:
Tindak balas
Reaction
Aluminium and copper(II) sulphate

Aluminium dan kuprum(II) sulfat
Balanced equation for the reaction
Persamaan seimbang untuk tindak balas
2Al + 3CuSO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu
Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan
Oxidation half equation
Al
Al3+ + 3e Cu
Reduction half equation
Persamaan setengah penurunan
Cu2+ + 2e 2Al
Changing of the coefficient of the half equation of oxidation*

Mengubah pekali bagi persamaan setengah pengoksidaan*
2Al3+ + 6e 3Cu 2Al3+ + 3Cu
Changing of the coefficient of the half equation of reduction*

Mengubah pekali bagi persamaan setengah penurunan*
3Cu2+ + 6e 2Al + 3Cu2+
Ionic equation
Persamaan ion
* Make sure the number of electrons released in half equation for oxidation = the number of electrons received in half equation for reduction.
* Pastikan bilangan elektron yang dilepaskan dalam persamaan setengah untuk pengoksidaan = bilangan elekton yang diterima dalam persamaan setengah untuk penurunan.
Example / Contoh:
Tindak balas
Reaction
Magnesium and silver nitrate

Magnesium dan argentum nitrat
Balanced equation for the reaction Oxidation half equation
Persamaan seimbang untuk tindak balas Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan
Mg + 2AgNO3
Mg(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Mg
Mg2+ + 2e Ag Mg2+ + 2Ag

Persamaan ion
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Redox Reaction in the Displacement of Metals from its Salt Solution
Persamaan Redoks dalam Penyesaran Logam daripada Larutan Garamnya
donate/release 1 Electrochemical Series: An arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom to positive electrons to form a ion (cation). / Siri Elektrokimia: Susunan logam-logam berdasarkan kecenderungan setiap
menderma/membebaskan positif elektron untuk membentuk ion (kation). atom logam untuk
K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Ag
higher greater The the position of the metal in the electrochemical series, the is the tendency of donate/release electrons (become more electropositive ). the metal atoms to tinggi besar Semakin kedudukan logam dalam siri elektrokimia, semakin kecenderungan atom elektropositif menderma/membebaskan logam untuk elektron (menjadi lebih ). Displacement of metals: The metal which is higher in the electrochemical series will donate/lose/release metal ion its electrons to the which is lower in the electrochemical series. oxidised and becomes thinner. The less electropositive metal The more electropositive metal will be reduced and deposited. / Penyesaran logam: Logam yang lebih tinggi dalam siri elektrokimia ion will be melepaskan ion logam yang berkedudukan lebih rendah dalam siri elektrokimia. akan elektronnya kepada pengoksidaan dan menjadi lebih nipis. Ion logam yang kurang Logam yang lebih elektropositif akan mengalami penurunan elektropositif akan mengalami dan terenap. Chemical cell / voltaic cell: The metal which is higher in the electrochemical series will become the negative release oxidation terminal and electrons. The metal undergoes and becomes thinner. positive terminal. The ion that The metal which is lower in the electrochemical series becomes the reduction and the mass of the positive terminal will is selected for discharge in the solution undergoes increase . The further the distance between two metals in the electrochemical series, the higher voltage the of the chemical cell. / Sel kimia: Logam yang lebih tinggi dalam siri elektrokimia akan menjadi negatif dan melepaskan elektron. Logam itu mengalami pengoksidaan dan menjadi lebih nipis. Logam terminal positif . Ion logam yang kurang elektropositif terpilih yang lebih rendah dalam siri elektrokimia menjadi terminal penurunan dan jisim terminal positif akan bertambah . Semakin jauh untuk dinyahcas dalam larutan mengalami voltan tinggi jarak antara dua logam dalam siri elektrokimia, semakin nilai sel kimia. gain/receive electrons and undergoes reduction at the Electrolysis: The selected cation will cathode release/lose its (connected to the negative terminal of battery). The selected anion will oxidation anode electrons and undergoes at the (connected to the positive terminal of battery). menerima elektron dan mengalami penurunan pada katod Elektrolisis: Kation yang terpilih akan melepaskan (elektrod yang disambung pada terminal negatif bateri). Anion yang terpilih akan elektronnya dan pengoksidaan pada anod (elektrod yang disambung pada terminal positif bateri). mengalami
2 Example of experiment / Contoh eksperimen: A piece of zinc metal plate is dipped in copper(II) sulphate solution as shown in the diagram. Sekeping logam zink dicelupkan dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah.
Zinc plate / Kepingan zink Copper(II) sulphate solution
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
a. Observation / Pemerhatian: becomes thinner . The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution becomes colourless . i. Zinc plate

brown ii. A solid is formed on the surface of the remaining part of the zinc plate. perang Pepejal berwarna terbentuk pada permukaan bahagian kepingan zink.
lebih nipis . Warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat bertukar menjadi tanpa warna . Kepingan zink menjadi
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b. Explanation / Penerangan: i. Redox reaction in terms of electron gain/loss Tindak balas redoks dari segi penerimaan/kehilangan elektron electrochemical series . Zinc atom releases/loses Zinc, Zn is above copper, Cu in the electrons to 2+ 2+ oxidation gains/receives form zinc ion, Zn . Hence, zinc undergoes . Copper(II) ion, Cu electrons copper atom, Cu . Copper(II) ion undergoes reduction . Zinc has reduced copper(II) ion. to form a reducing agent. Copper(II) ion has oxidised zinc. Copper(II) ion is an oxidising Therefore zinc is agent. siri elektrokimia melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk Zink, Zn berada di atas kuprum, Cu dalam . Atom zink 2+ 2+ pengoksidaan menerima ion zink, Zn . Maka, zink mengalami . Ion kuprum(II), Cu elektron untuk membentuk atom penurunan menurunkan kuprum Cu. Ion kuprum(II) mengalami . Zink telah ion kuprum(II). Oleh itu mengoksidakan pengoksidaan . penurunan zink ialah agen . Ion kuprum(II) telah zink. Ion kuprum(II) ialah agen Zn Zn2+ + 2e Oxidation half equation / Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan: Cu2+ + 2e Cu Reduction half equation / Persamaan setengah penurunan: 2+ 2+ Zn + Cu Zn + Cu Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: ii. Redox reaction in terms of change in oxidation number increases from 0 to +2 Zinc is undergoes oxidation as its oxidation number ion, Cu2+ . As copper(II) 2+ 2+ oxidised an oxidising causes zinc to be , copper(II) ion, Cu is agent. Copper(II) ion, Cu undergoes decreases from +2 to 0 reduction as oxidation number of copper in copper(II) ion . As zinc, Zn causes reduced , zinc, Zn is a reducing agent. copper(II) ion to be meningkat dari 0 kepada +2 . Oleh kerana ion Zink mengalami pengoksidaan apabila nombor pengoksidaannya 2+ pengoksidaan pengoksidaan . Ion kuprum(II), Cu menyebabkan Zn mengalami , ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ ialah agen 2+ berkurang +2 kepada 0 . Oleh kuprum(II), Cu mengalami penurunan apabila nombor pengoksidaannya daripada penurunan penurunan kerana zink, Zn menyebabkan ion kuprum(II) mengalami , zink, Zn ialah agen .
Tindak balas redoks dari segi perubahan nombor pengoksidaan
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Redox Reaction in Electrolytic and Chemical Cell/Voltaic Cell / Tindak Balas Redoks dalam Sel Elektrolisis dan Sel Kimia 1 Differences between an electrolytic cell and a chemical cell / Perbezaan di antara sel elektrolisis dan sel kimia Characteristic
Sifat
Electrolytic cell
Sel elektrolisis
v
Chemical cell
Sel kimia
v
Examples of setup of apparatus

Contoh susunan alat radas
Carbon electrode Electrolyte

Elektrolit Elektrod karbon
Zinc electrode Electrolyte

Elektrod zink Elektrolit
Copper electrode
Elektrod kuprum
C onsist of two electrodes (usually carbon/ two different or similar metals) batteries and are dipped in connected to an electrolyte using connecting wires. Terdiri daripada dua elektrod (kebiasaannya
karbon / dua logam yang berbeza ataupun bateri dan sama) yang bersambung dengan elektrolit dicelupkan dalam menggunakan wayar penyambung.
different metals C onsist of two an electrolyte dipped in and a voltmeter connected to connecting wires . using logam yang berbeza Terdiri daripada dua
yang dicelupkan dalam elektrolit dan voltmeter disambungkan kepada wayar penyambung . menggunakan
Structure
Struktur
Anode: the electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. Anod: Elektrod yang bersambung dengan
terminal bateri. positif
Negative terminal : the metal that is higher in electrochemical series (more electropositive).
lebih tinggi dalam siri elektrokimia (lebih elektropositif). Terminal negatif : logam yang
C athode: the electrode that is connected to negative terminal of the battery. the
Katod: Elektrod yang bersambung dengan negatif terminal bateri.
Positive terminal : the metal that is lower in the electrochemical series (less electropositive).
Terminal positif rendah dalam siri elektrokimia (kurang elektropositif).
: logam yang lebih
Direction of electron flow

Arah pengaliran elektron
anode (positive electrode) to From cathode (negative electrode) through the connecting wire . anod (elektrod positif) kepada Daripada katod (elektrod negatif) melalui wayar
penyambung.
negative terminal (more From positive terminal electropositive metal) to (less electropositive metal) through the connecting wire . terminal negatif (logam lebih Daripada - terminal positif elektropositif) kepada -
(logam kurang elektropositif) melalui wayar penyambung .
Energy conversion
Perubahan tenaga
Electrical energy Chemical energy elektrik kimia Tenaga Tenaga
Chemical energy Electrical energy kimia elektrik Tenaga Tenaga
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2 Redox reaction in an electrolytic cell and a chemical cell / Tindak balas redoks dalam sel elektrolisis dan sel kimia Electrolytic cell / Sel elektrolisis Anode / Anod Anion/metal atom loses its electrons and acts as a reducing agent. Cathode / Katod Cation in the gains electrolyte electrons and acts as an oxidising agent. Chemical cell / Sel kimia Positive terminal Negative terminal (anode) (cathode) Terminal negatif (anod) The more electropositive loses metal its electrons and acts as a reducing agent. The metal ion in the gains electrolyte electrons and acts as an oxidising agent.
Terminal positif (katod)
Transfer of electron
Permindahan elektron
Anion/atom logam kehilangan elektronnya dan bertindak sebagai agen penurunan .
Redox reaction
Tindak balas redoks
Anion/ Metal atom undergoes oxidation .
Kation dalam elektrolit menerima elektron dan bertindak sebagai pengoksidaan . agen
Logam yang lebih kehilangan elektropositif elektronnya dan bertindak sebagai agen penurunan .
Ion logam dalam elektrolit menerima elektron dan bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan .
Cation undergoes reduction .

Kation mengalami penurunan .
Anion/atom logam mengalami pengoksidaan .
The more electropositive metal undergoes oxidation .

Logam yang lebih elektropositif mengalami pengoksidaan .
The metal ion in the electrolyte undergoes reduction .
Ion logam dalam elektrolit penurunan . mengalami
Conclusions / Kesimpulan: Oxidation negative a. occurs at the anode in an electrolytic cell and at the terminal in a chemical cell. Pengoksidaan berlaku pada anod dalam sel elektrolisis dan pada terminal negatif dalam sel kimia. negative terminal is anode. The term anode is assigned for the electrode at which oxidation occurs, terminal negatif Istilah anod diberi kepada elektrod di mana pengoksidaan berlaku, ialah anod. Reduction occurs at the cathode in an electrolytic cell and at the positive terminal in a chemical cell. b. Penurunan berlaku pada katod dalam sel elektrolisis dan pada terminal positif sel kimia. positive terminal The term cathode is assigned for the electrode at which reduction occurs, is cathode. terminal positif Istilah katod diberi kepada elektrod di mana penurunan berlaku, ialah katod.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagram below shows the set-up of the apparatus used for the electrolysis of potassium sulphate solution.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk elektrolisis larutan kalium sulfat.
Potassium sulphate solution Carbon electrode X

Elektrod karbon X
A
Larutan kalium sulfat Elektrod karbon Y
Carbon electrode Y
a. State all the ions present in the electrolyte. / Nyatakan ion-ion yang terdapat dalam elektrolit. Potassium ion, sulphate ion, hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion. b. State the product formed at electrodes X and Y. / Namakan hasil yang terbentuk pada elektrod X dan Y. gas Hydrogen gas X: Oxygen Y: c. Write the half equation for the reaction at / Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di 2H+ + 2e H2 2H2O + O2 + 4e ii. electrode / elektrod Y: i. electrode / elektrod X: 4OH

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d. State the name of the ion which is / Nyatakan nama ion yang mengalami Hydroxide ion Hydrogen ion i. oxidised / pengoksidaan: ii. reduced / penurunan: e. State the name of the / Nyatakan nama Hydrogen ion ii. reducing agent / agen penurunan: Hydroxide ion i. oxidising agent / agen pengoksidaan: f. Calculate the oxidation number of sulphur in sulphate ion. Hitungkan nombor pengoksidaan bagi sulfur dalam ion sulfat. x + 4(2) = 2 x = +6
2 The table shows the concentration of sodium chloride in solutions X and Y.

Jadual menunjukkan kepekatan natrium klorida dalam larutan X dan Y.
0.001 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution

0.001 mol dm larutan natrium klorida
-3
Solution X / Larutan X
2.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution

2.0 mol dm-3 larutan natrium klorida
Solution Y / Larutan Y
Both solutions are electrolysed separately using carbon as electrodes.
Kedua-dua larutan dielektrolisiskan secara berasingan menggunakan karbon sebagai elektrod.
a. State the name of the products formed at the cathode and anode in the: Nyatakan nama hasil yang terbentuk pada katod dan anod dalam: i. electrolysis of solution X / elektrolisis larutan X: Hydrogen gas Oxygen gas Cathode / Katod: Anode / Anod: ii. electrolysis of solution Y / elektrolisis larutan Y: Hydrogen gas Chlorine gas Cathode / Katod: Anode / Anod: b. State the name of the substance oxidised in the: / Nyatakan nama bahan yang teroksida dalam: Hydroxide ion i. electrolysis of solution X / elektrolisis larutan X: Chloride ion ii. electrolysis of solution Y / elektrolisis larutan Y: c. State the name of the substance reduced in the: / Nyatakan nama bahan yang mengalami penurunan dalam: Hydrogen ion i. electrolysis of solution X / elektrolisis larutan X: Hydrogen ion ii. electrolysis of solution Y / ektrolisis larutan Y: d. The products collected at the anode in the electrolysis of solutions X and Y are different. Explain why.

Hydroxide ions, OH are selectively discharged to form oxygen and water in solution X. This is hydroxide ions, OH chloride ion, Cl because is lower than in the discharge series of anion. oksigen dan air Ion hidroksida, OH dipilih untuk dinyahcas dalam larutan X, membebaskan . Ini kerana
ion hidroksida, OH ion klorida, Cl
Hasil-hasil yang terkumpul pada anod dalam elektrolisis larutan X dan Y adalah berbeza. Terangkan mengapa.
lebih rendah berbanding dalam siri nyahcas anion. chloride ion, Cl chlorine gas The are selectively discharged in solution Y to form . This chloride ions, Cl hydroxide ions, OH . is because the concentration of is higher than gas klorin Ion klorida, Cl dipilih untuk dinyahcas dalam larutan Y untuk membebaskan . Ini
ion klorida, Cl ion hidroksida, OH . kerana kepekatan adalah lebih tinggi berbanding kepekatan
e. Write the half equation of the reaction that takes place at the anode for: Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada anod untuk: 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e i. electrolysis of solution X / elektrolisis larutan X: 2Cl Cl2 + 2e ii. electrolysis of solution Y / elektrolisis larutan Y:
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3 The diagram below shows the set-up of an apparatus for an experiment. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi suatu eksperimen.
v
Magnesium Magnesium sulphate solution
Magnesium Larutan magnesium sulfat
Copper / Kuprum Copper(II) sulphate solution / Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Porous pot / Pasu berliang
a. Which electrode is the negative terminal? / Elektrod yang manakah merupakan terminal negatif? Magnesium b. Write the observations at the / Tuliskan pemerhatian pada Magnesium electrode becomes thinner. i. negative terminal / terminal negatif: Copper electrode becomes thicker/brown solid deposited. ii. positive terminal / terminal positif: c. Write the half equation for the reaction that takes place at the Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di
d. Write the ionic equation for the reaction that takes place in the chemical cell above.
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam sel kimia di atas.
Mg Mg2+ + 2e i. negative terminal / terminal negatif: Cu2+ + 2e Cu ii. positive terminal / terminal positif:
Mg + Cu2+ Mg2+ + Cu e. State the name of the substance that is reduced in the above reaction. Nyatakan bahan yang mengalami penurunan dalam tindak balas di atas. ion/Copper(II) sulphate Copper(II) f. State the name of the substance that acts as a reducing agent in the above reaction. / Nyatakan nama bahan yang Magnesium g. How will the voltmeter reading change if the magnesium electrode in the magnesium sulphate solution is replaced by zinc electrode in zinc sulphate solution? / Bagaimanakah bacaan voltmeter akan berubah jika elektrod magnesium Voltmeter reading decreases. 4 You are provided with the following materials and apparatus./ Anda disediakan dengan bahan dan radas berikut.
Materials : Zinc plate, copper plate, glass tube, dilute sulphuric acid, zinc sulphate solution, copper(II) sulphate solution Bahan : Kepingan zink, kepingan kuprum, asid sulfurik cair, larutan zink sulfat, larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Apparatus : Beakers, connecting wire, voltmeter, glass tube Radas : Bikar, wayar penyambung, voltmeter, salur kaca dalam larutan magnesium sulfat digantikan dengan elektrod zink dalam larutan zink sulfat? bertindak sebagai agen penurunan dalam tindak balas di atas.
a. By using all the materials and apparatus provided, draw the set-up of the apparatus to produce electricity from chemical reactions. / Dengan menggunakan semua bahan dan radas yang disediakan, lukiskan susunan alat radas untuk
menghasilkan arus elektrik daripada tindak balas kimia.
e
Zinc Zinc sulphate
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Salt bridge
Copper Copper(II) sulphate
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b. i. State the name of the solution that is used as a salt bridge.

Nyatakan nama larutan yang digunakan sebagai titian garam.
ii. What is the function of the salt bridge? / Apakah fungsi titian garam? To allow the flow of ions so that the electric circuit is complete. c. Label on the set-up apparatus with the following: / Labelkan pada susunan alat radas yang berikut: i. Negative terminal / Terminal negatif ii. Positive terminal / Terminal positif iii. The direction of electron flow / Arah aliran elektron

Dilute sulphuric acid
d. Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs in: / Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di: Zn Zn2+ + 2e i. negative terminal / terminal negatif: Cu2+ + 2e Cu ii. positive terminal / terminal positif: e. State the name of the substance oxidised in the above reaction.

Zinc. f. State the name of the substance that acts as an oxidising agent in the above reaction.
Nyatakan nama bahan yang bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan dalam tindak balas di atas.
Nyatakan nama bahan yang teroksida dalam tindak balas di atas.
Copper(II) ion.
oxidisation spontaneously to its ion by losing 1 Corrosion of metal is a redox reaction in which a metal undergoes pengoksidaan secara spontan electrons to form metal ion. / Kakisan logam ialah tindak balas redoks di mana logam mengalami
kepada ion-ionnya dengan melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion logam. Example / Contoh:
Redox Reaction in Corrosion of Metal/Rusting of Iron / Tindak balas Redoks dalam Pengkakisan Logam/Pengaratan Besi
a. Corrosion of magnesium : Mg Mg2+ + 2e b. Corrosion of zinc : Zn Zn2+ + 2e c. Corrosion of iron : Fe Fe2+ + 2e 2 When metal corrodes, it usually forms a metal oxide coating.

Apabila logam terkakis, ia biasanya membentuk lapisan oksida logam. Example / Contoh:
a. Aluminium oxide is not porous and firmly coated the metal. Aluminium oxide will protect the aluminium underneath from further corrosion. This further explain the resistance of aluminium to corrosion even though it is higher in the electrochemical series (electropositive metal). Aluminium oksida adalah tidak poros dan menyaduri dengan kuat logam tersebut. Aluminium oksida akan melindungi
aluminium di bawahnya daripada terus terkakis. Ini menerangkan ketahanan aluminium terhadap kakisan walaupun ia berada kedudukan tinggi dalam siri elektrokimia (logam elektropositif).
b. Other metals with similar property are zinc, lead, nickel and chromium. Logam lain yang mempunyai sifat yang sama adalah zink, plumbum, nikel dan kromium. corrosion of iron. Rusting of iron takes place when iron corrodes in the presence of 3 Rusting of iron is water oxygen redox oxygen and . It is a reaction whereby acts as an oxidising agent while iron acts as a reducing agent. kakisan terkakis air Pengaratan besi ialah besi. Pengaratan besi berlaku apabila besi dalam kehadiran oksigen redoks oksigen dan . Ia adalah tindak balas di mana bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan sementara besi bertindak sebagai agen penurunan.
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4 Mechanism of rusting of iron / Mekanisme pengaratan besi a. When iron is in contact with water, a simple chemical cell is formed. The surface of water droplet exposed to the air has a tendency to gain electrons. The diagram below shows the reactions involved in the formation of rust.
Apabila besi bersentuhan dengan air, sel kimia ringkas terbentuk. Permukaan air yang terdedah kepada udara cenderung untuk menerima elektron. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas yang terlibat dalam pembentukan karat.
O2 Fe2O3.xH2O (rust / karat) O2 Fe2O3.xH2O (rust / karat) Water droplet
Titisan air
Fe2+
Fe2+
O2
Cathode (positive terminal) O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e 4

Katod (terminal positif)
Cathode (positive terminal) Anode (negative terminal) Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2e

Anod (terminal negatif)
O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e 4 Iron / Besi
Katod (terminal positif)
anode b. The surface of iron at A with lower concentration of oxygen becomes an (negative terminal), the oxidation occurs. Iron atom loses oxidised to form iron(II) electrode at which electrons and is anod ion, Fe2+: / Permukaan ferum pada A dengan kepekatan oksigen yang lebih rendah menjadi (terminal negatif), pengoksidaan melepaskan pengoksidaan untuk elektrod di mana berlaku. Atom ferum, Fe elektron dan mengalami
membentuk ion ferum(II), Fe2+ :
Oxidation half equation / Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan: Fe(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2e
c. The electrons flow through iron to the edge of the water droplet at B, where the concentration of oxygen here is higher cathode reduction . The iron surface at B becomes (positive terminal), the electrode at which reduced to form hydroxide ions, OH. occurs. Oxygen molecule, O2 gains electrons and is tinggi . Elektron mengalir melalui ferum kepada hujung titisan air di B, di mana kepekatan oksigen di situ adalah lebih katod penurunan Permukaan ferum di B menjadi (terminal positif), elektrod di mana berlaku. Oksigen molekul, penurunan untuk membentuk ion hidroksida, OH. O2 menerima elektron dan mengalami O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH(aq) Reduction half equation / Persamaan setengah penurunan: d. The iron(II) ion, Fe2+ produced combines with hydroxide ions, OH to form iron(II) hydroxide. Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ yang dihasilkan bergabung dengan ion hidroksida, OH untuk membentuk ferum(II) hidroksida. e. Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ is green but rust is brown because iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 undergoes further oxidation by oxygen to form hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3. xH2O (rust). x is an integer whereby the value varies. / Ion ferum(II),
Fe2+ berwarna hijau tetapi karat berwarna perang kerana ferum(II) hidroksida, Fe(OH)2 melalui pengoksidaan oleh oksigen untuk membentuk ferum(III) oksida terhidrat, Fe2O3. xH2O (karat). x ialah integer yang mempunyai pelbagai nilai. Pengoksidaan
Fe(OH)2(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Oxidation
Fe(OH)2(s)
Fe2O3. xH2O(s)
f. Rust is brittle, porous and not tightly packed. Thus, water and oxygen can penetrate the metal underneath. Iron will undergo continuous corrosion. / Karat adalah rapuh, poros dan tidak melekat dengan kuat. Oleh itu air dan oksigen boleh
meresap kepada logam besi yang berada di bawahnya. Besi akan mengalami pengaratan yang berterusan.
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acid salt 5 Rusting of iron occurs faster in the presence of or because when these substances dissolve electrolyte . An electrolyte will increase the electrical conductivity of in water, the solutions become better water. Iron structures at coastal and industrial areas rust faster because of: asid garam atau kerana apabila bahan-bahan ini Pengaratan besi berlaku dengan lebih cepat dalam kehadiran elektrolit yang lebih baik. Elektrolit akan meningkatkan kekonduksian arus elektrik melarut dalam air, larutan menjadi ii. the presence of acidic gases in industrial area such as sulphur dioxide, SO2 and nitrogen dioxide, NO2. kehadiran gas berasid di kawasan perindustrian seperti sulfur dioksida, SO2 dan nitrogen dioksida, NO2. 6 Controlling metal corrosion / Mengawal pengkakisan logam a. Metal corrosion can be controlled using other metal: Pengkakisan logam boleh dikawal dengan menggunakan logam lain:
Iron does not corrode if it is in contact with Mg, A1 and Zn
Besi tidak terkakis apabila ia bersentuhan dengan Mg, A1 dan Zn
bagi air. Struktur besi di persisiran pantai dan kawasan perindustrian berkarat dengan lebih cepat kerana: i. the presence of salt in the coastal breeze / kehadiran garam dalam bayu laut
Iron corrodes if it is in contact with Sn, Pb and Cu

Besi terkakis jika ia bersentuhan dengan Sn, Pb dan Cu
K Na Ca Mg A1 Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu Ag increases (more electropositive) Ease of releasing electron meningkat (lebih elektropositif) Kesenangan untuk melepaskan elektron
prevented . Zinc b. When iron is in contact with more electropositive metal for example zinc, rusting of iron is 2+ releases electrons to form zinc iron, Zn . Zinc corrodes or undergoes oxidation instead of iron. atom, Zn terhalang . Atom zink, Apabila besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang lebih elektropositif seperti zink, pengaratan besi melepaskan pengoksidaan Zn elektron dengan lebih mudah berbanding ferum. Zink terkakis atau mengalami , bukannya
besi.
The electrons that are released flow through the iron to the metal surface where there is water and oxygen.
Elektron yang dibebaskan mengalir melalui besi kepada permukaan logam di mana terdapatnya air dan oksigen.
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e Oxidation half equation / Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
Reduction half equation / Persamaan setengah penurunan:
4OH(aq)
less electropositive metal for example lead, rusting of iron is faster . Iron atom, c. W hen iron is in contact with corrodes/rusts oxidation instead Fe loses electrons to form iron(II) ion, Fe2+. Hence, iron or undergoes of lead. / Apabila besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang kurang elektropositif seperti plumbum, pengaratan besi menjadi lebih
cepat. Atom ferum kehilangan elektron membentuk ion ferum(II), Fe2+. Maka, besi terkakis/berkarat atau teroksida, bukannya plumbum.
Oxidation half equation / Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan:
Fe(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2e
faster the more electropositive metal corrodes. d. The further apart the metals in the electrochemical series are, the A piece of iron, Fe which is in contact with copper, Cu rusts faster than the iron, Fe in contact with tin, Sn. Sekeping besi, Fe yang bersentuhan dengan kuprum, Cu berkarat dengan lebih cepat berbanding besi, Fe yang bersentuhan
dengan timah, Sn. cepat Semakin jauh dua logam dalam siri elektrokimia, semakin logam yang lebih elektropositif berkarat. Example / Contoh:
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Example of experiment: / Contoh eksperimen: The diagram below shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment to investigate the effect of metal zink and copper in contact with the rusting of ion nail. The observation of experiment is recorded after two days.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan sentuhan logam zink dan kuprum ke atas pengaratan paku besi. Pemerhatian eksperimen direkod selepas dua hari.
Experiment
Eksperimen
Observation after two days

