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SOLAR ENERGY
Source of
all Energy
Produces
Energy
from H2
•
What
Originates
is
with
Solar
the
Energy?
thermonuclear fusion
reactions occurring in the
sun.
• Represents the entire
electromagnetic spectrum
(visible light, infrared,
ultraviolet, x-rays, and
radio waves).
• The sun is, in effect, a
continuous fusion reactor
with its constituent gases
as the ‘containing vessel’
retained by gravitational forces. The fusion reaction in
which hydrogen (i.e. four protons) combines to form
helium (i.e. one helium nucleus) accompanied by a 0.7
percent loss of mass and converted to energy is the
source of energy in the SUN.
4H →He + 2β + 2ν + 25 MeV
1 4 +
E = mc2
Global Solar Energy Balance
(TeraWatts)
Solar Energy Input 178,000
A a
The Solar Constant
• The geometry of the sun - earth relationship is
schematically shown in the figure.
• The eccentricity of the earth’s orbit is such that the
distance between the sun and earth (1.495 × 1011m)
varies by 1.7 per cent.
• The sun substends an angle of 32' at the earth because
of its large size and distance.
• The radiation emitted by the sun reaches unattenuated
upto the outside of the atmosphere and thus is a fixed
intensity.
• The solar constant (Ion) is the energy received from
the sun, per unit time, on a unit area of surface
perpendicular to the direction of radiation, at a mean
earth-sun distance, outside the earth atmosphere.
• The latest value of solar constant is 1366.8 ± 4.2
watts/m2 or 433 Btu/ft2 hr or 4.921 MJ/m2 hr or 1.960
cal/cm2 min.
The Solar Constant (contd.)
• In olden days when rocket or space craft facilities were not
available, solar radiation measurements were made on
ground and at different heights of mountains and
extrapolations and corrections for attenuations produced
by different constituents of the atmosphere for different
portions of the solar spectrum were made and value of solar
constant was determined.
• Pioneering studies were done by C.G. Abbot in Smithsonian
Laboratories who gave a value of 1322 W/m2 which got
revised by F.S. Johnson (1954) to 1395 W/m2.
• Later with the availability of very high altitude aircraft,
balloons, and space craft, direct measurement of solar
radiation outside the earth atmosphere was made and
reported by several scientists like A.J. Drummond, M.P.
Thekaekara, C.Frohlick etc. and gave a value of 1353 W/m2
with an error of ± 1.5 per cent.
• Later C. Frohlick reexamined the value of 1353 W/m2 in view
of new pyrheliometric scale and with some additional space
craft measurements and with three rocket flights the World
Radiation Centre (WRC) adopted a new value of solar
constant as 1367 W/m2.
Spectral Distribution of Extraterrestrial Radiation
• In addition to the total energy in the solar spectrum (i.e.
the solar constant), it is useful to know the spectral
distribution of the extraterrestrial solar radiation, that is,
the solar radiation that would be received in the absence
of the atmosphere.
• A standard spectral irradiance curve based on high
altitude and space measurements is shown here which is
found to be similar to the 5777K blackbody spectrum.
• From this figure following observations are made:
– The peak solar intensity is 2028.8 w/m2 at a wavelength
of 0.48 µm.
– The solar spectrum varies from 0.2 – 3.0 µm,
– The energy in various spectral ranges is as follows:
Ultravoilet Visible Infrared
At the horizon
sunlight passes
through more
scatterers,
leaving longer
wavelengths
and redder
colors revealed. Scattering of Light
Depletion of Solar Radiation by the Atmosphere
• The earth is surrounded by an atmosphere containing
various gases, dust and other suspended particles,
water vapour and clouds of various types. The solar
radiation during its passage in the atmosphere gets
partly absorbed, scattered and reflected in different
wavelength bands selectively.
• Radiation gets absorbed in water vapor, Ozone, CO2 ,
O2 in certain wavelengths.
• Radiation gets scattered by molecules of different
gases and small dust particles known as Rayleigh
scattering where the intensity is inversely proportional
to the fourth power of wavelength of light (l α 1/λ 4).
• If the size of the particles are larger than the
wavelength of light then Mie Scattering will takes
place.
• There will be a reflection of radiation due to clouds,
particles of larger size and other material in the
atmosphere.
• Considerable amount of solar radiation also gets
absorbed by clouds which are of several types.
Depletion of solar radiation by the atmosphere (contd.)
and also
sin AZ cos α = cos δ sin ω (7)
and also,
sin L cos ω − cos L tan δ
cot AZ = (8)
sin ω
Angle of incidence on horizontal and inclined
Planes (contd.)
