Gas Lift Presentation #2

REDA-1: Gas Lift Products and Gas Lift System Design
INSTRUCTOR : Greg Stephenson
Schlumberger, 2001
COURSE INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONS CLASS AIMS INSTRUCTOR AIMS - Insight into in-exact science - Informed questions - Understand limitations - Participate in design
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 1
CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID FIRST THINGS FIRST.
INJECTION GAS 0 0 PRESSURE (PSI) 1000 2000
Course introduction 1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN Introduction to artificial lift WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED 2000 Types of gas lift 3000 Applications of continuous flow gas lift OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE Advantages & disadvantages of gas lift 4000 Basic introduction to gas lift principles 5000 Continuous flow unloading sequence 6000 Running and Pulling Gas Lift Valves
DEPTH (FT TVD) 7000 FBHP SIBHP Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 2
CONSTANT ALL THE NUTS BOLTS. FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID AND
INJECTION GAS 0 PRESSURE (PSI) 1000 2000
DEPTH (FT TVD)
Running and pulling gas lift valves 1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN Gas lift valve mechanics WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED 2000 Gas lift valves and accessories Gas lift mandrels, latches, kickover tools 3000 Surface flow control equipment OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE 4000
5000
6000 SIBHP FBHP Schlumberger, 2001
7000
DAY 3
CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID WELL PERFORMANCE
Exam Part I
1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED
Overview of inflow and outflow 2000

DEPTH (FT TVD)
performance.
3000
OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE 4000
5000
7000
DAY 4
LETS DO A GAS LIFT DESIGN! CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID
1000 Natural gas laws applied to gasCASING lift.PRESSURE WHEN
WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED

2000 Flowing gradient exercises. DEPTH (FT TVD) 3000 Gas lift design methods.
IPO Gas lift design
OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE
4000
PPO Gas Lift Design 5000

7000
DAY 5
GAS LIFT DESIGN AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING. CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID
1000 Gas lift trouble-shooting techniques CASING PRESSURE WHEN
Exam Part II
DEPTH (FT TVD)
2000
3000 Computer Aided Gas Lift Designs / Evaluation
Course summary4000
5000
7000
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL LIFT

KEY LEARNING OBJECTIVES UPON COMPLETION OF THIS SEGMENT, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Name the 4 major forms of artificial lift. Fully describe the operation of each. Site at least 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of each lift method. Identify the most appropriate lift method for a given application. Understand the business relevance of each lift method to Schlumberger.
Schlumberger, 2001
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT
Schlumberger, 2001
CHOOSING THE BEST LIFT METHOD

EXAMPLE
10-well field accessed from a small offshore platform. Average production: 1800 bbls/D @ 10% water cut. Average production depth: 5500 ft MD 2-7/8 6.5# tubing x 7-in 29# casing Dogleg: 5 degrees / 100 ft. BHT = 300 deg. F, Anticipated FBHP of 500 psi 1 Safety Barrier (SCSSV) It will not be necessary to access reservoir until re-completion. Stable formation on primary recovery. Fluid Viscosity = 50 cp, GOR = 500 scf/bbl, VLR = 0.07 Sand production = 15 ppm Well produces scale, treated w/ inhibitor no other contaminants Electric power generation using natural gas for fuel All well service via workover rig and snubbing unit.
Schlumberger, 2001
OVERVIEW OF CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT

Describe the two different types of gas lift and where they are applied. List the surface and sub-surface components of a typical closed rotative gas lift system. Describe, in detail, the continuous unloading sequence. Explain the purpose of unloading valves in a continuous gas lift well.
Schlumberger, 2001
TYPES OF GAS LIFT

CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT CONVENTIONAL & WIRELINE RETRIEVABLE GAS LIFT EQUIPMENT
Schlumberger, 2001
APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT

TO ENABLE WELLS THAT WILL NOT FLOW NATURALLY TO PRODUCE TO INCREASE PRODUCTION RATES IN FLOWING WELLS TO UNLOAD A WELL THAT WILL LATER FLOW NATURALLY TO REMOVE OR UNLOAD FLUID IN GAS WELLS TO BACK FLOW SALT WATER DISPOSAL WELLS TO LIFT AQUIFER WELLS
Schlumberger, 2001
ADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT Initial downhole equipment costs lower
low operational and maintenance cost

Simplified well completions
Flexibility - can handle rates from 10 to 50,000 bpd

Can best handle sand / gas / well deviation Intervention relatively less expensive
Schlumberger, 2001
DISADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT
Must have a source of gas

Imported from other fields
Produced gas - may result in start up problems
Possible high installation cost

Top sides modifications to existing platforms Compressor installation
Limited by available reservoir pressure

and bottom hole flowing pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
PRODUCED FLUID
CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL

0 0 PRESSURE (PSI) 1000 2000
INJECTION GAS
1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED 2000
DEPTH (FT TVD)
3000
5000
6000
7000
Schlumberger, 2001 FBHP
SIBHP
PRODUCED FLUID

0 0 PRESSURE (PSI) 1000 2000
INJECTION GAS
DEPTH (FT TVD)
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
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FBHP
SIBHP
CONTINUOUS FLOW UNLOADING SEQUENCE
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TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK
INJECTION GAS
INJECTION GAS
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INJECTION GAS
INJECTION GAS
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TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK INJECTION GAS
TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK INJECTION GAS
PLUGGED
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PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
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PRESSURE PSI 0
INJECTION GAS CHOKE CLOSED
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
SECOND VALVE OPEN
6000
8000
THIRD VALVE OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE OPEN
12000
14000
TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE
SIBHP
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PRESSURE PSI
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
INJECTION GAS CHOKE OPEN
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
SECOND VALVE OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE OPEN
12000
14000
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
SECOND VALVE OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE OPEN
12000
14000
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
SECOND VALVE OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE FBHP SIBHP
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PRESSURE PSI 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
SECOND VALVE OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
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PRESSURE PSI 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
2000
TOP VALVE CLOSED
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
SECOND VALVE OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
2000
TOP VALVE CLOSED
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
SECOND VALVE OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
2000
4000
TOP VALVE CLOSED
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
SECOND VALVE CLOSED
8000
THIRD VALVE OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
Schlumberger, 2001
FIGURE 3-8: Example of the Unloading Sequence Casing Operated Valves and Choke Control of Injection Gas
2000 1800 1600 1400
Pressure psi
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 12:00 AM
03:00 AM
06:00 AM
09:00 AM Time
12:00 PM
03:00 PM
06:00 PM
PRESSURE CASING
PRESSURE TUBING
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT WELL KICK-OFF

Unload well carefully
50 - 100 psi (3.5 bar) per 10 min 1 - 2 bbl per min
Maximize production choke opening Gradually increase gas injection rate Monitor well clean up and stability Get to target position Perform step rate production test Optimize gas injection rate Note - when unloading all valves open!
Schlumberger, 2001
RUNNING AND PULLING GAS LIFT VALVES

Explain the procedure for running and pulling gas lift valves from a side pocket mandrel. Describe the precautions that should be taken during running and pulling operations. Explain the operation of the OK series kickover tool. Explain the operation of the BK-1 latch. List and describe the different latch profiles available and explain the importance of latch / pocket compatability.
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVE CHANGEOUTS!