Pemerhatian selepas dua hari
Remark / Catatan
Inference / Inferens Pink colour shows the present of hydroxide ion, OH Warna merah jambu menunjukkan kehadiran ion hidroksida,OH No blue spots. No iron(II) ions, Fe2+ present Tiada warna biru. Tiada ion ferum(II), Fe2+ hadir Iron does not rust Besi tidak berkarat Explanation / Penerangan Magnesium is more electropositive than iron Magnesium adalah lebih elektropositif daripada besi Magnesium atom releases electrons to form magnesium ion, Mg2+
Atom magnesium melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion magnesium, Mg2+ Magnesium yang mengalami pengoksidaan atau terkakis dan bukannya besi Persamaan setengah: Mg Mg2+ + 2e Elektron mengalir ke permukaan besi
Hot jelly solution + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) + phenolphtalein

Larutan agar-agar panas + potassium hesaksianoferat(III) + fenolftalein
High intensity of pink spots

Keamatan warna merah jambu yang tinggi
Magnesium undergoes oxidation or corrodes instead of iron

Paku besi + magnesium

Paku besi + magnesium
Oxidation half equation: Mg Mg2+ + 2e Electrons flow to the surface of iron Water and oxygen molecules receive electrons to form hydroxide ions, OH
Molekul air dan oksigen menerima elektron umtuk membentuk ion hidroksida, OH Persamaan setengah penurunan: H2O + O2 + 4e 4OH
Reduction half equation: H2O + O2 + 4e + 4OH

Hot jelly solution + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) + phenolphtalein

Larutan agar-agar panas + kalium hesaksianoferat(III) + fenolftalein
Inference / Inferens High intensity of blue spots shows the presence of high concentration iron(II) ions, Fe2+ Keamatan warna biru yang tinggi menunjukkan kehadiran ion ferum(II), Fe2+ Iron rusts / Besi berkarat High intensity of blue colouration
Keamatan warna biru yang tinggi.
Explanation / Penerangan Iron is more electropositive than copper

Ion nail + copper
Besi adalah lebih electropositif daripada kuprum
Iron atom releases electrons to form iron(II) ion, Fe2+

Atom ferum melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion ferum(II), Fe2+
Paku besi + kuprum
Iron undergoes oxidation or rusts instead of copper

Besi mengalami pengoksidaan atau berkarat dan bukannya kuprum
Oxidation half equation: Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan: Fe Fe2+ + 2e
7 Methods to prevent rusting / Kaedah-kaedah untuk menghalang pengaratan a. To prevent rusting, iron must be prevented from contacting with oxygen from the air and water. Untuk menghalang pengaratan, besi mesti dihalang daripada bersentuhan dengan oksigen daripada udara dan air. b. The common methods to prevent rusting of iron: Kaedah yang biasa digunakan untuk menghalang pengaratan ferum adalah: i. Alloying. Stainless steel is an alloy, made up of iron, nickel and chromium. Pengaloian. Keluli tahan karat adalah aloi yang terdiri daripada ferum, nikel dan kromium. ii. Using protective coating for example greasing, using paints, electroplating and galvanising. Menggunakan lapisan pelindung, contohnya dengan menggunakan gris, cat, penyaduran elektrik dan penggalvanian.
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iii. Sacrificial protection. Iron is attached to a more electropositive metal such as zinc or magnesium. / Perlindungan Example / Contoh: Zinc bars are fixed to the part of ship that submerged in water. Zinc bars need to be replaced after a certain period of time because they corrode, instead of iron. Rod zink disambungkan kepada bahagian kapal yang tenggelam dalam air. Rod zink perlu digantikan selepas masa
yang tertentu kerana ia terkakis, sebagai ganti kepada besi. korban. Besi diikat dengan logam yang lebih elektropositif seperti zink atau magnesium.
Underground pipelines are attached to blocks of magnesium or bags of magnesium scrap. Magnesium bars need to be replaced after a certain period of time because they corrode, instead of iron. / Paip di bawah
tanah dipasangkan pada blok magnesium atau beg-beg yang diletakkan kepingan-kepingan magnesium. Bahan-bahan magnesium perlu digantikan selepas masa yang tertentu kerana ia mengalami kakisan, menggantikan besi.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagram below shows the set-up of the apparatus to study the effect of other metals on the rusting of iron nails.
Rajah menunjukkan susunan alat radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji kesan logam-logam lain ke atas pengaratan paku besi. Jelly + phenolphthalein + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
Agar-agar + fenolftalein + larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III)
Zinc + iron nail

Zink + paku besi
Magnesium + iron nail

Magnesium + paku besi
P Q R
Iron nail
paku besi
S
Copper + iron nail
Kuprum + paku besi
a. What is the function of / Apakah fungsi

To detect the presence of hydroxide ion, OH i. phenolphthalein / fenolftalein? ii. potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution / larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III)?
b. State your observation for each test tube P, Q, R and S after one day. / Nyatakan pemerhatian anda bagi setiap tabung uji
P. Q, R dan S selepas satu hari. detect the presence of hydroxide ion, OH i. Test tube / Tabung uji P: To intensity of pink colouration around the iron nail. ii. Test tube / Tabung uji Q: High intensity of blue colouration around the iron nail. iii. Test tube / Tabung uji R: Low intensity of blue colouration around the iron nail. iv. Test tube / Tabung uji S: High c. Based on the observations, / Berdasarkan pemerhatian,
To detect the presence of iron(II) ion, Fe2+
i. state the metals that can prevent the rusting of iron.

Zinc and Magnesium ii. state the metal that can accelerate the rusting of iron. Copper d. i. State the type of reaction that takes place when iron rusts. Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku apabila besi berkarat. Oxidation ii. Write the half equation for the reaction in (d)(i). / Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di (d)(i). Fe2+ + 2e Fe e. What is the purpose of test tube R in this experiment? / Apakah fungsi tabung uji R dalam eksperimen ini? As a control experiment.
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nyatakan logam yang boleh mempercepatkan pengaratan besi.
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2 The diagram below shows three iron nails that are coiled with tin, metal Y and metal Z respectively and placed in three different beakers. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga batang paku besi yang masing-masing dililit dengan timah, logam Y dan
logam Z dan diletakkan ke dalam tiga buah bikar yang berbeza.
Beaker
Bikar
Pemerhatian selepas beberapa hari
Observation after a few days
A
Paku besi + timah
Iron nail + tin
Jelly + phenolphthalein + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) Low intensity of blue spots around the iron nail. solution Keamatan tompok biru yang rendah di sekeliling paku
Agar-agar + fenolftalein + larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III) besi.
B
Iron nail + Y
Paku besi + Y
Jelly + phenolphthalein + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution

Low intensity of pink spots around the iron.

Keamatan tompok merah jambu yang rendah di sekeliling paku besi.
C
Iron nail + Z
Paku besi + Z
Jelly + phenolphthalein + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution

High intensity of blue spots around the iron nail.

Keamatan tompok biru yang tinggi di sekeliling paku besi.
a. i. State the name the ions that give blue spots in beakers A and C. Nyatakan nama ion yang memberi warna biru tompok dalam bikar A dan C. ii. Write half equation to represent the the formation of ion in (a)(i). Tulis persamaan setengah untuk menunjukkan pembentukkan ion dalam (a)(i). Fe2+(aq) + 2e Fe(s)
Iron(II) ion
b. i. ii.

Name the ions that give pink spots in beaker B. / Namakan ion yang memberi tompok merah jambu dalam bikar B.
Hydroxide ion
Write half equation to represent the formation of ion in (b)(i).

Tuliskan persamaan setengah yang mewakili pembentukan ion di (b)(i).
2H2O + O2 + 4e- 4OH c. Suggest one possible metal for / Cadangkan satu logam yang mungkin untuk Magnesium/Zinc Copper/silver Y: Z: d. For the chemical changes that takes place in beaker B, write the oxidation half equation. Bagi perubahan kimia yang berlaku dalam bikar B, tuliskan persamaan setengah pengoksidaan. Mg Mg2+ + 2e // Zn Zn2+ + 2e e. Based on the observations, arrange the metals tin, iron, Y and Z in an ascending order of their electropositivity. Z, Sn, Fe, Y f. The iron nail in which beaker does not rust? Explain your answer. Dalam bikar manakah paku besi tidak berkarat? Terangkan jawapan anda. Beaker B. The pink spots show the presence of OH- ions. Atom Y releases electrons to form Y2+ ion because Y is electropositive than Fe. The electrons flow to the surface of iron and accepted by oxygen and water more molecules to form hydroxide ions, OH. g. The iron nail in which beaker rusts? Explain your answer. Dalam bikar manakah paku besi berkarat? Terangkan jawapan anda. Beakers A and C. Blue spots show the present of iron(II) ions, Fe2+. Iron atom releases electrons and is oxidised to ion iron(II), Fe2+ because iron is more electropositive than metal Z and tin.
Berdasarkan pemerhatian, susunkan logam timah, ferum, Y dan Z secara meningkat mengikut keelektropositifannya.
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Redox Reaction in Displacement of Halogen from its Halide Solution
Tindak Balas Redoks dalam Penyesaran Halogen daripada Larutan Halidanya
1 Reactivity series of halogen and halide: / Siri kereaktifan halogen dan halida:
S ize of a halogen atom decreases. Saiz atom halogen berkurang. T he tendency for a halogen, X2 to receive electrons and become halide, X increases. Kecenderungan halogen, X2
untuk menerima elektron dan menjadi halida, X meningkat.
HALOGEN / HALOGEN Chlorine molecule: Cl2 (Chlorine water)

Molekul klorin : Cl2 (Air klorin)
HALIDE / HALIDA Chloride ion: Cl (Potassium chloride solution)
Ion klorida: Cl (Larutan kalium klorida)
T he tendency for a halide, Y to release electron to become halogen, Y2 increases. Kecenderungan halida, Y untuk melepaskan elektron untuk menjadi halogen, Y2 meningkat. I odide ion, I is the reducing strongest agent follows by bromide ion, Br. Ion iodida, I adalah agen penurunan paling kuat diikuti oleh ion bromida, Br. C hloride ion, Cl is the reducing weakest agent. Ion klorida, Cl adalah penurunan yang agen paling lemah.
Chlorine is the strongest oxidising agent follows by bromine. Klorin adalah agen
pengoksidaan paling kuat diikuti oleh bromin.
Bromine molecule: Br2 (Bromine water)

Molekul bromin: Br2 (Air bromin)
Ion bromida: Br(Larutan kalium bromida)
Bromide ion: Br (Potassium bromide solution)
Iodine is the weakest oxidising agent. Iodin adalah agen
Iodine molecule: I2 (Iodine water)

Molekul iodin: I2 (Air iodin)
pengoksidaan paling lemah.
Ion iodida: I (Larutan kalium iodida)
Iodide ion: I (Potassium iodide solution)
halogen electrons from halides that are less electronegative. More 2 The more electronegative can attract displaces less electronegative halogen from its halide electronegative halogen solution. elektron Halogen yang lebih elektronegatif boleh menarik daripada halida yang kurang elektronegatif, halogen yang gains an oxidising agent. By doing so, the more 3 More electronegative halogen electrons and acts as reduction electronegative halogen undergoes to form halide ions. menerima elektron dan bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan . Dengan ini, halogen yang Halogen yang lebih elektronegatif
penurunan untuk membentuk ion halida. lebih elektronegatif mengalami menyesarkan halogen yang kurang elektronegatif daripada larutan halidanya. lebih elektronegatif
X2 + 2e
(Example: Chlorine, Cl2 and bromine, Br2) / (Contoh: Klorin,Cl2 dan bromin, Br2)
2X, X2 represents more electronegative halogen / mewakili halogen yang lebih elektronegatif
4 The halide ions of the less electronegative halogen lose their electrons and acts as a reducing agent. By doing so, the halides undergo oxidation to form halogen molecule. Ion halida bagi halogen yang kurang elektronegatif melepaskan elektronnya dan bertindak sebagai agen penurunan. Dengan ini,
ion halida yang kurang elektronegatif mengalami pengoksidaan untuk membentuk molekul halogen.
2Y
Y2 + 2e, Y represents halide ion of the less electronegative halogen

Y mewakili ion halida bagi halogen yang kurang elektronegatif
(Example: bromide, Br and iodide, I) / (Contoh: bromida, Br dan iodida, I)
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5 Determine whether the following reactions will occur. If the reaction occurs, mark and if not, mark .

6 Example of experiment / Contoh eksperimen: A few drops of chlorine water are added to 2 cm3 of potassium iodide solution and the mixture is then shaken thoroughly.
Beberapa titik air klorin ditambahkan kepada 2 cm3 larutan kalium iodida dan campuran tersebut kemudiannya digoncangkan. Chlorine water / Air klorin
Tentukan sama ada tindak balas yang berikut akan berlaku. Jika tindak balas berlaku, tandakan dan jika tdak, tandakan . a. Bromine, Br2 + Potassium chloride, KCl / Bromin, Br2 + Kalium klorida, KCl ( 7 ) b. Chlorine, Cl2 + Potassium bromide, KBr / Klorin, Cl2 + Kalium bromida, KBr ( 3 ) ( 3 ) c. Bromine, Br2 + Potassium iodide, KI / Bromin, Br2 + Kalium iodida, KI ( 3 ) d. Chlorine, Cl2 + Potassium iodide, KI / Klorin, Cl2 + Kalium iodida, KI ( 7 ) e. Iodine, I2 + Potassium bromide, KBr / Iodin, I2 + Kalium bromida, KBr ( 7 ) f. Iodine, I2 + Potassium chloride, KCl / Iodin, I2 + Kalium klorida, KCl
Potassium iodide solution / Larutan kalium iodida
perang. Apabila beberapa titik larutan kanji ditambah, warna larutan berubah daripada perang kepada biru tua.
The colourless potassium iodide turns brown. When a few drops of starch solution are added, the solution changes colour from brown to dark blue. / Kalium iodida yang tanpa warna berubah kepada warna
Observation / Pemerhatian
Inference / Inferens - Iodine formed / Iodin terbentuk - Iodide ion has changed to iodine molecules Ion iodida menjadi molekul iodin
Conclusion / Kesimpulan: lose electrons to form iodine molecule, I2. Iodide ions undergo oxidation . a. Iodide ions, I melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk molekul iodin, I . Ion iodida mengalami pengoksidaan . Ion iodida, I 2 2I I2 + 2e pengoksidaan Oxidation half equation / Persamaan setengah :
gains electron to form chloride ions. Cl. Chlorine molecule undergoes reduction . b. Chlorine molecule, Cl2 menerima elektron penurunan . Molekul klorin, Cl2 untuk membentuk ion klorida. Cl. Klorin mengalami C12 + 2e 2C1 penurunan Reduction half equation / Persamaan setengah : reduced chlorine molecule, Cl2. Iodide ion is an oxidising agent. Chlorine molecule, Cl2 has c. Iodide ions have oxidised iodide ions. Chlorine is a reducing agent. menurunkan molekul klorin, Cl . Ion iodida ialah agen penurunan . Klorin, Cl telah mengoksidakan Ion iodida telah 2 2 pengoksidaan . ion iodida. Klorin ialah agen C12 + 21 2C1 + 12 Ionic equation / Persamaan ion:
Klorin Chlorine has displaced iodine potassium iodide solution d. from . / telah menyesarkan iodin larutan kalium iodida daripada .
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7 Colour of halogen in aqueous cannot be differentiated in aqueous solution, especially bromine and iodine. The presence of halogens is confirmed using 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3. / Warna halogen dalam larutan akueus tidak dapat dibezakan,
terutamanya bromin dan iodin. Kehadiran halogen disahkan dengan menggunakan 1, 1, 1-trikloroetana, CH3CCl3.
Halogen
Halogen
Colour in aqueous solution

Warna dalam larutan akueus
Colour in 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3

Warna dalam 1, 1, 1-trikloroetana, CH3CCl3
Chlorine, Cl2
Klorin, Cl2
Pale yellow or colourless
Kuning pucat atau tanpa warna
Pale yellow or colourless
Kuning pucat atau tanpa warna
Bromine, Br2
Bromin, Br2
Brown / yellowish brown / yellow (depending on concentration)

Perang/ perang kekuningan / kuning (bergantung pada kepekatan)
Perang / perang kekuningan / kuning (bergantung pada kepekatan)
Iodine, I2
Iodin, I2

Perang / perang kekuningan / kuning (bergantung pada kepekatan)
Purple
Ungu
8 Two layers are formed when an aqueous solution of halogen is mixed with 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane. The denser 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane will be at the bottom and less dense aqueous solution will be at the top.

Dua lapisan terbentuk apabila larutan akueus halogen dicampurkan dengan 1, 1, 1-trikloroetana. 1, 1, 1-trikloroetana yang lebih tumpat akan berada di bawah dan larutan akueus yang kurang tumpat berada di atas.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 The diagram below shows bromine water is added to potassium iodide solution until no further change. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan air bromin ditambahkan kepada larutan kalium iodida sehingga tiada lagi perubahan.
Bromine water / Air bromin
Potassium iodide solution / Larutan kalium iodida
1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3 is then added to the test tube and the mixture is shaken well. a. i. State the colour of the 1,1,1-trichloroethane layer after being shaken. Nyatakan warna lapisan 1,1,1 trikloroetanan selepas digoncangkan.
Purple
1, 1, 1-trikloroetana, CH3CCl3 kemudiannya ditambah ke dalam tabung uji dan campuran tersebut digoncangkan.
ii. State the name of product formed in the reaction that causes the colour change. Nyatakan nama hasil yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas yang menyebabkan perubahan warna. iii. Write half equation for the reaction. / Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas tersebut. I2 + 2e 2I
Iodine
c. Write the ionic equation for the reaction. / Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas tersebut. + 2I 2Br + I2 Br 2
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b. i. What is the function of bromine water in the reaction? / Apakah fungsi air bromin dalam tindak balas? oxidising agent An ii. Write half equation for the reaction. / Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas tersebut. + 2e 2Br Br 2
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d. State the change in oxidation number of / Nyatakan perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan bagi 0 to 1 i. bromine in bromine water / bromin dalam air bromin : 1 to 0 ii. iodine in potassium iodide / iodin dalam kalium iodida : e. Suggest other halogen that can replace bromine water so that iodine is also formed. Cadangkan halogen lain yang boleh menggantikan air bromin supaya iodin juga terbentuk.
Chlorine
Redox Reaction in the Change of Fe2+ Fe3+ and Fe3+ Fe2+
Tindak Balas Redoks dalam Perubahan Fe2+ Fe3+ dan Fe3+ Fe2+
1 Changing of iron(II) ion, Fe2+ to iron(III) ion, Fe3+: / Mengubah ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+: Procedure / Kaedah: 1. 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution is poured in a test tube.
Bromine water
Air bromin
2. U sing a dropper, bromine water is added drop by drop to the solution until no further changes are observed. Menggunakan penitis, air bromin ditambahkan titik demi titik ke dalam larutan 3. The mixture is shaken and warmed gently. Campuran tersebut digoncang dan dipanaskan perlahan-lahan. 4. Sodium hydroxide solution is added slowly until excess and the changes are recorded. / Larutan natrium hidroksida ditambahkan perlahan-lahan
sehingga berlebihan dan semua perubahan direkodkan. sehingga tiada perubahan yang dapat diperhatikan.
Masukkan 2 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat ke dalam tabung uji.
Iron(II) sulphate solution

Larutan ferum(II) sulfat
a. Observation for the change of iron(II) ion, Fe2+ to iron(III) ion, Fe3+:

Pemerhatian bagi perubahan ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+: perang tanpa warna . Air bromin berubah warna dari kepada
i. ii.
brown colourless . Bromine water changes colour from to pale green to yellow Iron(II) solution changes colour from .
hijau pucat kepada perang Larutan ferum(II) berubah warna dari .
b. Confirmatory test / Ujian pengesahan: brown When sodium hydroxide solution is added to the solution until excess, a precipitate is formed. It is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution. perang Apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambahkan kepada larutan tersebut sehingga berlebihan, mendakan c. Inference: / Inferens: 2+ pale green of iron(II) sulphate solution turns yellow oxidised i. The because iron(II) ions Fe are 3+ hijau pucat larutan ferum(II) sulfat bertukar menjadi kuning to iron(III) ion, Fe . / Warna kerana ion brown ii. The precipitate formed when tested with sodium hydroxide solution confirms the presence perang of iron(III) ion, Fe3+. / Warna mendakan terbentuk apabila diuji dengan larutan natrium hidroksida
mengesahkan kehadiran ion ferum(III), Fe3+. teroksida kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+. ferum(II) Fe2+ tak larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan. terbentuk. Ia
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d. Conclusion / Kesimpulan: 3+ reduction by gaining i. Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ undergoes electron to form iron(III) ion, Fe . / Ion ferum(II), pengoksidaan dengan melepaskan elektronnya untuk membentuk ion ferum(III), Fe3+. Fe2+ mengalami Fe2+ Fe3+ + e Oxidation half equation / Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan: an oxidising agent. Bromine molecule gains ii. Bromine water, Br2 added is electrons and undergoes pengoksidaan . Molekul bromin reduction to form bromide ion, Br. Air bromin, Br2 yang ditambah adalah agen menerima elektron dan mengalami penurunan untuk membentuk ion bromida, Br. Br2 + 2e 2Br Reduction half equation / Persamaan setengah penurunan:
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e. O ther oxidising agents that can replace bromine water to change iron(II) ion, Fe2+ to iron(III) ion, Fe3+ are: / Agen pengoksidaan lain yang boleh menggantikan air bromin untuk mengubah ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada ion
ferum(III), Fe3+ adalah:
oxidised iron (II) ion, Fe2+. Bromine is an oxidising agent. Iron (II) ion, Fe2+ has reduced iii. Bromine has a reducing agent. bromine molecule. Iron (II) ion, Fe2+ is mengoksidakan ion ferum(II), Fe2+. Bromin ialah agen pengoksidaan . Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ telah Bromin telah menurunkan molekul bromin. Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ ialah agen penurunan . Br2 + 2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 2Br Ionic equation / Persamaan ion:
Oxidising agent / Agen pengoksidaan Chlorine water / Air klorin Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution
Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
Reduction half equation / P ersamaan setengah penurunan
Cl2 + 2e 2ClMnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
2 Changing of iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion, Fe2+ / Mengubah ion ferum(III), Fe3+ kepada ion ferum(II), Fe2+
Excess zinc powder Serbuk zink berlebihan
Iron(III) sulphate Ferum(III) sulfat
Procedure: / Kaedah: 1. 2 cm3 of iron(III) sulphate solution is poured in a test tube. Masukkan 2 cm3 larutan ferum(III) sulfat ke dalam tabung uji. 2. Half spatula of zinc powder is added into the solution. Separuh spatula serbuk zink ditambah ke dalam larutan. 3. The mixture is shaken and warmed gently. Campuran digoncangkan dan dipanaskan perlahan-lahan. 4. The mixture is filtered. / Campuran tersebut dituras. 5. Sodium hydroxide solution is added to the filtrate slowly until excess and the changes are recorded. Larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan ditambah kepada hasil turasan perlahanlahan sehingga berlebihan dan semua perubahan direkodkan.
a. Observations for the change of iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion, Fe2+:
Pemerhatian bagi perubahan ion ferum(III), Fe3+ kepada ion ferum(II), Fe2+: hijau pucat . perang Larutan ferum(III) berubah warna dari kepada terlarut dissolved ii. Some zinc powder . / Sedikit serbuk zink . b. Confirmatory test / Ujian pengesahan
brown pale green . i. Iron(III) solution changes colour from to
green When sodium hydroxide solution is added to the solution until excess, a precipitate is formed. It insoluble is in excess sodium hydroxide solution. / Apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambahkan ke dalam hiau tidak larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida larutan tersebut sehingga berlebihan, mendakan terbentuk. Ia
berlebihan.
c. Inference / Inferens: brown pale green because iron(III) ions, Fe3+ are i. The colour of iron(III) sulphate solution turns 2+ perang hijau pucat reduced ion, Fe . / Warna larutan ferum(III) sulfat bertukar menjadi to iron(II) 3+ 2+ penurunan kepada ion ferum(II), Fe . kerana ion ferum(III), Fe mengalami green ii. The precipitate formed when tested with sodium hydroxide solution confirms the presence hijau terbentuk apabila diuji dengan larutan natrium hidroksida mengesahkan of iron(II) ion, Fe2+. / Mendakan
kehadiran ion ferum(II), Fe2+. d. Conclusion / Kesimpulan:
2+ reduction by gaining i. Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ undergoes electron to form iron(II) ion, Fe 3+ penurunan menerima Ion ferum(III), Fe mengalami dengan elektron untuk membentuk ion ferum(II), Fe2+ Fe3+ + e Fe2+ Reduction half equation / Persamaan setengah penurunan:
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a reducing agent. Zinc atom loses oxidation ii. Zinc, Zn added is electrons and undergoes to form 2+ penurunan melepaskan zinc ion, Zn . / Zink, Zn yang ditambah adalah agen . Atom zink elektron dan mengalami
pengoksidaan untuk membentuk ion zink, Zn2+.
Oxidation half equation / Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan:
Zn
Zn2+ + 2e
a reducing agent. Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ has oxidised reduced iii. Zinc has iron (III) ion, Fe3+. Zinc is 3+ menurunkan ion ferum(III), Fe3+. Zink ialah agen an oxidising agent. / Zink telah zinc. Iron(III) ion, Fe is 3+ penurunan mengoksidakan pengoksidaan . Ion ferum(III), Fe telah zink. Ion ferum(III) ialah agen . Zn + 2Fe3+ Zn2+ + 2Fe2+ Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: e. Other reducing agents that can replace zinc to change iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion, Fe2+ are / Agen penurunan lain
yang boleh menggantikan zink untuk mengubah ion ferum(III), Fe3+ kepada ion ferum(II), Fe2+ adalah
Reducing agent / Agen penurunan Magnesium, Mg

Magnesium, Mg
Oxidation half equation / Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan Mg Mg2+ + 2e SO42 + 4H+ + 2e
Sulphur dioxide, SO2

Sulfur dioksida, SO2
SO2 + 2H2O H2S
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S

Hidrogen sulfida, H2S
2H+ + S + 2e SO42 + 2H+ + 2e
Larutan natrium sulfit, Na2SO3
Sodium sulphite solution, Na2SO3
SO32 + H2O
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The following is an equation represents a redox reaction. / Berikut adalah satu persamaan yang mewakili suatu tindak balas
redoks.
H2S(g) + 2Fe3+(aq)
2Fe2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + S(s)
For the given redox reaction: / Bagi tindak balas redoks yang diberikan: a. Write half equation for / Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi H2S 2H+ + S + 2e i. oxidation / pengoksidaan: 3+ Fe + e Fe2+ ii. reduction / penurunan: b. State the name of the substance that acts as / Nyatakan nama bahan yang bertindak sebagai Iron(III) ion i. an oxidising agent / agen pengoksidaan: Hydrogen sulphide ii. a reducing agent / agen penurunan: c. State the change in oxidation number of the / Nyatakan perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan bagi i. oxidising agent / agen pengoksidaan: number of iron in iron(III) decreases from +3 to +2 Oxidation ii. reducing agent / agen penurunan: number of sulphur in hydrogen sulphide increases from 2 to 0 Oxidation
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2 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the reactions that take place in test tubes X, Y and Z. Complete the following table to explain redox reactions in the three test tubes.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk mengkaji tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tabung uji X, Y dan Z. Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk menghuraikan tindak balas redoks dalam ketiga-tiga tabung uji.
X Experiment
Eksperimen Copper plate
Y
Larutan kalium menganat(VII) berasid Air klorin
Z
Chlorine water
kepingan kuprum
Silver nitrate solution

Larutan argentum nitrat

Potassium bromide solution

Larutan kalium bromida
Silver nitrate solution:

Larutan argentum nitrat:
Observation
Pemerhatian
Colourless to blue Laruan kalium manganat(VII)

berasid:
Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution:
Air klorin:
Chlorine water: Greenish yellow to colourless
Kepingan kuprum:
Copper plate:
Purple to colourless Potassium bromide solution:

Larutan kalium bromida:
Becomes thinner Iron(II) sulphate solution:

Larutan ferum(II) sulfat:
Colourless to brown
Agen pengoksidaan
Oxidising agent
Silver nitrate Copper Cu Cu2+ + 2e
Reducing agent
Agen penurunan
Pale green to brown Acidified potassium manganate(VII) Iron(II) sulphate Fe2+ Fe3+ + e MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O MnO4 + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+
Chlorine water Potassium bromide 2Br Br2 + 2e Cl2 + 2e 2Cl Cl2 + 2Br Br2 + 2Cl release Bromide ions, Br oxidised electrons and are to bromine molecule, Br2. melepaskan Ion bromida, Br teroksida elektron dan
Oxidation half equation

Persamaan ion
Ag+ + e Ag Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag release Copper atoms, Cu oxidised electrons and are to copper(II) ions, Cu2+. receive Silver ions, Ag+ reduced electrons and are to silver atom, Ag. melepaskan Atom kuprum, Cu teroksida elektron dan 2+
kepada ion kuprum(II), Cu . menerima Ion argentum, Ag+ elektron dan mengalami penurunan kepada atom argentum, Ag.
Explain redox reaction in terms of transfer of electron

Terangkan tindak balas redoks dari segi pemindahan elektron
release Iron(II) ions, Fe2+ oxidised electrons and are to iron(III) ions, Fe3+. melepaskan Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ teroksida elektron dan
kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+.
kepada molekul bromin, Br2.
Manganate(VII) ions, MnO4 receive electrons and are reduced to manganese(II) ions, Mn2+.
Ion manganat(VII), MnO4 menerima elektron dan penurunan kepada mengalami ion mangan(II), Mn2+.
Cl .
Chlorine molecule, Cl2 receive electrons and are reduced to chloride ions,
menerima Molekul klorin, Cl2 elektron dan mengalami penurunan kepada ion klorida, Cl.
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oxidised Copper, Cu is as its oxidation number of increases from copper 0 to +2 .