The general expression for angle of incidence (θi) of the sun’s rays
on any surface can be derived and is given as:
cos θi = (cos L cos β + sin L sin β cos Azs)
cos δ cos ω + cos δ sin ω sin β sin Azs
+ sin δ (sin L cos β - cos L sin β cos Azs) (9)
CALORIMETRIC SENSORS
• The radiant energy is incident on a high conductivity
metal coated with a nonselective black paint of high
absorptance.
THERMOMECHANICAL SENSORS
• The radiant flux is measured through bendings of a
bimetallic strip.
THERMOELECTRIC SENSORS
• Consists of two dissimilar metallic wires with their
ends connected.
PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS
• Photovoltaic instruments are most numerous in the
field of solar radiation measurement. A photovoltaic
device is made of a semiconducting material such
as silicon.
Radiation Measurement in India
All Instruments should be periodically calibrated
∆R / R UNIT : °C-1
C= ×100
∆T
• COSINE ERROR
Actual reading of Pyranometer × 100
Cosine Error =
l η cos θ
PARAMETERS OF PYRANOMETERS
(contd.)
• AZIMUTHAL ERROR
Variation in output of the pyranometer as
Azimuthal Angle alone is changed.
• LINEARITY
Output of the Pyranometer should be
Proportional to the intensity of the
Irradiance but it is not so in the true sense.
PARAMETERS OF PYRANOMETERS (contd.)
• TILT ERROR
Calibration Factor Changes if the tilt of the Instrument is
changed from 0° to any other value.
Eppley PSP model shows no tilt error.
• SPIRIT LEVEL
If the detector is not horiozntal, it will record the radiation
higher or lower than the actual value. Horizontality is assured
by spirit level.
• TIME CONSTANT
Reponse of pyranometer to a step function.
• STABILITY
Variations of calibration factor with time. Coating peels off,
with time.
• SPECIAL RESPONSE
Response should be uniform over 0.3 to 3.0 µm range.
• RELATED SITUATIONS
MOISTURE Silica Gel
DEPOSITION Frost, Dew, Bird
NEGATIVE VALUES Detector irradiates at night
READING EXCEEDS(Ion) Deflection from cloud or building
General characteristics of sensors for radiant
energy measurements
New Delhi H 14.33 18.00 22.07 24.95 26.21 23.54 19.19 18.18 20.16 19.26 16.27 13.82
HT 19.61 22.50 24.76 25.10 24.91 21.38 17.89 17.64 21.31 23.43 22.10 19.83
Kolkatta H 14.96 17.46 20.09 22.10 22.68 17.28 16.49 16.42 15.37 15.95 16.16 14.65
HT 19.19 20.84 21.96 22.32 21.78 16.45 15.77 16.16 16.02 18.36 20.63 19.40
Pune H 18.61 21.92 24.19 25.56 25.96 21.49 16.24 16.42 18.76 20.38 18.22 17.10
HT 23.00 25.60 25.95 25.56 24.69 20.45 15.77 16.20 19.37 23.00 22.17 21.56
Chennai H 18.47 22.54 24.44 24.30 23.40 20.84 18.79 19.84 20.16 17.78 15.37 15.52
HT 21.16 24.95 25.63 24.33 22.64 20.09 18.36 19.69 20.70 19.11 17.21 18.04
New
Delhi
Pune
Kolkat
ta
Chenn
ai
where Ws in the sunset hour angle in degrees, n is the average day for the
whole month and π is in radians
S a is measured value of actual sunshine hours and measured using
Campbell Stokes sunshine recorder. The possible sunshine hours, Sp,
can be calculated for a place using the formula
2Ws 2
Sp = = cos −1 (− tan L tan δ ) (4)
15 15
Estimation of Average daily global solar
radiation (Contd ... )
Equation (2) can be used for calculating average daily global radiation at
a location when data on actual sunshine hours, Sa , possible sunshine
hours, Sp , extraterrestrial solar radiation, H0 and values of a and b are
known for a nearby location with a similar climate. The constants a and
b for a place is found out by plotting a graph between known values of
H / H0 and Sa / Sp, as follows:
H Slope b
H0
a
Sa / S p
Estimation of Average daily global
solar radiation (Contd ... )
The regression constants a and b for few
Indian stations are:
Location a b
New Delhi 0.25 0.57
Pune 0.31 0.43
Calcutta 0.28 0.42
Chennai 0.30 0.44
Uses of Solar Energy
• Heating of Water
• Heating of Houses (active
systems)
• Distillation of Water
• Cooking of Food
• Greenhouse Heating
• Drying of Food
• Power Generation
• Refrigeration and Airconditioning
• Passive Heating and Cooling
• Production of Very High
Temperatures
• Industrial Process Heat Systems
• Pumping of Water
• Direct Conversion of Electricity
(PV)
FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS
• The flat plate collector forms the heart of any solar
energy collection system and can be employed to heat
fluid (liquid or air) from ambient to near 100°C.
