Unit 1

Motion

Monday, July 22, 13

Physics
Physics predicts how nature will behave in
one situation based on the results of experimental data obtained in another situation.

Newtons Laws Rocketry Maxwells Equations Telecommunications

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Physics
Kinematics deals with the concepts that are needed to describe motion. Dynamics deals with the effect that forces have on motion. Together, kinematics and dynamics form the branch of physics known as Mechanics

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SI Units
meter (m): unit of length kilogram (kg): unit of mass second (s): unit of time

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SI Units
The meter is dened to be the distance
light travels through a vacuum in exactly 1/299792458 seconds.

Monday, July 22, 13

SI Units
The second has been dened as the
duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperne levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.

Monday, July 22, 13

SI Units
The kilogram standard is
based of the mass of 1.000025 liters of water. The standard is made of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. The US has four of these standards.

Monday, July 22, 13

SI Units
The units for length, mass, and time (as well
as a few others), are regarded as base SI units.

These units are used in combination to

dene additional units for other important physical quantities such as force and energy.

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Units in Problem Solving

The dimension of a physical quantity can be [L] = length
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expressed as a product of the basic physical dimensions mass, length, time, electric charge, and absolute temperature [M] = mass [T] = time

Units in Problem Solving

Is the following equation dimensional correct?

x = vt
1 2

!L$ 2 [ L ] = # &[ T ] = [ L ][ T ] "T%

Monday, July 22, 13

Units in Problem Solving

Is the following equation dimensional correct?

x = vt

&L# [L]= $ ![T]= [L] %T "

Monday, July 22, 13

Graphing
Independent variable - the factor that is
changed during the experiment

Dependent variable - the factor that

depends on the independent variable

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Graphing
Linear Relationships - the dependent
variable varies directly with the independent variable
y=mx+b

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Graphing
Inverse Relationship - as one variable
increase the second variable decreases

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Motion
Coordinate System -a system used to
describe the motion that gives the zero point location of the variable being studied and the direction in which they increase

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Motion
Position - The distance and direction
from the origin to an object

Distance - The entire length of an objects,

even if the object moves in many directions

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Motion
A scalar quantity is one that can be described
by a single number: Ex. temperature, speed, mass

A vector quantity deals inherently with both magnitude (size) and direction: Ex. velocity, force, displacement

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Motion
Arrows are used to represent vectors. The
direction of the arrow gives the direction of the vector. is proportional to the magnitudeof the vector.

By convention, the length of a vector arrow

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 Displacement - the change in position of an

object. Includes both magnitude and direction .

Motion

x o = initial position

x = x x o = displacement

x = final position

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Motion
Example:
x o = 2.0 m

x = 5.0 m x = 7.0 m

x = x x o = 7.0 m 2.0 m = 5.0 m

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Motion
Example:
x = 2.0 m

x = 5.0 m
x o = 7.0 m

x = x x o = 2.0 m 7.0 m = 5.0 m

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Motion: Speed and Velocity

Average speed is the distance traveled
Distance Average speed = Elapsed time

divided by the time required to cover the distance.

SI units for speed: meters per second (m/s)

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Motion: Speed and Velocity

Average velocity is the displacement
divided by the elapsed time.
Displacement Average velocity = Elapsed time

x x o x v= = t to t

Monday, July 22, 13

SI units for velocity: meters per second (m/s)

Example: The Worlds Fastest Jet-Engine Car

Andy Green in the car ThrustSSC set a world record of 341.1 m/s in 1997. To establish such a record, the driver makes two runs through the course, one in each direction,to nullify wind effects. From the data, determine the average velocity for each run.
Monday, July 22, 13

Example: The Worlds Fastest Jet-Engine Car

x + 1609 m v= = = +339.5 m s t 4.740 s

x 1609 m v= = = 342.7 m s t 4.695 s

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Motion: Speed and Velocity

The instantaneous velocity indicates

how fast the car moves and the direction of motion at each instant of time.

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Motion: Acceleration
The notion of acceleration emerges
when a change in velocity is combined with the time during which the change occurs.