Methodical Equalise pressure Valve catcher Latches Running / pulling tools Pressure tests Experience Risk
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KICKOVER TOOL
THE KICKOVER TOOL IS RUN ON WIRELINE AND USED TO PULL AND SET GAS LIFT VALVES. THE ABILITY TO WIRELINE CHANGE-OUT GAS LIFT VALVES GIVES GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN THE GAS LIFT DESIGN
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GAS LIFT VALVE LATCHES

Understand the purpose of a gas lift valve latch. Identify key latch components. Explain the operation of a latch.
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RK / BK LATCH
THERE ARE OTHER LATCHES

1-1/2 RK 1-1/2 RA 1-1/2 RM T2 LATCHES 1 BK
Schlumberger, 2001
END DAY 1
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 2
CONSTANT ALL THE NUTS BOLTS. FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID AND
INJECTION GAS 0 PRESSURE (PSI) 1000 2000
DEPTH (FT TVD)
Gas lift mandrels 1000 Gas lift valve mechanics 2000 Gas lift valves and accessories Surface flow control equipment 3000
4000
CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED
5000
7000
GAS LIFT MANDRELS

Understand the features / benefits, operation and nomenclature of: Orienting-style mandrels. Non-orienting mandrels. Conventional mandrels. Identify and explain the purpose of key SPM components. Describe how pressure rating is determined for SPMs. Identify an appropriate SPM based on its nomenclature. Explain advantages and disadvantages of oval / round GLMs. Understand SPM manufacturing processes.
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT MANDRELS
SIDE POCKET MANDRELS
CONVENTIONAL MANDREL
Schlumberger, 2001
5 1/2 MMRG-4, 1 1/2 POCKET ROUND MANDREL DESIGN

Orienting Sleeve Tool Discriminator G Latch Lug Polished Seal Bore
CAMCO
ENGINEERING DATA
PART NUMBER SIZE MAX O.D. MIN I.D. DRIFT I.D. THREAD TEST PRESSURE INTERNAL TEST PRESSURE EXTERNAL LATCH TYPE KICKOVER TOOL RUNNING TOOL PULLING TOOL MATERIAL TENSILE STRENGTH (EOEC)
CAMCO 1996
05712-000-00001 5 1/2 7.982 4.756 4.653 17 LB/FT MANN BDS B x P 7740 PSI 6280 PSI RK, RK-1, RKP, RK-SP OM-1, OM-1M, OM-1S RK-1 15079 1 5/8 JDS 15155 410 S.S., 13 CR 22 HRC MAX 490,000 LBS
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GAS LIFT MANDREL NOMENCLATURE

BASIC DESIGN FEATURES KB M M M G R T A U E EC W 1ST IDENTIFIER 1ST IDENTIFIER 2ND IDENTIFIER 3RD IDENTIFIER 1" POCKET 1-1/2" POCKET OVAL BODY PIPE MACHINED POCKET W/TOOL DISCRIMINATOR TOOL DISCRIMNINATOR AND ORIENTING SLEEVE CAMCO DESIGN - ROUND BODY PIPE TRUGUIDE DESIGN - ROUND BODY PIPE A POCKET PROFILE REDUCED O.D. AND I.D. STANDARD POCKET PORTING - BOTTOM EXHAUST POCKET PORTED TO TUBING - BOTTOM EXHAUST WATERFLOOD BASIC DESIGN VARIATIONS 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 LT LTS V SLIGHTLY REDUCED MAJOR O.D. SPECIAL THREADING CONSIDERATIONS THREAD RECUTS EXTERNAL GUARD DEVICES SPECIAL INTERNAL MODIFICATIONS SPECIAL POCKET MODIFICATION BOTTOM LATCH ONLY PLUGGABLE OR NO PORTS SIDEPIPE POCKET PORTING SIDELUG TO ACCEPT INJECTION TUBE MULTIPLE POCKET
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVES AND ACCESSORIES

Derive the formula for opening pressure based on knowledge of valve mechanics and the force-balance equation. Describe models, operation, features/benefits, pros and cons of: Unloading Valves Proportional Response Valves Orifice Valves NOVA Venturi Orifice Valves Shear Orifice Valves Dummy Valves Equalizing Dummy Valves Circulating Valves Chemical Injection Valves Waterflood Flow Regulator Valves Reverse Flow Check Valves
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVE MECHANICS
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVE MECHANICS

3 basic types of gas lift valve, each available in 1 & 1-1/2 sizes:
Dummy valves Orifice valves

Square edged Venturi (nova)
Unloading valves
Injection pressure (casing) operated valves production pressure (fluid) operated valves Throttling/proportional response valves
Schlumberger, 2001
UNLOADING GAS LIFT VALVE

Normally required during unloading phase only Open only when annulus and tubing pressures are high enough to overcome valve set pressure Valve closes after transfer to next station May be spring or nitrogen charged
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Diaphragm/ Atmospheric Bellows Spring
Stem Stem Tip Upstream Downstream
Upstream/ Casing
Port
Downstream/Tubing
Pressure Regulator
Spring Operated Gas Lift Valve

Schlumberger, 2001
VALVE OPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES

F=PXA
Pd
WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED TO OPEN IT.. 1 Pd x Ab= Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
Pd
Pc Pc
1
WHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN TO CLOSE IT.. 2 Pd x Ab = Pc (Ab)
Pt
UN BALANCED VALVE
Schlumberger, 2001

CLOSING FORCE (IPO VALVE) Fc = PbAb
OPENING FORCES (IPO VALVE)
Fo1 = Pc (Ab- Ap) Fo2 = Pt Ap

Fo = Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
TOTAL OPENING FORCE
JUST BEFORE THE VALVE OPENS THE FORCES ARE EQUAL

Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap = Pb Ab Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab) Pc = -------------------------1 - (Ap/Ab) Pb = Pressure in bellows Pt = Tubing pressure Pc = Casing pressure Ab = Area of bellows Ap = Area of port
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SOLVING FOR Pc WHERE:

Pc = Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab) ---------------------1 - (Ap/Ab) Pb - Pt (R) ---------------------1-R
Pc =
Pb = Pc (1 - R) + Pt (R)
Where R = Ratio Ap/Ab

Schlumberger, 2001
PRODUCED FLUID
0
INJECTION GAS
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVES CLOSE IN SEQUENCE

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
2000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
FBHP
SIBHP
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PRODUCED FLUID
CASING P. TO OPEN
CASING P TO CLOSE DOME P.
INJECTION GAS
AT SURFACE
1200 PSI
? PSI
TUBING P. @ DEPTH VALVE # 1 1260 PSI ? PSI
560 PSI
VALVE # 2
740 PSI
1300 PSI
? PSI
890 PSI
VALVE # 3
1340 PSI
? PSI
Pd = Pc (1-R) + Pt (R) NOTE : ALL VALVES 3/16 R-20 R = 0.038 1-R = 0.962
Schlumberger, 2001
Pb Dome Dome
Pb
Chevron Packing Stack Bellows
Stem Tip (Ball) Pc Stem Tip (Ball) Square Edged Seat Pt Chevron Packing Stack Pt Chevron Packing Stack Square Edged Seat Pc
Check Valve
Check Valve
Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type Injection Pressure (Casing) Operated Gas Lift Valve
Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type Production Pressure (Fluid) Operated Lift Valve 2001 Gas Schlumberger,
Dome Spring
Pb Atmospheric Bellows
Chevron Packing Stack
Pc
Pc Spring Adjustment Nut & Lock Nuts
Large T.C. Ball Tapered T.C. Seat Chevron Packing Stack Pt
Stem Tip (Ball) Square Edged Seat

Chevron Packing Stack Check Valve
Pt
Check Valve
Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type Proportional Response Gas Lift Valve
Spring Operated Injection Pressure (Casing) Operated Gas Lift Valve
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GAS LIFT VALVE FEATURES