• The term ‘flat plate’ is slightly misleading since the
absorbing surface may not necessarily be flat but may
be grooved and other shapes.
• Flat plate collectors are under investigation for the last
300 years. The first reported flat plate collector was
demonstrated by Mr. H.B. Saussure, a Swiss scientist
during the second half of the seventeenth century.
• During the last six decades scientists in several
countries mainly in USA, UK, Australia, Israel, Germany,
South Africa, China and India have built, tested, studied
and optimized different types of flat plate collectors
mainly liquid heating flat plate collector.
FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS
Pioneering work on solar flat-plate collectors have
been done by Hottel, Whillier and Bliss in USA who
mathematically modelled the collector and gave
Hottel-Whillier-Bliss equations to understand the
collectors.
Later Prof. H.Tabor in Israel has done significant
work on understanding the behaviour of collectors
and gave several original ideas like convection-
suppression, selective black coatings and evacuated
collectors.
Significant work on flat-plate collectors was done by
Prof. H.P.Garg in India and gave methodology for
optimizing the collector configuration, designing the
collector, thermal rating procedure of collectors,
thermal loss optimization, collector tilt optimization
and dirt correction factor, etc.
FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS
• Flat plate collectors are of two type: liquid heating
type and air heating type,
• The most obvious difference between the two is the
mode of heat transfer between the absorber plate
and the heated fluid,
• In the best type of liquid – plate collector, which
generally makes use of a fin-tube construction, heat
absorbed is transferred to the tubes by conduction,
• In a conventional flat-plate air heater there is a duct
(passage) between the absorbing plate and rear
plate. Thus the difference being in the heat transfer
exchanger design.
• Other components like glazing, insulation, casing,
orientation, tilt, exposure, etc. remain the same.
Schematic cross-section of a typical flat plate solar
collector illustrating the major functional parts
Flat Plate Collectors
• The main purpose of the collector is to absorb the sun’s
energy and transfer this energy efficiently to the liquid
flowing in it. There is a great variety of flat plate
collectors, but a tube in plate type of collector, is widely
used. The collector can be all metallic or plastic, single
glazed or double glazed, selectively coated or ordinary
black painted depending on the temperature of
operation and outside climatic conditions.
• As is seen earlier, a flat plate collector has the following
components:
– A blackened or selectively coated flat – absorbing
plate, normally metallic, which absorbs the incident
solar radiation, convert it into heat and conducts the
heat to the fluid passages.
– Tubes, channels or passages attached to the
collector absorber plate to circulate the fluid required
to remove the thermal energy from the plate.
COMPONENTS OF FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR (contd.)
The most critical factors for the cover plate materials are:
– Strength
– Durability
– Non-degradability
– Cost
– Solar-energy and thermal energy transmittance
2
n2 − n1
R =
n2 + n1
Where n2 and n1 are the refractive indices of the transparent
sheet and the medium respectively. Coating the surface
with a non-absorbing film will reduce the reflectance.
Insulation materials for Flat-Plate
Collectors
• Several thermal insulating materials which can be
used to reduce heat losses from the absorbing plate
and pipes are commonly available.
The useful energy derived from a flat plate collector is the difference
between the energy absorbed and the energy lost from the collector.
For a flat plate collector of area Ac the energy balance equation is
written as :
d ic
I Tt (Tα ) e = qu + q1 + = qa (1)
Where dτ
(Tα)e = effective transmittance-absorptance product of the absorber
given as
τα
=
1 − (1 −α) ρd
The flat plate collectors are always oriented and tilted (fixed) so that they
receive maximum solar radiation during the desired season of use. But the
solar radiation is generally measured on the horizontal surfaces so these
values require conversion to use on tilted surfaces.
In unit time, an unit area of the absorber will absorb energy qa given by
• The three design factors, FR, (τα)e and UL are measures of thermal
performance and combine to yield overall collector efficiency in terms
of the operating variables of temperature and insolation.