Kuprum, Cu mengalami pengoksidaan kerana nombor pengoksidaannya meningkat 0 kepada +2 . daripada
Iron(II) ions, Fe2+ is oxidised as oxidation number of iron in iron(II) increases from ion +2 to +3 . 2+
Explain redox reaction in terms Silver nitrate, AgNO is 3 of change in reduced as oxidation oxidation number Terangkan number of silver in silver tindak balas redoks dari segi decreases from nitrate perubahan nombor +2 to 0 pengoksidaan .
Ion ferum(II), Fe mengalami pengoksidaan kerana nombor pengoksidaan ferum dalam ion meningkat daripada ferum(II) +2 kepada +3 .
oxidised Bromide ions, Br as oxidation of bromine in increases bromide ions 1 to 0 . from teroksida Ion bromida, Br
kerana nombor pengoksidaan bromin dalam ion bromida meningkat daripada 1 kepada 0 .
Argentum nitrat, AgNO3 penurunan mengalami kerana nombor pengoksidaan argentum dalam argentum berkurang daripada nitrat +2 kepada 0
Manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 reduced as ion is oxidation number of manganese in manganate(VII) decreases from ions +7 to +2 .
Chlorine molecule, Cl2 is reduced as oxidation number of chlorine in chlorine decreases molecule, Cl2 0 to 1 . from
Ion manganat(VII), MnO4 penurunan kerana mengalami nombor pengoksidaan mangan dalam ion manganat(VII) berkurang daripada +7 kepada +2 .
Molekul klorin, Cl2 mengalami penurunan kerana nombor pengoksidaan klorin dalam berkurang molekul klorin, Cl2 0 kepada 1 . daripada
Redox Reaction in the Transfer of Electron at a Distance
Tindak Balas Redoks dalam Pemindahan Elektron pada Satu Jarak
1 Transfer of electron at a distance occurs when two solutions of reducing agent and oxidising agent are separated by an electrolyte in a U-tube: / Pemindahan elektron pada satu jarak berlaku apabila dua larutan yang merupakan agen penurunan
elektrolit dalam tiub-U: dan agen pengoksidaan dipisahkan oleh suatu
G
Negative terminal (Anode)

Terminal negatif (Anod)
Positive terminal (cathode)

Terminal positif (katod)
Reducing agent (loses electron and undergoes oxidation) Electrolyte

Elektrolit
Agen penurunan (kehilangan elektron dan mengalami pengoksidaan)
Oxidising agent (gains electron and undergoes reduction) Carbon electrode

Elektrod karbon Agen pengoksidaan (menerima elektron dan melalui penurunan)
an external circuit/connecting wire a. Redox reaction occurs as a result of electrons flow through . litar luar/wayar penyambung Tindak balas redoks berlaku disebabkan oleh pengaliran elektron melalui . reducing agent (loses electrons) to the oxidising agent (gains electrons) through b. Electrons flow from the connecting wires galvanometer the and can be detected by a . penurunan pengoksidaan Elektron mengalir dari agen (kehilangan elektron) kepada agen (menerima elektron) melalui a reducing agent is known as the negative terminal (anode). c. Carbon electrode that is dipped in penurunan dikenali sebagai terminal negatif (anod). Elektrod karbon yang dicelupkan dalam agen
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an oxidising agent is known as the positive terminal (cathode). Carbon electrode that is dipped in ion The electrolyte allows the movement of and completes the electric circuit.
ion-ion Elektrolit membenarkan pergerakan dan melengkapkan litar elektrik. pengoksidaan dikenali sebagai terminal positif (katod). Elektrod karbon yang dicelupkan dalam agen
loses oxidation . 2 Reducing agent its electron and undergoes kehilangan pengoksidaan Agen penurunan elektronnya dan mengalami . a. Examples of common substances used as reducing agents are: Contoh bahan-bahan yang biasa digunakan sebagai agen penurunan adalah: Half equation for oxidation Observation / Confirmatory test
Pemerhatian / Ujian pengesahan
Substance / Bahan
Potassium iodide
Kalium iodida
2I I2 + 2e
colourless potassium iodide turns brown The . When a few drops of starch solution are added, the solution brown dark blue . changes colour from to tanpa warna Larutan kalium iodida bertukar warna menjadi perang . Apabila beberapa titik larutan kanji ditambah, larutan perang kepada biru tua berubah warna daripada . colourless potassium bromide turns brown The . 3 The solution is added to 1 cm of trichloroethane. The mixture is shaken well. Trichloroethane layer at the bottom turns brown . tanpa warna kalium bromida bertukar warna menjadi Larutan perang . Larutan tersebut ditambahkan dengan 1 cm3
trikloroetana. Campuran digoncangkan. Lapisan trikloroetana yang perang . berada di lapisan bawah bertukar warna menjadi
Potassium bromide
Kalium bromida
2Br
Br2 + 2e
Iron(II) chloride, iron(II) sulphate

Ferum(II) klorida, ferum(II) sulfat
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
pale green The iron(III) sulphate solution turns brown . Add sodium hydroxide solution to the mixture brown precipitate is formed. It is insoluble in until excess. A excess sodium hydroxide solution. hijau pucat Larutan ferum(II) sulfat bertukar menjadi perang . Apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambahkan kepada perang terbentuk. Ia campuran sehingga berlebihan, mendakan
tak larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan.
reducing agent becomes the negative b. In a chemical cell or U-tube cell, the electrode that is dipped in the anode loses oxidation . terminal or because the agent electrons and undergoes penurunan menjadi terminal negatif Dalam sel kimia atau sel tiub-U, elektrod yang dicelupkan dalam agen atau kerana agen tersebut elektron dan mengalami .
anod kehilangan pengoksidaan
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gains reduction . 3 Oxidising agent electrons and undergoes menerima elektron dan mengalami penurunan . Agen pengoksidaan
a. Examples of common substances used as oxidising agents are: Contoh bahan-bahan yang biasa digunakan sebagai agen pengoksidaan adalah: Substance
Bahan Persamaan setengah penurunan
Half equation for reduction
Observation / Confirmatory test

Pemerhatian / Ujian pengesahan
Acidified potassium manganate(VII)
Kalium manganat(VII) berasid
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
purple The colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution ungu decolourises . / Warna
larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid menjadi tanpa warna .
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

Kalium dikromat(VI) berasid
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
orange The colour of acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution turns jingga green . / Warna larutan
kalium dikromat(VI) berasid bertukar menjadi hijau .
Chlorine water
Air klorin
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl
pale yellow colour of chlorine water The kuning pucat air decolourises . / Warna tanpa warna klorin menjadi . brown The colour of bromine water perang decolourises . / Warna air tanpa warna bromin menjadi . brown The colour of iron(III) pale green . sulphate solution turns Sodium hydroxide solution is added to green the mixture until excess. A precipitate is formed. It is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution. perang larutan ferum(III) sulfat Warna hijau pucat bertukar menjadi . Larutan
natrium hidroksida ditambahkan kepada campuran sehingga berlebihan. Mendakan hijau terbentuk. Ia tidak larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan.
Bromine water
Air bromin
Br2 + 2e 2Br
Iron(III) chloride, iron(III) sulphate

Ferum(III) klorida, ferum(III) sulfat
Fe3+ + e Fe2+
b. In a chemical cell or U-tube cell, the electrode that is dipped in an aqueous solution of an oxidising agent becomes positive cathode gains the terminal or because the agent electrons and undergoes reduction . Dalam sel kimia atau sel tiub-U, elektrod yang dicelupkan dalam larutan akueus bagi agen pengoksidaan menjadi terminal atau kerana agen elektron dan mengalami .
positif katod menerima penurunan
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Complete the table below for the electron transfer at a distance / Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk pemindahan elektron pada suatu jarak
Write the ionic equation
Tulis persamaan ion elektron Lukis rajah bagi susunan radas dan tandakan
Reactants
Agen penurunan Tulis persamaan setengah pada terminal negatif, pemerhatian dan ujian pengesahan atau negatif Tulis persamaan setengah pada terminal positif, pemerhatian dan ujian pengesahan
Bahan tindak balas
Oxidising agents Reducing Agen agents the direction of electron flow / arah pengaliran
pengoksidaan
Write the half equation for oxidation at negative terminal, observations and confirmatory test
Write the half equation for reduction at positive terminal, observations and confirmatory test
Draw the diagram for the setup of apparatus and mark
positive or negative terminal / terminal positif
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e Br2 + 2e 2Br-
G
+
FeSO4
G
+
Iron(II) sulphate solution and bromine water Iron(II) sulphate The brown colour of bromine water decolourises.
Bromine water
2Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br-
Br2(aq)
Larutan ferum(II) sulfat dan air bromin

G
+
The pale green iron(II) sulphate solution turns brown. Add sodium hydroxide solution to the mixture until excess. A brown precipitate is formed. It is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
-
G
+
2I- I2 + 2e Potassium iodide
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
Kl (aq)
-
KMnO4 (aq)
+
Potassium iodide solution and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Colourless solution turns brown. Add a few drops of starch solution. The solution changes colour from brown to dark blue.
10I- + 2MnO4 + 16H+ 5I2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O The purple colour of acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution decolourises.
G
-
Larutan kalium iodida dan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid

2+ 3+

G
+
G
+
Iron(II) sulphate solution and acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution Iron(II) sulphate
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O The orange colour of acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution turns green.
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72 + 14H+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
FeSO4(aq)
K2Cr2O7 (aq)
Larutan ferum(II) sulfat dan larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid
Fe Fe + e The pale green iron(II) sulphate solution turns brown. Add sodium hydroxide solution to the mixture until excess. A brown precipitate is formed. It is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 The diagram below shows the set-up apparatus to investigate redox reaction.

G
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk mengkaji tindak balas redoks. Carbon electrodes
Elektrod karbon Kalium iodida
Potassium iodide
Chlorine water
Air klorin

Asid sulfurik cair
a. How do you know that the reaction has started?

Bagaimanakah anda mengenal pasti bahawa tindak balas telah bermula? on the deflection of the pointer of galvanometer/ the pointer of galvanometer deflects. Based b. What is the function of dilute sulphuric acid? / Apakah fungsi asid sulfurik cair? To allow the ions to flow/ to allow the movement of ions through it.
c. What is the colour change of the solution around M electrode after 30 minutes of experiment?
Apakah perubahan warna bagi larutan di sekeliling elektrod M selepas eksperimen dijalankan selama 30 minit? Colourless to brown.
d. i. Write half equation for the reaction that occurs at M electrode of the U-tube. Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di elektrod M dalam tiub-U. I2 + 2e 2I ii. Write half equation for the reaction that occurs at N electrode of the U-tube. Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di elektrod N dalam tiub-U. + 2e 2Cl Cl 2 e. Describe a chemical test to determine the product formed in the solution at M electrode of the U-tube. Huraikan ujian kimia yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan hasil yang terbentuk dalam larutan pada elektrod M dalam f. i. What is the change in oxidation number of chlorine in the reaction? Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bagi klorin dalam tindak balas ini? to 1 0 ii. What is the change in oxidation number of iodine in the reaction? Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bagi iodin dalam tindak balas ini? to 0 1 g. i. What is the substance that is being oxidised in the experiment? Explain your answer. Apakah bahan yang teroksida dalam eksperimen ini? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Iodide ion. Iodide ions release electrons to form iodine molecules// Oxidation number of iodine increase from 1 to 0 ii. State the name of the oxidising agent. / Nyatakan nama agen pengoksidaan. Chlorine water Nyatakan satu bahan yang boleh menggantikan air klorin untuk mendapatkan hasil yang sama di elektrod M. tiub-U. Place a few drops of starch solution, a blue precipitate is formed/ shake the mixture with tetracholoromethane and a purple layer is formed.
h. S tate the name of one substance that can replace chlorine water in order to get the same product at M electrode.
water/ Acidified potassium manganate(VII). Bromine i. i. If potassium iodide is replaced by iron(II) chloride, what will be observed at electrodes M and N? Jika kalium iodida digantikan dengan ferum(II) klorida, apakah yang akan diperhatikan di elektrod M dan N? pale green solution turns brown Electrode M: The pale yellow solution decolourises Electrode N: The ii. Explain your answer. / Terangkan jawapan anda. At M electrode, iron(II) ion releases one electron to become iron(III) ion. At N electrode, chlorine molecule

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Redox Reaction in the Reactivity Series of Metals and its Applications

Tindak balas Redoks dalam Siri Kereaktifan Logam dan Aplikasinya
1 Reactivity series of metals is an arrangement of metals in accordance to the reactivity of their reactions with oxygen to form oxides:
Siri keraktifan kimia adalah susunan logam mengikut kereaktifan tindak balasnya dengan oksigen untuk membentuk oksida: meningkat . increases . / Kereaktifan logam terhadap oksigen Reactivity of metal towards oxygen remove metal oxide . / Logam yang A more reactive metal is able to oxygen from less reactive
K Na Ca Mg Al C Zn H Fe Sn Pb Cu
dan mengalami , nombor pengoksidaan logam . loses oxygen to form metal and undergoes reduction / oxidation A less reactive metal oxide decreases . number of metal in the metal oxide kehilangan oksigen untuk membentuk logam dan mengalami Oksida logam yang kurang reaktif
oxidation , oxidation A more reactive metal gains oxygen to form metal oxide and undergoes increases number of metal . / Logam yang lebih reaktif menerima oksigen untuk membentuk logam oksida
pengoksidaan meningkat
menyingkirkan oksigen daripada oksida logam yang kurang reaktif. lebih reaktif dapat
/ nombor pengoksidaan logam dalam logam oksida . reduce a reducing agent. A more reactive metal can the less reactive metal oxide and acts as menurunkan Logam yang lebih reaktif dapat oksida logam yang kurang reaktif dan bertindak sebagai agen penurunan . cannot A less reactive metal remove oxygen from more reactive metal oxide. tidak dapat Logam yang kurang reaktif menyingkirkan oksigen daripada logam oksida yang lebih reaktif.

penurunan
berkurang
2 To determine the arrangement of metals reactivity series / Untuk menentukan susunan siri kereaktifan logam a. The arrangement of metals in reactivity series is obtained by observing how vigorously they react with oxygen. The metal at the top of the series burns most vigorously and most quickly in oxygen. Susunan logam dalam siri kereaktifan diperoleh dengan memerhatikan kecergasan tindak balas logam tersebut dengan oksigen.
Logam yang berkedudukan paling tinggi dalam siri tersebut terbakar dengan paling cergas dan cepat dalam oksigen.
b. The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to compare reactivity of metals with oxygen: Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk membandingkan kereaktifan logam dengan oksigen:
Glass wool
Kapas kaca
Kalium manganat(VII) Panaskan
Potassium manganate(VII)
Metal powder
Serbuk logam
Heat
Procedure: / Kaedah: i. One spatula of potassium manganate(VII) powder is placed in a boiling tube. Letakkan 1 spatula serbuk kalium manganat(VII) dalam tabung didih.
Panaskan
Heat
ii. Small quantity of glass wool is placed in the boiling tube as shown in the diagram. Sedikit kapas kaca diletakkan dalam tabung didih seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
iii. One spatula of zinc powder is placed on an asbestos paper and put in the boiling tube. Satu spatula serbuk zink diletakkan di atas kertas asbestos dan dimasukkan ke dalam tabung didih.
iv. The boiling tube is clamped horizontally to a retort stand. / Tabung didih diapit secara mendatar kepada kaki retort. v. T he zinc powder is heated strongly for a few minutes, then the potassium manganate(VII) powder is heated strongly to release oxygen gas. / Serbuk zink dipanaskan dengan kuat untuk beberapa minit, kemudian serbuk kalium
manganat(VII) dipanaskan dengan kuat untuk membebaskan gas oksigen.
vii. Steps 1 6 are repeated using iron powder, lead powder, copper powder and magnesium powder. Langkah 1 6 diulangi menggunakan serbuk ferum, serbuk plumbum, serbuk kuprum dan serbuk magnesium.
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vi. The brightness of the flame or glow is recorded. / Kecerahan nyalaan direkodkan.
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Observation / Pemerhatian: Metal

Logam
Observation
Pemerhatian
Inference and chemical equation

Inferen dan persamaan kimia
Magnesium
Magnesium
terang. Baki berwarna putih terbentuk.
Burns vigorously with very bright flame. The white residue is formed. / Terbakar dengan kuat dan nyalaan yang sangat
The residue is magnesium oxide.

Baki ialah magnesium oksida.
Zinc
Zink
Burns quickly with bright flame. The residue is yellow when hot but turns white when cold.
2Mg + O2 2MgO 2Zn + O2 2ZnO
The residue is zinc oxide.

Baki ialah zink oksida.
Terbakar dengan cepat dan nyalaan terang. Baki adalah kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk.
Ferum
Iron
Glows very brightly. The residue is brown.

Nyalaan sangat terang. Baki berwarna perang.
The residue is iron(III) oxide.

Baki ialah ferum(III) oksida.
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2 O3 2Pb + O2 2PbO
Plumbum
Lead
apabila panas dan kuning apabila sejuk.
Glows brightly. The residue is brown when hot but turns yellow when cold. / Nyalaan terang. Baki berwarna perang Glows very dimly. The residue is black.
The residue is lead(II) oxide.

Baki ialah plumbum(II) oksida.
Kuprum
Copper
The residue is copper(II) oxide.

Baki ialah kuprum(II) oksida.
Nyalaan sangat malap. Baki berwarna hitam.
2Cu + O2 2CuO
3 Determination of the position of carbon in reactivity series of metals Menentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam a. Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Carbon is also an element in the reactivity series of metals. The position of carbon in the reactivity series can be done by reacting carbon with oxide of metals using the apparatus shown below: / Karbon bertindak balas dengan oksigen untuk membentuk karbon dioksida. Karbon adalah suatu unsur dalam
siri kereaktifan logam. Kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan boleh ditentukan dengan melakukan tindak balas antara karbon dengan oksida bagi logam menggunakan alat radas yang ditunjukkan di bawah: Carbon + oxide of metal
Karbon + oksida bagi logam
Heat
Panaskan
b. If carbon can remove oxygen from a metal oxide, carbon can reduce the metal oxide to metal: Jika karbon dapat menyingkirkan oksigen daripada suatu oksida logam, karbon dapat menurunkan logam oksida kepada logam: Carbon + metal oxide metal + carbon dioxide / Karbon + oksida logam logam + karbon dioksida above Carbon is the metal in the reactivity series of metal. di atas Karbon berada logam tersebut dalam siri kereaktifan logam. c. Conversely, if carbon cannot remove oxygen from metal oxide, carbon is less reactive than the metal in the reactivity series of metal. Thus, no reaction will occur. Sebaliknya, jika karbon tidak dapat menyingkirkan oksigen daripada oksida logam, karbon adalah kurang reaktif berbanding below Carbon is the metal in the reactivity series of metal. di bawah logam tersebut dalam siri kereaktifan logam. Karbon berada d. Example / Contoh: Carbon powder is heated strongly with oxide of metal P, Q and R in a crucible. The table below shows the observations of three experiments to determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metal. Serbuk karbon dipanaskan dengan kuat bersama degan oksida bagi logam P, Q dan R dalam suatu mangkuk pijar. Jadual di
bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi tiga eksperimen untuk menentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam. logam tersebut dalam siri kereaktifan logam. Maka, tiada tindak balas berlaku.
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Experiment / Eksperimen I II III
Reactant / Bahan tindak balas Carbon + oxide of P

Karbon + oksida P
Observation / Pemerhatian No change

Tiada perubahan
Karbon + oksida Q Karbon + oksida R
Carbon + oxide of Q
Dim glow, residue is grey solid
Nyalaan malap, baki adalah pepejal kelabu
Carbon + oxide of R
Bright glow, residue is brown solid
Nyalaan terang, baki adalah pepejal perang
Based on observations in the table, arrange the reactivity of metals P, Q, R and carbon in ascending order. Explain your answer. Suggest one metal for P, Q and R. / Berdasarkan pemerhatian di dalam jadual, susunkan kereaktifan logam P, Q dan R mengikut susunan menaik. Huraikan jawapan anda. Cadangkan satu logam untuk P, Q dan R. Answer / Jawapan: R, Q, Carbon, P Arrangement in ascending order / Susunan dalam aturan menaik : Explanation / Penerangan: Experiment I / Eksperimen I more Reaction between carbon and oxide of metal P does not occur. Metal P is reactive than carbon. lebih Tindak balas antara karbon dengan oksida bagi logam P tidak berlaku. Logam P reaktif berbanding karbon. Experiment II / Eksperimen II more Reaction between carbon and oxide of metal Q occurs. Carbon is reactive than metal Q. lebih Tindak balas antara karbon dengan oksida bagi logam Q berlaku. Karbon reaktif berbanding logam Q. Experiment III / Eksperimen III more Reaction between carbon and oxide of metal R occurs. Carbon is reactive than metal R. lebih Tindak balas antara karbon dengan oksida bagi logam R berlaku. Karbon reaktif berbanding logam R. Reaction between carbon and oxide of metal Q produces dim glow whereas the reaction between carbon and oxide less of metal R produces bright glow. Metal R is reactive than metal Q. Tindak balas ntara karbon dengan oksida bagi logam Q menghasilkan nyalaan malap manakala tindak balas di antara

4 Determination of the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metal:

Menentukan kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam:
kurang reaktif berbanding logam Q. karbon dengan oksida bagi logam R menghasilkan nyalaan yang terang. Logam R magnesium / aluminium Metal P is / Logam P ialah iron/lead Metal Q is / Logam Q ialah copper Metal R is / Logam R ialah
a. The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metal can also be determined based on the ability of hydrogen oxygen to remove from metal oxides. / Kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam juga boleh ditentukan
oksigen berdasarkan kebolehan hidrogen untuk menyingkirkan daripada oksida logam.
b. If hydrogen can remove oxygen from metal oxide, hydrogen can reduce the metal oxide to metal: Jika hidrogen boleh menyingkirkan oksigen daripada oksida logam, hidrogen boleh menurunkan logam oksida kepada logam: Hydrogen + metal oxide metal + water / Hidrogen + oksida logam logam + air above Hydrogen is the metal in the reactivity series of metal. di atas Hidrogen berada logam tersebut dalam siri kereaktifan logam.
c. Conversely, if hydrogen cannot remove oxygen from metal oxide, hydrogen is less reactive than the metal in the reactivity series of metal. Thus, no reaction will occur. / Sebaliknya, jika hidrogen tidak dapat menyingkirkan oksigen
daripada oksida logam, hidrogen adalah kurang reaktif berbanding logam tersebut dalam siri kereaktifan logam. Maka, tiada tindak balas yang akan berlaku.
below Hydrogen is the metal in the reactivity series of metal.
di bawah logam tersebut dalam siri kereaktifan logam. Hidrogen berada