Bellows protection Max dome charge Check valve Stem travel Metallurgy Elastomers Max fluid rate
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Typically an orifice type Gas lift valve always open - allows gas across Passage whenever correct differential exists Gas injection controlled by size and differential across replaceable choke Back-check prevents reverse flow of well fluids from the production conduit
Schlumberger, 2001
ORIFICE VALVES
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF ORIFICE VALVE: SQUARED EDGED ORIFICE VENTURI (NOVA)
Valve designed for accurate gas passage prediction.
One-way check valve for tubing integrity.
Schlumberger, 2001
NOVA VALVE
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EQUIPMENT SUMMARY
Side pocket mandrels IPO unloading valves Fluid pressure operated valves Proportional response valves Orifice valves Shear open valves Latch system Dump kill valves Circulating valves Pilot valves Check systems Waterflood regulators Chemical injection systems Time cycle controllers
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE ACTUATED/CONTROLLED GAS LIFT VALVE
Hydraulic controlled valve Electric controlled valve
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE FLOW CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Describe models, operation, features/benefits, pros and cons of: Flow Control Valves Adjustable Choke Valves Surface Flow Control Accessories
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Well Completions and Productivity

Completion Systems
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Well Completions & Productivity Completion Systems
Surface Flow Control Equipment
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Primary Purpose
Control and measure flow from a producing oil and gas well, secondary recovery water or gas injection well and injected gas in a gas lift field operation.
Secondary Purpose
Real time flow control measurement which allows precise valve positioning from a remote RTU by use of an electric actuator with 4Milliamps or digital hart communication control.
Schlumberger, 2001

Applications
All producing oil and gas wells Platform gas lift manifolds Water or gas secondary recovery/pressure maintenance projects All wells employing electrical submersible pump systems
Schlumberger, 2001
Manual Injection Control for Gas Lift

Packing and trim changed without removing body from line Easy-to-read indicator ring in 1/64 in. scale Variety of trim sizes, materials and connections
Schlumberger, 2001
CN00998
Camco/Merla FCV flow control valve
Prevent Reverse Flow into Gas Lift Lines

Floating seat acts as check valve to prevent reverse flow
CN00998
CN00998
Optional Seat for Reverse Flow Check
Camco/Merla FCV flow control valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Injection Control for High-Temperature Application

Primarily designed for steam injection
CN01000
Camco/Merla FCVT high temperature flow control valve
Applicable for service with other high-temperature gas or liquids Easy-to-read 1/64 in. indicator scale Rated to 3500 psi at 700F 2-in. angle body with various trim sizes and materials
Schlumberger, 2001
Manual Injection Control for Waterflood Systems

Designed for water injection applications
CN01026
Camco/Merla WFC water flood control valve
Long throat seat controls turbulence and erosion Adjustable hand wheel calibrated in 1/64 in. with easy-to-read indicator Secondary choke option for high differentials Available in variety of trim sizes and materials
Schlumberger, 2001
Adjustable Choke Valves for Production

Three body sizes for accurate match to flow rate Common Features
ACV-5, ACV-8 and ACV-12
Available with API or ANSI flanges, socket weld, butt weld or threaded connections Variety of trim and body materials to match application No stem leaks with spring-loaded, bubble-tight sealing system
CN00997 CN01002
CN01003
ACV-5
ACV-8
ACV-12 Schlumberger, 2001

Low flow rate applications (ACV-5)
/4-in., 1-in. and 11/4in. port sizes Maximum Cv values:
19.3 to 35
CN00997
Camco/Merla ACV-5 adjustable choke valve
Schlumberger, 2001

Medium flow rate applications (ACV-8)
1-in., 11/2-in. and 2-in. port sizes
Maximum Cv values: 30.8 to 85.8
High differential pressure applications

CN01002
Optional positive choke bean
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High flow rate applications (ACV-12)
2-in. and 3-in. port sizes Maximum Cv values: 124 to 285
High differential pressure applications

CN01003
Semi-balanced stem feature for reduced torque

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Chokes to Reduce Erosion and Noise

Reduce cavitation or erosion damage
CN01067 CN00996
CAVROSION trim closed position
CAVROSION trim throttling position
Cavrosion trim
Reduce noise levels

Cavnoise trim
Reduce cavitation and noise

CN01068 CN01066
CAVNOISE trim
CAVROSION/ CAVNOISE trim
Combination Cavrosion/ Cavnoise trim
Schlumberger, 2001
Remote Flow Control Applications

Actuators for electric control and automation systems
Available for FCV and ACV series valves 120 Vac or 24 Vdc with low current draw for remote applications High modulation rate for precise positioning
CN01069
FCV with electric actuator
4-20 ma or Digital Hart communication control

Corrosion resistance housing
Schlumberger, 2001
Nonadjustable Choke Applications Positive inline choke

Bean sizes from 1/2 to 3 in. Beans easily replaced with body in flow line In-line feature for bi-directional flow
CN01159
Camco/Merla positive in-line choke

Schlumberger, 2001
Control for Low-Pressure Liquids and Gas

Motor valves for onoff service
Intermittent lift control Plunger lift control
Separator dumps
CN01001
Motor valves for throttling service

Pressure regulators
Back pressure valves

Camco/Merla MV-60 motor valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Strengths
Name - SLB, MERLA, CAMCO Well engineered and field proven products SLB International locations Manufacturing Points - Houston and Maracaibo High pressure niche market
Schlumberger, 2001
Development Opportunities
Real time measurement market Fit with/integrated completions/target markets Complete ported cage designs Software design and trouble shooting package Complete 10k product design for speciality markets
Schlumberger, 2001
Current Projects
WEB interphase software design and troubleshooting package. Performing test with FCV/Jordan electric actuators using different material combinations, and thread types with and without special antigauling coating. Complete conversions of all flow control products to sherpa.
Schlumberger, 2001
END DAY 2
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 3
CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID WELL PERFORMANCE
Exam Part I
1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED
Overview of inflow and outflow 2000

DEPTH (FT TVD)
performance.
3000
5000
7000
OVERVIEW OF INFLOW AND OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE

Use the linear PI relationship to predict a wells production. Explain the difference between a linear and non-linear IPR relationship. Understand the factors affecting a wells inflow performance. Understand the factors affecting a wells outflow performance.
Schlumberger, 2001
SUCCESSFUL DESIGN DEPENDS UPON PREDICTION OF FLOWRATE

Predicting Flowrates and Pressure Transients for Different Cases
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SURFACE PRESSURE
INJECTION GAS
PRODUCED FLUID
WELL OUTFLOW RELATIONSHIP (VLP) or (TPC)

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF FLOWRATE
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF PRODUCTION RATE

SANDFACE PRESSURE BHFP
RESERVOIR PRESSURE
WELL INFLOW (IPR)
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WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE

( Successful design depends upon prediction of flow rate)
TYPES OF RESERVOIR DRIVES
Dissolved / solution gas drive Gas cap drive Water drive
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DISSOLVED / SOLUTION GAS DRIVE

Constant volume No water encroachment Two phase flowing reservoir below bubble point No gas cap PI not linear PI declines with depletion Formation GOR increases with depletion Least efficient with circa 15% recovery
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GAS CAP DRIVE
Gas from solution will form gas cap With production gas cap increases providing drive Excessive drawdown can cause coning PI usually not linear GOR constant except near depletion Circa 25% recovery
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WATER DRIVE
Not constant volume Reservoir pressure more constant - expansion of Water 1 in 2500 per 100 psi PI more constant GOR more constant Combination of water drive & gas cap expansion Often supplemented by water injection Most efficient with upto 50% recovery
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DEPLETION DRIVE
Small isolated pockets No pressure support High rates initially Very quick depletion May use several artificial lift methods
Natural flow initially Continuous gas lift Intermittent gas lift
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IDEAL FLOW ASSUMPTIONS

