Apparatus:- 1. A U-tube having its both end open is kept vertically with the help of a stand.

Any
coloured liquid is filled in this tube up to a height ,so this tube will work as a manometer .
2. At the open ends of this tube two identical cylindrical pots A & D are kept. The ends of A & D are flat and
area of cross section are same.
3. There is an other pot BC which is kept in between A & D with help of a stand .The BC pot is having equal
distance from A & D. We can fill any hot liquid in this pot which will be source of radiations and
pot A&D will be ABSORBER .The pot BC is said to be Langali pot.
Working:-
1. The inner end of the pot A, outer end of the pot D and C end of Langali pot are made black. In this way a
black end and a bright end will be facing each other.
2. As we fill hot liquid in BC pot it will emit the radiations and A & D pots will be receiving radiations.
3. In this arrangement height of the coloured liquid in arms of the U-tube remains same which means that
pot A $ D had received equal amount of heat from BC pot.
4. If we consider that radiations emitted out by B & C ends are c B
Q & Q
and emissive power of these
ends are

E & e
respectively. If we assume that the inner end of the A pot and inner end of D pot are
getting
D
q & q

radiations respectively. Let their absorptive power are

a

and A
5. As :-
D
q q

B A
Q A q

eq I

q
D C
Q a
...eq II

A
C B
Q a Q
eq III
As Emissive Power =
. conditions similar in the body black by emitted Radiations
body. by emitted Radiations

Q
Q
e
B

e

= (Emissive Power of B end)
So:-
Q e Q
B


(IV)
For C end emissive power -
Q
Q
E
C

Q = Radiations emitted by black body.

Q E Q
C


.. (V)
By equation (III) ,(IV) & (V)
Q E a Q e A

A
E
a
e
As . tan
a
e
so 1 t Cons E A

6. If the Langali pot is rotated by 180

0
then A pot will be facing C end which is black. Similarly D pot will
face B end which is bright .Thus a pot will get more heat Radiations and its temperature will rise more and
level of the coloured liquid will go down .
For all bodies at every temperature
Thus we verify Kirchoff s Law by Ritche s experiment
We can explain several points on the basis of Kirchoff s Law:-
1. Fundamental or primary colours:-The colours which cannot be dispersed (divided) further are said to
be fundamental colours.eg-Red,green,blue.
2.Complementry Colours:-If any two colours are combined and they produce white colour then they are
said to be complementary of each other. For eg.1.Blue + Yellow ,2.Green + Magenta,3.Red + Cyan
3. If any body absorbs red colours and transmittals green colours then the body is will be green. If the
same body is heated then it will emit the radiations, which were absorbed so it will be red.
4. There is black spot on any bright pot if the body is kept in the dark then the black spot will not be risible
to us .If the same body is heated at the same place then the dark spot is maximum bight because
it has absorbed maximum so it will emit maximum.
5. The bottom of the cooking pan are made black and rough.
6. It is comfortable to use white clothes in summer and dark clothes in the winter
7. The outer surface of tea pot is made smooth and bright so that it will be poor absorber.
8. In the desert the days are warmer and the nights are pleasant because sand is good emitter and good
absorber.
9. The cloudy nights are comparatively warmer because clouds are reflector they reflect the radiations
emitted by earth to earth again in nights.
10. The black tea will cool down rapidly in comparison to tea in which milk is added.
11. In the winter animals fold their body spherical because for a fixed volume the surface area is minimum
in sphere. So radiation emitted out are minimum
12. The animals take more meal in winter because to compensate the energy loss in the surroundings.
df
. tant Cons E
a
e

The wax of the black body will melt earlier.

Stefans Law :-Stefan given a relation of the
radiations emitted out by black body with the
temperature of black body as The
Radiations emitted out per unit area per
unit time by any black body are directly
proportional to 4
th
power of absolute
temperature of the body. If E are
radiations emitted out per unit area per unit
time and temperature of body is T Kelvine
then-
4
T
4
T E
Where is said to be Stefans constant. This Stefans Law gives the information about the radiations
emitted out only by the Black Body.
Boltz man has made a correction in this low, which is based on this concept that every body is having
continuous emission and absorption with the surroundings. This modified law is said to be Stefans Boltz
man law.
If we consider that temperature of any body is T and the body is kept in the surroundings having
temperature T
0
If we consider that radiations emitted per unit area per unit time by the body are E then
4
T .
If we assume that E
1
are the radiations absorbed per unit area per unit time by the body from the
surroundings then-
4
0
1
T .Net radiations emitted per unit area per unit time will be ) T - (
4
0
4
T R .
R= ( )
4
0
4
T T
Constant. s ' Stefan >