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d. Example / Contoh: The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus used to determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metal. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan alat radas yang digunakan untuk menentukan kedudukan hidrogen dalam
siri kereaktifan logam. Dry hyrogen gas Heat / Panaskan Metal oxide / Oksida logam
Gas hidrogen kering
The table below shows the observations of three experiments to determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metal. / Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi tiga eksperimen untuk menentukan kedudukan hidrogen dalam
siri kereaktifan logam.
Experiment
Eksperimen
Bahan tindak balas
Reactant
Observation
Pemerhatian
Hidrogen + oksida X
Hydrogen + oxide of X
- Oxide of X is black powder / Oksida X ialah serbuk hitam Bright glow when heated with hydrogen gas / Nyalaan terang apabila Residue is brown powder / Baki adalah serbuk perang Oxide Y is white powder / Oksida Y ialah serbuk putih Oxide Y turns yellow when heated with hydrogen gas without glowing / Oksida Y menjadi kuning apabila dipanaskan dengan gas Residue is white powder / Baki adalah serbuk putih Oxide Z is yellow powder / Oksida Z ialah serbuk kuning Faint glow when heated with hydrogen gas / Nyalaan malap apabila Residue is grey solid / Baki adalah pepejal kelabu
dipanaskan dengan gas hidrogen hidrogen tanpa nyalaan dipanaskan dengan gas hidrogen
II
Hydrogen + oxide of Y
Hidrogen + oksida Y
III
Hidrogen + oksida Z
Hydrogen + oxide of Z
Based on observations in the table above, arrange the reactivity of metals X, Y, Z and Hydrogen in ascending order. Explain your answer. Suggest a metal for X, Y and Z. / Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam jadual di atas, susun kereaktifan logam
X, Y, Z dan Hidrogen dalam aturan menaik. Terangkan jawapan anda. Cadangkan logam untuk X, Y dan Z.
Answer / Jawapan: X, Z, Hydrogen, Y Arrangement in ascending order / Susunan dalam aturan menaik: Explanation / Penerangan: Experiment I / Eksperimen I more Reaction between hydrogen and oxide of metal X occurs. Hydrogen is reactive than metal X . The brown powder is metal X . metal X. Hydrogen has reduced oxide of metal X to lebih reaktif berbanding logam X . Tindak balas antara hidrogen dengan oksida bagi logam X berlaku. Hidrogen logam X . Serbuk perang ialah logam X Hidrogen telah menurunkan oksida bagi logam X kepada . kuprum . copper . / Logam X ialah Metal X is Experiment II / Eksperimen II less Reaction between hydrogen and oxide of metal Y does not occur. Hydrogen is reactive than metal Y yellow cold Oxide of metal Y is when hot and turns white when . kurang Tindak balas antara hidrogen dengan oksida bagi logam Y tidak berlaku. Hidrogen reaktif berbanding
kuning sejuk logam Y. Oksida bagi logam Y adalah apabila panas dan putih apabila . zink zinc Metal Y is . / Logam Y ialah . Experiment III / Eksperimen III
more reactive than metal Z. Hydrogen has eaction between hydrogen and oxide of metal Z occurs. Hydrogen is R metal Z yellow grey . / Tindak balas antara reduced oxide of metal Z to . Oxide of metal Z is and metal Z is lebih hidrogen dengan oksida bagi logam Z berlaku. Hidrogen reaktif berbanding logam Z. Hidrogen telah menurunkan logam Z . Oksida bagi logam Z berwarna kuning dan logam Z berwarna kelabu . oksida bagi logam Z kepada
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plumbum . lead Metal Z is . / Logam Z adalah Reaction between hydrogen and oxide of metal X produces bright glow whereas reaction between hydrogen and more oxide of metal Z produces faint glow. Metal Z is reactive than metal X.
Tindak balas antara hidrogen dengan oksida bagi logam X menghasilkan nyalaan terang manakala tindak balas antara lebih hidrogen dengan oksida bagi logam Z menghasilkan nyalaan malap. Logam Z reaktif berbanding logam X.
5 Application of the reactivity series of metals: / Aplikasi siri kereaktifan logam: a. Most metals found naturally as minerals in the form of compounds such as oxides, sulphides, chlorides and carbonates are known as ores. Extraction of metals from their ores are: / Kebanyakan logam yang dijumpai secara semula jadi dalam
bentuk sebatian seperti oksida, sulfida, klorida dan karbonat dikenali sebagai bijih galian. Cara pengekstrakan logam daripada bijih galiannya adalah:
K Na Ca Mg Reactivity towards oxygen increases / Kereaktifan terhadap oksigen meningkat Al
more M etals that are their ores by electrolysis
C Zn H Fe Sn Pb
below carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted from their M etals that are located ores (metal oxide) using carbon. Carbon is released as carbon dioxide gas after the reaction: di bawah karbon dalam siri kereaktifan boleh diekstrak daipada bijihnya (logam Logam yang terletak
oksida) menggunakan karbon. Karbon dilepaskan sebagai gas karbon dioksida selepas tindak balas: Logam oksida(p) + Karbon(p) Logam(p) + Karbon dioksida(g)
(i) Extraction of aluminium metal from its molten oxide. aluminium daipada leburan oksidanya. Pengekstrakan logam molten chloride. (ii) Extraction of potassium, sodium and calcium from their leburan Pengekstrakan kalium, natrium dan kalsium daripada kloridanya.
lebih reaktif berbanding karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam boleh diekstrak daripada Logam yang elektrolisis bijih yang lebur menggunakan elektrod karbon seperti: bijihnya dengan
reactive than carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted from molten carbon of ores using electrode such as:
Metal oxide(s) + Carbon(s) Metal(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
C arbon is widely used to extract iron(Fe), tin(Sn), zinc(Zn) and lead(Pb) from their ores. Carbon reactive reducing than these metals and act as agent in the metal extraction is more process. / Karbon digunakan secara meluas untuk mengekstrak ferum(Fe), timah(Sn), zink(Zn) dan
reaktif plumum(Pb) daripada timahnya. Karbon lebih daripada logam-logam ini dan bertindak penurunan sebagai agen dalam proses pengekstrakan logam.
T he extraction is carried out in a blast furnace . Hot air is pumped into the blast furnace to burn carbon and carbon monoxide is produced. In the blast furnace, a series of chemical reactions take relau bagas . Udara panas dipamkan ke place, for example: / Pengekstrakan ini dijalankan dalam
dalam relau bagas untuk membakar karbon dan karbon monoksida terhasil. Dalam relau bagas, beberapa tindak balas kimia berlaku, contohnya:
2Fe2O3(s) + C(s) Fe2O3(s) + CO(g)
4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
Cu Hg Ag Au
hematit (Fe2O3) Ferum, Fe diekstrak daripada bijihnya, cassiterite (SnO2) Tin, Sn is extracted from its ore, kaseterit (SnO2) Stanum, Sn diekstrak daripada bijihnya,
hematite (Fe2O3) Iron, Fe is extracted from its ore,
Less reactive metals are extracted by heating metal sulphides in the air. Logam yang kurang reaktif diekstrak dengan memanaskan logam sulfida di dalam udara. Least reactive metals exist as free metals in the earth. Logam yang paling kuran reaktif wujud sebagai logam bebas di dalam tanah
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more b. The empirical formula of metal oxide for a reactive metal than hydrogen in the reactivity series such as magnesium can be determined by heating crucible the metal strongly in a as shown in the diagram lebih reaktif below: / Formula empirik bagi logam oksida untuk logam yang
berbanding hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan seperti magnesium boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan mangkuk pijar logam dengan kuat dalam sebuah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah:
Magnesium
Magnesium
Panaskan
Heat
less c. The empirical formula of metal oxide for a reactive metal than hydrogen such as copper(II) oxide hydrogen heated can be determined by passing gas through strongly metal oxides in a combustion kurang tube as shown in the diagram below. / Formula empirik bagi logam oksida untuk logam yang reaktif hidrogen daripada hidrogen seperti kuprum(II) oksida boleh ditentukan dengan melalukan gas melalui logam oksida dipanaskan dalan tabung pembakaran seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. yang
Copper(II) oxide
Kuprum(II) oksida
Dry hyrogen gas
Gas hidrogen kering
Heat / Panaskan
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1. Determine whether the following reactions occur. If the reaction occurs, mark and if not, mark . Tentukan sama ada tindak balas berikut berlaku. Jika berlaku, tandakan dan jika tidak, tandakan . a. Zinc oxide + Hydrogen ( 7 ) f. Iron(II) oxide + Hydrogen b. Hydrogen oxide + Copper ( 7 ) g. Carbon + Silver oxide c. Magnesium oxide + Carbon ( 7 ) h. Copper + Zinc oxide d. Aluminium + Carbon dioxide ( 3 ) i. Iron + Lead(II) oxide e. Silver + Hydrogen oxide ( 7 )
( 3 ( 3 ( 7 ( 3
) ) ) )
2. The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the reactivity of metal P, Q and R towards oxygen. Metal P, Q and R are heated strongly before the heating of potassium chlorate(V) powder. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk mengkaji kereaktifan logam P, Q, dan R terhadap oksigen. Logam P, Q dan
R dipanaskan dengan kuat sebelum pemanasan serbuk kalium klorat(V).
The observations are given below: / Pemerhatian-pemerhatian adalah seperti di bawah: Metal / Logam P Q R Observation / Pemerhatian
Terbakar dengan nyalaan yang agak cerah. Baki adalah kuning apabila panas dan menjadi putih apabila sejuk.
Burns fairly bright. The residue is yellow when hot but turns white when cold.
Glows faintly. The residue is black.
Menyala dengan malap. Baki berwarna hitam. Menyala dengan amat cerah. Baki berwarna perang.
Glows very bright. The residue is brown.
a. i. What is the function of potassium chlorate(V)? / Apakah fungsi kalium klorat(V)? To produce oxygen gas ii. What is the function of glass wool? / Apakah fungsi kapas kaca? To separate the potassium chlorate(V) and the metal powder.
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b. Based on the observations, arrange the metals P, Q and R in an ascending order of their reactivity.
Berdasarkan pemerhatian, susunkan P, Q dan R dalam susunan menaik mengikut kereaktifannya.
Q, R, P
c. State the name metals P and Q. / Nyatakan nama bagi logam-logam P dan Q. Zinc Metal Q / Logam Q: Metal P / Logam P:

Copper
d. The chemical formula for the oxide of metal R is R2 O3. This oxide can be reduced by hydrogen gas to form metal R. i. Write an equation for the reaction between R2 O3 and hydrogen. Tuliskan persamaan bagi tindak balas antara R2 O3 dengan hidrogen. R2O3 + 3H2 2R + 3H2O ii. State the name of oxidising agent in this reaction. / Nyatakan nama agen pengoksidaan dalam tindak balas ini. Oxide of metal R/ R oxide iii. Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that can be used to conduct this experiment.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel yang boleh digunakan untuk menjalankan eksperimen ini. Oxide of metal Dry hydrogen gas Formula kimia bagi oksida untuk logam R ialah R2 O3. Oksida ini boleh diturunkan oleh gas hidrogen kepada logam R.
Heat

1
The diagram below shows set-up of apparatus of an experiment to change iron(II) sulphate to iron(III) sulphate.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen penukaran ferum(II) sulfat kepada ferun(III) sulfat. Substance X
Bahan X
Which of the following reactions is redox reaction?

Antara berikut, yang manakah tindak balas redoks? Na + O2 Na2O Na2O + H2O 2NaOH NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 + 2NaNO3 B C D

Iron(III) sulphate solution

Larutan ferum(III) sulfat
Which of the following substances can be used as substance X? Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah bahan X? I Potassium iodide solution / Larutan kalium iodida II Chlorine water / Air klorin III Potassium bromide solution / Larutan kalium bromida IV Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
A B I and II only
I dan II sahaja
3 Which of the following are the oxidising agents? Antara berikut, yang manakah agen pengoksidaan? I Zinc / Zink II Magnesium / Magnesium III Chlorine water / Air klorin IV Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid
A B I and II only
I dan II sahaja
C D
II and III only

II dan III sahaja
I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
III and IV only

III dan IV sahaja
C D
II and III only

II dan III sahaja
Which of the following metals can prevent rusting when it is in contact with iron?
Antara logam berikut, yang manakah boleh menghalang pengaratan apabila pengaratan apabila bersentuhan dengan besi? A B Lead
Plumbum
I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
III and IV only

III dan IV sahaja
C D
Copper
Kuprum
Silver
Perak
Magnesium
Magnesium
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The diagram below shows the apparatus arrangement to investigate the oxidation and reduction in terms of the transfer of electron at a distance. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan
8 The diagram shows set-up of apparatus to study the effect of other metals on rusting of iron. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkan
susunan radas untuk mengkaji kesan logam lain ke atas pengaratan besi. Hot jelly + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) + phenolphtalein
Agar-agar panas + kalium heksasianoferat(III) + fenolftalein
radas untuk mengkaji tindak balas pengoksidaan dan penurunan dari segi pemindahan elektron pada satu jarak. G Carbon electrodes
Elektrod karbon
Q Potassium iodide solution

Larutan kalium iodida
Iron nail + metal Q

Paku besi + logam Q
Bromine water
Air bromin
Iron nail + metal P

Paku besi + logam P
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
Experiment I
Eksperimen I
Experiment II
Eksperimen II
Which of the following is true about this experiment?

A B C D Iodide ion is the oxidising agent Ion Iodida adalah agen pengoksidaan
Experiment Experimen Observation Pemerhatian
I High intensity of pink colouration

Keamatan warna merah jambu yang tinggi
II High intensity of blue colouration

Keamatan warna biru yang tinggi
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang eksperimen di atas?
Oxidation number of bromine in bromine water increases from 1 to 0 / Nombor pengoksidaan bromin dalam air bromin bertambah dari 1 kepada 0 Oxidation number of iodine in potassium iodide increases from 1 to 0 / Nombor pengoksidaan iodin dalam kalium iodida bertambah dari 1 kepada 0 Electrons flow from potassium iodide solution to bromine water through sulphuric acid Elektron mengalir dari kalium iodida kepada air bromin melalui asid sulfurik
Based on the above observation, the arrangement of metals P, Q and iron in ascending order in electrochemical series is
A B Q, iron, P / Q, besi, P P, Q, iron / P, Q, besi C D P, iron, Q / P, besi, Q Iron, P, Q / Besi, P, Q
Berdasarkan pemerhatian di atas, susunan menaik logam P, Q dan ferum dalam siri elektrokimia ialah
The table below shows the elelctron arrangement of atoms of element P, Q, R and S.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan susunan elektron dalam atom unsur P, Q, R dan S. Atom / Atom Electron arrangement Susunan elektron P 2.8.1 Q 2.8.2 R 2.8.6 S 2.8.7
The table below shows observartions for the reaction between metals W, X and Z with different oxides.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian yang melibatkan tindak balas logam W, X dan Z dengan oksida logam yang berbeza.
Campuran tindak balas
Reaction mixture
Z oksida + logam X
Observation
Pemerhatian
Oxide of metal Z + metal X Oxide of metal Z + metal W

Z oksida + logam W
Reaction occurs
Tindak balas berlaku
Which of the elements above is the strongest reducing agent?

Antara berikut, yang manakah agen penurunan paling kuat? A B P Q C D R S
No reaction
Tiada tindak balas
Which of the following is the arrangement of metals W, X and Z in decreasing order of reactivity series of metals?
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah susunan logam W, X dan Z dalam siri kereaktifan mengikut tertib menurun? A B X, Z, W X, W, Z C D W, Z, X Z, W, X
10 The following ionic equation shows a redox reaction. Persamaan ion di bawah mewakili satu tindak balas redoks. 2Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br Which of the following is true about the reaction?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar berkaitan tindak balas di atas? A B C D Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ is reduced
Ion ferum(III), Fe3+ diturunkan
What is the oxidation number of chromium, Cr in Cr2O72 ion?

Apakah nombor pengoksidaan kromium, Cr dalam ion Cr2O72 ? A B +7 7 C D +6 6
Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ dioksidakan
Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ is oxidised
Bromine water is a reducing agent Bromide ion is an oxidising agent
Air bromin merupakan agen penurunan Ion bromida merupakan agen pengoksidaan
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THERMOCHEMISTRY
Termokimia
ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS / PERUBAHAN TENAGA DALAM TINDAK BALAS KIMIA - State what exothermic and endothermic reactions are Menyatakan maksud tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik - Identify exothermic and endothermic reactions Mengenal pasti tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik - Give examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions Memberi contoh tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik Exothermic reaction - Understand that heat is absorbed when bonds are broken and heat is released when Tindak balas eksotermik bonds are formed / Memahami bahawa haba diserap semasa ikatan dipecahkan dan haba Endothermic reaction Tindak balas endotermik - - -
dibebaskan semasa ikatan dibentuk
Explain why H is positive [endothermic] and H is negative [exothermic]

Menerangkan mengapa H adalah positif [endotermik] dan H adalah negatif [eksotermik] Melukis gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk setiap jenis tindak balas kehidupan seharian
Draw energy level diagrams for every type of reaction
Describe the application of knowledge of exothermic and endothermic reactions in everyday life / Menghuraikan aplikasi pengetahuan tentang eksotermik dan endotermik dalam
DETERMINE H FOR CHEMISTRY REACTION / MENENTUKAN H UNTUK TINDAK BALAS KIMIA Heat of precipitation - State what energy change (H) and heat of reaction (H) are Haba pemendakan Menyatakan maksud perubahan tenaga (H) dan haba tindak balas (H) Heat of displacement - State what heat of precipitation, displacement, neutralisation and combustion are Haba penyesaran Heat of neutralisation Menyatakan maksud haba pemendakan, penyesaran, peneutralan dan pembakaran Haba peneutralan - Construct an energy level diagram for all the heat of reactions Heat of combustion Melukis gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk semua jenis haba tindak balas Haba pembakaran DESCRIBE THE EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE / MENGHURAIKAN EKSPERIMEN UNTUK MENENTUKAN - - - Describe the experiment to determine the different heat of reaction Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set-up for each experiment
Lukiskan rajah berlabel bagi susunan alat radas untuk setiap eksperimen Menghuraikan eksperimen untuk menentukan haba tindak balas yang berbeza
Heat of precipitation
Haba pemendakan
Heat of displacement
Haba penyesaran
Determine the value of m, x and from the experiment and use the formula H = mc and H = H/x to calculate heat of reaction. / Menentukan nilai m, x dan dari eksperimen dan
menggunakan formula H = mc dan H = H/x untuk mengira haba tindak balas
Heat of neutralisation
Haba peneutralan
Heat of combustion
Haba pembakaran
- State the precautionary steps taken for each experiment Menyatakan langkah berjaga-jaga yang diambil dalam setiap eksperimen - Compare and explain the heat of neutralisation for the reaction between a strong acid and a strong alkali with the heat of neutralisation for a reaction between a weak acid and a weak alkali / Membanding dan menerangkan haba peneutralan antara tindak balas asid kuat - Compare and explain the difference between heat of combustion of various alcohols
dengan alkali kuat dan haba peneutralan antara asid lemah dengan alkali. Membanding dan menerangkan perbezaan haba pembakaran bagi alkohol yang berlainan
- Solve numerical problems related to the different heat of reaction Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan berkaitan haba tindak balas APPRECIATING THE EXISTENCE OF VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES
MENGHARGAI KEWUJUDAN PELBAGAI SUMBER TENAGA
- - -
Describe a variety of energy sources / Menghuraikan kepelbagaian sumber tenaga Identify various technologies used to harness energy Justify the use of a particular energy source / Mempertimbangkan penggunaan sumber tenaga tertentu
Mengenal pasti pelbagai teknologi digunakan untuk memanfaatkan tenaga
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions / Perubahan Tenaga dalam Tindak Balas Kimia 1 Chemical energy is stored within the chemical bonds. During a chemical reaction, chemical bonds of the reactants are broken and new bonds in the products are formed. / Tenaga kimia disimpan di dalam bentuk ikatan kimia. Semasa tindak absorbed to break the bonds in the reactants. a. Heat energy is diserap untuk memecahkan ikatan dalam bahan tindak balas. Tenaga haba released during bond formation in the products. b. Heat energy is dibebaskan semasa pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil tindak balas. Tenaga haba released or absorbed is in the form of heat energy 2 Energy that is . The energy change (the difference between the energy of reactants and the products) in a chemical reaction is called heat of reaction, H. / Tenaga yang dibebaskan atau diserap adalah dalam bentuk tenaga haba . Perubahan tenaga (perbezaan antara tenaga bahan 3 Heat of reaction (H) is the energy change when one mole of reactant reacts or when one mole of product is formed:
Haba tindak balas (H) adalah perubahan tenaga apabila satu mol bahan bertindak balas atau satu mol hasil terbentuk: dengan hasil) dalam tindak balas kimia dipanggil haba tindak balas, H. balas kimia, ikatan kimia dalam bahan tindak balas dipecahkan dan ikatan baru dalam hasil terbentuk.
4 Two types of reactions that occur are: / Dua jenis tindak balas yang berlaku adalah: a. exothermic reaction / tindak balas eksotermik b. endothermic reaction / tindak balas endotermik 5 Exothermic reaction / Tindak balas eksotermik: a. Example of reaction / Contoh tindak balas: 2H2 + O2 2H2O, H = 486 kJ
Bonds are broken in the reactants:
Ikatan diputuskan dalam bahan tindak balas:
H = Total energy content of products total energy content of reactants Jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas H = Hproducts Hreactants / Hhasil Hbahan
Heat is absorbed
haba diserap
(+1 370 kJ tenaga haba diserap)
(+1 370 kJ heat energy absorbed)
Heat is released
haba dibebaskan
Bonds are formed in the products:

Ikatan terbentuk dalam hasil tindak balas:
(1 856 kJ heat energy released)

(1 856 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan)
Perubahan tenaga, H = + 1 370 kJ 1 856 kJ = 486 kJ
Energy change, H = + 1 370 kJ 1 856 kJ = 486 kJ
i. The value of H is 486 kJ. / Nilai H ialah 486 kJ. greater than heat absorbed for bond breaking. / Tenaga haba yang ii. The heat released from bond formation is released . iii . A negative sign for H shows that heat is dibebaskan . Tanda negatif untuk H menunjukkan bahawa haba
tinggi dibebaskan dari pembentukan ikatan lebih daripada haba yang diserap semasa pemecahan ikatan.
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6 Energy Change in Exothermic Reaction / Perubahan Tenaga dalam Tindak Balas Eksotermik a. Energy profile diagram for exothermic reactions: / Ganbar rajah profil tenaga untuk Tindak Balas Eksotermik: Interpretation / Tafsiran: heat energy absorbed for bonds breaking in The quantity of lower heat energy released the reactants is than for the formation of bonds in the products. Energy tenaga haba yang diserap Kuantiti untuk pemecahan ikatan dalam Tenaga rendah daripada tenaga haba yang dibebaskan bahan adalah lebih
untuk pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil. Heat energy is absorbed (+ve)
Tenaga haba diserap (+if)

Heat energy is released (-ve) H is negative
H adalah negatif Tenaga haba dilepaskan (-ve)
Reactants
Weak strong bonds are broken and bonds are lemah dipecahkan dan ikatan kuat dibentuk. formed. / Ikatan Heat of reaction, H is the difference between heat energy absorbed and heat energy released when 1 mole of reactant react, 1 mole of product is formed. / Haba tindak balas, H ialah perbezaan antara
tenaga haba yang dibebaskan dan tenaga haba yang diserap apabila 1 mol bahan bertindak balas atau 1 mol hasil terbentuk. negatif . negative . / Tanda bagi H adalah The sign of H is
Bahan tindak balas
Products
Hasil tindak balas
released to the surroundings, temperature Heat energy is increases . (Surroundings include the reaction of the surroundings solution, container and the air).
dibebaskan ke persekitaran, suhu persekitaran naik Tenaga haba . (Persekitaran termasuklah larutan bahan tindak balas, bekas dan udara) Energy change: / Perubahan tenaga: kimia haba Tenaga Tenaga
Chemical energy Heat energy
b. Energy level diagram for exothermic reactions: / Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas eksotermik:
Energy / Tenaga Reactants / Bahan tindak balas H is negative (heat is released) Products / Hasil tindak balas
H adalah negatif (haba yang dibebaskan)
i. ii.
Energy level diagram shows the total energy content of the reactants compared to the products.
Gambar rajah aras tenaga menunjukkan jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan berbanding dengan hasil.
Total energy content of the products is less than total energy of the reactants.
Jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil kurang daripada jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan.
7 Examples of exothermic reactions: / Contoh tindak balas eksotermik: a. Reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulphate / Tindak balas antara zink dengan kuprum(II) sulfat
Temperature increases
Suhu meningkat
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43
Excess zinc powder / Serbuk zink berlebihan
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Haba
Heat
Copper(II) sulphate solution / Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Heat

Haba
Heat energy is released to the surroundings / Tenaga haba dibebaskan kepada persekitaran
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b. Complete following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

Tindak balas eksotermik
Exothermic reaction
Example of chemical equation for the reaction

Contoh persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas
Neutralisation / Peneutralan
Tindak balas antara asid dengan logam
Reaction between acids and metals
2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O NaOH(s) CuSO4(s) H2SO4(aq)
H2O H2O H2O
Reaction between acids and carbonate
Tindak balas antara asid dengan karbonat logam
Combustion of alcohol / Pembakaran alkohol
Dissolving anhydrous salt such as copper(II) sulphate in water / Melarutkan garam kontang seperti kuprum(II) sulfat
dalam air
Dissolving sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide in water / Melarutkan natrium/kalium hidroksida dalam air
Na+ (aq) + OH(aq) Cu2+(aq) + SO42(aq) 2H+ (aq) + SO42(aq)
Adding water to concentrated acid

Menambahkan air kepada asid pekat
8 Energy Change in Endothermic Reaction: / Perubahan Tenaga dalam Tindak Balas Endotermik: a. Energy profile diagram for endothermic reactions: / Gambar rajah profil tenaga untuk tindak balas endotermik: Interpretation / Tafsiran: heat energy absorbed for bonds breaking in the The quantity of higher heat energy released reactants is than from the tenaga haba diserap formation of bonds in the products. / Kuantiti Strong weak bonds are broken and bonds are formed. kuat lemah Ikatan dipecahkan dan ikatan dibentuk. absorbed from the surroundings, temperature of Heat is decreases (Surrounding include the the surrounding reaction solution, container and the air).
diserap dari persekitaran, suhu persekitaran menurun Haba (Persekitaran termasuklah larutan bahan tindak balas, bekas dan udara). untuk pemecahan ikatan dalam bahan lebih tinggi daripada tenaga haba dibebaskan dari pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil.
Energy
Tenaga
Heat energy is released (-ve)
Tenaga haba dilepaskan (-ve)
Products Heat energy is absorbed (+ve)

Tenaga haba diserap (+if)
Hasil tindak balas
H positive
positif
Reactants
Heat of reaction, H is the difference between heat energy absorbed and heat energy released.
Haba tindak balas, H adalah perbezaan antara tenaga haba yang diserap dengan tenaga haba yang dibebaskan. positif positive . / Tanda untuk H adalah The sign of H is Energy change: / Perubahan tenaga:
Bahan tindak balas
Heat Chemical energy energy haba kimia Tenaga Tenaga b. Energy level diagram for endothermic reactions: / Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas endotermik:
Energy / Tenaga Products / Hasil tindak balas Reactants H is positive (heat is absorbed)
H adalah positif (haba yang diserap)
Bahan tindak balas
i. Total energy content of the products is greater than total energy of the reactants. Jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil lebih daripada jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan.
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9 Examples of endothermic reactions: / Contoh tindak balas endotermik: a. Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water / Melarutkan ammonium nitrat dalam air
Temperature decreases
Suhu menurun
42 40 41 43
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrat
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Water / Air Heat / Haba
Heat / Haba
Heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings

Tenaga haba diserap dari persekitaran
b. Complete the following table / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Tindak balas endotermik
Endothermic reaction
34
35
36
Example of chemical equation for the reaction

Contoh persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas H2O
Dissolving ammonium salts/nitrate salts in water

Melarutkan garam ammonium/nitrat dalam air
Decomposition of nitrate and carbonate salt when heated

Penguraian garam nitrat atau karbonat apabila dipanaskan
NH4NO3(s)
NH4+ (aq) + NO3 (aq)
Decomposition of hydrated salt to anhydrous salt and water CuSO .5H O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) when heated / Penguraian garam terhidrat kepada garam kontang 4 2 (blue) (white) dan air apabila dipanaskan
2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
10 Application of knowledge of exothermic and endothermic reactions in everyday life Aplikasi tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik dalam kehidupan seharian a. Hot packs / Pek panas: exothermic reaction. i. Contain chemicals that release heat, application of eksotermik . Mengandungi bahan kimia yang membebaskan haba, aplikasi bagi tindak balas ii. It is a plastic bag containing separate compartments of water and anhydrous calcium chloride. The anhydrous release heat, thus causing the temperature to increase . calcium chloride dissolves in water to Ia adalah beg plastik yang mengandungi ruang berasingan air dan kalsium klorida kontang. Kalsium klorida kontang larut
membebaskan haba yang seterusnya menyebabkan suhu naik dalam air dan .
CaCl2(s)
H2O
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
H = 83 kJ mol1
iii. Other substances that can be used in a hot pack are anhydrous magnesium sulphate, anhydrous copper(II) sulphate and calcium oxide. / Bahan lain yang boleh digunakan dalam pek panas adalah magnesium sulfat kontang,
kuprum(II) sulfat kontang dan kalsium oksida.
iv. A reusable hot pack uses supersaturated solution of sodium ethanoate crystallisation and resolution. Pek panas yang boleh dipakai semula menggunakan larutan tepu natrium etanoat yang akan menghablur. b. Cold packs / Pek sejuk: endothermic reaction. i. Contain chemicals that absorb heat, application of Mengandungi bahan kima yang menyerap haba, aplikasi bagi tindak balas endotermik . ii. It is a plastic bag containing separate compartments of water and solid ammonium nitrate. The solid ammonium absorb decrease . nitrate dissolves in water to heat, thus causing the temperature to Ia adalah beg plastik yang mengandungi ruang yang berasingan air dan pepejal ammonium nitrat. Pepejal ammonium nitrat H 2O NH4NO3(s) NH4+ (aq) + NO3 (aq) H = + 26 kJ mol1 iii. Other substances that can be used in a cold pack are ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate and sodium thiosulphate. / Bahan lain yang boleh digunakan dalam pek sejuk adalah ammonium klorida, kalium nitrat dan natrium
tiosulfat.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 Construct energy profile diagram for the following thermochemical equations: Lukis gambar rajah profil tenaga untuk persamaan termokimia berikut: a. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H = 57 kJ mol1 H 2O b. NH4NO3(s) NH4+ (aq) + NO3(aq) H = +26 kJ mol1 Give three statements to interpret the energy profile diagrams that you have constructed.
Berikan tiga pernyataan untuk mentafsirkan gambar rajah profil tenaga yang telah dilukis.
Answer / Jawapan: a. Energy level diagram / Gambar rajah aras tenaga:

Energy HC1 + NaOH
H = 57 kJ mol-1 NaC1 + H2O
Interpretation / Tafsiran: exothermic . i. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is eksotermik . Tindak balas antara asid hdroklorik dengan natrium hidroksida adalah ii. When one mole of hydrochloric acid reacts with one mole of sodium hydroxide to produce one mole of sodium released is 57 kJ. chloride and one mole of water, the quantity of heat Apabila satu mol asid hidroklorik bertindak balas dengan satu mol natrium hidroksida menghasilkan satu mol natrium
dibebaskan ialah 57 kJ. klorida dan satu mol air, kuantiti haba yang total more iii. The energy of 1 mole of hydrochloric acid and 1 mole of sodium hydroxide is than total difference in energy is 57 kJ. the energy of 1 mole of sodium chloride and 1 mole of water. The Jumlah jumlah tenaga 1 mol tenaga bagi 1 mol asid hidroklorik dan 1 mol natrium hidroksida lebih daripada Perbezaan tenaga adalah 57 kJ. natrium klorida dan 1 mol air. b. Energy level diagram / Gambar rajah aras tenaga: Energy NH4+ (aq) + NO3 (aq) H = +26 kJ mol-1 NH4NO3(s)
Interpretation / Tafsiran: endotermik . endothermic . / Melarutkan ammonium nitrat dalam air adalah i. Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is absorbed is 26 kJ. ii. When one mole of ammonium nitrate dissolves in water, the quantity of heat diserap ialah 26 kJ. Apabila satu mol ammonium nitrat larut dalam air, kuantiti haba yang total less total energy of iii. The energy of 1 mole of solid ammonium nitrate is than the Jumlah tenaga bagi 1 mol pepejal ammonium difference in energy is 26 kJ. / ammonium nitrate solution. The
kurang daripada jumlah tenaga 1 mol larutan ammonium nitrat. Perbezaan tenaga adalah 26 kJ. nitrat adalah
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2 The diagram below shows the energy level of reaction I and II. Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan aras tenaga bagi tindak balas I dan II.
Energy / Tenaga 2NO2(g) Energy / Tenaga Zn + CuSO4 H = 210 kJ mol-1 ZnSO4 + Cu
H = +66 kJ mol-1 N2 (g) + 2O2 (g)
Reaction I / Tindak balas I
Reaction II / Tindak balas II
Answer / Jawapan: endotermik manakala tindak endothermic while reaction II is exothermic . / Tindak balas I adalah i. Reaction I is eksotermik balas II adalah . absorbed from released to ii. Heat is the surrounding in reaction I while heat is the surrounding in diserap dari dibebaskan ke persekitaran dalam reaction II. Haba persekitaran dalam tindak balas I manakala haba
tindak balas II.
Berdasarkan gambar rajah di atas, bandingkan rajah aras tenaga tindak balas I dan tindak balas II.
Based on the diagram above, compare the energy level diagram in reaction I and reaction II.
lower iii. The total energy content of 1 mole of nitrogen gas and 2 moles of oxygen gas is than the total energy content of 2 moles of nitrogen dioxide in reaction I. The total energy of the content of 1 mole of zinc and 1 mole of higher copper(II) sulphate is than the total energy content of 1 mole of zinc sulphate and 1 mole of copper in reaction II. rendah daripada jumlah kandungan Jumlah kandungan tenaga 1 mol gas nitrogen dan 2 mol gas oksigen lebih absorbed during reaction I is 66 kJ iv. The quantity of heat (heat of reaction is +66 kJ mol1) while the released during reaction II is 210 kJ quantity of heat (heat of reaction is 210 kJ mol1). diserap 66 kJ Kuantiti haba yang semasa tindak balas I adalah (haba tindak balas ialah +66 kJ mol1) manakala
dibebaskan semasa tindak balas II adalah 210 kJ (haba tindak balas ialah 210 kJ mol1). kuantiti haba yang tenaga 2 mol nitrogen dioksida dalam tindak balas I. Jumlah kandungan tenaga 1 mol zink dan 1 mol kuprum(II) sulfat lebih tinggi daripada jumlah tenaga 1 mol zink sulfat dan 1 mol kuprum dalam tindak balas II.
Determination of The Heat of Reaction (H) / Penentuan Haba Tindak Balas (H) 1 Four types of heat of reaction, depending on the type of reaction: Empat jenis haba tindak balas mengikut jenis tindak balas: a. Heat precipitation from precipitation reaction / Haba pemendakan dari tindak balas pemendakan: Precipitation reaction occurs when two solutions containing cations and anions of insoluble salts added together. This reaction is used to prepare any insoluble salt. / Tindak balas pemendakan berlaku apabila dua larutan mengandungi Insoluble silver chloride salt is prepared by adding silver nitrate solution (contains Ag+) with sodium chloride solution (contains Cl). / Argentum klorida yang tidak larut disediakan dengan menambahkan larutan argentum nitrat (mengandungi
Ag+ ) dengan larutan natrium klorida (mengandungi Cl). kation dan anion garam tak larut dicampur bersama. Tindak balas ini digunakan untuk menyediakan garam tak larut. Example / Contoh:
Silver nitrate solution
Larutan argentum nitrat
Sodium chloride solution

Larutan natrium klorida
Silver chloride / Argentum klorida

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Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3(aq) Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: Ag+ + Cl AgCl Heat of precipitation is heat change when 1 mole of a precipitate is formed from its ions in aqueous solution.
Haba pemendakan ialah perubahan haba apabila 1 mol mendakan terbentuk dari ion-ionnya dalam larutan akueus.
b. Heat of displacement from displacement reaction: / Haba penyesaran daripada tindak balas penyesaran: Displacement reaction occurs when a metal which is situated at a higher position (higher tendency to release electron) in the electrochemical series displace a metal below it from its salt solution. Tindak balas penyesaran berlaku apabila logam yang berada di kedudukan yang lebih tinggi (lebih cenderung melepaskan Example / Contoh: Excess of zinc powder is added into copper(II) sulphate solution. Copper is displaced by zinc from copper(II) sulphate solution. / Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat. Kuprum disesar oleh zink daripada
larutan kuprum(II) sulfat. elektron) dalam siri elektrokimia menyesar logam di bawahnya dari larutan garamnya.
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Zinc powder / Serbuk zink
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu Heat of displacement is heat change when 1 mole of a metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal. / Haba penyesaran ialah perubahan haba apabila 1 mol logam disesarkan dari larutan garamnya
oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif.
c. Heat of neutralisation from neutralisation reaction / Haba peneutralan daripada tindak balas peneutralan: Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form only salt and water.

Example / Contoh: Hydrochloric acid is added into sodium hydroxide solution. / Asid hidroklorik ditambah ke dalam larutan natrium Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: H+ + OH H2O Heat of neutralisation is heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from neutralisation of acid with an alkali.
Haba peneutralan ialah haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air terbentuk dari peneutralan asid dan alkali. hidroksida.
Peneutralan ialah tindak balas antara asid dan bes menghasilkan garam dan air sahaja.
d. Heat of combustion from combustion of any fuel: Haba pembakaran daripada pembakaran sebarang bahan api: Combustion is a reaction when a substance burns completely in the excess oxygen. / Tindak balas pembakaran Example / Contoh: Combustion of ethanol in excess of oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water.
Pembakaran etanol dalam oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air. adalah tindak balas yang berlaku apabila bahan terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan.
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia: C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Heat of combustion is heat released when 1 mole of fuel is burnt completely in excess oxygen under standard conditions. / Haba pembakaran ialah haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol bahan api terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen
berlebihan di bawah keadaan piawai.
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2 Complete the following table. / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Heat of reaction No. Haba tindak balas i. Heat of precipitation
Haba pemendakan
Definition
Definisi
Example
Contoh
Heat of precipitation is heat change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from its ions in aqueous solution.
Thermochemical equation / Persamaan termokimia: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) H = 50.4 kJ mol1 Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: Pb2+ + SO42 PbSO4 lead(II) ions 50.4 kJ heat energy is released when 1 mole of reacted sulphate ions to form 1 mole of lead(II) sulphate . with 1 mole of plumbum(II) ion bertindak balas 50.4 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol Haba plumbum(II) sulfat . ion sulfat untuk membentuk 1 mol dengan 1 mol pemendakan ialah Energy level diagram / Gambar rajah aras tenaga: perubahan haba
apabila 1 mol mendakan terbentuk dari ion-ionnya dalam larutan akueus. Energy / Tenaga Pb2+(aq) + SO42 (aq)
H = 50.4 kJ mol1 PbSO4(s)
ii.
Heat of displacement
Haba penyesaran
Heat of displacement is heat change when 1 mole of a metal is displaced from its solution by a more electropositive metal.
Haba penyesaran ialah perubahan haba apabila 1 mol logam disesarkan dari larutan garamnya oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif.
Thermochemical equation / Persamaan termokimia: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) H = 217 kJ mol1 Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ + Cu released copper 217 kJ heat energy is when 1 mole of is copper(II) sulphate solution by zinc . displaced from dibebaskan apabila 1 mol kuprum 217 kJ tenaga haba disesarkan kuprum(II) sulfat oleh zink. dari Energy level diagram / Gambar rajah aras tenaga:
Energy / Tenaga Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) H = 217 kJ mol1 Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
iii. Heat of neutralisation
Heat of neutralisation Haba peneutralan is heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from neutralisation of acid with an alkali.
Thermochemical equation / Persamaan termokimia: KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H = 57 kJ mol1 Ionic equation / Persamaan ion: H+ + OH H2O released water 57 kJ heat energy is when 1 mol of formed nitric acid . potassium hydroxide with from neutralisation of dibebaskan air 57 kJ haba apabila 1 mol terbentuk dari
kalium hidroksida dengan asid nitrik peneutralan . Energy / Tenaga H+(aq) + OH(aq) H = 57 kJ mol1 H2O
Haba peneutralan ialah haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air terbentuk dari peneutralan asid dan alkali.
Energy level diagram / Gambar rajah aras tenaga:
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iv. Heat of Combustion

Haba Pembakaran
Heat of combustion is heat released when 1 mole of fuel is burnt completely in excess oxygen.
Thermochemical equation / Persamaan termokimia: C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3O2 H = 1 366 kJ mol1 released ethanol 1 366 kJ heat energy is when one mole of completely in excess oxygen is burnt . dibebaskan apabila 1 mol etanol dibakar lengkap 1 366 kJ tenaga haba
oksigen berlebihan dalam .
Haba pembakaran ialah haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol bahan api terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan.
Energy level diagram / Gambar rajah aras tenaga:

Energy / Tenaga C2H5OH + 3O2
H = 1 366 kJ mol1 2CO2 + 3O2
3 Method of calculating Heat of Reaction, H: / Kaedah pengiraan Haba Tindak Balas, H: a. Quantity of heat change in a substance depends on / Kuantiti perubahan haba dalam bahan bergantung pada: i. Mass of substance (m in grams) / Jisim bahan (m dalam gram) ii. Specific heat capacity of a substance (c in J g1 oC1 ) / Muatan haba tentu bahan (c dalam J g1 C1) iii. Temperature change (C) / Perubahan suhu (C) b. For a chemical reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution (precipitation, displacement of metal and neutralisation), assumptions are made during the calculation of heat of reaction:
Untuk tindak balas kimia yang berlaku dalam larutan akueus (pemendakan, penyesaran logam dan peneutralan) anggapan dibuat semasa pengiraan haba tindak balas:
i. ii. iii. c.
Density of aqueous solution is equal to the density of water = 1 g cm3, for example: Ketumpatan larutan akueus sama dengan ketumpatan air = 1 g cm3, contoh: 1 cm3 of aqueous solution has a mass of 1 g / 1 cm3 larutan akueus mempunyai jisim 1 g 2 cm3 of aqueous solution has a mass of 2 g / 2 cm3 larutan akueus mempunyai jisim 2 g m cm3 of aqueous solution has a mass of m g / m cm3 larutan akueus mempunyai jisim m g Specific heat capacity of solution = Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1 C1 No heat lost to the surroundings, all heat released in an exothermic reaction is absorbed into the reaction mixture. / Tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran, semua haba terbebas dalam tindak balas eksotermik diserap dalam campuran
tindak balas. Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = Muatan haba tentu bahan air = 4.2 J g-1 C-1
Heat change, H / Perubahan haba, H The heat change, H in a reaction can be calculated with the following formula Perubahan haba, H dalam tindak balas boleh dikira dengan formula berikut: Heat change (H) / Perubahan haba (H) = mc J where / di mana m = mass of the solution in gram / jisim larutan dalam gram c = specific heat capacity of solution in J g1 oC1 / muatan haba tentu larutan dalam J g1 C1 = temperature change in C / perubahan suhu dalam C d. Heat of reaction , H / Haba tindak balas, H i. Heat of reaction (H) is the energy change when one mole of reactant reacts or when one mole of product is formed. Haba tindak balas (H) ialah perubahan tenaga apabila satu mol bahan bertindak balas atau satu mol hasil terbentuk. X mol of reactant/product absorbs/releases H J of heat energy / X mol of bahan/hasil menyerap/membebaskan H J
tenaga
HJ H (heat of reaction) / H (Haba tindak balas) = +/ , X mol
1 mol of reactant/ product absorbs/releases / 1 mol of bahan/hasil menyerap/membebaskan
H J mol-1 X X = number of moles of reactant/product

bilangan mol bahan/hasil
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Note / Catatan: negative for exothermic reaction (temperature increases ). i. The sign of H is negatif untuk tindak balas eksotermik ( suhu menaik Tanda H adalah ). positive decreases ii. The sign of H is for endothermic reaction (temperature ). positif suhu menurun Tanda H adalah untuk tindak balas endotermik ( ). iii. The unit for heat of reaction is kJ mol1. / Unit untuk haba tindak balas ialah kJ mol1. e. Heat of combustion of fuel is determined by burning of a known mass of fuel (such as ethanol). The heat released from the burning of alcohol is used to increase the temperature of certain volume of water. Haba pembakaran bahan api ditentukan dengan pembakaran jisim bahan api yang diketahui (seperti etanol). Haba yang
dibebaskan dari pembakaran etanol digunakan untuk memanaskan suhu isi padu tertentu air.
Example / Contoh: 60 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm3 silver nitrate solution reacts with 60 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm3 potassium bromide solution with an average temperature of 29oC. A yellow precipitate was formed and the highest temperature reached is 32oC. Determine the heat of reaction, H. / 60 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 0.25 mol dm3 bertindak balas dengan 60 cm3 larutan
kalium bromida 0.25 mol dm3 dengan suhu purata 29C . Mendakan kuning terbentuk dan suhu tertinggi dicapai ialah 32C. Tentukan haba tindak balas, H.
Solution / Penyelesaian: Steps / Langkah-langkah Calculation / Pengiraan Mass of the solution, m = (60 cm3 + 60 cm3) 1 g cm-3 Jisim larutan, m = 120 g Temperature change, = (32 29)C = 3C
Perubahan suhu,
Step 1
Langkah 1 : Tentukan jisim larutan, m (Ketumpatan larutan akueus = 1 g cm-3)
: Determine the mass of the solution, m (Density of aqueous solution = 1 g cm3 )
Step 2
Langkah 2 : Tentukan perubahan suhu,
: Determine the temperature change, : Determine the heat released, H (Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 Jg1 C1)
Langkah 3 : Tentukan haba yang dibebaskan, H (Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J g-1 C-1)
Step 3
H = mc J H = 120 g 4.2 J g1 oC 3C = 1 512 J AgNO3(aq) + KBr (aq) AgBr(s) + KNO3(aq) or / atau Ag+ + Br AgBr 60 No of moles of Ag+ = dm3 0.25 mol dm-3 1 000 Bil mol Ag+
Step 4 : Determine the number of moles of silver bromide precipitated (x)
Langkah 4 : Tentukan bilangan mol argentum bromida yang termendak (x)
= 0.015 mol 60 No of moles of Br = dm3 0.25 mol dm3 1 000 Bil mol Br = 0.015 mol From the equation / Daripada persamaan: 1 mole of Ag+ ions reacts with 1 mole Br- ions to form 1 mole of AgBr
1 mol ion Ag+ bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion Br membentuk 1 mol AgBr
0.015 mole of Ag+ ions reacts with 0.015 mole Br- ions to form 0.015 mole AgBr x = 0.015
0.015 mol ion Ag+ bertindak balas dengan 0.015 mol ion Br membentuk 0.015 mol AgBr x = 0.015
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Step 5
Langkah 5 : Tentukan haba tindak balas (H)
: Determine the heat of reaction (H)
H = H (negative because heat is released to the X surrounding or temperature increases) (negatif sebab haba dibebaskan ke
persekitaran atau suhu menaik)
Draw the energy level diagram

Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga
1 512 0.015 mol
= 100.8 kJ mol1
Energy AgNO3(ag) + KBr(aq) H = 100.8 kJ mol1 AgBr(s) + KNO3(aq)
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Activity/Experiment to Determine Heat of Reaction / Aktiviti/Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Haba Tindak Balas
1 Procedure to determine heat release or heat change in experiment / Kaedah untuk menentukan haba yang dibebaskan atau perubahan haba dalam eksperimen,
Procedure / Kaedah m c
Heat release / Haba dibebaskan, H = mc
Heat of reaction / dan Haba tindak balas, H = H x x
Haba tindak balas Thermometer

Termometer
Heat of reaction
Heat of precipitation of silver chloride

Polystyrene cup I Jisim larutan = Jumlah isi padu larutan akueus garam solution dalam gram = (25 + 25) g
Cawan polisterina
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Haba pemendakan argentum klorida Sodium chloride solution II

Larutan natrium klorida
larutan argentum nitrat
Silver nitrate solution I
Mass of the solution = Total volume of aqueous salt solution in gram = (25 + 25) g
Procedure / Kaedah: solution is 1. 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate measured measuring cylinder poured into a with and 3 larutan polystyrene cup . / 25 cm argentum nitrat disukat dengan silinder penyukat 0.5 mol dm-3 dan dituangkan cawan polisterina ke dalam . solution is 2. 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride measured measuring cylinder poured with another and 3 larutan polystyrene cup into another . / 25 cm natrium disukat dengan silinder penyukat klorida 0.5 mol dm-3 lain dituangkan ke dalam cawan polisterina dan yang lain. initial 3. A thermometer is placed into each solution and the recorded temperature T1 and T2 of each solution is . suhu Termometer dimasukkan ke dalam setiap larutan dan awal
Specific heat T1 + T2 T3 capacity of 2 solution = Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1C1 Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = Muatan haba tentu bahan air = 4.2 J g1 C1
Number of moles of silver chloride precipitate formed, calculated from balanced precipitation equation.
Bilangan mol mendakan argentum klorida yang terbentuk, dihitung dari persamaan seimbang tindak balas pemendakan.
dicatatkan . T1 dan T2 setiap larutan quickly and 4. The sodium chloride solution is poured carefully into the silver nitrate solution. / Larutan natrium cermat ke dalam cepat dan klorida dituangkan dengan
thermometer 5. The reaction mixture is stirred with the highest temperature, T3 is recorded . / Campuran and the tertinggi , T3 termometer dan suhu tindak balas dikacau dengan dicatatkan .
larutan argentum nitrat.
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Heat of displacement of copper by zinc

Zinc / Zink
Haba tindak balas
Heat of reaction Procedure / Kaedah T2 T1 m c x
Haba penyesaran kuprum oleh zink Copper(II) sulphate Jisim larutan = Isi padu larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam gram = 25 g
Mass of the solution = Volume of copper(II) sulphate solution in gram = 25 g

Specific heat capacity of solution = Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1C1 Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = Muatan haba tentu bahan air = 4.2 J g1 C1
Number of moles of copper displaced, calculated from balanced displacement equation.

Bilangan mol kuprum disesarkan, dihitung dari persamaan seimbang penyesaran.
Procedure / Kaedah: solution is 1. 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate measuring cylinder and poured into a measured with 3 larutan polystyrene cup . / 25 cm kuprum(II) sulfat silinder penyukat dituangkan 0.5 mol dm-3 disukat dengan dan cawan polisterina ke dalam .
initial 2. A thermometer is placed into the solution and the solution is recorded . / Termometer temperature T1 of the awal dimasukkan ke dalam larutan dan suhu T1 larutan dicatatkan .
powder quickly and carefully into 3. Add half a spatula of zinc solution . / Tambah setengah spatula the copper(II) sulphate serbuk zink dengan cepat dan cermat ke dalam larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat.
thermometer 4. The reaction of mixture is stirred with the highest temperature , T2 is recorded. / Campuran and the termometer dan suhu tertinggi , T2 tindak balas dikacau dengan
dicatatkan.
Haba tindak balas

Thermometer Hydrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik
Heat of reaction Procedure / Kaedah T3 m c x

Termometer
T1 + T2 2
Heat of neutralisation of different strength of acid and alkali

Sodium hydroxide solution
Larutan natrium hidroksida
Polystyrene cup I
Asid hidroklorik Cawan polisterina
Haba peneutralan asid dan alkali dengan kekuatan yang berbeza

II Polystyrene cup / Cawan polisterina Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide solution
Larutan natrium hidroksida
Mass of the solution = Total volume of acid and alkali in gram = (50 + 50) g = 100 g
Jisim larutan = Jumlah isi padu asid dan alkali dalam gram = (50 + 50) g = 100 g Specific heat capacity of solution = Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1C1 Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = Muatan haba tentu bahan air = 4.2 J g1 C1
Number of moles of water formed, calculated from balanced equation of neutralisation reaction.
Procedure / Kaedah: solution is 1. 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide measured measuring cylinder poured into with and larutan natrium hidroksida polystyrene cup . / 50 cm3 a silinder penyukat dituangkan 2 mol dm-3 disukat dengan dan cawan polisterina ke dalam . measured with 2. 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is measuring cylinder and poured into another another polystyrene cup . / 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2 mol dm3 disukat silinder penyukat dengan yang lain dituangkan ke dalam cawan polisterina yang lain. initial 3. A thermometer is placed into each solution and the solution and hydrochloric temperature of sodium hydroxide recorded . / Termometer dimasukkan ke acid ,T1 and T2 are awal larutan natrium dalam setiap larutan dan suhu bagi dicatatkan hidroksida dan asid hidroklorik, T1 dan T2 . quickly and carefully into 4. Hydrochloric acid is poured solution . / Asid hidroklorik dituangkan the sodium hydroxide cepat cermat ke dalam larutan natrium dengan dan
hidroksida.
Bilangan mol, dihitung dari persamaan seimbang tindak balas peneutralan
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5. The reaction of mixture is stirred with the thermometer and the recorded highest is temperature, T . 3 termometer dan suhu Campuran tindak balas dikacau dengan tertinggi dicatatkan , T3 . 6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using Langkah 1 5 diulangi dengan menggunakan: Sodium hydroxide solution and ethanoic acid Larutan natrium hidroksida dan asid etanoik Ammonia solution and hydrochloric acid Larutan ammonia dan asid hidroklorik Ammonia solution and ethanoic acid Larutan ammonia dan asid etanoik
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Haba tindak balas
Heat of reaction Procedure / Kaedah T2 T1

Thermometer
Termometer
m m1 m2 RMM of alcohol
m1 m2 JMR bagi alkohol
Heat of combustion of different alcohol

Copper Can
Tin kuprum Pengadang angin

Wind shield
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1 C1
Haba pembakaran alkohol yang berbeza

Water / Air Fuel / Bahan api
Mass of the water = Volume of water in the metal can in gram = 100 g
Jisim air = Isi padu air di dalam bekas logam dalam gram = 100 g Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = Muatan haba tentu bahan air = 4.2 J g1 C1
Procedure / Kaedah: measuring cylinder and 1. 100 cm3 of water is measured with copper can . / 100 cm3 air diukur menggunakan poured it into the silinder penyukat dan dituangkan ke dalam bekas kuprum. initial 2. A thermometer is placed into the water and the recorded . / Termometer diletakkan di dalam air temperature, T1 is awal dan suhu , T1direkodkan. 3. The metal can is placed on a tripod stand. Bekas kuprum diletakkan di atas tungku kaki tiga. 4. A lamp is filled with methanol. The lamp is weighed and the recorded . / Sebuah pelita diisi dengan metanol. initial mass, m1 is dicatatkan . Pelita itu ditimbang dan jisim awal, m1 minimised 5. A wind shield is placed as shown in the diagram to heat loss to the moving air in the surrounding. / Pengadang angin mengurangkan diletakkan seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas untuk
kehilangan haba disebabkan pergerakan udara di persekitaran.
6. The lamp is placed near the base of the copper can to maximised the heat transfer and the wick is lighted . Pelita itu diletakkan dekat dengan dasar bekas kuprum untuk memaksimumkan pemindahan haba dan sumbu dinyalakan . thermometer 7. The water is stirred continuously with the until its temperature increases by 30oC, the flame is put off highest temperature, T2 reached by the water is and the termometer recorded . / Air dikacau secara berterusan dengan
sehingga suhu naik sebanyak 30C, nyalaan dipadamkan dan suhu dicatatkan . tertinggi dicapai oleh air
8. The final mass of the lamp, m2 and its content is weighed recorded . / Jisim akhir lampu dan immediately and dicatatkan . kandungannya, m2 ditimbang dengan serta merta dan 9. Steps 1 to 8 are repeated with ethanol, propanol and butanol. / Langkah 1 hingga 8 diulangi menggunakan etanol, propanol dan butanol.
Numerical Problems Involving Heat of Displacement / Pengiraan Melibatkan Haba Penyesaran 1 Excess of zinc powder is added to 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution. The temperature of reaction mixture increases by 5C. Calculate the heat of displacement of copper by zinc from copper(II) sulphate solution. [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g 1 o C1, density of solution = 1 g cm3] / Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada Answer / Jawapan: 0.1 mol dm3 ? mol Excess 50 cm3 Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu Mol of CuSO = 50 0.1 = 0.005 mol
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50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.1 mol dm-3. Suhu campuran tindak balas meningkat sebanayk 5C. Hitungkan haba penyesaran kuprum oleh zink dari larutan kuprum(II) sulfat. [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1 C1, ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm3]
From the equation, 1 mol CuSO4 : 1 mol Cu 0.005 mol CuSO4 : 0.005 mol Cu Heat released in the experiment, H = 50 4.2 5 J = 1 050 J Heat of displacement, H = 1 050 J = 210 kJ mol1
1 000
2 The following is the thermochemical equation for a reaction. Berikut adalah persamaan termokimia untuk suatu tindak balas. Calculate the heat released when 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution reacts with excess zinc. Mol of CuSO4 = Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu H = 210 kJ mol1
0.005 mol
Hitungkan haba yang dibebaskan apabila 50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1.0 mol dm3 bertindak balas dengan zink berlebihan. Answer / Jawapan:
From the equation, 1 mol CuSO4 : 1 mol Cu
50 1 = 0.05 mol 1 000
Displacement of 1 mol of Cu releases 210 kJ 0.05 mol Cu release 210 0.05 = 10.5 kJ Heat released, H = 10.5 kJ
0.05 mol CuSO4 : 0.05 mol Cu
X 210 kJ mol1 = H 0.05

or
H = H
H = 210 kJ mol1 0.05 mol = 10.5 kJ
3 The thermochemical ionic equation below represents the reaction between magnesium powder and iron(II) sulphate solution. / Persamaan ion termokimia di bawah mewakili tindak balas antara serbuk magnesium dengan larutan ferum(II) sulfat. Mg(s) + Fe 2+(aq) Mg 2+(aq) + Fe(s) H = 189 kJ mol1 Calculate the increase in temperature when excess magnesium powder is added into 80 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate solution. [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g1 o C1, density of solution = 1 g cm3]
Hitungkan kenaikan suhu apabila serbuk magnesium berlebihan ditambah kepada 80 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat 0.4 mol dm3. [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 Jg 1 C1, ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm3] Answer / Jawapan:
Mol of FeSO4 =
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H = 189 kJ mol1 0.032 mol = 6.048 kJ = 6 048 J 6 048 J = mc = 80 4.2 = 18 oC
80 0.4 = 0.032 mol 1 000 From the equation, 1 mol Fe 2+ : 1 mol Fe 0.032 mol Fe 2+ : 0.032 mol Fe H H = X H H = heat released in the experiment 189 kJ mol1 = 0.032 mol
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Numerical Problems Involving Heat of Precipitation / Pengiraan Melibatkan Haba Pemendakan 1 When 25 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm3 silver nitrate solution is added into 25 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm3 sodium chloride solution, the temperature of the mixture rises by 3C. What is the quantity of heat released in this experiment? [Specific heat capacity of a solution = 4.2 J g1 oC1] Apabila 25 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 0.25 mol dm3 ditambah kepada 25 cm3 larutan natrium klorida 0.25 mol dm3, suhu campuran

2 The thermochemical ionic equation below represents the reaction lead(II) nitrate solution and potassium sulphate solution. / Pesamaan ion termokimia di bawah mewakili tindak balas antara larutan plumbum(II) nitrat dengan larutan kalium
sulfat.
Answer / Jawapan: Heat released in the experiment / Haba dibebaskan dalam eksperimen, H = 50 g 4.2 J g1 C1 3C = 630 J
tindak balas naik sebanyak 3C. Berapa kuantiti haba yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen ini? [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1 C1]
larutan kalium sulfat 1 mol dm3. [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1 C1, ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm3] Answer / Jawapan:
Calculate the increase in temperature when 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution is added into 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 of potassium sulphate solution. [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g1 oC1, density of solution = 1 g cm3] / Hitungkan kenaikan suhu apabila 25 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 1 mol dm3 ditambah kepada 25 cm3 H , x = mol of PbSO4 , H = heat release, H= heat of precipitation X 25 1 25 1 mol of Pb2+ = = 0.025 mol, mol of SO42 = = 0.025 mol 1 000 1 000 H =
Pb2+ + SO42 PbSO4 H = 50.4 kJ mol1
From the equation: 1 mole of Pb2+ ions reacts with 1 mole of SO42 ions to form 1 mole of PbSO4 0.025 mole of Pb2+ ions reacts with 0.025 mole SO4 2 ions to form 0.025 mole of PbSO4 x = 0.025 H 50.4 kJ mol1 = 0.025 mol eat release = H = 1.26 kJ = 1 260 J H 1 260 J = mc = 50 g 4.2 J g1 C1 = 6 C
Numerical Problems Involving Heat of Neutralisation / Pengiraan Melibatkan Haba Peneutralan 1 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is added into 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm3 ethanoic acid. The initial temperature for both solutions is 28.0C and the highest temperature is 41.0C. Calculate heat of neutralisation. [Specific heat capacity of a solution = 4.2 J g1 C1] / 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm3 ditambah kepada 100 cm3 of Answer / Jawapan:
asid etanoik 2.0 mol dm3. Suhu awal kedua-dua larutan ialah 28.0 C dan suhu tertinggi ialah 41.0C. Hitungkan haba peneutralan. [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1 C1]
H = 54.6 kJ mol1
2 The reaction between 25.00 cm3 of hydrochloric acid and 25.00 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution releases the heat of 2 100 J. What is the temperature change of the mixture? Tindak balas antara 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik dan 25 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida membebaskan haba sebanyak 2 100 J. Apakah [Specific heat capacity of a solution = 4.2 J g1 C1] / [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1 C1] Answer / Jawapan: = 10 C
perubahan suhu campuran tindak balas?