Ideal well Purely radial flow Infinite reservoir Uniform thickness Stabilized flow Single phase Above bubble point Homogeneous & isotropic reservoir Perforations penetrate throughout reservoir Reservoir shape Proximity of wellbore Wellbore clean / uncased No skin Darcys law
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NON IDEAL FLOW

Departures from Darcys law Effects at boundaries Position of well Non homogeneous reservoir Perforation positions High velocities Fluid type / high GOR Transient behavior Relative permeability effects - oil/water/gas near the wellbore Depletion if reservoir Flow restrictions (skin)
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Straight line productivity index (PI) Inflow performance relationship (IPR)
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PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
The relationship between well inflow rate and pressure drawdown can be expressed in the form of a Productivity Index, denoted PI or J, where: q J = -----------------Pws - Pwf
q = J(Pws - Pwf) or
kh(Pav - Pwf) qo = ----------------------------------141.2 oBo.[ln(re/rw) - 3/4]

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FACTORS AFFECTING PI
1. Phase behaviour
Bubble point pressure Dew point pressure
2. Relative permeability behaviour

Ratio of effective permeability to a particular fluid (oil, gas or water) to the absolute permeability of the rock
3. Oil viscosity
Viscosity decreases with pressure decrease to Pb Viscosity increases as gas comes out of solution
4. Oil formation volume factor (bo)

As pressure is decreased the liquid will expand As gas comes out of solution oil will shrink
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AS RATE INCREASES IS NO LONGER STRAIGHT LINE

Increased gas sat. Near wellbore - rel. Perm. Effects Laminar > turbulent flow Exceeds critical flow of sandface
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INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP Vogel Back pressure/Fetkovich Lit (Jones, Blount and Glaze) Normalized pseudo pressure
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VOGEL Dimensionless reference curve based on the following equation:
Q/Qmax = 1 - 0.2(Pwf/Pws) - 0.8(Pwf/Pws)2

where: Q = the liquid production rate, stb/d Qmax = the maximum liquid rate for 100% drawdown Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure, psi Pws = the reservoir pressure, psi
Schlumberger, 2001
Dimensionless Inflow Performance Relationship Curve for Solution Gas Drive Reservoir (after Vogel) 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 Q/Qmax 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Pbhf/Pbhs
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EXERCISE
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SURFACE PRESSURE
INJECTION GAS
PRODUCED FLUID
WELL OUTFLOW RELATIONSHIP (VLP) or (TPC)

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF FLOWRATE
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF PRODUCTION RATE

SANDFACE PRESSURE BHFP
RESERVOIR PRESSURE
WELL INFLOW (IPR)
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MULTIPHASE FLOW
OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE
MOVEMENT OF A MIXTURE OF FREE GASES AND LIQUIDS
Vertical flowing gradients Horizontal flowing gradients
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OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE AND MULTIPHASE FLOW

MOVEMENT OF A MIXTURE OF FREE GASES AND LIQUIDS
Vertical flowing gradients Horizontal flowing gradients

Select correct tubing size Predict when artificial lift will be required Design artificial lift systems Determine BHFP Determine PI Predict maximum and/or optimum flow rate Determine maximum depth of injection
Schlumberger, 2001
FACTORS EFFECTING TPC/VLP/TPR

TPC is a function of physical properties not inflow Tubing id Wall roughness Inclination Liquid / gas density Liquid / gas viscosity Liquid / gas velocity Well depth / line lengths Surface pressure Watercut GOR / GLR Liquid surface tension Flowrate
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PRESSURE LOSS IN WELLBORE
Complicated expression
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P/Z
System described by a energy balance expression Mass energy per unit mass in = energy out (+ - exchange with surroundings) For wellbore- pressure Calc. for length of pipe Integrated each section Pressure conveniently divided into three terms
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TOTAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCE GRAVITY TERM FRICTION TERM ACCELERATION TERM
P/Ztotal = g/gccos + fv /2gcd + v/gc[P/Z]
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Fluid density in every term Errors would be accumulative PVT important
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VERTICAL GRADIENTS : GLR PRESS HORIZONTAL GRADIENTS : GLR PRESS
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FLOW REGIMES
Based on observations Different flow patterns
Proportion of phases Flow velocity Viscosities Interfacial tension
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FLOW REGIMES
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CORRELATIONS
Babson (1934) Gilbert (1939 / 1952) Poettmann & Carpenter (1952) Duns & Ros Hagedorn & Brown Orkiszewski Fancher & Brown Beggs &Brill Duckler Flannigan Gray Mechanistic Proprietary
Schlumberger, 2001
INFLOW AND OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE

Pressure, psig 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
FBHP, psig
5200 5000 4800 4600 4400 4200 0 1000 2000 3000 Rate, bbls/d
5000
Depth, feet
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
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APPLICATION OF FLOWING PRESSURE GRADIENTS / EXERCISES
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END DAY 3
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 4
LETS DO A GAS LIFT DESIGN! CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID
1000 Natural gas laws applied to gasCASING lift.PRESSURE WHEN

2000 Flowing gradient exercises. DEPTH (FT TVD) 3000 Gas lift design methods.
IPO Gas lift design
4000
PPO Gas Lift Design 5000

7000
NATURAL GAS LAWS APPLIED TO GAS LIFT

KEY LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UPON COMPLETION OF THIS SEGMENT, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Predict the casing pressure at depth for a gas lift well. Predict the gas passage through a square-edged orifice. Explain the relationship between a valves bellows pressure and its temperature
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS CALCULATIONS RELATED TO GAS LIFT SYSTEMS
Gas injection pressure at depth
Gas volume stored within a conduit

Temperature effect on bellows-charged dome pressure
Volumetric gas throughput of a choke or g.L. Valve port
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GAS CALCULATIONS RELATED TO GAS LIFT SYSTEMS GAS INJECTION PRESSURE AT DEPTH S.G. x L 53.34 x T x Z P@L = P@Se
Where: e = 2.71828 P@L = Pressure at depth, psia P@S = Pressure at surface, psia S.G. = Gas Specific Gravity L = Depth, feet T = Average Temp Degrees R Z = Average Compressibility for T and average pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS CALCULATIONS RELATED TO GAS LIFT SYSTEMS GAS INJECTION PRESSURE AT DEPTH
Rule of thumb Equation based on S.G. of 0.65, a geothermal gradient at 1.60F/100ft and a surface temperature of 700F
P@L = P@S + (2.3 x P@S x L ) 100 1000
Where:
P@L = Pressure at depth, psia P@S = Pressure at surface, psia L = Depth, feet
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS VOLUME STORED WITHIN A CONDUIT (see page 3-10)
Internal capacity of a single circular conduit

Q(ft3/100ft.) = 0.5454 di2 Q(barrels/100ft.) = 0.009714 di2 Annular capacity of a tubing string inside casing Q(ft3/100ft.) = 0.5454 di2 - do2 Q(barrels/100ft.) = 0.009714 di2 - do2
Where: di = inside diameter in inches do = outside diameter in inches
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GAS VOLUME STORED WITHIN A CONDUIT To find the volume of gas contained under specific well conditions): P x Tb b = V x ---------------Z x Pb x T
Where: b = gas volume at base conditions V = capacity of conduit in cubic feet P = average pressure within conduit Tb= temperature base in degrees Rankin Z = compressibility factor for average pressure and temperature in a conduit (see Figure 3.2) Pb= pressure base (14.73 psi) T = average temperature in the conduit in degrees Rankin
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TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CONFINED BELLOWS CHARGED DOME PRESSURE Major Advantages of Nitrogen
Availability Non-explosive Non- corrosive Predictable compressibility Predictable temperature effect
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TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CONFINED BELLOWS CHARGED DOME PRESSURE P2 = P1