ENERGY BALANCE ON A FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR
(Cont.)
The instantaneous efficiency of a collector, η c is simply the ratio of the
useful energy derived to the total solar energy falling on the collector,
or q
ηc = u
Ac I Tt (5)
Usually, the efficiency is computed over a finite time period, τ, and
therefore the expression for average efficiency is as follows:
τ
ηc =
∫q o
u dτ
τ
(6)
∫o
Ac I Tt dτ
where τ is the time period over which the performance is averaged.
Thus instantaneous efficiency using equation 4 & 5 of the flat plate
collector is given as:
(Ti − Ta )
η = FR (τα ) e − FRU L (7)
IT
ENERGY BALANCE ON A FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR
(Cont.)
Indicating that if η is plotted against (Ti – Ta)/IT a straight line will result,
with a slope of FRUL and y- intercept of FR(τα)e. This is the way actual
performance data for solar collectors are presented. The collector
heat removal factor may be calculated from the following equation :
m C p U L Ac Fp
FR = 1 − exp − (8)
U L Ac m C p
actual useful energy collected
Fp =
useful energy collected if the entire
absorber surface is at the local fluid temperature
Where, Fp= collector plate efficiency factor.
The Eq. (3) can now be written as:
qu
= Fp [ I T (ατ ) e − U L (Tm − Ta ) (9)
Ac
Where, Tm is the average fluid temperature
ENERGY BALANCE ON A FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR
(Cont.)
The plate efficiency factor (Fp) for a tube in plate type of collector may be
calculated from the following equation:
I /UL
Fp =
1 mt 1 1 (10)
w + + +
πDh fi πDK t C b U L [ D + (W − D ) F
Where
w = centre-to-centre tube spacing
D = outside diameter of the tube
hfi= tube-to-fluid (film) heat transfer coefficient
Kt = thermal conductivity of tube
Cb = bond conductance ( = Kb b/t)
Kb = bond material thermal conductivity
b = bond width
t = bond thickness
mt = tube thickness
F = fin efficiency factor given as:
tanh[a ( w − D) / 2]
F= (11)
a( w − D) / 2
ENERGY BALANCE ON A FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR
(Cont.)
where
wU L
= heat transfer resistance from inner surface of tube to
πdhc the fluid,
wU L mt
= conduction of heat from outside wall to inside wall
πdK t of tube,
wU L
= conduction of heat from the fin to the tube through the
Cb tube fin bond,
wU L
= conduction of heat along the fin towards the
U L (b + F ' ( w − b)) pipe,
LOSS COEFFICIENT OF FLAT PLATE
COLLECTORS
1
Ut =
N 1
+
[
(204.429 / Tp ) L cos β (Tp − Ta ) /( N + f )
3
] 0.252
/ L hw
……(15)
σ (Tp 2 + Ta 2 )(Tp + Ta )
+ w / m 2 OC
1 2N + f − 1
+ − N
ε p + 0.0425 N (1 − ε p ) εg
= 2.8 + 3.0 V
Qu = m C p (To − Ti ) (1)
Qu FRU L (Ti − Ta )
ηi = = FR (τα ) e − (3)
Ac I Tt I Tt
m C p (To − Ti )
ηi = (4)
Ac I Tt
ii) Utilizability (Φ) method as given by Liu and Jordan using monthly
average hourly radiation and temperature data
• Using the same analogy design curves of several Indian stations both
for summer months and winter months were produced by Garg for flat-
plate liquid heating collectors.
for winter use for summer use
Paraboloid of Revolution
The surface produced by rotating a parabola about its optical axis is called a
paraboloid. With perfect optical surfaces, a parallel beam of light produces a
point focus. However, a somewhat enlarged focal point or image is
produced due to finite angular substance of the sun.
The concentration ratio for a paraboloid can be determined easily from basic
geometry but depends on the shape of the absorber. For a spherical
absorber it is given by
Sin 2 θr
C sph =
4 Sin 2 ξ0
Where θr is the rim angle of the parabola.
π
Maximum concentration is achieved for θr =
2
Parabolic Trough Concentrator
• Linear concentrators with parabolic cross section have
been studied extensively both analytically and
experimentally, and have been proposed and used for
applications requiring intermediate concentration
ratios and temperatures in the range of 100 to 500°C.
Figure shows a collector of this type which is part of a
power generation system in California. The receiver
used with this concentrator is cylindrical and is
enclosed in an evacuated tubular cover ; flat receivers
have also been used with reflectors of this type.