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Comparing the Heat of Neutralisation / Membandingkan Haba Peneutralan 1 Heat of neutralisation is heat released when one mole of hydrogen ions from acid reacts with one mole of hydroxide ions from alkali to produce one mole of water: / Haba peneutralan ialah haba yang dibebaskan apabila satu mol ion hidrogen H+ (ak) + OH (ak) H2O H = 57 kJ mol1 1 mol of hydrogen ions react with 1 mol of hydroxide ions to form 1 mol of water to release 57 kJ of heat energy. 1 mol ion hidrogen bertindak balas dengan ion hidroksida membentuk 1 mol air dan membebaskan 57 kJ tenaga haba. 2 Heat neutralisation between strong acid and strong alkali: / Haba peneutralan antara asid kuat dengan alkali kuat: Heat of neutralisation of sodium hydroxide solution/potassium hydroxide solution with hydrochloric acid/nitric acid is 57 kJ mol1 because all the reactions produce one mol of water.
Haba peneutralan bagi larutan natrium hidroksida/kalium hidroksida dengan asid hidroklorik/asid nitrik ialah 57 kJ mol1 kerana semua tindak balas menghasilkan satu mol air. dari asid bertindak balas dengan satu mol ion hidroksida dari alkali menghasilkan satu mol air:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HCl + KOH KCl + H2O
HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O
H+ + OH H2O , H = 57 kJ mol1
3 Heat of neutralisation between sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid (diprotic acid): Haba peneutralan antara natrium hidroksida dengan asid sulfurik (asid diprotik): 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O 2 mol hydroxide ions react with 2 mol of hydrogen ions to form 2 mol H2O. Heat released is 2 57 kJ = 114 kJ. 2 mol ion hidroksida bertindak balas dengan 2 mol ion hidrogen membentuk 2 mol H2O. Haba yang dibebaskan ialah 2 57 kJ Heat of neutralisation of sulphuric acid with sodium hydroxide remains at 57 kJ mol1 because the definition for heat of neutralisation is heat released for the formation of one mol of water.
Haba peneutralan bagi asid sulfurik dengan natrium hidroksida masih 57 kJ mol1 kerana maksud haba peneutralan adalah haba yang dibebaskan bagi pembentukan satu mol air. = 114 kJ.
HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O
4 Heat of neutralisation between weak acid and strong alkali: Haba peneutralan antara asid lemah dengan alkali kuat: a. Magnitude of heat of neutralisation for a weak acid with a strong alkali or strong acid with weak alkali is less than 57 kJ mol. / Magnitud haba peneutralan untuk asid lemah dengan alkali kuat atau asid kuat dengan alkali lemah adalah kurang b. Example / Contoh: NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O H = 55 kJ mol1 NaOH + HCN NaCN + H2O H = 12 kJ mol1 Explanation: / Penerangan:
mengion separa dalam ionise hydrogen ions. / Asid lemah Weak acids partially in water to produce hidrogen . dalam air menghasilkan ion Example / Contoh: CH3COOH CH3COO + H+ molecules . Some of the particles still remain in the form of daripada 57 kJ mol.
absorbed to break the bonds in the molecules of the weak acid that have not been Heat energy is diserap untuk memecahkan ikatan di dalam molekul asid ionised so that they ionise completely. / Tenaga haba
lemah yang masih belum mengion supaya mengion sepenuhnya.
molekul . Sebahagian zarah masih kekal dalam bentuk
used/absorbed to break the bonds in the molecules of weak acid Part of the heat that is released is digunakan/diserap untuk memecahkan ikatan dalam that has not been ionised. / Sebahagian haba yang dibebaskan
molekul asid lemah yang masih belum mengion.
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# Calculation guide / Panduan pengiraan: a. If any reaction is repeated by changing the volume without changing the concentration, change in temperature is the same. / Jika sebarang tindak balas diulangi dengan menukarkan isi padu tanpa menukar kepekatan, perubahan suhu b. If the reaction is repeated by changing the concentration of the solution by n times without changing the volume, the temperature change is n times. / Jika sebarang tindak balas diulangi dengan menukarkan kepekatan larutan
adalah sama.
sebanyak n kali tanpa menukar isi padu, perubahan suhu adalah n kali.
Example 1 / Contoh 1: Reaction I: 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is added to 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution. The temperature rises by 13C. / Tindak balas I: 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2 mol dm3 ditambah dengan 50 cm3
larutan kalium hidroksida 2 mol dm3. Suhu naik sebanyak 13C.
Reaction II: 300 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric is added to 300 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide. What is the temperature change in this reaction? / Tindak balas II: 300 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2 mol dm3 ditambah dengan
300 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 larutan kalium hidroksida. Apakah perubahan suhu dalam tindak balas ini?
Answer / Jawapan: H H = where H = Heat of neutralisation X x = Number of moles of water H = Heat change (heat released in the reaction) = mc Reaction I: Reaction II: H =
100 4.2 13 J = 54 600 J 0.1 600 4.2 T where T = temperature change in reaction I 54 600 J = 0.6 T = 13C
Example 2 / Contoh 2: Reaction I : 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate is added to 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm3 sodium carbonate solution. The temperature of the mixture rises by 2.4C. Tindak balas I: 50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 2 mol dm3 ditambah
dengan 50 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 0.2 mol dm3. Suhu naik sebanyak 2.4C.
Reaction II : 50 cm3 of 0.6 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 0.6 mol dm3 sodium carbonate solution. What is the temperature rise in this experiment?
Tindak balas II: 50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 0.6 mol dm3 ditambah dengan 50 cm3 of 0.6 mol dm3 larutan natrium karbonat. Apakan kenaikan suhu dalam eksperimen ini?
Answer / Jawapan: H H = where H = Heat of precipitation of lead(II) carbonate X x = Number of moles of lead(II) carbonate precipitated H = Heat change = mc Ionic equation for both reaction s: Pb2+ + CO32 PbCO3 100 4.2 2.4 J Reaction I: H = = 100 800 J mol1 0.01 100 4.2 T Reaction II: 100 800 J = where T = temperature change in the second reaction 0.03 T = 7.2C (The temperature changes 3 times more than reaction I)
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Numerical Problems Involving Heat of Combustion / Pengiraan Melibatkan Haba Pembakaran 1 Methanol burns in oxygen in a reaction as shown in the thermochemical equation below. / Metanol terbakar dalam oksigen
seperti persamaan termokimia di bawah.
CH3OH(s) + 2O2(g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O H = 725 kJ mol1 What is the mass of methanol that must be burnt completely to produce 145 kJ of heat? [Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16] / Apakah jisim metanol yang perlu dibakar lengkap untuk menghasilkan 145 kJ haba? [Jisim atom relatif: C, 12; O, 16] Answer / Jawapan: H H = , x = mol of methanol X 145 kJ 725 kJ mol 1 = x 145 kJ Mol of methanol = ___________ = 0.2 mol 1 725 kJ mol Mass of methanol = 0.2 [12 1 + 4 1 + 16] = 6.4 g 2 22 g of butanol is burnt completely in excess of oxygen . The heat released is used to heat up 500 cm3 water from 27.5oC to 55.8C. Calculate the heat of combustion of butanol. [Specific heat capacity of a solution = 4.2 J g1 oC1, relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16 ] / 22 g butanol terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan. Haba yang dibebaskan memanaskan
500 cm3 air dari 27.5C ke 55.8C . Hitungkan haba pembakaran butanol. [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1C1, jisim atom relatif: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16]
H =
H , x = mol butanol, H = heat released, H = heat of combustion X 500 4.2 28.3 J = 200.10 kJ mol1 H = 22/74 mol
Comparing the Heat of Combustion of Various Fuels / Membandingkan Haba Pembakaran Pelbagai Bahan Api 1 2 3 Fuels are substances that burn in the air to produce heat energy. Heat of combustion is heat energy released when 1 mole of fuel is burnt completely in excess oxygen.
Bahan api adalah bahan yang dibakar dalam udara untuk menghasilkan tenaga.
The higher the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms per molecule of fuel, the higher the heat energy released by the combustion of 1 mole of fuel. / Semakin tinggi bilangan atom karbon dan hidrogen dalam setiap molekul bahan api, semakin
banyak tenaga haba dibebaskan dari pembakaran 1 mol bahan api.
Haba pembakaran ialah tenaga haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol bahan api dibakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan.
4 Example / Contoh: The diagram below shows the graph of heat of combustion of alcohols against number of carbon atom per molecule.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom karbon dalam setiap molekul alkohol. Heat of combustion of alcohol (kJ mol1)
Haba pembakaran alkohol (kJ mol1)
3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Number carbon atom per molecule 1 2 3 4

Bilangan atom karbon per molekul
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Conclusion / Kesimpulan: When the number of carbon atom per molecule of alcohol increases, the heat of combustion increases.
Apabila bilangan atom karbon dalam setiap molekul alkohol bertambah, haba pembakaran bertambah.
Explanation / Penerangan: a. When the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms per molecule of alcohol increases, the number of carbon dioxide and water molecules produced as products increases. / Apabila bilangan atom karbon dalam setiap molekul alc ohol b. More bonds between atoms in carbon dioxide and water molecules are formed, more heat is released.
Lebih banyak ikatan antara atom dalam molekul air dan karbon dioksida terbentuk, lebih banyak haba dibebaskan. bertambah, bilangan molekul karbon dioksida dan air yang dihasilkan bertambah.
5 Fuel value / Nilai bahan api a. Fuel value is the amount of heat released when 1 g of fuel burns completely, the unit is kJ g1. Nilai bahan api adalah jumlah haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 g bahan api terbakar lengkap, unitnya adalah kJ g1. b. A fuel with high fuel value can supply more energy. Bahan api dengan nilai bahan api yang tinggi boleh membekalkan lebih tenaga. Example / Contoh: Fuel / Bahan api Methanol / Metanol Charcoal / Arang kayu Crude oil / Minyak mentah Kerosene / Kerosin Petrol / Petrol Natural gas / Gas asli Fuel value/ kJ g1 / Nilai bahan api/ kJ g1 23 35 45 37 34 50
c. Aspects to be considered when choosing a fuel in industry:
Aspek yang perlu dipertimbangkan apabila memilih bahan api dalam industri:
Fuel value of the fuel. / Nilai bahan api bagi bahan api. Cost of energy/cost of fuel. / Harga tenaga/bahan api. Availability and sources of the fuel. / Sumber bahan api. Effect of the fuel to the environment. / Kesan bahan api kepada persekitaran. 6 Other sources of energy / Sumber tenaga yang lain a. Worlds major sources of energy are fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are non-renewable source of energy, eventually they will be used up. / Sumber utama tenaga dunia adalah bahan api fosil seperti arang batu, petroleum
dan gas asli yang merupakan sumber yang tidak boleh diperbaharui yang mana ia akan habis digunakan.
b. Other sources of energy are the sun, biomass, water and radioactive substances. Sumber tenaga yang lain adalah matahari, biojisim, air dan bahan radioaktif. STRUCTURED QUESTIONS / SOALAN STRUKTUR 1 The diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to determine the heat of displacement of silver. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk eksperimen menentukan haba penyesaran argentum.
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Excess of copper powder

Serbuk kuprum berlebihan
Plastic cup / Cawan plastik
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100 cm3 of silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm3

100 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 0.5 mol dm3
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The thermometer reading rises or the
The following data was obtained: / Berikut adalah data yang diperoleh: Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution = 28.0C
Suhu awal larutan argentum nitrat
Highest temperature of the mixture of product = 40.5C

Suhu tertinggi campuran hasil tindak balas
[Given specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g1 C1, density of solution = 1 g cm3]
[Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1C1, ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm3]
a. What is meant by the heat of displacement in the experiment? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba penyesaran dalam eksperimen itu? Heat released when one mole of silver is displaced from silver nitrate solution by copper. b. State three observations in the experiment and the reason for each observation. / Nyatakan tiga pemerhatian dalam
eksperimen itu dan berikan sebab untuk setiap pemerhatian.
i. Grey solid is deposited because silver metal is displaced by copper from silver nitrate solution ii. Colourless solution turns blue because copper(II) ion is produced iii. The thermometer reading rises or the container becomes hot or warm because the reaction is exothermic/heat is released to the surroundings c. Why is a plastic cup used in the experiment? / Mengapakah cawan plastik digunakan dalam eksperimen itu? To reduce heat loss to the surrounding. d. Write the ionic equation for the reaction. / Tulis persamaan ion untuk tindak balas itu. Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag e. Based on the information given in the experiment, calculate: / Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, hitungkan:

i. Change in temperature / perubahan suhu = 40.5 28.0 = 12.5C
= 5 250 J
ii. the heat given out in the experiment / haba yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen
H = (100)(4.2)(12.5)
iii. the heat of displacement of silver / haba penyesaran argentum

Mole of AgNO3 = 100 0.5 = 0.05 mol 1 000 From the equation, 2 mol of AgNO3 produce 2 mol of Ag
f. i. The experiment is repeated using 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 silver nitrate solution and excess copper powder. Calculate the temperature change in this experiment.
Eksperimen itu diulangi menggunakan 100 cm3 larutan argentum 1.0 mol dm3 dan serbuk kuprum yang berlebihan. Hitungkan perubahan suhu dalam eksperimen ini.
0.05 mol of AgNO3 produce 0.05 mol of Ag 5 250 J = 105 kJ mol1 Heat of displacement of silver = 0.05 mol
1 100 = 0.1 mol, mol Ag displaced = 0.1 mol 1 000 0.1 105 000 = 25 C Temperature change, = 100 4.2 Mol of Ag+ =
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ii. Explain why this change of temperature is different from that in (e)(i). Terangkan mengapa perubahan suhu berbeza dengan (e)(i). i. The number of mol of silver displaced is doubled, hence amount of heat energy released is also doubled. ii. The amount of heat energy which is doubled is used to increase the same volume of solution. iii. The increase in temperature of the solution is also doubled. 2 Experiment I is carried out to determine the heat of neutralisation between strong acid and strong alkali. 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is poured into a plastic cup and the initial temperature is recorded. 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 nitric acid is then poured into the cup containing the sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture is stirred and heat produced raises the temperature by 3C. [Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g1 C1] Eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan haba peneutralan antara asid kuat dengan alkali kuat. 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida
0.5 mol dm3 dituangkan dalam cawan plastik dan suhu awal dicatat. 50 cm3 asid nitrik 0.5 mol dm3 kemudian dituangkan ke dalam cawan mengandungi larutan natrium hidroksida. Campuran tindak balas dikacau dan haba yang terbebas menaikkan suhu sebanyak 3C. [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1 C1]
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Plastic cup / Cawan plastik
50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution and 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 nitric acid
50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 0.5 mol dm3 dan 50 cm3 asid nitrik 0.5 mol dm3
Experiment I / Experiment I a. What is meant by heat of neutralisation in the experiment? Apakah yang dimaksudkan haba peneutralan dalam eksperimen ini? Heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from the neutralisation between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. b. Calculate / Hitungkan i. the number moles of sodium hydroxide that reacts with hydrochloric acid. bilangan mol natrium hidroksida bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik. 50 0.5 Number of moles = 1 000 = 0.025 mol ii. the heat released in the experiment. / haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas itu. Heat released = Heat changed = 100 4.2 3 = 1 260 J iii. the heat of neutralisation for the reaction. / haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas. NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O 0.025 mole of NaOH reacts with 0.025 mole of HNO3 to form 0.025 mole of water 0.025 0.025 0.025
The heat change is 1 260 J 1 260 J = 50.4 kJ mol1 Heat of neutralisation = H = 0.025 mol c. Write the thermochemical equation for the reaction in the experiment. Tulis persamaan termokimia untuk tindak balas dalam eksperimen. NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O H = 50.4 kJ mol-1
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Construct energy level diagram for the reaction. / Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas itu.
Energy NaOH + HNO3 H = 50.4 kJ mol1 NaNO3 + H2O
ii. State three information about the reaction which can be obtained from the above energy level diagram. Nyatakan tiga maklumat tentang tindak balas yang boleh diperoleh daripada gambar rajah aras tenaga. It is an exothermic reaction // heat energy is released to the surrounding. The total energy of reactants is higher than the products. 50.4 kJ of heat energy is released when 1 mole of water is formed. e. Experiment II is carried out under the same conditions as experiment I, whereby a 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 ethanoic acid is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution. The temperature of the mixture increased by 5.5C. / Eksperimen II dijalankan di dalam keadaan yang sama dengan eksperimen I di mana 50 cm3 asid etanoik 1 mol dm3
ditambah kepada 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3. Suhu campuran meningkat sebanyak 5.5C.
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50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution and 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 ethanoic acid
50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 dan 50 cm3 asid etanoik 1 mol dm3
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Experiment II / Eksperimen II i. Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used. / Hitungkan bilangan mol natrium hidroksida digunakan. Number of moles alkali used = mv = 1 (50) = 0.05 mol 1 000 1 000 ii. Calculate the heat of neutralisation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide solution. [Specific capacity for all solutions is 4.2 J g1 C1 and the density of all solutions is 1.0 g cm-3] Hitungkan haba peneutralan antara asid etanoik dengan larutan natrium hidroksida. [Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan =
4.2 J g1 C1, ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm3]
Heat change = mc = (50 + 50) 4.2 5.5 = 2 310 J 2 310 J = 46 200 J mol1 = 46.2 kJ mol1 Heat of neutralisation = 0.05 mol
f. Compare the heat of neutralisation for Experiment I and Experiment II. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan haba peneutralan dalam Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II. Terangkan jawapan anda.
The heat of neutralisation for Experiment I is higher than Experiment II Ethanoic acid is weak acid which ionises partially in water, some of the ethanoic acid still remains in the form of molecules. Some of heat released in Experiment II during neutralisation is absorbed to ionise the molecules of ethanoic acid.
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g. Experiment II is repeated by adding 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid to 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution, the increase in temperature is still 5.5C. Explain why. Eskperimen II diulangi dengan menambahkan 100 cm3 asid etanoik 1 mol dm3 kepada 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida The number of moles of water produced is doubled, hence amount of heat energy released is doubled The amount of heat energy which is doubled is used to increase total volume of solution which is also doubled Therefore the temperature increased remains the same 3 An experiment was carried out to determine the heat of precipitation for the reaction between lead(II) nitrate and potassium sulphate. 50.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution was added to 50.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 of potassium sulphate solution in a plastic cup. Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan haba pemendakan antara plumbum(II) nitrat dan kalium sulfat. 50.0 cm3 larutan
plumbum(II) nitrat 0.5 mol dm-3 ditambahkan kepada 50.0 cm3 larutan kalium sulfat 0.5 mol dm-3 di dalam cawan plastik. The thermochemical equation for the reaction is shown as: / Persamaan termokimia untuk tindak balas seperti berikut: 1 mol dm3, kenaikan suhu masih lagi 5.5C. Terangkan mengapa.
Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 PbSO4 + 2 KNO3 H = 50.4 kJ mol-1 [Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g1 C1, density solution = 1 g cm3]
[Muatan haba tentu bahan larutan = 4.2 J g1 C1, ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm3]
a. What is meant by heat of precepitation in the experiment? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba pemendakan di dalam eksperimen itu? Heat is released when 1 mole of lead(II) sulphate is precipitated from mixing the aqueous solution of the Pb2+ ions and SO42 ions. b. State one observation in the experiment. / Nyatakan satu pemerhatian di dalam eksperimen. White precipitate is formed. c. Calculate / Hitungkan i. number of moles of lead(II) nitrate / Bilangan mol plumbum(II) nitrat 50 0.5 number of moles = = 0.025 mol 1 000 ii. Heat change in the experiment / Perubahan haba dalam eksperimen Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 PbSO4 + 2KNO3 H = 50.4 kJ mol1 Mol of PbSO4 = 0.025 mol 1 mole of lead(II) sulphate is precipitated, heat released is 50.4 kJ
0.025 mol of lead(II) sulphate, heat released = 50.4 0.025 = 1.26 kJ or H 50.4 kJ = 0.025 H = 50.4 0.025 = 1.26 kJ
iii. Temperature change / Perubahan suhu 1 260 = 3C 100 4.2 d. Construct energy level diagram for the reaction. / Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas tersebut. =
Energy Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 H = 50.4 kJ mol1 PbSO4 + 2KNO3
1 260 J = 100 4.2
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e. Write an ionic equation for the above reaction. / Tulis persamaan ion untuk tindak balas di atas. Pb2+ + SO42 PbSO4 f. The experiment is repeated using 50.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) ethanoate and 50.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution.What is the change in temperature for the reaction? Explain your answer. Eksperimen diulangi menggunakan 50.0 cm3 plumbum(II) etanoat 0.5 mol dm-3 dan 50.0 cm3 larutan natrium sulfat 0.5 mol dm3.
Apakah perubahan suhu untuk tindak balas itu? Terangkan jawapan anda.
3C. The precipitation of lead(II) sulphate only involves Pb2+ ions and SO42- ions. g. Why is a plastic cup used in this experiment? / Mengapakah cawan plastik digunakan dalam eksperimen ini? Plastic is a good heat insulator / to reduce heat loss to the surrounding. h. In another experiment where calcium chloride solution is reacted with sodium carbonate solution, the temperature of the mixture decreases. The temperature change is recorded and H is calculated.
Dalam eksperimen lain, larutan kalsium klorida ditindak balaskan dengan larutan natrium karbonat, suhu campuran tindak balas berkurang. Perubahan suhu direkod dan H dihitung. i. Write a balanced equation for the reaction above. / Tulis persamaan seimbang untuk tindak balas di atas.
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl ii. Construct an energy level diagram for the reaction / Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas itu.
Energy CaC12 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaC1
4 The set-up of apparatus below was used to determine the heat of combustion of butanol. Susunan radas di bawah telah digunakan untuk menentukan haba pembakaran butanol.
Thermometer
Termometer
41 42 43
Metal can / Tin logam Water / Air Lamp + Butanol

Pelita + Butanol
The results are as follows: / Keputusan adalah seperti betrikut: Initial mass of lamp + butanol / Jisim awal pelita + butanol Final mass of lamp + butanol / Jisim akhir pelita + butanol Initial temperature of water / Suhu awal air Highest temperature of water / Suhu tertinggi air Volume of water / Isi padu air [specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1 C1]
[Muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g1 C1]
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
= 502.28 g = 500.00 g = 29C = 59C = 500 cm3
a. Write the equation for the combustion of butanol, C4H9OH. / Tulis persamaan untuk pembakaran butanol, C4H9OH. C4H9OH + 5O2 4CO2 + 5H2O b. Calculate the heat energy change for the combustion of butanol in the above experiment. Hitungkan perubahan haba untuk pembakaran butanol di dalam eksperimen di atas. Heat change, H = 500 4.2 30 = 63 000 J/63 kJ
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c. Calculate the number of moles of butanol that was burnt. / Hitungkan bilangan mol butanol yang telah terbakar. [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, H = 1] / [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, H = 1] Relative molecular mass = 4(12) + 11(1) + 16 + 1 = 74 Number of moles = 2.28 = 0.03 mol
74
d. Calculate the heat of combustion for butanol. / Hitungkan haba pembakaran butanol. 0.03 mol of butanol releases 63 kJ of heat energy 1 mol of butanol releases 2 100 kJ of heat energy H = 2 100 kJ mol1
berjaga-jaga yang harus diambil semasa menjalankan eksperimen di atas.
e. Give two precautionary steps that should be taken when conducting the experiment above. / Berikan dua langkah - Use a wind shield - Make sure the flame touches the bottom of the metal can - Stir the water in the metal can continuously (any 2) f. The theoretical value for the heat of combustion of butanol is 2 877 kJ. Explain why the experimental value for the heat of combustion of butanol is lower than the theoretical value. Nilai teori untuk haba pembakaran butanol ialah 2 877 kJ. Terangkan mengapa nilai dari eksperimen untuk haba pembakaran
butanol adalah lebih rendah dari nilai teori.
- Heat is lost to the surrounding - Incomplete combustion of butanol - Heat from the flame during the burning of butanol is absorbed by the tin/heats the tin g. The table below shows the molecular formula and heat of combustion of three types of alcohol. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran untuk tiga jenis alkohol.