Where:
X
Tc
P1 = Pressure at initial temperature P2 = Pressure resulting from change of temperature Tc = Temperature correction factor
and
1 + 0.00215 x (T2 - 60) Tc = -------------------------------1 + 0.00215 x (T1 - 60)

Where : T1 = Initial temperature, Deg F T2 = Present temperature, Deg F
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VOLUMETRIC GAS THROUGHPUT OF A CHOKE OR A GAS LIFT VALVE PORT Equation based on Thornhill-Craver Studies Page 3-13 Since this equation is so complex the chart in figure 7.4 page 7-14 provides a means of quickly obtaining an approximate gas passage rate for a given port size
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GAS INJECTION RATE (MMSCF/D)
ORIFICE FLOW
SUB-CRITICAL FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PRESSURE (PSI)
PCASING
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Gas Passage through a RDO-5 Orifice Valve with a 1/2" Port (163 deg F, Gas S.G. 0.83, Discharge Coefficient 0.84)
9 8
Gas Fl ow Rate MMSCF/D
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Pressure psi
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RDO-5 Orifice Valve, 24/64" Port, Cd = 0.86
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
Gas Flowrate (mmscf/d)
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
Calculated Flowrate Calculated Flowrate Calculated Flowrate
Measured Flowrate Measured Flowrate Measured Flowrate Measured Flowrate
1.00
0.50
Calculated Flowrate
0.00 0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00 2000.00
Downstream Pressure (psig)
Schlumberger, 2001
IPO GAS LIFT DESIGN

Perform a gas lift design for a well utilizing injection pressure operated gas lift valves. List at least 3 possible sources of design bias in an IPO gas lift design. Explain the purpose of design bias and its effect on a gas lift design. Understand how a gas lift design can be developed to accommodate changing conditions over time.
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MANDREL SPACING
For unloading For flexibility
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GAS LIFT DESIGN METHODS

Variety of design methods published
Pmax / P min Casing Pressure drop Equilibrium curve
Vary with application Vary with data Vary with experience Not an exact science We are dealing with a very dynamic system
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS

Learn basics Do the designs by hand graphically Build mental picture of dynamic system Introduce design bias Think about it then apply
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS

New design Pre-spaced mandrels All methods require objective gradient Fixed rate design Optimum rate design
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GAS LIFT DESIGNS

Casing Pressure Drop Method
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CAMCO GAS LIFT TECHNOLOGY - EXAMPLE DESIGN Constant Pdrop Method - No Design Bias
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS)
10000
FIGURE 1
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PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 2
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PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 3
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PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 4
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PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 5
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. #1 DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 6
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000 MANDREL #2
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) F.B.H.P. F.B.H.P. #2 S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 7
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000 MANDREL #2
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
MANDREL #3
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 8
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000 MANDREL #2
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
MANDREL #3
6000 MANDREL #4
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 9
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000 MANDREL #2
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
MANDREL #3
6000 MANDREL #4
7000
MANDREL #5
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. #5 F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 10
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGN

(P-MIN / P-MAX)
Re-opening valves / valve interference
(P-min / P-max / Production Pressure Effect)
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#1.
Pressure
Pt Pc1
D e p t h
Valve #1
Pt@L
Pc @ L
Differential
30-50#
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#2. Pressure
Pt Pc1
D e p t h
Pc2 = Pc1-[ (Pt max-Pt min) (TEF)]
#1
Pt min
Pt max
Point A
50# Differential
Schlumberger, 2001
#3. Pressure
Pt Pc1 Pc1
D e p t h
Pc2=1000-[(750-425) (.104)]
#1
Pc2=966 psi (33.8 psi)
Pt max
#2
Pt min 50# Differential
Point A
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Pressure
Pt Pc3
Pc2 Pc1
#4.
D e p t h
Pc3=966-[(815-625) (.104)]
#1
Pc3=946 psi (19.76 psi)
#2
#3
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Pt
Pressure Pc3
Pc2 Pc1
#5.
D e p t h
#1
#2
#3
Pt min
Pt max
Point A
Schlumberger, 2001
Pt
Pressure Pc3
Pc4
Pc2 Pc1
#6.
D e p t h
#1
#2
Pc = 946-[(925-750) (.104)]
4
#3
#4
Pt min
Pc4= 928 psi (18.2 psi)
(.05 x Depth) + Pwh
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGN EXAMPLE (3 1/2)

GRADIENT CURVE - MANDREL SPACING
TUBING SIZE AVERAGE DEVIATION TARGET PRODUCTION RATE WATERCUT OIL API WATER S.G. GAS S.G. PACKER SETTING DEPTH END OF TUBING MID PERFORATION DEPTH WELLHEAD FLOWING PRESSURE SHUT IN BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE PRODUCTIVITY INDEX FORMATION GOR CASING KICKOFF PRESSURE CASING OPERATING PRESSURE AVAILABLE GAS FOR INJECTION TEMPERATURE @ DEPTH KILL FLUID GRADIENT FLOW EFFICIENCY
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
3.5 VERTICAL WELL 600 B/D 50 % 35O 1.08 0.65 7400 FT 7500 FT 8000 FT 175 psig 2800 psig .65 stb/d/psi 100:1 1150 psig 1100 psig 1 MMSCF/D 210O F 0.465 psi/ft 1 (no skin)
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GAS LIFT DESIGNS

Design Bias
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DESIGN BIAS IN GAS LIFT DESIGN

Tubing head pressure Tubing pressure / minimum gradient Casing pressure drops to close valve systematically (disadvantage?) Re-opening valves / Valve interference Differential at bottom point Casing pressure available Design bias will vary depending on condition Gas passage Well coming in Add some more mandrels? Usually called safety factors
Schlumberger, 2001
INTRODUCING DESIGN BIAS INTO DESIGNS
Schlumberger, 2001
CAMCO GAS LIFT TECHNOLOGY - EXAMPLE DESIGN Ptmin-Ptmax Method - with Design Bias
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
3000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 1
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PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
3000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 2
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
3000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 3
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
3000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 4
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 5
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) F.B.H.P.
F.B.H.P. #1 S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 6
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
Ptmax1
Ptmin1 3000 MANDREL #2 4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 7
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000 MANDREL #2 4000
Ptmax2 Ptmin2
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
MANDREL #3
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 8
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000 MANDREL #2 4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
MANDREL #3
Ptmax3 Ptmin3
6000
MANDREL #4
7000
8000
9000
10000
FIGURE 9
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0 0 1000 2000 TEMPERATURE F 100 150 200
1000
2000
MANDREL #1
3000 MANDREL #2 4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
MANDREL #3
6000
MANDREL #4
7000 MANDREL #5 8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) F.B.H.P.
F.B.H.P. #5 S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 10
Schlumberger, 2001
PPO GAS LIFT DESIGN