• Designed in a power range of 30 – 150 MW.
• Working Principle:
– Solar Receiver consists of a large array of parabolic
trough reflectors that reflects the sunlight to a
receiver tube located along the trough’s focal line.
Heat transfer fluid (HTF) flowing in the tube is heated
and then transported to a heat exchanger /
evaporator for steam and power generation.
Parabolic Trough
Concentrator
Tracking
System Reflector (Parabolic Trough)
Aperture
Edge Angle
Focal Length
Absorber Diameter
T t
Improvements in the parabolic trough
concentrators and systems since 1982
Feature From To
Aperture 1.8m 5.76m
Qu = FR AC [ H (τα )e − U L (Ti − Ta )]
and
Qu = m
Cp (To − Ti ) = m
Cp∆Tf
Thus FR AC [ H (τα )e − U L (Ti − Ta )
=
m
Cp∆Tf
Substituting the values of FR we get,
m = 40 litres /m2 hr
(To)
(Ti)
Solar Collector
Total Area 212 m2 (Glazed) + 424 m2 (unglazed)
Type Flat Plate
Absorber Galvanized Iron with black paint
Glazing 4 mm thick tempered glass
Air Flow 5 – 5.5 kg s-1
• In the period 1991-95 nine such units, having a total collector area of
about 2700 m2, were installed in South Indian Tea Factories.
• It is possible to save annually an average of 25% of the fossil fuel used
in the tea factories.
• The payback period for the system is less than 2 years
Leather Dryer with Roof mounted Solar Air Heaters
(4 x 167m2 area) at M.A. Khizar Hussain & Sons,
Ranipet, Chennai
LEATHER DRIER WITH SOLAR HOT AIR DUCTS
AT M/S M.A. KHIZAR HUSSAIN & SONS, RANIPET
Important Conclusions
• Experience over the past four decades has shown that
inspite of high potential of solar drying it has not taken off.
Some of the reasons are;
• Systematic work on solar dryer has been done only in few
countries.
• Solar dryer has not been developed as a system.
• In industralized countries, there is great interest towards
solar drying. However, neither the temperature nor the
heat requirement can be achieved with solar collector.
• Solar drying is considered more applicable to low
temperature in-storage type drying in tropical and
subtropical countries.
• Pre-healing of drying air in batch dryers has been
demonstrated to be techno-economically viable.
• Solar drying should be disseminated for medium and low
scale farmers for drying cash crops.
• To popularise solar drying, pilot demonstration followed
by training and workshop will have to be intensified.
SOLAR DESALINATION TECHNIQUES
Potable Water Less than 550 ppm
Requirement Domestic, Industries and
Agriculture
Sources of Potable Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, Wells etc.
Water
Demand of Potable 15-25 litres / person / day
Water (OLD)
100-125 litres / person / day
(NEW)
Underground 2,000 – 2,500 ppm
Saline Water
Sea Water 30,000 – 50,000 ppm
WATER DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY
• Potable water (fresh water) suitable for human
consumption should not contain dissolved salts
more than 500 ppm.
• For agricultural purposes, water containing salt
content of 1000 ppm is considered as the upper
limit.
• Potable water is required for domestic, agriculture
and industries.
• Some applications in industries like cooling
purposes, sea water is feasible despite the corrosion
problems while other industries use higher quality
water than is acceptable for drinking water. Modern
steam power generation plant need water with less
than 10 ppm.
• Potable/fresh water is available from rivers, lakes,
ponds, wells, etc.
• Underground saline/brackish water contains
dissolved salts of about 2,000-2,500 ppm.
METHODS OF CONVERTING BRACKISH
WATER INTO POTABLE WATER
• DESALINATION: The saline water is evaporated using
thermal energy and the resulting steam is collected and
condensed as final product.
• VAPOR COMPRESSION: Here water vapour from boiling
water is compressed adiabatically and vapour gets
superheated. The superheated vapor is first cooled to
saturation temperature and then condensed at constant
pressure. This process is derived by mechanical energy.
• REVERSE OSMOSIS: Here saline water is pushed at high
pressure through special membranes allowing water
molecules pass selectively and not the dissolved salts.
• ELECTRODIALYSIS: Here a pair of special membranes,
perpendicular to which there is an electric field are used and
water is passed through them. Water does not pass through
the membranes while dissolved salts pass selectively.
In distillation; thermal energy is used while in vapour
compression, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, etc. some
mechanical and electrical energy is used.