Alcohol / Alkohol Methanol / Metanol Propan-1-ol / Propanol

Molecular formula
Formula molekul
Heat of combustion/ kJ mol1

Haba pembakaran/ kJ mol1
Ethanol / Etanol
C2H5OH C3H7OH
CH3OH
1 376 2 015
725
h. Explain why there are differences in the value of heat of combustion of the alcohols in the table.
Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan pada nilai haba pembakaran alkohol dalam jadual di atas.
As the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms per molecule increases, the value of heat combustion increases. The higher the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms per molecule, the more carbon dioxide and water molecules products will be formed. More heat is released for the formation of bonds in the formation of bonds in the products.
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1 The reaction between calcium nitrate solution and sodium carbonate solution is endothermic. Which of the following energy level diagrams represents this reaction?
Tindak balas antara larutan kalsium nitrat dengan larutan natrium karbonat adalah endotermik. Antara gambar rajah aras tenaga berikut, yang manakah mewakili tindak balas itu? A Energy / Tenaga
mengalami penurunan suhu? A
Which of the following reactions absorbs heat from the surrounding? / Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah
Dilute sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydroxide solution. / Asid sulfurik cair ditambah kepada larutan natrium hidroksida. Solid ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water. Pepejal ammonium nitrat dilarut dalam air. Zinc powder is added to copper(II) sulphate solution. Serbuk zink ditambah kepada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat. A piece of potassium is added to water. Seketul kalium ditambah kepada air.
Ca2+ + CO32CaCO3
B Energy / Tenaga
B C
CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32C Energy / Tenaga
The diagram below shows the energy level diagram for the reaction between P and Q.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas antara P dan Q.
P+QR+S
Energy / Tenaga
H = x kJ mol1 70 kJ R+S
Na+ + NO3NaNO3
D Energy / Tenaga
200 kJ P+Q
NaNO3 Na + NO3
+ -
What is the value of x? / Apakah nilai x?

A B C D +270 kJ +200 kJ 130 kJ +130 kJ
The combustion of methane in excess oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water. Bond breaking and bond formation occurs during the combustion. Which of the following occurs with absorption of energy during this combustion process?
Pembakaran metana dalam oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air. Pemecahan ikatan dan pembentukan ikatan berlaku semasa pembakaran. Antara berikut, yang manakah berlaku dengan penyerapan tenaga semasa pembakaran? A Bond formation between carbon atom and oxygen atom. / Pembentukan ikatan antara atom karbon dengan atom oksigen. Bond formation between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom. / Pembentukan ikatan antara atom hidrogen dengan atom oksigen. Bond breaking in oxygen molecule to form oxygen atom. / Pemecahan ikatan dalam molekul oksigen menjadi atom oksigen. Bond breaking between methane molecules. Pemecahan ikatan dalam kovalen antara molekulmolekul metana.
When 1 mol of solid sodium nitrate, NaNO3 is dissolved in 1 dm3 of water, 40 kJ of heat energy is absorbed. What is the drop in temperature when 17.0 g of sodium nitrate is dissolved in 1 dm3 of water? (Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, specific heat capacity of water = 4 J g-1 C-1, density of water = 1 g cm-3)
Apabila 1 mol pepejal natrium nitrat, NaNO3 dilarutkan dalam 1 dm3 air, haba sebanyak 40 kJ diserap. Berapakah penurunan suhu apabila 17.0 g natrium nitrat dilarutkan dalam 1 dm3 air? (Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, Muatan haba tentu air = 4 J g1 C-1, ketumpatan air = 1 g cm3) A 1C 2C 4C 8C
B C D
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In an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of calcium carbonate, 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 calcium nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium carbonate solution. The temperature of the mixture drops by 1.5C. What is the heat of precipitation of calcium carbonate? (Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1 C1)
Dalam satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pemendakan bagi kalsium karbonat, 50 cm3 larutan kalsium nitrat 1 mol dm3 dicampur dengan 50 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 1 mol dm3. Suhu campuran menurun sebanyak 1.5 C. Berapakah haba pemendakan kalsium karbonat? (Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J g1 C1) A B 50 4.2 1.5 J 0.05 100 4.2 1.5 J 100 4.2 1.5 J 0.05 50 4.2 1.5 J
An experiment is conducted to determine the heat of neutralisation for the reaction between sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. The information that has to be gathered from the experiment are
Satu eksperimen dilakukan untuk menentukan haba peneutralan antara asid sulfurik dengan larutan kalium hidroksida. Maklumat yang perlu diperoleh daripada eksperimen ialah
the increase in temperature of the reaction mixture

kenaikan suhu campuran tindak balas isi padu kedua-dua larutan yang digunakan
II the volume of both solutions used
III specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture IV concentration of both the solutions used
A B C D I and II only kepekatan kedua-dua larutan yang digunakan
muatan haba tentu larutan bagi campuran tindak balas
C D
I dan II sahaja III dan IV sahaja
III and IV only I,II and IV only I,II, III and IV
Combustion of 1.6 g of methanol will increase the temperature of 500 cm3 of water by 17C. What will be the increase in temperature of 250 cm3 of water when 3.2 g of methanol is burnt? Pembakaran 1.6 g metanol dapat menaikkan suhu 500
cm3 air sebanyak 17C. Berapakah kenaikan suhu bagi 250 cm3 air apabila 3.2 g metanol dibakar? A B C 8.5C 17C 34C 68C
I, II dan IV sahaja I, II, III dan IV
10 When 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 nitric acid, the temperature of the mixture increases by xC. What is the increase in the temperature when 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 nitric acid?
Apabila 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah dengan 100 cm3 asid nitrik 1 mol dm3, suhu campuran tindak balas naik sebanyak xC. Apakah kenaikan suhu apabila 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3 ditambah dengan 50 cm3 asid nitrik 1 mol dm3? A B C D x 4 C x 2 C xC 2xC
Haba pembakaran bagi suatu cecair parafin ialah 10 600 kJ mol1. Jisim molekul relatif bagi parafin ialah 212. Berapakah jisim cecair parafin yang mesti dibakar supaya dapat menaikkan suhu 1 dm3 air daripada 30C kepada 90C? (Muatan haba tentu air = 4 J g1 C1) A B C D 0.48 g 0.96 g 4.80 g 9.60 g
Heat of combustion of liquid paraffin is 10 600 kJ mol1. Relative molecular mass of paraffin that is 212. What is the mass of liquid paraffin has to be burnt to increase the temperature of 1 dm3 of water from 30C to 90C? (Specific heat capacity of water = 4 J g1 C1)
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State what soap is State what detergent is
CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMERS

Bahan Kimia untuk Pengguna
ANALYSING SOAP AND DETERGENT / MENGANALISIS SABUN DAN DETERGEN

Menyatakan maksud sabun Menyatakan maksud detergen
Describe soap preparation process
Describe detergent preparation process Describe the cleansing action of soap
Menghuraikan proses penyediaan sabun Menghuraikan proses pernyediaan detergen Menerangkan tindakan pembersihan sabun
Describe the cleansing action of detergent Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent Identify the additives in soap and detergent and their respective functions
Membanding dan membezakan keberkesanan tindakan pembersihan sabun dengan detergen Mengenal pasti bahan-bahan tambah dalam sabun dan detergen dan kegunaannya Menerangkan tindakan pembersihan detergen
MENILAI PENGGUNAAN BAHAN TAMBAH MAKANAN State the types of food additive and their examples
Menyatakan jenis-jenis bahan tambah makanan dan contoh-contohnya
EVALUATING THE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES
State the functions of each type of food additive

Menyatakan fungsi bagi setiap jenis bahan tambah makanan
Justify the use of food additive

Menjustifikasi penggunaan bahan tambah makanan
Describe the effect of food additive on health and environment

Menerangkan kesan bahan tambah makanan kepada kesihatan dan alam sekitar
UNDERSTANDING MEDICINE
MEMAHAMI UBAT-UBATAN
State examples of traditional medicine, their sources and uses

Menyatakan contoh-contoh ubat tradisional, sumber dan kegunaannya
State the types of modern medicine and their examples

Menyatakan jenis-jenis ubat-ubatan moden dan contohnya
Describe the possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicine
Menghuraikan kesan-kesan sampingan penggunaan ubat-ubatan moden dan tradisional
Describe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicine

Menghuraikan penggunaan ubat-ubatan moden dan tradisional yang betul
salt 1 Soaps are sodium or potassium of fatty acids. garam natrium atau kalium bagi asid lemak. Sabun ialah 2 Fatty acids are organic acid with long carbon chain CnH2n + 1COOH, n > 10. Fatty acid found naturally as an ester with alcohol glycerol (alcohol with 3 OH). Ester of fatty acid with glycerol is fat or oil. / Asid lemak ialah asid organik yang
mempunyai rantai karbon CnH2n + 1COOH, n > 10. Asid lemak boleh didapati secara semula jadi sebagai ester dengan alkohol gliserol. (alkohol dengan 3 OH). Ester bagi asid lemak ialah lemak atau minyak.
Soap / Sabun
3 Soap preparation by saponification: / Penyediaan sabun melalui proses saponifikasi: animal vegetable oils. a. Soap can be prepared from fats and binatang dan minyak sayuran . Sabun boleh dihasilkan daripada lemak potassium hydroxide sodium hydroxide solution, b. Soap are prepared by hydrolysing fats/oils in or saponification the reaction is called . / Sabun boleh disediakan dengan hidrolisis lemak/minyak dalam larutan kalium hidroksida atau natrium hidroksida , tindak balas ini dipanggil saponifikasi . boiling concentrated c. The saponification process involves fats or oils with sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution . The products are glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which are soaps: saponikasi pendidihan larutan natrium hidroksida melibatkan lemak atau minyak dengan Proses larutan kalium hidroksida yang pekat . Hasilnya adalah gliserol dan garam dari asid lemak iaitu sabun: atau Sodium hydroxide Saponification Sodium salt of fatty acid Fats/oil Glycerol (ESTER) (ALKALI) (ALCOHOL) (SOAP) Saponifikasi + Lemak/minyak + Natrium hidroksida Gliserol Garam natrium dari asid lemak
d. Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut: H H C O O C O H C O C O H C H O Fat/oil C R Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida (ESTER) (ALKALI) (ALKOHOL)
(SABUN)
H R H C OH R
O C O O-Na+
+ 3NaOH
OH
C O
O-Na+
OH
O-Na+
Lemak/minyak
H Glycerol
Gliserol
Garam dari asid lemak
Salt of fatty acid
R, R and R are long hydrocarbon chain (alkyl group). R, R and R can be from the same or different groups.
R, R dan R adalah rantai hidrokarbon panjang (kumpulan alkil). R, R dan R boleh berada dalam kumpulan yang sama ataupun berbeza.
e. Formula for soap: / Formula bagi sabun: i. Structural formula for soap: / Formula struktur sabun: O CH3(CH2)n C ONa+ or / atau CH3(CH2)n
O C OK+
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ii. The general formula of soap: / Formula am sabun: RCOO Na+

atau
or
RCOOK+,
di mana R ialah kumpulan alkil, CnH2n + 1, n > 10
where R is alkyl group, CnH2n + 1, n > 10 Oil or fat used

Minyak kelapa Minyak sawit Lemak binatang
f. Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut: Fatty acid / Asid lemak C11H23COOH Lauric acid / Asid laurik C15H31COOH Palmitic acid / Asid
palmitik
Soap / Sabun Sodium laurate

Natrium laurat
Formula bagi sabun
Formula for soap C11H23COONa C15H31COONa C17H34COONa
Minyak atau lemak yang digunakan
Coconut oil Palm oil
Sodium palmitate
Natrium palmitat Natrium stearat
C17H34COOH Stearic acid / Asid stearik
Sodium stearate
Animal fats
Preparing a Sample of Soap in the Laboratory / Menyediakan Sabun dalam Makmal Materials: Palm oil, sodium chloride, 5 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, distilled water Apparatus: Beaker, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, filter paper, filter funnel, spatula. Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan alat radas:
Bahan-bahan: Minyak sawit, natrium klorida, natrium hidroksida 5 mol dm3, air suling Alat radas: Bikar, rod kaca, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, kertas turas, corong penuras dan spatula.
Palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide

Minyak sawit + natrium hidroksida pekat
Panaskan
Heat
Procedure: / Prosedur: measured and poured i. 10 cm3 of palm oil is into a beaker. 3 disukat dituang 10 cm minyak sawit dan ke dalam bikar. solution is measured and added palm oil ii. 50 cm3 of 5 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide to the . mixture is heated stirred glass rod boils iii. The while being constantly with a until it . dikacau rod kaca sehingga Campuran tersebut dipanaskan sambil dengan berterusan menggunakan mendidih . Pendidihan diteruskan selama 5 minit. boiling iv. The is continued for about 5 minutes. 3 100 cm v. distilled water and three spatulas of sodium chloride are added to the mixture. natrium klorida ditambah kepada campuran. 100 cm3 air suling dan tiga spatula boiled five stirring . vi. The mixture is again for another minutes with constant dididihkan sekali lagi selama lima dikacau Campuran minit sambil dengan sekata. menyejuk . cool vii. The mixture is allowed to . / Campuran tersebut dibiarkan cooled mixture is filtered and the residue is rinsed with distilled water. (The residue is soap .) viii. The disejukkan tersebut dituras dan bakinya dibilas dengan air suling. (Baki itu ialah sabun .) Campuran yang telah pressed dry ix. The residue is between a few pieces of filter paper to the soap. ditekan mengeringkan sabun tersebut. Baki tersebut di antara beberapa helai kertas turas untuk 3 x. A small amount of soap is added to 2 cm of water in a test tube. The test tube is shaken. Sedikit sabun ditambahkan kepada 2 cm3 air di dalam tabung uji. Tabung uji digoncangkan. xi. The solution formed is touched and felt by fingers. / Larutan yang terbentuk disentuh dan dirasa dengan jari.
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disukat ditambah kepada minyak sawit 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 5 mol dm-3 dan .
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Observation: / Pemerhatian: putih white 1 The residue is a soft solid. / Baki tersebut adalah pepejal yang lembut. licin slippery . / Sabun mempunyai rasa yang 2 Soap feels pada jari. berbuih foamy 3 Soap is when it is shaken in water. / Sabun apabila digoncangkan dalam air. Discussion: / Perbincangan: sodium hydroxide soap is formed. The reaction is called 1 When palm oil is boiled with solution, a natrium hidroksida Sabun saponification . / Apabila minyak sawit dididihkan dengan larutan , terbentuk. Tindak saponifikasi . balas tersebut dipanggil 2 The chemical reaction is: / Tindak balas kimia ialah:
H H C O O C O H C O C O H C H O C C17H35 H C H OH C17H35 C17H35 + 3NaOH H C OH + C17H35 C17H35 H H C O OH C17H35 C O C O C O-Na+ O-Na+ O-Na+
Glyceryl tripalmitate
Gliserol tripalmitat
Glycerol / Gliserol
Sodium palmitate (soap)

Natrium palmitat (sabun)
precipitated by adding sodium chloride. Sodium chloride lowers the solubility of soap in water. 3 The soap can be dimendakkan dengan menambah natrium klorida. Natrium klorida dapat mengurangkan keterlarutan sabun dalam Sabun boleh
air.
Conclusion: / Kesimpulan: Saponification process of palm oil in sodium hydroxide solution produces glycerol and soap (salt of fatty acid) . Proses saponifikasi bagi minyak sawit dalam larutan natrium hidroksida menghasilkan gliserol dan sabun (garam bagi asid lemak) .
Detergent / Detergen
1 Detergent is cleaning agent that is not soap. Detergents are sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonic acid or alkyl sulphonic acid. / Detergen ialah agen pembersih yang bukan sabun. Detergen adalah garam natrium dari asid alkilbenzena
sulfonik atau asid alkil sulfonik.
2 Two common groups of detergents are: / Dua kumpulan detergen yang biasa adalah: Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate / Natrium alkilbenzena sulfonat Sodium alkyl sulphate / Natrium alkil sulfat
O S
O S
O-Na+
R O
O-Na+
O
R represents a long chain hydrocarbon / R mewakil rantai hidrokarbon yang panjang diperoleh daripada petroleum.
3 Detergents are made from hydrocarbon which is obtained from petroleum. / Detergen dibuat daripada hidrokarbon yang
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4 Preparation of detergent / Penyediaan detergen a. Preparation of sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate / Penyediaan natrium alkil benzena sulfonat i. Alkylation: The long chain alkene is reacted with benzene to form alkylbenzene. Pengalkilan: Rantai panjang alkena ditindak balaskan dengan benzena untuk membentuk alkilbenzena. CH3 CH3(CH2)nCH = CH2 +
O
CH3(CH2)n C
H ii. Sulphonation of alkylbenzene: The alkylbenzene is reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkylbenzene sulphonic acid. / Pensulfonan alkilbenzena: Alkilbenzena bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik pekat
untuk membentuk asid alkilbenzena sulfonik. CH3 CH3 (CH2)n C O + HO O S OH CH3 (CH2)n CH3 C O O S OH + H2O
Alkilbenzena Asid sulfurik Asid alkilbenzena sulfonik sodium hydroxide solution to produce iii. Neutralisation: The alkylbenzene sulphonic acid is then neutralised detergent alkylbenzene sulphonate salt, which is . / Peneutralan: asid alkilbenzena sulfonik kemudiannya natrium hidroksida menghasilkan garam alkilbenzena sulfonat, iaitu detergen dineutralkan dengan larutan .
H Alkylbenzene
O Sulphuric acid
H O Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid
CH3 CH3 (CH2)n C O
O S OH + NaOH Sodium hydroxide CH3 (CH2)n
CH3 C O
O S ONa + H2O Water
Natrium hidroksida Air b. Preparation of sodium alkyl sulphate / Penyediaan natrium alkil sulfat i. Sulphonation of alcohol: The long chain alcohol is reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkyl pekat sulphonic acid. / Pensulfonan alkohol: Alkohol rantai panjang ditindak balaskan dengan asid sulfurik untuk membentuk asid alkil sulfonik. O CH3(CH2)nCH2 O H + HO S OH CH3(CH2)nCH2 O O S OH + H2O Water Air
H O Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid Asid alkilbenzena sulfonik
H O Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Natrium alkilbenzena sulfonat
sodium hydroxide ii. Neutralisation: The alkyl sulphonic acid is then neutralised solution to produce detergent . / Peneutralan: Asid alkil sulfonik kemudiannya dineutralkan sodium alkyl sulphate salt, which is natrium hidroksida untuk menghasilkan garam natrium alkil sulfat, iaitu detergen dengan larutan .
O CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S OH + NaOH Sodium hydroxide Natrium hidroksida CH3(CH2)nCH2 O O S ONa + H2O Water Air
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Long chain alcohol Alkohol rantai panjang
O Sulphuric acid Asid sulfurik
O Alkyl sulphonic acid Asid akil sulfonik
H Alkyl sulphonic acid Asid alkil sulfonik
H Sodium alkyl sulphate Natrium alkil sulfat
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The Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent / Tindakan Pembersihan Sabun dan Detergen 1 The cleansing action of soap: / Tindakan pembersihan sabun: RCOONa+ / RCOOK+ a. Soap with the general formula ionises in water to produce sodium/potassium cation, + + RCOONa+ / RCOOK+ mengion dalam air Na (or K ) and soap anion, RCOO . / Sabun mempunyai formula am
untuk menghasilkan kation natrium/kalium, Na+ (atau K+) dan anion sabun, RCOO. b. Soap anion is made up of two parts: / Anion sabun terdiri daripada dua bahagian: O R Alkyl
Alkil
Carboxylate ion
Ion karboksilat
i. R is a long hydrocarbon chain which are: ii. COO is a carboxylate ion which are: COO ialah ion karboksilat yang bersifat: R ialah rantai hidrokarbon panjang yang bersifat: hydrophilic (soluble in water) hydrophobic (repelled by water) hidrofilik (larut dalam air) hidrofobik (tak larut dalam air) polar end (negatively charge) non-polar end (no charge) bahagian berpolar (bercas negatif) hujung tidak berpolar (tidak bercas) insoluble in oil or grease soluble in oil or grease tak larut dalam minyak atau gris larut dalam minyak atau gris c. Example: / Contoh: Sodium laurate : CH3 (CH2)14 COONa in water ionizes to: CH3 (CH2)14 COO (soap anion) and Na+.
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C-O O Hydrocarbon chain or
Rantai hidrokarbon atau
Natrium laurat : CH3 (CH2)14 COONa dalam air mengion kepada: CH3 (CH2)14 COO (anion sabun) dan Na+. The structural formula of soap anion: / Formula struktur anion sabun:
hydrophobic
hidrofobik
Caboxylate ion or
Ion karboksilat atau
hydrophilic
hidrofilik
d. Simplified representation of soap anion is: / Struktur ringkas anion sabun:
Hydrophobic / Hidrofobik
Hydrophilic / Hidrofilik
e. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anions work together to remove greasy stains: ionises i. The soap in water to produce free moving soap anions and cations. mengion Sabun dalam air menghasilkan anion sabun dan kation yang bebas bergerak. surface tension of water which will increase wetting ability of water. Therefore, ii. Soap anion reduces the ketegangan permukaan wets water the dirty cloth. / Anion sabun mengurangkan air lalu meningkatkan membasahi kebolehan air untuk membasah. Oleh itu, air kain kotor. hydrophilic part of the soap anions hydrophobic iii. The remains in water while the part dissolves and penetrates into the grease. hidrofilik anion hidrofobik larut dalam gris. Bahagian sabun larut di dalam air manakala bahagian
Water
Air
Kedua-dua bahagian hidrofobik dan hidrofilik anion sabun diperlukan untuk membersihkan kotoran berminyak:
Hydrophilic part / Bahagian hidrofilik Hydrophobic part / Bahagian hidrofobik Grease / Gris Cloth / Kain
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lifted iv. By the movement of water during scrubbing and rubbing, grease is loosened and off the surface. tertanggal daripada permukaan kain. Pergerakan air semasa gosokan dan pengocakan menyebabkan gris
v. The hydrophobic part of soap anions surround the grease, the grease is suspended in the water. Bahagian hidrofobik anion sabun mengelilingi gris, gris terapung di dalam air. titisan kecil smaller droplets . / Gris berpecah kepada vi. The grease is dispersed into . repulsion vii. The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to between negative charges tolakan on their surface. / Titisan kecil tersebut tidak bergabung semula pada permukaan kain kerana sesama cas emulsion . viii. The droplets are suspended in water, forming an emulsi Titisan tersebut tersebar sekata dalam air, membentuk . ix. Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease droplets and the surface of the cloth is then cleaned. Dengan membilas air kotor, titisan gris dapat ditanggalkan dan permukaan kain dapat dibersihkan.
Small droplet of grease
Titisan kecil gris
negatif pada bahagian hidroforbik di permukaan titisan gris.
2 The cleansing action of detergent / Tindakan pencucian detergen anion cation a. Detergent dissolves in water to form detergent and sodium . For example the ionisation anion kation of sodium alkyl sulphate; / Detergen melarut dalam air untuk membentuk detergen dan
natrium. Contohnya pengionan natrium alkil sulfat; O H 2O CH3 (CH2)n O S O-Na+ O O CH3 (CH2)n O S O O+ Na+
b. The structure of a detergent anion is similar to a soap anion. The detergent anion is also made up of two parts i.e hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part. / Struktur anion detergen sama dengan anion sabun. Anion sabun juga terdiri
daripada dua bahagian iaitu bahagian hidrofobik dan bahagian hidrofilik.
i. Alkyl sulphate ion: / Ion alkil sulfat:

O CH3 (CH2)n O S O O Hydrocarbon chain or Sulphate ion or hydrophilic hydrophobic
Rantai hidrokarbon atau hidrofobik Ion sulfat atau hidrofilik
ii. Alkylbenzene sulphonate ion: / Ion alkilbenzena sulfonat:

O CH3 (CH2)n O S OO Hydrocarbon chain or Benzene sulphate ion or hydrophobic hydrophilic
Rantai hidrokarbon atau hidrofobik Ion benzena sulfat atau hidrofilik
hydrocarbon c. The cleansing action of detergent is also very similar to soap, the chain dissolves and penetrates sulphate ion or benzene sulphate ion group remains in water. / Tindakan pembersihan detergen in grease while the hidrokarbon melarut dan menembusi gris manakala ion sulfat atau ion benzena sulfat juga sama dengan sabun, rantai
kekal dalam air.
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The Effectiveness of the Cleansing of Soap and Detergent / Keberkesanan Pembersihan Sabun dan Detergen 1 2 3 The effectiveness of soap is reduced when used in hard water.
Keberkesanan sabun berkurang apabila digunakan di dalam air liat.
Hard water contains high concentration of calcium ion (Ca2+) and magnesium ion (Mg2+). react Calcium ions and magnesium ions with soap anions to form insoluble scum. / Ion kalsium dan ion magnesium bertindak balas dengan anion sabun untuk membentuk kekat sabun yang tak larut. 2C17H35COO (aq) + Mg (aq)
2+
Air liat mengandungi ion kalsium (Ca2+ ) dan ion magnesium (Mg2+) dengan kepekatan yang tinggi.
Stearic anion/soap anion

Anion stearik/anion sabun
(C17H35COO)2Mg (s) Insoluble magnesium stearate (scum)

Magnesium stearat tak larut (kekat)
Stearic anion/soap anion

Anion stearik/anion sabun
2C17H35COO (aq)
Ca
2+
(C17H35COO)2Ca (s) Insoluble calcium stearate (scum)

Kalsium stearat tak larut (kekat)
scum 4 Formation of reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning. kekat Pembentukan mengurangkan jumlah sabun yang diperlukan untuk pembersihan. calcium 5 Detergent anions do not form insoluble scum with ions and magnesium ions. This means detergent can act as cleaning agent in hard water. Thus, detergent is more effective than soap in hard water. kalsium dan ion magnesium. Ini bermakna detergen boleh Anion detergen tidak membentuk kekat tak larut dengan ion
bertindak sebagai agen pembersih dalam air liat. Maka, detergen lebih berkesan berbanding sabun dalam air liat.
6 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Cleaning agent

Agen pembersih
Soap / Sabun Animal fats or vegetable oil RCOONa

O C O
Detergent / Detergen Long chain hydrocarbon from petroleum R O SO3Na, ROSO3Na

O C O
Sources / Sumber
Formula am
General formula
Struktur hujung berpolar (Hidrofilik)
The structure of polar end (Hydrophilic)
O O S O
O S O O
O Oor S OO S or O O
Carboxylate ion
Benzene sulphate ion Sulphate ion
Effectiveness
Keberkesanan
Effective in soft water only Forms scum in hard water Slightly alkaline Biodegradable, do not cause pollution
Effective in soft water and hard water Do not form scum in hard water pH value is modified to suit cleaning task Mostly non-biodegradable, cause pollution
Pembentukan kekat
Formation of scum pH
Kesan ke atas alam sekitar

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7 Detergents generally contain a wide variety of additives. Additives are added to enhance its cleaning efficiency. Complete the following table: / Secara amnya, detergen mengandungi pelbagai jenis bahan tambah. Bahan-bahan tambah dicampurkan
untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan pembersihan. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Additive / Bahan tambah Biological enzyme such as lipase and peptidase

Enzim biologi seperti lipase dan peptidase
Function / Fungsi Remove protein stains such as blood Convert stain to colourless substances Add fragrance to fabrics and detergent
perborat dan natrium hipoklorit
Whitening agent such as sodium perborate and sodium hypochlorite / Agen pemutih seperti natrium Fragrances / Minyak wangi
8 Experiment to compare the effectiveness of soap and detergent Experimen untuk membandingkan keberkesanan sabun dan detergen Apparatus: Beaker, measuring cylinder, glass rod / Radas: Bikar, silinder penyukat, rod kaca Materials: 1 mol dm3 magnesium sulphate solution, detergent powder, soap powder and cloths with oily stain.