4 2
8
k s m
Joule
10 67 . 5




4 2
8
k m
watt
10 67 . 5

If the surface area of the body is A and body is emitted radiations for time t then the net radiations
emitted out:- ( )
4
0
4
T T t A R .
If the body is not black body but a body having emissive power e then radiations emitted out:-
( ) J T T e t A R
4
0
4

( )
4
0
4
T T e t A R
Thus radiations emitted out by any body per unit time will be -
( )
t J
T T e t A
t
R
4
0
4

t
R
represents heat lost by the body per unit time.
As we know that-amount of heat possessed by the black body will be S M H .
Amount of heat required to raise its temperature or amount of heat gained by the body or amount of heat lost
by the body, will be dH:-

temp in change d S M dH
Rate of change of heat lost or gained by the body will be
dt
dH
.

dt
d
S M
dt
dH

.
Where
dt.
dH
t
R
Thus re. temperatu of change of Rate
dt
d


( )
J
T T e A
dt
d
S M
4
0
4

Note:-
dt
dH
or
t
R
represents heat lost by the body per unit time or rate of cooling.
ure. temperat of change of Rate
dt
d


dt
d
dt
dH

Newtons Law of cooling :-According to this law rate of cooling of any body or say heat lost by the body
per unit time is proportional to excess of temperature of body in comparison to surroundings.
If we consider that temperature of any body is and temperature of the surroundings is
' '
0

.If we
assume heat lost by the body per unit time or rate of cooling is
dt
dH
then
-
( )
0
dt
dH

. => Rate of cooling will be in decreasing order.

( )
0
k
dt
dH

( )
0
k
dt
dH
.k is a constant.
or
( )
0
k
dt
d S M


.
If the temperature of body decreases from :
dt
d
then
2 1

to will be

dt dt
d
2 1

2

0
2 1
0

,
_

+


e temperatur of Excess
Hence so
1
]
1

o
k
dt
d s m
dt
dH

2
2 1
Example for the calculated of excess of temperature
If any body is kept in the surrounding of temp 20
0
C and temp of body changes 40
0
c to 30
0
C then
Excess of temp =

,
_

+
20
2
30 40
= 15
0
C
As

dt
d
S M

-k
,
_

+
0
2 1
2



s m dt
d

,
_

+
0
2 1
2


As K, M, and S are constant for a body hence
1
k
S M
k

.
Hence
k
dt
d

,
_

+
0
2 1
2


Or

dt
d

,
_

+
0
2 1
2


Or
k
1 2

,
_

+
0
2 1
2


Note :-
dt
dH
= Rate of cooling

dt
d
= Rate of change of temp

dt
dH
and
dt
d
both the quantities are proportional to excess of temperature but they are not equal..
Limitations of Newtons Law of cooling:-
1.Excess of temperature of the body with surroundings should not be very large.
2.In this law Loss of heat energy is taken only by radiations conduction and convections are not included in
it.
3.This law is made from Stefans law so it is perfectly applicable to the Black body.
Derivation of Newtons Law from Stefans Law:-
Consider any body having temperature and the body is kept in the surroundings of temperature

0
then the net radiations emitted out per unit area, per unit time by the body will be
( )
4
0
4
R If we assume that -

o


( ) [ ]
4
0
4
0
R +
) (
o
+

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ 1 1
4
0
4
0

1
]
1

+ 1
4
1 R
0
4
0
( ) 1 when x nx 1 1
n
<< + +
When :
0
<<

3
0
4 R
If A is area of the body then radiation emitted out by complete body per unit time will be .R

3
0
A R The radiations will give the rate of cooling of the body or say then
3
0
A
dt
dH
R
.
0
& A 4 As
are constant for a body
so -:
.
dt
dH
or
( )
dt
dH
0

or
ure temprerat of Excess
dt
dH
Rate of cooling depends on :-
1.Surface area of the body (A)
2.Temperature of the surroundings ( 0

).
3.Excess of temperature ( ).
4.Nature of surface of body (

).
In the case when body is spherical then A will be equal to 4 r
2

3
0
2
r 4 4
dt
dH
. If
0
,
are constant.

2
2
2
1
2 2
1
r
r
dt
dH
dt
dH

,
_

,
_

As-:
3
0
A 4
dt
dH


A 4
dt
d
S M
3
0

s M
A
dt
d

3
0
4

dt
d
s Vd
A

3
0
4
V=volume of the body.=
d=density of the body.
3
s d r 4
r 4 4
dt
d
3
3
0
2

=
s d r
o


3
12

,
_

,
_

,
_

1
2
2
1
r
r
dt
d
dt
d
Rate or change of temperature depends on :-
1.Surface area of the body.
2.Temperature of the surroundings.
3.Excess of temperature.
4.Nature of surface of the body.
5.Mass of the body. Say volume and density
6.Specific heat (S).
.
dt
dH
Sphere For
3
4
3
r