Perform a gas lift design for a well utilizing production pressure operated gas lift valves. Explain the purpose of the Design Line in a PPO gas lift design. Explain the purpose of the DP Line in a PPO gas lift design. Understand the benefits and liabilities of PPO gas lift designs. Explain where a PPO gas lift installation would most likely be run and why.
Schlumberger, 2001
EXAMPLE
Schlumberger, 2001
END DAY 4
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 5
GAS LIFT DESIGN AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING. CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL PRODUCED FLUID
1000 Gas lift trouble-shooting techniques CASING PRESSURE WHEN
Exam Part II
DEPTH (FT TVD)
2000
3000 Computer Aided Gas Lift Designs / Evaluation
Course summary4000
5000
7000
TROUBLE-SHOOTING
List 5 tools that can aid in the trouble-shooting of gas lift wells. Understand the relationship between gas passage, valve mechanics, well performance and casing pressure. Utilize gradient curves, valve mechanics and gas passage to predict the point (or points) of injection in a gas lift well. Explain the cycle of instability in a well which is injecting in subcritical flow across a square-edged orifice. Explain how to determine if the tubing and casing are in communication.
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
FOCUS ORGANISATION & PROCESSES
TROUBLESHOOTING
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Schlumberger, 2001
THE FOLLOWING DATA SHOULD BE REGULARLY MONITORED : GAS INJECTION (PRODUCTION ANNULUS) PRESSURE GAS INJECTION RATES TUBING HEAD PRESSURE WELL TESTS TOTAL PRODUCTION WATER CUTS
TEMPERATURE
SLUGGING : AN UNSTABLE SYSTEM SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED. SEVERE SLUGGING IS A MAJOR CONCERN. THE INITIAL START-UP AND LOADING IS THE WHEN THE WELL IS AT ITS MOST UNSTABLE.
Schlumberger, 2001
INJECTION PRESSURE :
THE MOST INFORMATIVE, IT INDICATES: WHICH UNLOADING VALVES ARE OPEN AND THE MAXIMUM DEPTH OF INJECTION
CHANGE IN THE INJECTION PRESSURE CAN MEAN

RESTRICTIONS TO THE GAS FLOW, UPSTREAM OF THE GAS INJECTION CIRCULATING VALVE. OPENING OF THE UNLOADING VALVE.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Pb
A CHANGE IN THE TUBING PRESSURE AT DEPTH (CHANGE IN WATER CUT)

A CHANGE IN THE GAS INJECTION RATE A RESTRICTION IN THE CIRCULATING VALVE THE CIRCULATING VALVES PORT HAS BEEN FLOW CUT. LOSS OF PRESSURE INTEGRITY IN EITHER THE TUBING OR THE INJECTION GAS FLOW LINE
2000

DRAWDOWN
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
8000
Pc
10000
12000
Pt
14000
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS INJECTION RATE:

HAS A LARGE INFLUENCE ON THE PRODUCTION RATE
INABILITY TO INJECT GAS. THIS NORMALLY INDICATES A MECHANICAL FAILURE. GAS INJECTION IS RESTRICTED. COULD INDICATE : AN INCREASE IN WATER CUT WE ARE OPERATING AT THE UNLOADING VALVE.
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL TESTS
ACTUAL PRODUCTION RATE & WATER CUT MULTI-RATE TESTING BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE WELL
WATER CUTS
ERRATIC WATER CUTS CAN INDICATE A SLUGGING WELL
Schlumberger, 2001
TUBING PRESSURE :
THE TUBING HEAD PRESSURE (THP) & WELL HEAD TEMPERATURE INDICATE THE WELL IS FLOWING. A DECREASE IN TUBING PRESSURE CAN INDICATE A LOSS OF PRODUCTION DUE TO : A CHANGE IN THE INJECTION DEPTH AN INCREASE IN WATER CUT.
AN INCREASE IN TUBING PRESSURE : COULD BE AS A RESULT OF EXCESS GAS INJECTION CAN AFFECT THE CASING PRESSURE.
TUBING INSTABILITY CAN BE CAUSED BY : CASING PRESSURE INSTABILITY (MULTI-POINTING OR INCORRECTLY SIZED CIRCULATING VALVE) TOO LARGE A TUBING SIZE.
Schlumberger, 2001
TEMPERATURE
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING Inlet problems

Choke sized too large Choke sized too small Low casing pressure High casing pressure Verify gauges Low gas volume
Excessive gas volume

Compressor fluctuations
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
Outlet problems
Valve restrictions High back pressure Separator operating pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
Downhole problems
Hole in tubing
Operating pressure valve by surface closing

Method Well blowing dry gas
Well will not take any input gas

Well flowing in heads Installation stymied and will not unload
Valve hung open

Valve spacing too wide
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES
Calculations - analysis of casing pressure Echometer surveys Tagging fluid level Two pen pressure recorder charts
Multi-rate test analysis

Historical well test analysis Computer modeling Flowing pressure and temperature surveys
Schlumberger, 2001
TYPICAL CALCULATED CHECKS

Casing pressure analysis Effect of reservoir pressure & pi with well test data Gas passage calculations Well temperature effect
Frictional/downhole pressure effects

Performance curve Well stability
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT TROUBLESHOOTING FLOWCHART

WELL TEST DATA WELL HISTORY TWO PEN CHART WELL EQUIPMENT GAS LIFT DATA SHEET
Flowing Survey
Continuous Flow Design Diagnostics
WELL FLOWS
WELL DOES NOT FLOW
WELL TAKES GAS CHART 2

WELL DOES NOT TAKE GAS CHART 3 IRREGULAR GAS INJECTION CHART 4
WELL TAKES GAS CHART 5

WELL DOES NOT TAKE GAS CHART 6
Schlumberger, 2001
CHART 2
WELL FLOWS WELL TAKES GAS
Injection Thru Gas Lift Valve
Injection Not Thru Gas Lift Valve
Injection At Deepest Valve?

Hole in Tubing Sidepocket Mandrel Leak
Evaluate for Deeper Injection Point
Install Pack Off
Re-install Valve
Mechanical Problems?
Install Pack Off
Remove Restriction
Re-design for Deeper Injection
Consider Workover Re-evaluate OPTIMISE GAS INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
CHART 3
WELL FLOWS WELL DOES NOT TAKE GAS
Failed Gas Lift Valve
Casing Bridge
G.L.V. Setting Too High
G.L.V. Design Temperature Too Low
Surface Gas Input Problem
Change Out Valve
Pump Chemical
Redesign for Lower Pressure
Redesign for Higher Temperature
Plugged Surface Choke
Pump Water
Frozen Surface Choke
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS INJECTION RATE Schlumberger, 2001
CHART 4
WELL FLOWS IRREGULAR GAS INJECTION
SubSurface Problem
Surface Problem
Casing Pressure Low
Casing Pressure High
Unstable Gas Supply
Unstable Back Pressure
Hole in Tubing
Unloading Valve Gained Pressure Operating Valve Too Deep Valve Port Size Too Small
Compressor Discharge Unstable Intermittent Well Robbing Supply Gas Volume
Adjacent Well Heading in Shared Manifold Unstable Separator Back Pressure
Unloading Valve Lost Pressure Valve Port Fluid Cut Leaking Sidepocket Mandrel
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
CHART 5
Casing Pressure High
WELL DOES NOT FLOW WELL TAKES GAS
Casing Pressure Low
Lower Valve Won't Open Fluid Load on Bottom Below Design Pressure Bridge in Casing
Gas Lift Valve Problem
Mechanical Problem
Unloading Valve Lost Dome Pressure Cut Out Valve Port Trash in Unloading Valve Port
Hole in Tubing Leaking Mandrel Pocket Leaking Tubing Hanger
Lift Gas Injection Rate Too High
Evaluate for Orifice Insert
No Inflow To Wellbore
Re-evaluate

Schlumberger, 2001
CHART 6
Surface Problem
WELL DOES NOT FLOW WELL DOES NOT TAKE GAS
Subsurface Problem Subsurface Safety Valve Closed
Wellhead or Manifold Plugged or Closed Injection Choke Plugged or Closed
Gas Lift Valve Problem
Tubing Closed
Bridge in Casing
Plugged Operating Valve
Valve Set Pressure Too High Re-design for Lower Pressure
Valve Gained Charged Pressure
Top Valve Spaced Too Deep
Rock The well
Change Valve
Unload to Lower Back Pressure
Circulate Fluid Thru Valve
Displace Casing with Lighter Fluid
Change Valve
Use Higher Injection Pressure
Re-evaluate

Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLE-SHOOTING GAS LIFT WELLS
Case Studies using Echometer, Two-Pen Recorder and Nodal Analysis
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1
New gas lift string
Expected production: 1350 bbls/d @ 580 MCF/D gas injection. Actual Production: 1050 bbls/d @ 520 MCF/D gas injection.
Corrective Action Taken

Well modeled to aid in diagnosis. Acquired fluid level in casing. Wireline ran in well with impression block to confirm valve was out of pocket. Attempted to re-set valve. Flowing gradient survey ordered.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1 GAS LIFT DESIGN

VLV # 1 2 3 4 5 6 MD TVD Temp. TCF Port R TRO
1850 2820 3640 4500 5370 6260
1837 2698 3305 3902 4502 5106
144 0.847 3/16" 150 0.838 3/16" 156 0.829 3/16" 161 0.822 3/16" 1/4" Orifice Valve GLV in place
.094 .094 .094 .094
945 940 935 930 N/A
Figure 1
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1 FLUID LEVEL SHOT

End
Mandrel #2 @ 2820 ft. MD (13.6 in.)
Mandrel #3 @ 3305 ft. MD (17.8 in.)
Mandrel #4 @ 4500 ft. MD (21.5 in.)
Start
SCSSV @ 398 ft. MD (1.9 in.)
Mandrel #1 @ 1850 ft. MD (9.1 in.)
Figure 2
Schlumberger, 2001
Case #1 Pressure vs. Depth Plot
Figure 3
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS

As figure 2 shows, the fluid level was found at the 4th mandrel. The well has failed to unload to the orifice. As figure 3 illustrates, there is sufficient pressure differential at depth to unload to the orifice in mandrel #5. Wireline operations confirmed the valve in mandrel #4 was out of pocket, preventing the well from unloading.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
Well has been severely heading with tubing pressures ranging between 120 350 psi. Casing pressures have varied between 900 - 1000 psi. Well believed to be multi-point injecting between 2 or more valves.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2 GAS LIFT DESIGN

VLV # MD TVD Temp. TCF Port R TRO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1802 3111 4105 4803 5418 5939 6491 7012 7563 8115
1802 3110 4087 4747 5333 5805 6313 6794 7306 7829
105 0.912 3/16" .094 121 0.884 3/16" .094 134 0.863 3/16" .094 1/4" Orifice Valve from #10 149 0.839 3/16" .094 156 0.829 3/16" .094 163 0.819 3/16" .094 170 0.809 3/16" .094 174 0.803 3/16" .094 N/A N/A 3/16" .094
1005 995 980 N/A 960 945 930 920 910 970
Figure 4
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2 FLUID LEVEL SHOT

End
Mandrel #3 @ 4105 ft. MD (20.4 in.)
Mandrel #4 @ 4803 ft. MD (23.8 in.) Mandrel #2 @ 3111 ft. MD (15.4 in.)
Start
SCSSV @ 614 ft. MD (3.0 in.)
Mandrel #1 @ 1802 ft. MD (8.9 in.)
Figure 5
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2 TWO-PEN RECORDER CHART
Figure 6
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2 FLOWING GRADIENT SURVEY
Figure 7
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2 CASING PRESSURE ANALYSIS

VALVE NO DEPTH TVD TRO Pd@60F Pt R 1-R PtR OP Tv TCF Op Force Cl Force
1 2 3 4
1802 3110 4087 4747
1005 911 340 995 901 587 980 888 822 1/4" BKO-3 Orifice Valve
.0940 .0940 .0940
.9060 .9060 .9060
32 55 77
971 995 1020
139 147 158
.855 .842 .826
912 957 1001 N/A
1065 1071 1075 N/A
Closed Closed Closed Open
Figure 8
Schlumberger, 2001

As figure 5 illustrates, the well has unloaded to the orifice in mandrel #4. Figure 6 is a 2-pen chart showing both tubing and casing heading, typical of multi-point injection and/or un-regulated gas passage due to communication. The flowing survey in figure 7 indicates gas passage through valves # 1,2,3 & 4.
Schlumberger, 2001

The casing pressure analysis in figure 8 shows that all unloading valves should be closed at the given pressures and temperatures. Well appears to be multi-point injecting through leaking or cut-out valves. Appears to be error in bottom three survey points.
Schlumberger, 2001

Valves were sent to shop and replaced. The seats in each of the unloading valves were confirmed to be cut out After replacing cut-out valves, well was returned to production. Total fluid rate increased by over 150 bbls/d (60 BOPD). 4 training sessions were then scheduled for field personnel to better inform them about proper unloading / operating procedures.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #3
Well is believed to be under-performing. Significant fluctuations in casing pressure observed. Well was observed to be surging.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #3: Inflow Performance
Figure 1 - Inflow performance. The above IPR curves were generated to represent conditions at present and at the time of the last pressure survey (11/98). Based on the estimated IPR, the current Pwf would have to be approximately 2627 psi to correspond with the current production rate of 5204 bbls/d.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #3: Casing Pressure Analysis
Figure 2 - Gas passage. The above curves show that the gas passage of valves 1 & 2 roughly total what is currently being injected.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #3: Gradient Plot
Figure 3 - Gradient plot. The above gradient plot shows that the well can not inject deeper than the 2nd mandrel under current conditions. Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #3: Gas Passage Analysis

Gas Passage Curves for Well D-8
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Pdwn, psia
Figure 4 - Gas Passage. The above gas passage curves show that the combined gas passage of the top two unloading valves is less than the current gas injection rate. This indicates that the well may be injecting through a hole in the tubing or a valve which is leaking or out of pocket.
Qgi, MSCFD
Valve #1 Valve #2
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #3: System Deliverability
Figure 5 - System deliverability. The above performance curve shows that the well is over-injecting at present. Note: this performance curve assumes single-point injection at the 2nd mandrel and is only an estimate. Because the well is multi-point injecting and / or unstable, the actual performance capability of the well may actually be greater than is shown above. However, the general trend should be similar to that shown above.
Schlumberger, 2001

Casing pressure analysis indicates all valves should be closed. Gradient analysis indicates only valves #1 & 2 have sufficient differential to inject. Gas passage analysis indicates that current injection rate exceeds combined capacity of top 2 valves. Well suspected to be injecting through hole in tubing this was confirmed by bleeding down casing. If communication can be repaired, gain of approximately 360 bopd may be achieved.
Schlumberger, 2001
Example Flowing Gradient Surveys
Schlumberger, 2001
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Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
HEADING / INSTABILITIES / SLUGGING

TUBING HEADING PHENOMENON
CASING HEADING PHENOMENON INSTABILITY / SLUGGING ON START UP VALVE PROBLEMS
Schlumberger, 2001
INJECTION PRESSURE OR PRODUCTION ANNULUS SLUGGING (HEADING) CAN INDICATE INSUFFICIENT GAS INJECTION RATES INCORRECTLY SIZED CIRCULATING VALVE FOR THE GAS INJECTION RATE THE WELL COULD BE MULTI-POINTING
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
PRODUCED FLUID

0 0 PRESSURE (PSI) 1000 2000
INJECTION GAS
DEPTH (FT TVD)
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Schlumberger, 2001
FBHP
SIBHP
INSTABILITY - The perpetuation of slugging