Types of Solar Still
• Single Effect Basin Solar Still
• Tilted Tray Solar Still
• Multibasin Stepped Solar Still
• Regeneration Inclined Step Solar Still
• Wick Type Solar Still
• Multiple Effect Diffusion Solar Still
• Chimney Type Solar Still
• Multi-Tray Multiple Effect Solar Still
• Double Basin Solar Still
• Humidification Dumidification Distiller
• Multistage Flash Distiller
• Solar – Assisted wiped film Multistage Flash Distiller
COMPONENTS OF SINGLE
EFFECT SOLAR STILL
• Basin
• Black Liner
• Transparent Cover
• Condensate Channel
• Sealant
• Insulation
• Supply and Delivery System
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD
SOLAR STILL
• Be easily assembled in the field,'
• Be constructed with locally available materials,
• Be light weight for ease of handling and
transportation,
• Have an effective life of 10 to 20 Yrs.
• No requirement of any external power sources,
• Can also serve as a rainfall catchment surface,
• Is able to withstand prevailing winds,
• Materials used should not contaminate the
distillate,
• Meet standard civil and structural engineering
standards, and,
• Should be low in cost.
Double sloped experimental solar still
SOLAR STILL OUTPUT DEPENDS
ON MANY PARAMETERS
1. Climatic Parameters
• Solar Radiation
• Ambient Temperature
• Wind Speed
• Outside Humidity
• Sky Conditions
2. Design Parameters
• Single slope or double slope
• Glazing material
• Water depth in Basin
• Bottom insulation
• Orientation of still
• Inclination of glazing
• Spacing between water and glazing
• Type of solar still
SOLAR STILL OUTPUT DEPENDS ON
MANY PARAMETERS Contd…
1. Operational parameters
• Water Depth
• Preheating of Water
• Colouring of Water
• Salinity of Water
• Rate of Algae Growth
• Input Water supply arrangement (continuously
or in batches)
Main Problems of Solar Still
• Low distillate output per unit area
• Leakage of vapour through joints
• High maintenance
• Productivity decreases with time for a
variety of reasons
• Cost per unit output is very high
CONCLUSIONS ON BASIN- TYPE SOLAR STILL
The solar still output (distillate) is a strong function of solar
radiation on a horizontal surface. The distillate output
increases linearly with the solar insolation for a given
ambient temperature. If the ambient temperature increases or
the wind velocity decreases, the heat loss from solar still
decreases resulting in higher distillation rate. It is observed
for each 10°C rise in ambient temperature the output
increases by 10 percent.
THERMAL ENERGY
3. Thermoelectric
4. Thermionic
5. Ferroelectricity
6. Magnetohydrodynamics
7. Electrogasdynamics
Solar Tower
Solar Technologies
Solar Technologies
Solar Technologies
Solar Technologies
Solar chimney has a large potential for power generation
and a number of technological and physical advantages
• It makes use of both direct and diffuse solar
radiation.
• The natural storage medium – the ground
operates as a storage medium. Large ground
area will operate the system throughout the 24
hours.
• No moving parts except turbine and generator.
• No water is required to cool mechanical parts.
• It features a simple, low-cost design utilizing
know-how and materials locally available almost
everywhere.
• Most of the cost is labour oriented and would
benefit the local labour market while at the same
time helping to keep overall costs down.
Principle of operation of solar chimney
Solar Technologies :Thermal
Solar Chimney
Tracking
System Reflector (Parabolic Trough)
Aperture
Edge Angle
Focal Length
Absorber Diameter
T t
Solar Technologies :Thermal
Solar Trough
Fuels possible
Solar Technologies :Thermal
Solar Trough
Latest Advancements:
The Delhi Government has decided to make use of solar power compulsory
for lighting up hoardings and for street lighting and solar water heating
systems in several categories of buildings/residences.
Renewable Energy: Basic Issues
to be Addressed
1. Initial cost, financial viability and financing mechanisms
High initial (capital) cost
Site and application / case specific financial viability.
Unavailability of attractive financing mechanisms.
Restricted availability of different type(s), size(s) of
renewable energy devices to suit user taste / need / demand.
Reliability, Durability, Repair and Maintenance,
standardization (Quality Assurance) and Credibility Related
issues –
Usually unreliable (problem(s) of resource availability
and technological appropriateness).
Technologies being disseminated are not durable (wrong
choice of materials, design)
Absence of maintenance infrastructure, after sales
service.
Renewable Energy: Basic Issues to
be Addressed (Contd..)