Bahan-bahan: 1 mol dm3 larutan magnesium sulfat, serbuk detergen, serbuk sabun dan kain dengan kotoran berminyak.
Soap + hard water

Sabun + air liat
Detergent + hard water

Detergen + air liat
Cloth with oily stains
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Cloth with oily stains
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Procedure: / Prosedur: a. Two beakers are filled with 1 mol dm3 magnesium sulphate solution until half full. Dua bikar diisi dengan 1 mol dm3 magnesium sulfat sehingga separuh penuh. b. spatula of soap is added to one beaker and spatula detergent is added to another beaker. spatula serbuk sabun ditambahkan kepada satu bikar dan spatula serbuk detergen ditambahkan kepada bikar yang lain. c. The mixtures are stirred with a glass rod. / Campuran tersebut dikacau dengan rod kaca. d. The dirty clothes are dipped into each of the beaker. / Kain yang kotor direndam di dalam setiap bikar. e. The dirty clothes in each beaker are washed by scrubbing. / Kain kotor dalam setiap bikar dibasuh dengan gosokan. f. The cleansing actions of soap and detergent on the dirty clothes are observed and recorded. Tindakan pembersihan sabun dan detergen ke atas kain-kain kotor tersebut diperhatikan dan direkodkan. Observation: / Pemerhatian: Cleaning agent / Agen pembersih Effectiveness
Keberkesanan
Detergent / Detergen
Kain dibersihkan dengan senang Tiada pembentukan kekat
Soap / Sabun
Kain masih lagi kotor Kekat terbentuk
Cloth is cleaned easily No formation of scum
Cloth still dirty Scum forms
Formation of scum
Pembentukan kekat
Conclusion: / Kesimpulan: Detergent cleans stains more effective compared to soap in hard water. Detergent is more effective than soap in hard water. / Detergen membersihkan kotoran dengan lebih berkesan berbanding sabun dalam air liat. Detergen lebih berkesan
berbanding sabun dalam air liat.
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1 The diagrams below show the apparatus set-up for preparing soap. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk penyediaan sabun.
Substance X
Bahan X
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide

Minyak sawit + natrium hidroksida pekat
Soap
Sabun
Panaskan
Heat
Panaskan
Heat
a. i. What is meant by soap? / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sabun? Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acid. ii. State the name of the process to prepare soap. / Nyatakan nama proses penyediaan sabun. Saponification b. Substance X is added to the soap mixture to complete the process. Bahan X ditambahkan kepada campuran sabun untuk melengkapkan proses tersebut. i. State the name of substance X. / Nyatakan nama bahan X. chloride Sodium ii. Why is substance X added to the mixture? / Mengapakah bahan X ditambahkan kepada campuran? reduce the solubility of soap /to precipitate the soap To c. The following equation shows the reaction that takes place in the preparation of soap.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas yang berlaku dalam penyediaan sabun.
Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxide

Minyak sawit + Natrium hidroksida pekat
Pendidihan
Boil
Sodium palmitate (soap) + Substance Y

Natrium palmitat (sabun) + Bahan Y
i. What is the homologous series of palm oil? / Apakah siri homolog bagi minyak sawit? Ester ii. Substance Y is another product in the reaction. State the name of substance Y.

Glycerol iii. A student wants to prepare a potassium palmitate soap. What alkali should be used?

Bahan Y ialah hasil lain dalam tindak balas ini. Nyatakan nama bagi bahan Y.
hydroxide Potassium d. The diagram below shows the structural formula of a soap anion.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur formula bagi suatu anion sabun. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C O O Hydrophobic
Hidrofobik
_
Seorang pelajar mahu membuat sabun kalium palmitat. Apakah alkali yang patut digunakan?
Hydrophilic
Hidrofilik
i. State the property of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anion. Nyatakan sifat bagi bahagian hidrofobik dan hidrofilik dalam molekul sabun. Hydrophobic dissolves in organic solvent. Hydrophilic dissolves in water.
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ii. Soap is used to wash oily stains on cloth. Explain the cleansing action of soap on the oily stain. / Sabun digunakan
untuk membasuh kotoran berminyak pada kain. Terangkan tindakan pembersihan sabun ke atas kotoran berminyak.
Soap reduces the surface tension of water and increases the wetting ability of water on the surface of the oily cloth. The hydrophobic part of the soap anion dissolves in the oily stains. The hydrophilic part of the soap anion remains in the water. Scrubbing helps to lift the oily stains from the cloth and break the oily stains into small droplets. The droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to repulsion between the negative charges on their surface. The droplets are suspended in water forming an emulsion. Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean.
2 The diagrams below show the structural formula for the anion part of cleansing agent X and cleansing agent Y particles.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bahagian anion agen pembersih X dan zarah-zarah agen pembersih Y.
O R C O-Na+ R O
O S O O-Na+
Cleansing agent X / Agen pembersih X
Cleansing agent Y / Agen pembersih Y
a. Identify cleansing agent X and Y as soap and detergent. Kenal pasti agen pembersih X dan Y sebagai sabun dan detergen. agent X agent Y Soap / Sabun: Cleansing Detergent / Detergen : Cleansing b. Draw the hydrophilic part of cleaning agent is X and Y. / Lukiskan bahagian hidrofilik agen pembersih X dan Y.
O C O
-
O O S O
Cleansing agent Y
Agen pembersih Y
O-
Cleansing agent X
Agen pembersih X
c. State the name of part of the cleansing agent X and Y that is soluble in grease.
Nyatakan nama bahagian bagi agen pembersih X dan Y yang larut dalam gris.
Hydrophobic d. Soap is ineffective as a cleansing agent in hard water. Explain. Sabun tidak berkesan sebagai agen pembersih dalam air liat. Terangkan. The soap anions react with the magnesium ions and calcium ions in hard water to form white precipitate of and calcium salt/ scum. Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap for cleaning. magnesium e. State one advantage of detergent over soap. / Nyatakan satu kelebihan detergen berbanding sabun. Detergent anion react with the magnesium ions and calcium ions in hard water to form soluble salt/no scum. The action of detergent is more effective than soap in hard water. cleansing f. One of the properties of soap and detergent is that they can form lather with water. What is the function of lather?
Salah satu sifat sabun dan detergen ialah ia membentuk buih dengan air. Apakah fungsi buih?
It helps to suspend the grease particles.
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3 A student carried out two experiments to investigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained cloth in hard water. / Seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pembersihan sabun dan detergen ke atas kain
kotor yang berminyak di dalam air liat.
Experiment / Eksperimen
Experiment I / Eksperimen I
Soap + hard water Soap + hard water
Sabun Sabun + air liat + air liat
Experiment II / Eksperimen II
+ hard water DetergentDetergent + hard water
Detergen Detergen + air liat + air liat
Set up of apparatus
Susunan alat radas
Cloth oily stains Cloth with oily with stains Cloth oily stains Cloth with oily with stains
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Observation
Pemerhatian
Kotoran berminyak kekal
Oily stain remained
Kotoran berminyak hilang
Oily stain disappeared
a. Compare the cleansing effect between experiment I and experiment II.

Bandingkan kesan pembersihan antara eksperimen I dengan eksperimen II.
in experiment I is not effective as cleansing agent in hard water whereas detergent in experiment II is Soap as cleansing agent in hard water. effective b. Explain why there are differences in the observations. / Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian. Hard water contains calcium ions/Ca2+ and magnesium ions/Mg2+. Soap anions in hard water react with ions or calcium ions to form scum/insoluble precipitate, no foam is formed. Detergent anions react magnesium 2+ Ca ions and Mg2+ ions to form soluble salt/ no precipitate/no scum, foam is formed. with c. State the substance which is more suitable as a cleansing agent to remove stains in hard water.
Nyatakan bahan yang lebih sesuai sebagai agen pembersih untuk membuang kotoran dalam air liat.
Detergent is more effective than soap as a cleansing agent in hard water.
Food Additives / Bahan Tambah Makanan 1 Food additives are added to food to: / Bahan tambah makanan ditambah ke dalam makanan untuk: a. Improve its appearance, taste or texture / Memperbaiki rupa, rasa dan teksturnya b. Preserve the food / Mengawet makanan 2 Food additive can be natural or synthetic compounds. Bahan tambah makanan boleh didapati dalam bentuk semula jadi ataupun sebatian sintetik. 3 Food additives are classified according to their function. / Bahan tambah makanan boleh dikelaskan mengikut fungsinya. Type of food additive
Jenis bahan tambah makanan
Fungsi/ bagaimana ia berfungsi Enhance the natural flavour of the food / Meningkatkan rasa asli
makanan
Function / how it works
Contoh bahan tambah makanan Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Mononatrium glutamat (MSG) Ester such as octyl ethanoate (orange flavour) and ethyl butanoate (pineapple flavour) Ester seperti oktil etanoat (perasa
Example of food additive
Example of food
Contoh makanan Soup, frozen food, meat and fish based product
Sup, makanan beku, makanan yang diperbuat daripada daging dan ikan
Flavouring agent Produce artificial flavour Agen perasa Menghasilkan rasa buatan Sweeten the food, it has less calories than sugar / Memaniskan
Cake, jam, ice cream and drinks

Kek, jem, aiskrim dan minuman
oren) dan etil butanoat (perasa nanas)
makanan, mempunyai kandungan kalori Aspartame / Aspartam yang lebih rendah berbanding gula
Drink and juice, frozen dessert
Minuman dan jus, pencuci mulut beku
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Type of food additive

Jenis bahan tambah makanan
Fungsi/ bagaimana ia berfungsi
Function / how it works
Contoh bahan tambah makanan
Example of food additive
Example of food
Contoh makanan Sausage, burger, luncheon meat Fruit juice, jam, soft drink
Sodium nitrate Prevent food from being spoilt Natrium nitrat Mengelakkan makanan daripada rosak Sulphur dioxide Prevent or slow down the growth Sulfur dioksida of microorganisms / Menghalang atau mempertahankan pertumbuhan Sodium benzoate mikroorganisma Natrium benzoat Salt Garam Prevent food from being spoilt Mengelakkan makanan daripada rosak Remove water from the cell of microorganism and retard the growth of microorganism Sugar Mengeluarkan air daripada sel Gula
mikroorganisma dan membantutkan pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
Sosej, burger, daging yang diproses Jus buah, jem, minuman bergas
Chilli and tomato sauce, oyster sauce, fruit juice Salted fish
Ikan masin
Sos cili dan tomato, sos tiram, jus buah
Pengawet
Preservatives
Jam
Jem
Prevent food from being spoilt Menghalang makanan daripada rosak Provide acidic condition that inhibits the growth of microorganism Menyediakan keadaan berasid
untuk menghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
Vinegar Cuka
Pickled
Jeruk
Antioxidants Antioksidan
Prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits Menghalang pengoksidaan yang
menyebabkan lemak tengik dan buah menjadi perang
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Asid askorbik (vitamin C) Citric acid / Asid sitrik Acacia gum
Gam Acacia
Cake, biscuit, margarine, fruit juice
Kek, biskut, marjerin, jus buah
Thickening agent Agen pemekat
Thicken the food Memekatkan makanan Improve the consistency of food by giving a firmer, more uniform and smoother texture Memperbaiki struktur asal makanan
dengan menjadikan teksturnya lebih sekata, halus dan licin
Chewing gum
Gula-gula getah
Pectin Pektin Gelatin Gelatin
Jam, jelly, cream cheese and low fat yogurt. / Jem, jeli, krim
keju dan dadih rendah lemak.
Colouring Pewarna
Azo compound such as tartrazine Add or restore the colour in a food and sunset yellow to make the food appearance look Sebatian azo seperti tartrazine dan more attractive. warna kuning Menambah atau mengekalkan warna Triphenyl compounds such as dalam makanan untuk menjadikannya brilliant blue lebih menarik. Sebatian trifenil seperti warna biru
Orange juice, jam

Jus oren, jem
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Stabilisers Penstabil
dengan menghalang emulsi* daripada terpisah kepada lapisan air dan minyak. * emulsions are either oil droplets suspended in water or water droplets suspended in oil. *emulsi adalah titisan minyak yang
tersebar sekata dalam air atau titisan air yang tersebar sekata dalam minyak.
Improve the texture of food by preventing an emulsion* from separating out into a layer of water and oil. Memperbaikkan tekstur makanan
Lecithin Lesitin Gelatin Gelatin
Chocolate, ice cream, butter and salad dressing
Coklat, aiskrim, mentega dan sos salad
1 The table below shows the types and examples of food additives.

EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan jenis-jenis dan contoh-contoh bahan tambah makanan.
Types of food additives

Jenis bahan tambah
Examples / Contoh Sodium nitrate / Natrium nitrat Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida X Y MSG Octyl ethanoate / Oktil etanoat Acacia gum / Gam Acacia Z
V Antioxidants / Antioksidan Flavouring agents

Agen perasa
a. What is V, W, X, Y and Z? / Apakah V, W, X, Y dan Z?

W Food colouring / Pewarna makanan
compound/triphenyl compound Z : Azo b. i. Give an example of food that uses sodium nitrate as food additive. Berikan satu contoh makanan yang menggunakan natrium nitrat sebagai bahan tambah makanan. burger/meat Sausage/ ii. Explain how sodium nitrate works as food additive. Huraikan bagaimana natrium nitrat bertindak sebagai bahan tambah makanan. nitrate prevents sausage/ burger/ meat from being spoilt by slowing down the growth of Sodium microorganism iii. Suggest another example of the same type of food additive as sodium nitrate that is used in chilli and tomato sauce. / Cadangkan contoh lain bahan tambah makanan dari jenis yang sama seperti natrium nitrat yang digunakan c. i.
Nil a
V : Preservatives and thickening agent W : Stablizers acid X : Ascorbic Y : Saccharin/aspartame
Sodium benzoate Give an example of food that uses sodium chloride as food additive.
Berikan satu contoh makanan yang menggunakan natrium klorida sebagai bahan tambah makanan.
dalam sos cili dan sos tomato.
Salted fish
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ii. Explain how sodium chloride works as food additive. Terangkan bagaimana natrium klorida bertindak sebagai bahan tambah makanan. chloride prevents fish from being spoilt by removing water from the cell of microorganism and Sodium its growth. retards d. i. What is the function of Y as a flavouring agent? / Apakah fungsi Y sebagai perasa? the food with less calories. Sweeten ii. What is the side effect of MSG on our health? / Apakah kesan sampingan MSG ke atas kesihatan kita? headache/falling hair. Cause iii. What is the function of octyl ethanoate as a flavouring agent? / Apakah fungsi oktil etanoat sebagai agen perasa? artificial orange flavour. Produce e. Name the example of food additives that cause the children to become hyperactive. Namakan contoh bahan tambah makanan yang menyebabkan kanak-kanak menjadi hiperaktif. compound/ triphenyl compound. Azo disease pain 1 A medicine is used to prevent or cure or to relieve . penyakit kesakitan . atau mengurangkan Ubat digunakan untuk menghalang atau menyembuhkan
Medicine / Ubat
2 Medicines can be classified to: / Ubat boleh dikelaskan kepada: a. Traditional medicine / Ubat tradisional i. Obtained from natural sources (plants or animals), without chemical reactions Diperoleh daripada sumber semula jadi (tumbuhan atau binatang), tanpa tindak balas kimia ii. Prepared by boiling parts of the plants or crushed to make a paste / Disediakan dengan mendidihkan atau
menghancurkan bahagian tumbuhan untuk dijadikan adunan iii. Usually not processed / Biasanya tidak diproses b. Modern medicine / Ubat moden
i. Chemicals that are extracted from plants and animals or synthetic chemicals Bahan kimia yang diekstrak daripada tumbuhan dan binatang atau bahan kimia buatan ii. It is manufactured in the form of liquid, capsules, powders and tablet Dihasilkan dalam bentuk cecair, kapsul, serbuk atau pil iii. Usually processed in the laboratory / Biasanya diproses dalam makmal
3 Traditional medicine / Ubat tradisional Complete the following table for some common traditional medicines and their functions: Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk beberapa ubat-ubat tradisinal dan kegunaannya: Traditional medicine
Ubat tradisional
Function
Fungsi
Aloe vera / lidah buaya Bitter gourd / Peria Ginger / Halia Garlic / Bawang putih Hibiscus / Bunga raya Turmeric / Kunyit Tamarind / Asam jawa Centella asiatica / Pegaga
Its juice is used to treat skin wounds and burns Fruits are used to treat diabetes Rhizomes are used to treat stomach wind, improves blood circulation and digestion Used to lower blood pressure and also has antibiotic properties Leaves relieve headaches and hair loss Treats pimples Juice reduces coughing Its leaves are used as herbal tea to treat depression and for longerity
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4 Modern medicine / Ubat moden The following table shows the classification of modern medicines according to their effects on the body. Jadual berikut menunjukkan pengelasan ubat moden mengikut kesannya ke atas badan.
Jenis ubat moden
Type of modern medicine
Function
Fungsi
Example
Contoh
Note
Nota Relieves pain caused by headache, toothache and arthritis.
Meredakan sakit yang disebabkan sakit kepala, Aspirin sakit gigi dan artritis. (acetylsalicylic acid) Reduces fever and inflammation caused by infection. # acidic
Aspirin (asid asetilsalisilik) # berasid
Mengurangkan demam dan keradangan yang disebabkan jangkitan.
Analgesic
Analgesik
To relieve pain without causing unconsciousness
Causes internal bleeding ulceration (not suitable for gastric patients)
Menyebabkan pendarahan dalaman

(tidak sesuai untuk pesakit gastrik)
Untuk melegakan kesakitan tanpa menyebabkan pesakit pengsan
Paracetamol #Neutral
Parasetamol #Neutral
Relieves pain and reduces fever Does not reduce inflammation

Tidak mengurangkan keradangan
Meredakan sakit dan mengurangkan demam
Does not irritate the stomach

Tidak menyakitkan perut Ubat batuk
Cough medicine
Codeine / Kodeina C18H21NO3H2O - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria or fungi Digunakan untuk merawat Antibiotic
Antibiotik
Causes sleepiness
Menyebabkan mengantuk
Misuse of codeine causes addiction Salah guna kodeina boleh menyebabkan ketagihan Patient must take full course of the antibiotic prescribed by the doctor to make sure all the bacteria are killed, otherwise they may become resistant to the antibiotic.
Pesakit mesti mengambil semua antibiotik yang dipreskripsi oleh doktor supaya semua bakteria dibunuh, jika tidak, bakteria akan menjadi imun terhadap antibiotik.
Penicilline
Penisilin
- Antibiotics kill or slow down the growth of bacteria or fungi
jangkitan yang disebabkan bakteria dan kulat
Antibiotik membunuh atau memperlahankan pertumbuhan bakteria atau kulat
Streptomycin
Streptomisin
Side effects of antibiotics are headache, allergic reaction and dizziness. Kesan sampingan antibiotik adalah sakit kepala,
alergi dan pening.
Stimulants e.g. amphetamine Stimulan seperti amfetamin Antidepressant: Barbiturates and tranquilizer
Antidepresen: Barbiturat dan trankuilizer
To reduce fatigue and elevate mood Mengurangkan keletihan dan merangsang perasaan Can cause addiction
Boleh menyebabkan ketagihan
Psychotherapeutic
Psikoteraputik
Used to treat mental illness
To reduce tension and anxiety Can cause addiction

Boleh menyebabkan ketagihan
Digunakan untuk merawat sakit mental
Mengurangkan tekanan dan kegelisahan
Antipsychotics e.g. chloropromazine

Antipsikotik seperti kloropromazine
To treat psychiatric illness with severe mental disorder Merawat sakit jiwa dan sakit mental yang teruk
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN 1 The diagram below shows the molecular structure of aspirin. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur molekul bagi aspirin.
H H C C C C H C C C O O
O C
H C H H
a. i. What is the molecular formula for aspirin? / Apakah formula molekul bagi aspirin? C9H8O4 ii. What is the scientific name for aspirin? / Apakah nama saintifik bagi aspirin? acid Acetylsalicylic iii. State which type of medicine does aspirin belong to. / Nyatakan jenis ubat bagi aspirin. Analgesic iv. What is the side effect of aspirin on children below 12 years old? Apakah kesan sampingan aspirin kepada kanak-kanak di bawah 12 tahun? lining of the stomach and cause bleeding Irritates v. Suggest another example of medicine that can be used in replacing aspirin to reduce fever. Cadangkan satu contoh ubat lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan aspirin bagi meredakan demam. Paracetamol b. i. Antibiotic is one of the medicines that is always given by a doctor to a patient. What is the function of antibiotic? / Antibiotik adalah salah satu ubat yang selalu diberi oleh doktor kepada pesakit. Apakah fungsi antibiotik? kill or inhibit growth of infectious bacteria To ii. Explain why the patient must take full course of the antibiotic prescribed by the doctor. Huraikan mengapa pesakit mesti menghabiskan semua antibiotik yang telah dipreskripsi oleh doktor. make sure that all the bacteria are killed. If not, the bacteria will become immune to the medicine or it To cause super infection will c. i. State the name of one type of medicine that changes the emotions and behaviour of the patient. Namakan satu jenis ubat lain yang mengubah emosi dan kelakuan pesakit. Psychotherapeutic ii. A patient is suffering from hallucination, delusion or other symptoms of mental illness. Suggest the example medicine that is suitable to treat the patient. Seorang pesakit mengalami masalah halusinasi, khayalan dan gejala-gejala lain sakit mental. Cadangkan contoh ubat lain
yang sesuai untuk merawat pesakit.
Antipsychotic. d. Medicines that are obtained from plants and animals are known as traditional medicines. State the name the traditional medicine that can be used to cure diabetes. Bitter gourd
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1

Which of the following molecules is soap?

A B CH3(CH2)14COOH CH3(CH2)2COONa CH3(CH2)14COONa CH3(CH2)14COOCH3
Antara molekul berikut, yang manakah merupakan sabun?
Antara berikut, yang manakah tidak digunakan dalam penyediaan sabun? A B C Fats or oil / Lemak atau minyak Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida Sodium hydroxide / Natrium hidroksida Sodium nitrate / Natrium nitrat
Which of the following is not used to prepare soap?
C D 2
Which of the following are detergent? I CH3(CH2)11OCOONa
D 7
Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan detergen?
What is the purpose of adding azo and triphenyl compounds in food? / Apakah tujuan menambah sebatian azo dan trifenil di
dalam makanan? A To stabilise the oil in water Menstabilkan minyak dalam air To enhance the taste and flavour of food Menambah rasa makanan To prevent the food from being oxidised Mengelakkan makanan daripada teroksida To improve the appearance of food by restoring their colours / Supaya makanan kelihatan lebih menarik
II CH3(CH2)16COOK III CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na

IV CH3(CH2)11SO3K
A B I and II only
I dan II sahaja
C D
II and III only

II dan III sahaja
B C D
I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
III and IV only

III dan IV sahaja
The diagram below shows the structural formula for a soap anoin.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bagi anion sabun.
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C O
Part A / Bahagian A
_
dalam jus buah-buahan. Antara berikut, yang manakah fungsi asid askorbik? A B C D As a flavouring / Sebagai perisa makanan To increase the calories / Untuk menambah kalori To decrease the action of oxygen Mengurangkan tindak balas oksigen Prevent the growth of microorganism Menghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
Ascorbic acid is added to fruit juice. Which of the following is the function of ascorbic acid? / Asid askorbik ditambah ke
Which of the following is true about part A of soap anion?

A It is ionic / Ia adalah ion It is soluble in grease / Ia larut dalam gris It is hydrophilic end / Merupakan bahagian hydrofilik
Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang bahagian A bagi anion sabun? B
It reacts with calcium ion to form scum Ia bertindak dengan ion kalsium untuk membentuk kekat
Which of the following can be treated with streptomycin?

Antara berikut, yang manakah boleh dirawat dengan streptomisin? A B C
Why is sodium chloride added during the preparation of soap?

Mengapakah sodium klorida ditambah dalam penyediaan sabun? A To soften the water / Untuk melembutkan air To decrease the solubility of soap Untuk mengurangkan keterlarutan air To prevent the formation of scum Untuk mengelakkan pembentukan kekat To reduce the surface tension of water Mengurangkan tekanan pada permukaan air
Cough / Batuk Anxiety / Perasaan kebimbangan Mental diorders / Gangguan mental Bacterial infected diseases / Jangkitan bakteria
B C D 5
10 Which of the following is used to cure headaches? Antara berikut, yang manakah digunakan untuk menyembuhkan sakit kepala? A B C D
Cortisone / Kortison Barbiturates / Barbiturat Amphetamine/ Amfetamin Paracetemol / Parasetamol
manakah dapat melambatkan aktiviti mikroorganisma? A B Benzoic acid Asid benzoik Sodium chloride Natrium klorida C D
Which of the following food additives slows down the activity of microorganism? / Antara bahan tambah makanan berikut, yang
Ascorbic acid Asid askorbik Pectin Pektin
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4 - Chemistry FORM 5

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Practice for Common Chemical Equations in SPM Chemistry Syllabus

Kadar Tindak Balas

Tindak Balas Redoks

Chemical for Consumers

Bahan Kimia untuk Pengguna

PRACTICE FOR COMMON CHEMICAL EQUATIONS IN SPM CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

I. Acid and base / Asid dan bes

Wooden splinter Metal

Acid / Asid Acid

Balanced chemical equation

FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE

MODULE Chemistry FORM 5

Metal carbonate + acid

Logam karbonat + asid

Balanced chemical equation

Balanced chemical equation

I. Chemical properties of acid Sifat kimia asid

Iii. Thermochemistry Termokimia

Base KOH NaOH CaO MgO Al2O3 ZnO

Balanced Chemical Equation

FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE

MODULE Chemistry FORM 5

Balanced chemical equation

2.0 III. Thermochemistry / Termokimia

I. Electrochemistry / Elektrokimia & II. Redox / Redoks

DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS / TINDAK BALAS PENYESARAN

More electropositive metal

Logam lebih elektropositif

More electropositive metal

Salt solution of less electropositive metal

Salt solution of less electropositive metal

Balanced Chemical Equation

CuSO4 / CuCl2 / Cu(NO3)2

*Choose one solution Pilih satu larutan

FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE

MODULE Chemistry FORM 5

Balanced chemical equation

Zn(NO3)2 / ZnCl2 / ZnSO4

*Choose one solution Pilih satu larutan

DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION Qualitative analysis of salt

TINDAK BALAS PENGURAIAN GANDA DUA

Preparation of insoluble of salt

Penyediaan garam tak terlarut

Salt solution contains anion of insoluble salt

Salt solution contains cation of insoluble salt NaCl(aq)/Na2SO4/KI(aq)

Larutan garam mengandungi garam tak terlarut

Balanced chemical equation

NaCl Na2SO4 Na2CO3 KI Na2SO4 Na2CO3 KCl Na2CO3

Carbon Compound / Sebatian Karbon

Balanced Chemical Equation

FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE

Measuring the Rate of Reaction / Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas

- Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set-up for each experiment.

i. Size of the reactant

ii. Concentration iii. Temperature iv. A catalyst

Temperature of reaction / Suhu tindak balas Use of catalyst / Penggunaan mangkin

FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE

Meaning of Rate of Reaction / Maksud Kadar Tindak Balas

Perubahan yang boleh diperhatikan

Method of measuring the observable changes

Decrease in mass of magnesium

Reading from the balance is recorded in every 30 seconds.

1 1 the value of time increases. time represents

1 kadar tindak balas . meningkat. mewakili _____________ masa