(whilst sub-critical flow across the operating valve)
Fluctuation in Tubing pressure
Slight decrease in CSG pressure until drop in gas inj. rate
Decreased fluid density
Increased gas inj. rate
Decreased gas inj. rate
Increase TBG pressure
Decrease TBG pressure
Slight increase in CSG pressure until sufficient to increase gas inj. rate
Increased fluid density
Schlumberger, 2001
CRITICAL FLOW
SUB-CRITICAL FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PRESSURE (PSI)
P CASING Schlumberger, 2001
STABLE & OPTIMUM POINT OF INJECTION

UNSTABLE GAS INJ. RATE
THEORETICAL OPTIMUM GAS INJ. RATE
PRODUCTION RATE (Qrate)
OPTIMUM GAS INJ. RATE WITH SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS
GAS INJECTION RATE (Qg)
Schlumberger, 2001
STABILITY CHECK
Criteria for Gas Lift Stability* INFLOW
Well Casing Wellhead Flowing Total Gas Productivity Injection Port
Name
Pressure (psig)
Pressure (psig)
Pressure psi
Liquid BPD
Lift Mmscf/d
Index
Size in
Stability Criteria* 3.449808242 1.146643372 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 2.899782728 2.985449297 0.578114879
RESPONSE Predicted Behavior Stable Stable #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Stable Stable Unstable
Well status
A5.xls A6.xls A7.xls B1.xls B2.xls B4.xls C7.xls Total

Comments
1800.00 1397.80 0.00 0.00 2070.00 2060.00 1016.45
552.45 390.05 0.00 0.00 379.90 410.35 427.75
4262.00 1761.00 0.00 0.00 3608.50 2747.20 1548.10
26414.19 9987.05 0.00 0.00 21365.00 17834.73 3955.02 79556
3.30 4.40 0.00 0.00 4.70 6.10 3.50 22.00
29.00 8.20 0.00 0.00 27.00 27.00 4.60
0.1875 0.375 0.375 0.4375 0.3125 0.4375 0.5
Gas Lift Gas Lift Shut down Shut down Gas Lift Gas Lift Gas Lift
PLEASE NOTE THAT ABOVE STABILITY CRITERIA WERE CALCULATED BY USING WELL TEST DATA ONLY!
Schlumberger, 2001
STANDARD APPROACH TO REDUCING INSTABILITY

CHOKE WELL : DAMPENS TUBING SLUGS
LOSS OF PRODUCTION
INCREASE GAS INJECTION RATE : FORCE ORIFICE INTO

CRITICAL FLOW NORMALLY INJECTION RATE EXCEEDS ECONOMIC INJECTION RATE ADDITIONAL LOAD ON COMPRESSOR
REDUCE ORIFICE SIZE

INCREASE UPSTREAM PRESSURE FOR SAME INJECTION RATE (ADDITIONAL LOAD ON COMPRESSOR = REDUCE COMPRESSOR THROUGHPUT)
Schlumberger, 2001
NOVA VALVE
Schlumberger, 2001
CRITICAL FLOW
SUB-CRITICAL FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PTUBING = 90%
PRESSURE (PSI)
P CASING Schlumberger, 2001
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE VENTURI

200 180 160
Flow Rate (MCF/d)
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
The Square-edged orifice performance curve
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SQUARE-EDGED ORIFICE

Large sub-critical flow regime Gas passage dependent on downstream pressure until 40 - 50% pressure lost Poor pressure recovery = large pressure drop & large energy loss
Tubing Pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE VENTURI

THE VENTURI DESIGN ALLOWS THE FOLLOWING :
BETTER PRESSURE & ENERGY RECOVERY LOWER DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT DRASTICALLY REDUCED SUB-CRITICAL FLOW REGIME CRITICAL VELOCITY (VELOCITY OF PRESSURE TRANSMISSION/SONIC VELOCITY) ATTAINED WITHIN 10% PRESSURE DROP REDUCES INFLUENCE OF DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE ON GAS PASSAGE = REDUCED RISK TO PROPAGATING INSTABILITY
Nozzle-Venturi Gas Lift Valve Project Pressure vs. Flow Rate Summary
4000 3500
1400 psi Upstream
Flow Rate (Mcf/d)
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
400 psi Upstream 900 psi Upstream Improved Orifice Valve Conventional Orifice Valve
Downstream Pressure (psi)

Data shown is from actual flow tests
Schlumberger, 2001
COMPUTER AIDED GL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Explain the basic principles of nodal analysis. Use nodal analysis techniques to estimate the optimal injection point and injection rates for a gas lift well. Use nodal analysis programs to aid in a gas lift design. Use computer-based analysis tools to aid in trouble-shooting a gas lift well.
Schlumberger, 2001
COMPUTER GAS LIFT DESIGN

WELL MODEL CONSTRUCTION WELL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR LIFE OF WELL OPTIMISED GAS LIFT DESIGN FOR LIFE OF WELL
Schlumberger, 2001
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
DONT DO GAS LIFT DESIGNS!
Schlumberger, 2001
COMPUTER GAS LIFT DESIGN

THE EQUILIBRIUM CURVE CONCEPT LENDS ITSELF PARTICULARLY WELL TO MODELING ON THE COMPUTER, WHERE A LARGE NUMBER OF PARAMETERS CAN BE INVESTIGATED RAPIDLY.
Schlumberger, 2001
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
PETROLEUM EXPERTS EDINBURGH PETROLEUM SERVICES BAKER JARDINE SSI SIMSCI NUMEROUS OTHERS
Schlumberger, 2001
INFLOW AND OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE

Pressure, psig 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
FBHP, psig
5200 5000 4800 4600 4400 4200 0 1000 2000 3000 Rate, bbls/d
5000
Depth, feet
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Schlumberger, 2001
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Schlumberger, 2001
COURSE SUMMARY
Overview of student objectives. Overview of course objectives. Q&A
Schlumberger, 2001

Gas Lift Presentation #2

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REDA-1: Gas Lift Products and Gas Lift System Design

INSTRUCTOR : Greg Stephenson

DEPTH (FT TVD)

6000 SIBHP FBHP Schlumberger, 2001

1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED

Overview of inflow and outflow 2000

OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE 4000

6000 SIBHP FBHP Schlumberger, 2001

1000 Natural gas laws applied to gasCASING lift.PRESSURE WHEN

WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED

IPO Gas lift design

OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE

PPO Gas Lift Design 5000

1000 Gas lift trouble-shooting techniques CASING PRESSURE WHEN

WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED

3000 Computer Aided Gas Lift Designs / Evaluation

OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE

6000 SIBHP FBHP Schlumberger, 2001

INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL LIFT

TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT

CHOOSING THE BEST LIFT METHOD

OVERVIEW OF CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT

TYPES OF GAS LIFT

APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT

ADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT Initial downhole equipment costs lower

low operational and maintenance cost

Flexibility - can handle rates from 10 to 50,000 bpd

DISADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT

Must have a source of gas

Possible high installation cost

Limited by available reservoir pressure

CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL

1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED 2000

DEPTH (FT TVD)

OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE 4000

Schlumberger, 2001 FBHP

CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL

1000 CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED 2000

DEPTH (FT TVD)

OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE

CONTINUOUS FLOW UNLOADING SEQUENCE

TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK INJECTION GAS

TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK INJECTION GAS

TOP VALVE OPEN

SECOND VALVE OPEN

THIRD VALVE OPEN

TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

INJECTION GAS CHOKE OPEN

TOP VALVE OPEN

SECOND VALVE OPEN

THIRD VALVE OPEN

TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

PRESSURE PSI 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

INJECTION GAS CHOKE OPEN

TOP VALVE OPEN

SECOND VALVE OPEN

THIRD VALVE OPEN

TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

PRESSURE PSI 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

INJECTION GAS CHOKE OPEN

TOP VALVE OPEN

SECOND VALVE OPEN

THIRD VALVE OPEN