Monday, July 22, 13

Motion: Acceleration
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE
ACCELERATION

SI units for acceleration: meters per second

per second
2 (m/s )

v v o v a= = t to t

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Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing. 2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative (-). 3. Write down the values that are given for any of the ve kinematic variables. 4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the ve kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation. 5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the nal velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next. 6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a kinematics problem.

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Five kinematic variables:

1. displacement, x 2. acceleration (constant), a 3. nal velocity (at time t), v 4. initial velocity, vo 5. elapsed time, t

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Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

v = vo + at
x=
2

1 2

(vo + v )t
2 o

v = v + 2ax

x = vot + at
1 2
Monday, July 22, 13

Example: An Accelerating Spacecraft

A spacecraft is traveling with a velocity of +3250 m/s. Suddenly the retrorockets are fired, and the spacecraft begins to slow down with an acceleration whose magnitude is 10.0 m/s2. What is the velocity of the spacecraft when the displacement of the craft is +215 km, relative to the point where the retrorockets began firing? x a v vo t

Monday, July 22, 13

Example: An Accelerating Spacecraft

x
215000m

a
-10 m/s2

v ?

vo
+3250 m/s

t
2 o

v = v + 2ax
v=

2 o

v = v + 2ax
2

(3250 m s)

+ 2 (10.0 m s

) (215000 m)

= 2500 m s

Monday, July 22, 13

Free Fall
In the absence of air resistance, it is found
that all bodies at the same location above the Earth fall vertically with the same acceleration. If the distance of the fall is small compared to the radius of the Earth, then the acceleration remains essentially constant throughout the descent.

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Free Fall
This idealized motion is called free-fall and
the acceleration of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to gravity.

g = 9.80 m s

or

32.2 ft s

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Free Fall
g = 9.80 m s
2

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Example: A Falling Stone

A stone is
dropped from the top of a tall building. After 3.00s of free fall, what is the displacement y of the stone?

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Example: A Falling Stone

y ? a
-9.80 m/s2

vo
0 m/s

t
3.00 s

y = vot + at
1 2

2 1 2

= (0 m s )(3.00 s )+ = 44.1 m
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( 9.80 m s )(3.00 s )
2

Conceptual Example: Taking

Advantage of Symmetry

Does the pellet in part b strike the ground

beneath the cliff with a smaller, greater, or the same speed as the pellet in part a?

Monday, July 22, 13

Projectile Motion
Under the inuence of gravity alone, an
a y = 9.80 m s
2

object near the surface of the Earth will accelerate downwards at 9.80m/s2.

ax = 0

v x = vox = constant
Monday, July 22, 13

Example: A Falling Care Package

The airplane is moving horizontally with a constant velocity of +115 m/s at an altitude of 1050m. Determine the time required for the care package to hit the ground.

Monday, July 22, 13

Example: A Falling Care Package

y
-1050 m

a
-9.80 m/s2

vo
0 m/s

t
?

y = voy t + a y t
1 2

y = a yt
1 2

2y 2( 1050 m ) t= = = 14 . 6 s 2 ay 9.80 m s
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Example: The Velocity of the Care Package

What are the magnitude of the final velocity of the care package in the ycoordinate?

Monday, July 22, 13

Example: The Velocity of the Care Package

y
-1050 m

a
-9.80 m/s2

vo
0 m/s

t
14.6 s

v y = voy + a y t = 0 + 9.80 m s ( 14.6 s ) = 143 m s

Monday, July 22, 13

Conceptual Example:
I Shot a Bullet into the Air...

Suppose you are driving a convertible with

the top down.The car is moving to the right at constant velocity. You point a rie straight up into the air and re it. In the absence of air resistance, where would the bullet land behind you, ahead of you, or in the barrel of the rie?

Monday, July 22, 13

Graphical Analysis

Slope of a position vs. time graph represents the velocity of an object

x + 8 m Slope = = = +4 m s t 2s

Monday, July 22, 13

Graphical Analysis

Slope of a velocity vs. time graph represents the acceleration of an object

v + 12 m s Slope = = = +6 m s 2 t 2s

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